Russian language

Archaisms and historicisms - what is the difference between them?

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Cultural, economic, social changes are taking place in the life of society: science is developing, technology is appearing, life is improving, political transformations are taking place.

This leads to the fact that words cease to be used, become obsolete, and are replaced by new words. Let's look at illustrative examples of what historicisms and archaisms are. Two layers of vocabulary coexist. The first is the words that native speakers know and use (active vocabulary).

Another layer is words that do not sound in speech, they are not known by the main part of language users, require additional explanations or understandable names that have ceased to function in speech - passive vocabulary.

Obsolete words belong to the passive vocabulary. They differ in the level of obsolescence, the reasons for which they became such.

The difference between historicisms and archaisms

Historicisms are not used in speech, there are no those objects, concepts that they called. Archaisms denote objects and phenomena that exist even now, but have been replaced by other phrases. The difference between the two groups is that archaisms have synonyms, this is important.

Examples: ramena (shoulders), tuga (sadness), blight (doom)

Historicisms have been in use for a very long time. Once popular under the Soviet regime, the words have already become forgotten - pioneer, communist, soviet power, politburo. Sometimes words go into the category of common vocabulary: lyceum, gymnasium, police, governor, department

It also happens that obsolete words are returned to speech in a new sense. For example, the word retinue in Ancient Russia meant "princely army". In vocabulary, its meaning is "a voluntary community of people formed for a specific purpose" - folk squad.

Historicism - how did it appear?

Society is developing at a rapid pace, and therefore cultural values ​​are changing, some things become obsolete, new ones appear. Fashion is moving forward and the previously popular caftan is now just an outdated word. Such clothes are not worn, and many obsolete names can be found in ancient books or historical films.

For a modern person, historicisms are part of history, they can be studied for development, but it is not necessary to use them in speech, others will not be able to understand their meaning. There will be misunderstandings.
To understand historicisms, consider examples and interpretations of words.

Historicisms, examples	Word interpretation
barnkeeper	private owner of barns who buys grain or rents out barns
brushy	food, meals
business card	men's clothing, a kind of jacket with rounded floors diverging in front; originally intended for visits
hryvnia	neck silver or gold jewelry in the form of a hoop
hound bear	a bear specially trained for palace "amusing games"
clerk	officer in command
stoker	court official in Muscovy
bad money	money for unserved term, which the soldier was obliged to return to the community in case of early termination of service
order	governing body of individual industries
cold shoemaker	in Russia until 1917 - a shoemaker who did not have a job, but repaired shoes right on the street near a client who took off his shoes from his foot

Among the reasons for the formation of historicisms: the improvement of tools, the complication of production processes, the development of culture, and political transformations.

The abolition in Russia of the dependence of the peasant on the landowner left in the past the words: master, quitrent, corvée, tribute, serf. The main thing is that historicisms remain in the history of mankind and do not return to speech, therefore they do not matter. No one will now put on a caftan or there will be no corvée and serfdom.

Historicisms forever disappear from speech

Historicisms can be divided into groups to understand the meaning of words:

• antique clothes and shoes salop, armyak, camisole, fizhma, shoe, bast shoes;
• names of social life phenomena - duel, Cominternist, laborer, collective farmer, fist, svokoshtny;
• craft and professions of people: skobar, buffoon, apprentice, water carrier, cooper;
• monetary units - polushka, imperial, five-kopeck piece;
• measures of weight and length - verst, vershok, span, pound, sazhen, pood;
• titles and positions lordship, doezzhachiy, nobility, mayor, hussar, batman;
• military items - mace, chain mail, axe, flail, aventail, pishchal;
• names of administrative units - county, parish, province;
• letters of the ancient alphabet beeches, yat, lead.

Obsolete phrases can be found in a scientific style to refer to phenomena in an epochal period, to give expressiveness to heroes, images in an artistic style.
In modern language, one cannot find a synonym for historicism. What is remarkable is the fact that historicisms can be several centuries old.

Archaisms - what is it?

These are obsolete names of objects and concepts that have been replaced by other words familiar to modern society. The world is changing, people are changing along with it, and the language is expanding with new concepts, and other words are being invented for the old ones.

Archaisms have taken on a new look, because they can be considered synonyms of modern words, but still their use in the Russian language will be strange than commonplace. For understanding ancient objects, for in-depth study of the culture of ancient people, archaisms and their meaning can play a role.

To understand, consider a table where the interpretation of old words is written. It is not necessary to know them, but for a historian it will be a godsend.

Archaisms are divided into groups. Sometimes not the whole word becomes obsolete, but only part of it. Let's take such meanings that are completely outdated: verses (verses). Some words have obsolete morphemes - prejudice.
The process of formation of archaisms is uneven. Thematic groups of archaisms are different:

• person's character - sower(chatterbox, empty talker), verbiager(scientist, expert) phrase-monger(flatterer), sueslovets(idle talk);
• profession - jump rope(gymnast), cattle breeder(cattle breeder), warehouseman(writer), skorosolnik(messenger, messenger);
• social relations - consonant(companion), friend(friend, partner) suvrazhnik(enemy);
• family relationships - sister(sister), relative, kindred(relative);
• objects of the surrounding reality - selina(a. dwelling, building; b. cleft), sennitsa(tent, tent);
• natural phenomena - arrow(lightning), students(cold, cold);
• things - saddle(chair, chair) server(napkin), shellfish(peel, peel, shell), screenshot(chest, casket) stop(stand);
• abstract concepts - literature(eloquence), thinking(inference) laughing(mockery), commonwealth(acquaintance, friendship).

Archaisms are rarely used in literature. If the writer is literate enough and speaks not only the modern, but also the ancient language, then such words will give the speech a special “zest”. The reader will ponder and delve into the reading, trying to understand and unravel what the author meant. It will always be interesting and informative.

In this function, archaisms appear in rhetorical art, judicial debate, and in fiction.

The word may lose one of its meanings

Types of archaisms

Archaisms in literature and social activities of people are usually divided into types. For a deeper understanding of the language, its historical development. No novel based on historical events can do without mentioning obsolete words.

1. Semantic archaisms

Words that previously had a different meaning, but in the modern language they have a new meaning. We understand the word "housing" as a kind of real estate where a person lives. But earlier the word had a different meaning: he feels so bad, like he was going to the fifth housing; (housing - floor).

2. Phonetic archaisms

They differ from modern ones in one or two letters, even the spelling can be similar, as if one letter was removed or added. It may even seem like a mistake, but it's just an obsolete expression.
For example: a poet - piit, fire - fire, dishonest - dishonored.

3. Word-building

Obsolescence occurs only in part of the word and usually in the suffix. It is easy to guess the meaning for understanding, but it is more common to recognize archaisms if you already know which letters have been replaced, removed or added.

• A rubber ball bounces off the floor (rubber - rubber).
• What a beautiful pencil drawing (pencil - pencil).
• The whole audience, competing with each other, shouted out different phrases (competing - competing).
• This nervous person is just terrible (nervous - nervous).

4. Phraseological

When we talk about this kind of archaism, we understand whole sayings, volatile expressions, a special ancient combination of words that was previously in use.
Examples of set expressions include: I will buy a farm; little wife coca with juice gloriously makes money; put it on who should.

5. Grammar

Such words remained in modern speech, but their gender has changed. Examples include tulle, coffee. Our coffee is masculine, but they want to make a middle one. The word tulle is masculine, but sometimes it is confused and they want to make it feminine.
Examples of words: swan - was formerly feminine, now has a masculine gender. Previously, poets wrote that a lonely swan swims.

Importance of obsolete words

Outdated vocabulary is a valuable material for the formation of knowledge about the history of the people, introducing it to the national origins. These are the tangible threads that bind us to history. Its study allows you to restore information about the historical, social, economic activities of the ancestors, to gain knowledge about the way of life of the people.

Obsolete words are a means that allows you to diversify speech, add emotionality to it, express the author's attitude to reality.

You can't stop time, no matter how hard you try. It remains only once again to unwind, like an old film, your own memories and sob now and then from overwhelming feelings. Time is running, running. You won't catch up...

Yes, a person does not catch up with time. But human language is quite competitive in this race. In the tact of time, words and ways of constructing sentences change. Sometimes it happens so quickly that parents do not immediately realize that it is their own children who are telling them. And having overheard them, children, talking with peers, they leave completely puzzled. And they shake their heads: no, we were not like that.

Were or were not - an occasion for a separate conversation. Let us now turn to the changes in language that occur as time passes.

Language chases life

Language reflects life, and therefore it changes when reality changes, for which language is needed to describe. Many objects and concepts disappear, and the words that these concepts or objects denoted are no longer actively used. Similar words that have lost their relevance are called historicisms. They are needed only in historical stories about times long past.

During my childhood, filmstrips were popular and favorite entertainment. I still remember a filmstrip made based on a poem by Yuri Yakovlev, which was called "Old Words". This is about them, about historicisms, “which have lost their meaning in forty years,” since the concepts described by these old words (for example, “horse”, “lamplighter”) were canceled by the October Revolution. It was supposed to be forever.

We don't have capitalists
And we say again:
The day will come when the whole world
Forget this word.

As it turned out, the optimism was premature. The word, which, it seems, has sunk into oblivion and turned into historicism, is alive today and very much in high esteem. Just like the word "unemployed"

We meet often now
We are the word "unemployed",
What does it mean: kicked out the door,
And you are now free.

Yes, the historical path is tortuous! You can't always guess which word will become historicism. Today such is the Soviet word "collective farm". Ask the children what a collective farm is? Who is the collective farm for? Why a collective farm? Mr. Twister's daughter dreamed of "running to the collective farm for raspberries" - that's how it is.

Language changes on its own

Historicisms are the result of changing the language in time with the changing life. And there is more archaisms. If translated from ancient Greek, then this is exactly what happens: “old words”. Or rather, outdated.

This is where the laws of language come into play. Some words that used to be used often, for some reason, began to fade into the background. They were replaced by other words, synonyms. New words have become more familiar and modern, and the old ones seem to have fallen into a chest. For a long and good memory.

When aircraft heavier than air appeared (and this happened at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century), they were called the scientific foreign word "aeroplanes". But in 1914, when the First World War began, patriotism surged in many Russians. Down with foreigners!

Here, from the pages of Russian fairy tales, the Russian word "airplane" flew in like a carpet. Arrived, and quite successfully replaced the "airplane". Now for us “airplane” is a common word, but “airplane” is always an old flying bookcase, archaism in a word.

By the way, one of the patriotic renamings of 1914 was the renaming of the capital of the Russian Empire from St. Petersburg to Petrograd. By the way, the Petersburg side of the city, the one opposite the Winter Palace, became the Petrograd side. And, say, if in 1917 any resident of the city on the Neva said "Petersburg", one could be sure that by doing so he sadly recalls the pre-war times. And in Soviet times, many Leningraders quite consciously used this anachronism. I don't want to live in your "cradle of three revolutions"! Let me into my favorite capital of the empire! Many proudly called themselves native Petersburgers. Although, to be honest, how many of those native Petersburgers remained after the revolution, the "Kirov" landings and the Leningrad blockade ?! But all the same, archaism did not go far into the past, that very taste, that very Petersburg, was too sweet for the Leningrad heart.

In 1991, the former imperial name was returned to Leningrad. And “Leningrad” has already become an anachronism, where the same daughter of Mr. Twister once wanted to go.

gray waters,
many columns,
Smoke factories
The sky is dark.

However, the struggle goes on with varying success. Many St. Petersburgers sometimes call themselves Leningraders, recalling the tragic and difficult times. But most importantly, the times in which they were young. And in general - remember the famous vocal group "Leningrad", whose name now is the most typical archaism.

Depending on the reasons why a particular word belongs to the category of obsolete, historicisms and archaisms are distinguished.

historicisms

- these are words that have fallen into disuse because the objects and phenomena that they denoted have disappeared from life.
Historicisms do not have synonyms, since this is the only designation of the disappeared concept and the object or phenomenon behind it.
Historicisms are quite diverse thematic groups of words:
1) Names of ancient clothes: zipun, camisole, caftan, kokoshnik, zhupan, shushun, etc.;
2) Names of monetary units: altyn, grosh, polushka, hryvnia, etc.;
3) Names of titles: boyar, nobleman, king, count, prince, duke, etc.;
4) Names of officials: city governor, clerk, constable, etc.;
5) Names of weapons: pishchal, shestoper, unicorn (cannon), etc.;
6) Administrative names: volost, county, district, etc.
For polysemantic words, one of the meanings can become historicism. For example, the word people has the following meanings:
1) Plural of the noun man;
2) Other, strangers to someone;
3) Persons used in any case, personnel;
4) Servant, worker in a manor house.
The word people in the first three meanings is included in the active dictionary. The fourth meaning of this word is outdated, so we have semantic historicism, which forms the lexeme human in the meaning of "the room in which the servant lives."

Archaisms

- these are words denoting concepts, objects, phenomena that exist at the present time; for various (primarily extralinguistic) reasons, archaisms were forced out of active use by other words.
Consequently, archaisms have synonyms in modern Russian, for example: sail (n.) - sail., Psyche (n.) - soul; Overseas (adj.) - foreign; Koi (pronoun) - which; This (pronoun) - this one; Poelku (union) - because, etc.
Depending on whether the whole word, the meaning of the word, the phonetic design of the word or a separate word-forming morpheme becomes obsolete, archaisms are divided into several groups:
1) Proper lexical archaisms are words that have completely fallen out of use and have passed into a passive vocabulary: lzya - you can; thief - thief; aki—how; piit - a poet; maiden - teenager, etc.
2) Lexico-semantic archaisms are words that have one or more meanings obsolete:
Belly - “life” (not on the stomach, but to beat to death); Itukan - "statue";
Scoundrels - "unfit for military service"; Shelter - "port, pier", etc.
3) Lexico-phonetic archaisms are words in which, as a result of historical development, the sound design (sound shell) has changed, but the meaning of the word has been preserved in full:
Mirror - mirror;
Iroism - heroism;
Eighteen - eighteen;
Passport - passport;
Calm - style (poetic), etc.
A special group is made up of accentological archaisms - that is, words whose stress has changed (from Latin Accentum - emphasis, stress):
Muses "ka-mu" language;
Suffi "ks - su" ffix; Philoso "f ~ filo" sof and others.
4) Lexical and derivational archaisms are words in which individual morphemes or a word-formation model are obsolete:
Dol - valley; Friendship - friendship; Shepherd - shepherd; Fisherman - fisherman; Phantasm - fantasy, etc.
The archaization of words is not related to their origin. The following types of catches can become obsolete:
1) Originally Russian words: labs, outcast, lie, endova, etc.;
2) Old Slavonicisms: smooth, one, green, cold, child, etc.
3) Borrowed words: satisfaction - satisfaction (about a duel); Sikurs - help; Fortecia (fortress), etc.

The role of obsolete words in the Russian language is varied. Historicisms in the special scientific literature are used for the most accurate description of the era. In works of fiction on historical themes, historicisms and archaisms help to recreate the color of the era, and are also a means of speech characterization of characters.
Examples of such use of obsolete vocabulary are the novels “Razin Stepan” by A.P. Chapygin, "Peter I" A.H. Tolstoy, "Emelyan Pugachev" V.Ya. Shishkov, "Ivan the Terrible" by V.I. Kostyleva and others.
In the text of any of these works of art, you can find various types of archaisms:
This is what I found out: according to Tatya Fomka, thieves were caught outside the Nikitsky Gate (Chapygin).
Archaisms can be used to create solemnity of style, which is especially characteristic of the poetry of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Examples are the works of A.N. Radishcheva, G.R. Derzhavin, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S. Pushkin and others.
Archaisms can also be used to create comic and satirical effects: Finally, look at your own person - and there you will first of all meet the chapter, and then you will not leave the belly and other parts unmarked (S. Shch.)

Kulakov V.S. 1

Konstantinova M.V. one Boeva ​​E.A. 1

1 Municipal budgetary educational institution secondary school 5 Odintsovo

The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
The full version of the work is available in the "Job Files" tab in PDF format

INTRODUCTION

“The greatest wealth of a people is its language! For thousands of years, countless treasures of human thought and experience have accumulated and live forever in the word.

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

All "living" languages ​​are constantly evolving, improving and changing. They have their past, present and future. At the same time, language invariably fulfills its most important meaning - it serves as a means of communication. Since the language is constantly changing, many words disappear from use and new words appear. In my work, I would like to study these changes in detail.

The role of language in society as a means of communication is incredibly great. Therefore, this topic is always relevant.

In this research work, such phenomena of the Russian language as archaisms, historicisms and neologisms are considered.

Purpose of the study: the study of concepts - archaisms, historicisms and neologisms, as well as the reasons for the disappearance and appearance of words.

To achieve the goal, the following tasks:

Analyze the development of words in the Russian language;

To study the concept - archaisms;

To study the concept - historicism;

To study the concept - neologisms.

Research methods: reading, processing and analysis of relevant literature.

Practical significance: in-depth study of this issue, which goes beyond the scope of the school curriculum.

In doing this work, the material was studied by me quite deeply.

With this work, I would like to draw attention to the degree of importance of obsolete words as the cultural and historical heritage of our people, as well as the problem of perception and the need for new words.

CHAPTER 1. LANGUAGE AS A DEVELOPING PHENOMENON

“There are two kinds of nonsense: one comes from a lack of feelings and thoughts, replaced by words; the other - from the fullness of feelings and thoughts and the lack of words to express them "

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

Despite the presence of certain norms and traditions, any language is gradually changing. These changes happen all the time, but they are not very noticeable during the life of one generation.

Let's consider two main systems of the Russian language: syntax and vocabulary.

« Syntax of the Russian language- a part of the grammar of the Russian language, indicating the rules for connecting words in a phrase and sentence "1.

« Vocabulary- the vocabulary of the language or works of some writer" 2 .

The syntactic structure of the language is more stable and does not undergo any significant changes. But the lexical composition, on the contrary, reacts very quickly to everything new that appears in social life, science, technology, art and everyday life. Therefore, it is the most variable.

Today, the Russian language as a developing phenomenon is rarely considered. We are used to it and use words automatically, sometimes without even thinking about the meaning and historical significance of these words. And this is absolutely normal, since we are native speakers of the Russian language. We also calmly react to the appearance of completely new words in colloquial speech. But precisely for this reason, we need to be interested in the history of our language and its specifics.

Over the centuries, our language has changed. Old words disappeared or changed, new ones appeared.

Therefore, our developing Russian language is a completely unique cultural heritage.

1,2 - Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia [Electronic resource]. - http://wikipedia.org- (accessed 20.04.2018).

CHAPTER 2. ARCHAISMS

« Archaisms- these are obsolete words that, in the process of language development, were replaced by more modern synonyms.

Despite this, some archaisms are still used. For example, they are used in poetry.

The reason for replacing obsolete words with more modern ones is the continuous development of the language.

Now no one says "know". This word has been changed to "know". But on the other hand, such derivative words as “ignorance”, “unknown”, “guided”, “witch” have been preserved.

The word "velmi" was replaced by "very", "very".

No one speaks such words as “nowadays”, “hand”, “right hand”, “cheeks”, “splendor”, “finger”, “trust”, “brow”, etc. any more. And some may not even know the meaning of these words.

I would like to focus on one word "canopy". Everything seems very simple, everyone knows its meaning. "Seni" is the entrance part of the house, the hallway, the terrace. And what is so interesting about this word?

Let us recall the well-known lines from the work of A. S. Pushkin:

"The grass is green, the sun is shining,

A swallow with spring in the canopy flies to us ... " 4

I wonder if anyone wondered why the swallow flies into our hallway. What exactly is she supposed to do there? You might think that this is a figurative expression, because we are talking about poetry. In other words, spring comes to our house. But let's take other lines of A. S. Pushkin:

“... and the canopy expanded thick

Huge, neglected garden,

Orphanage of pensive dryads…” 5

3 - Sudanov G. G. Russian language on the fingers. - Moscow: AST Publishing House, 2017. - 288 p.

4.5 - Pushkin A. S. Poems. Fairy tales. Poems. - Moscow: Eskimo Publishing House, 2017. 544 p.

Or, for example, these lines:

“In their vestibule of the wind there is noise and fresh breath,

And the heavens are covered with mist and wavy ... " 6

Can a garden have an entrance hall where the wind blows? Of course not.

From this we can conclude: in the old days, “canopy” was called the crowns of trees, which, as it were, could shelter a person.

Lines from another work of A. S. Pushkin confirm this.

"For the last time, in the shadow of solitude,

Our foam listens to my verses " 7

It is very important to know the true meaning of archaisms and pass this knowledge on to other generations!

6.7 - Pushkin A. S. Poems. Fairy tales. Poems. - Moscow: Eskimo Publishing House, 2017. - 544 p.

CHAPTER 3. HISTORICISMS

« historicisms- words and expressions that have gone out of active use due to the fact that the concepts they denote have disappeared or become irrelevant” 8 .

These words differ from archaisms in that they are completely out of use and do not have synonyms.

Historicisms are divided into various groups.

Table 1. Groups of historicisms.

Historicism groups	Examples
Names of old clothes	Zipun, shushun, camisole, caftan, zhupan, kokoshnik;
Names of monetary units	Grosh, altyn, polushka, etc.;
Titles	Boyar, nobleman, duke, prince, etc.;
Names of officials	Policeman, governor, clerk, contractor, etc.;
Weapon names	Pishchal, shestoper, unicorn (cannon), etc.;
Administrative titles	Volost, county, district, etc.

I would like to say a little about such a group of words as necrotism.

Necroticisms- words that are currently completely unknown to native speakers.

Examples of necrotisms:

- "strong" - paternal uncle;

- "rug" - mockery, scold;

- "zga" - the road;

- "prat" - to erase;

- "odr" - bed, pastel.

Now these are words unknown to us. But once they were completely natural and were actively used in everyday speech. It is possible that historicisms will eventually move from one category to another and become necroticisms.

8 - Encyclopedia of the Russian language - [Electronic resource]. - http://russkiyyazik.ru - (accessed 20.04.2018).

CHAPTER 4. NEOLOGISMS

"Neologisms are words, meanings of words or phrases that have recently appeared in the language. This is all newly formed, previously absent” 9 .

Neologisms have always appeared throughout the history of language development. Each historical period had its own neologisms.

Once upon a time, words familiar to us such as “thermometer”, “horizon”, “atmosphere”, “acid”, “industry” and others were neologisms. They arose due to the development of science. In the literature, such words as "shuffle", "touching", "entertaining", "stupidity" and others appeared.

In Saltykov-Shchedrin's story "The History of a City" the writer comes up with many different new words. Here are lines from his work:

“There was, he says, in ancient times a people called bunglers, and they lived far to the north, where Greek and Roman historians and geographers assumed the existence of the Hyperborean Sea. These people were nicknamed bunglers because they had the habit of "pulling" their heads on everything that they met on the way. The wall will fall - they sting against the wall. Many independent tribes lived in the neighborhood of the bunglers, but only the most remarkable of them were named by the chronicler, namely: walrus-eaters, onion-eaters, thick-eaters, cranberries, kurales, swirling beans, frogs, lapotniks, black-skyed, dolbezhniks, broken heads, blind beards, lip-slaps, lop-eared, kosobryukhi, vendace, corners, kroshevniks and rukosu. ten

Many of these "new" words are derived from two other words and are compound words with two roots.

Neologisms are divided according to the source of appearance and purpose.

According to the source of occurrence, neologisms are of two types:

General language (newly formed or newly borrowed);

9 - Sudanov G. G. Russian language on the fingers. - Moscow: AST Publishing House, 2017. - 288 p.

10 - Saltykov-Shchedrin M.E. The history of one city. - St. Petersburg: Azbuka Publishing House, 2017. - 352 p.

Neologisms are used for their intended purpose:

To designate objects that did not exist before, phenomena. concepts;

For a more concise or expressive notation;

To achieve artistic and poetic effect;

As names for newly created items.

There is such a thing as derivation. Derivation in Russian, this is the formation of new words with the help of words already existing in the language. This is one of the ways to create neologisms. Another way is to borrow words from other languages. For example, the word "marmalade" is borrowed from the French language marmalade. In turn, this word was borrowed by the French from the Italian word marmelada or marmelo - quince.

There are thousands of borrowed words in Russian.

Once upon a time, words such as "minus", "refraction", "balance", "diameter", "square", "department" and others were neologisms, but now they are ordinary everyday words.

I would like to say a few words about the neologisms of the present tense. These are words such as “google”, “fake”, “freak”, “freelancer”, “coach”, “outsourcing”, “copywriter” and others.

Let us briefly analyze the meaning of these words, although I think they are widely known to our people, especially young people.

"Google" - search for information on the Internet using the appropriate search engine. Now the expression "ok Google" is known to almost everyone, and even to the generation that does not really use the Internet.

"Fake" is a fake.

"Freak" - a person whose appearance and behavior does not correspond to social norms. It is also used as a curse word.

Freelancer is a freelance worker. A person who does not depend on the schedule and can devote a lot of time to his personal interests. Here is such an interesting work appeared in the modern world.

"Coach" - coach, business coach, coach-psychologist.

"Outsourcing" is the transfer by one company of part of its work to another company.

"Copywriter" - a specialist engaged in writing advertising texts.

In fact, there are a lot of such words. This is just a small part.

Moreover, there are some features of the appearance of neologisms. Most of them occur during special periods. For example, with technological progress or a change in society. When there are revolutions, wars and so on.

In Russian, as in other languages, thousands of neologisms appear every year. After all, life is constantly changing and human needs too. Most of the neologisms do not take root in the language and disappear. But some are fixed and become an integral part of the language. Over time, they cease to be neologisms and become the words of the main stock of the Russian language.

For example, in the youth of my grandparents, mom and dad, their vocabulary was replenished with such words as “VCR”, “player”, “satellite”, “jeans”, “sneakers”, “hippies”, “flares”, “communal apartment » and the like. And it seems like it was quite recently. But these words have already ceased to be neologisms.

Now there are words in the language that my grandparents no longer understand. But for me, they are completely natural. These are words such as "hipster", "clave", "headliner", "flashmob", "device" and others.

Moreover, I noticed that for the older generation, these innovations cause some distrust and are not pleasant to the ear. I think this is due to the fact that our grandparents, mothers and fathers simply do not find practical use of these words in their daily lives. And for future generations, they will cease to be neologisms. And there will be other new words that will already alarm me.

CONCLUSION

In this work, I studied in detail such concepts as archaisms, historicisms and neologisms of the Russian language.

Particular attention was paid to the development of the Russian language, its change and the factors causing it.

I have made the following findings:

The language is constantly changing;

Changes in the language are directly dependent on changes in the life of society;

Many words completely disappear from Russian speech;

New words sometimes cause disapproval among older generations;

Language is a huge pantry of human thought. It connects times and generations.

Our Russian language “lives”, constantly changes and develops with us. It is necessary to carefully study these changes and observe the development in order to preserve this most valuable cultural heritage.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wikipedia - free encyclopedia [Electronic resource]. - http://wikipedia.org - (accessed 20.04.2018).

Pushkin A.S. Poems. Fairy tales. Poems. - Moscow: Eskimo Publishing House, 2017. - 544

Saltykov-Shchedrin M.E. The history of one city. - St. Petersburg: Azbuka Publishing House, 2017. - 352 p.

Sudanov G. G. Russian language on the fingers. - Moscow: AST Publishing House, 2017. - 288 p.