05/18/2016 at 22:33 · pavlofox · 16 710
The most famous inventors
Some of the greatest men of all time are the founders of the modern civilization in which humanity now lives. Thanks to brilliant minds, a modern person has at his disposal devices and technologies that bring maximum comfort to his life.
Let's get to know these famous people. Who are the most famous inventors?
10.
Opens a list of the greatest scientists and inventors. His invention is considered to be an aerodynamic machine, with the help of which meteorological instruments rose into the air. Lomonosov is also credited with creating a prototype of a modern aircraft. In addition, he is one of the greatest physicists and chemists of his time. The interests and activities of the scientist were versatile and extensive. He was fond of astronomy, geography, geology, history, philology and other sciences.
9.
Humanity owes the creation of radio and radio engineering to such a great mind as. The Russian inventor took part in the creation of the first radio workshop. For his services to the Fatherland in the development of science, he was awarded many prizes. In 1898, he received a prestigious award from the Imperial Russian Technical Society "for a receiver for electrical oscillations and devices for telegraphy at a distance without wires." In addition, Popov was engaged in teaching activities. Among the subjects he taught were physics, electrical engineering and mathematics.
8.
Russian self-taught scientist Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky belongs to the most famous inventors of the USSR. It is he who is considered the founder of theoretical astronautics and aerodynamics. Tsiolkovsky is the inventor of the wind tunnel. At the end of the 19th century, he managed to create the design of an airplane with a metal frame, but he managed to build the device only after two decades. In addition, Tsiolkovsky was a creative person who created a number of works of art.
7.
Included in the list of the world's most famous inventors, writers and politicians. Among all the discoveries of this brilliant man, one can single out the creation of a lightning rod, a Franklin furnace, a glass harmonica, etc. His contribution to medicine is the invention of a flexible urinary catheter. None of Franklin's discoveries was ever patented by him. The scientist was of the opinion that any of the inventions should be open free of charge.
6.
He is one of the greatest minds of all mankind. It is difficult to overestimate his contribution to science. First of all, Archimedes is known as a brilliant mathematician. Among his practical inventions are siege weapons, as well as mirrors capable of setting fire to material by focusing the rays of the sun. The latter invention was used to set fire to the sails on Roman ships. In addition, the mathematician contributed to the development of mechanics. He was one of the first to demonstrate the full theory of leverage in practice. To this day, his invention, which is called the Archimedean screw, is relevant. With this device, water can be transferred from low-lying reservoirs to irrigation canals.
5.
Is one of the most famous minds of science in the United States. The inventor was able to receive more than six hundred patents in his entire life. The scientist contributed to the development of industrial robots, automated warehouses and wireless radiotelephones. He created a fax machine, a video recorder and even a video camera. The magnetic tape cassette is also his invention. Lemelson was considered one of the most famous figures of his time. He was an active advocate for the rights of independent scientists, which made him disliked by patent offices and many commercial companies. Lemelson was a true workaholic who worked 14 hours a day. Almost every night, the scientist got up several times to write down his next brilliant idea in a notebook, and in the morning he could demonstrate new projects of his future inventions.
4.
Unrecognized during his lifetime as a great scientist, today he is among the ten most famous inventors. He made a huge contribution to the creation of equipment that runs on alternating current. In addition, thanks to Tesla, polyphase systems, synchronous generators, and so on appeared. His discoveries marked the beginning of the second industrial revolution. The contribution of the inventor to science is connected with the basics of robotics, remote control and computer science. Nikola Tesla holds over a hundred patents. Only descendants could appreciate his merits in the world of inventions.
3.
He is one of the most popular scientists who has made a huge contribution to the development of mankind. One of the great minds was able to create a telephone, which was the result of his work with deaf patients. The audiometer is also Bell's brainchild. In addition, he owns such human creations as a metal detector and one of the first airplanes. Subsequently, the inventor created the Institute. Volta, where the improvement of telephony, electrical communication and the phonograph was carried out. It was possible to open the institute with the proceeds from the creation of a telephone company. He also founded the National Geographic Foundation.
2.
He is one of the greatest minds of all time and one of the most famous inventors. Edison holds over 1,000 patents in the US alone and about 3,000 worldwide! It is he who belongs to such merits in the world of inventions as the improvement of the telegraph, telephone and film equipment. He is considered one of the first to invent a successful version of the incandescent lamp. He owns such an invention as the phonograph. In the 28th year of the last century, the great scientist was awarded one of the most prestigious awards - the Congressional Gold Medal. Edison worked 17 hours a day. It was hard work and perseverance that helped him achieve such success.
1.
Tops the list of the most famous and great inventors of all time. Glory to the scientist came with the invention of the first car. He was the first to design a mobile apparatus with an internal combustion engine. After that, the first car company appeared, which began to actively innovate Karl Benz and created the first car with the name Mersedes Benz. The scientist received a patent for a two-stroke gasoline engine in 1878. Later, he patented all the important components and systems of the future mobile transport. The contribution to the development of science and progress made by Benz is invaluable. Thanks to this man, billions of people move freely around the world on a four-wheeled structure. By the way, the first car had only three wheels.
Readers' Choice:
01/17/2012 02/12/2018 by ☭ USSR ☭
There were many outstanding figures in our country, which we, unfortunately, forget, not to mention the discoveries that were made by Russian scientists and inventors. The events that changed the history of Russia are also not known to everyone. I want to correct this situation and recall the most famous Russian inventions.
1. Plane - Mozhaisky A.F.
The talented Russian inventor Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky (1825-1890) was the first in the world to create a life-size aircraft capable of lifting a person into the air. Before A.F. Mozhaisky, people of many generations, both in Russia and in other countries, worked on the solution of this complex technical problem, they went in different ways, but none of them managed to bring the matter to practical experience with full-scale aircraft. A.F. Mozhaisky found the right way to solve this problem. He studied the works of his predecessors, developed and supplemented them, using his theoretical knowledge and practical experience. Of course, he did not manage to resolve all issues, but he did, perhaps, everything that was possible at that time, despite the extremely unfavorable situation for him: limited material and technical capabilities, as well as distrust of his work on the part of the military bureaucratic apparatus imperial Russia. Under these conditions, A.F. Mozhaisky managed to find the spiritual and physical strength in himself to complete the construction of the world's first aircraft. It was a creative feat that forever glorified our Motherland. Unfortunately, the surviving documentary materials do not allow us to give a description of the aircraft of A.F. Mozhaisky and its tests in the necessary detail.
2. Helicopter– B.N. Yuriev.
Boris Nikolaevich Yuryev - an outstanding aviator scientist, full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, lieutenant general of the engineering service. In 1911, he invented the swashplate (the main unit of a modern helicopter) - a device that made it possible to build helicopters with stability and controllability characteristics acceptable for safe piloting by ordinary pilots. It was Yuriev who paved the way for the development of helicopters.
3. Radio receiver- A.S. Popov.
A.S. Popov first demonstrated the operation of his device on May 7, 1895. at a meeting of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society in St. Petersburg. This device became the world's first radio receiver, and May 7th was the birthday of the radio. And now it is celebrated annually in Russia.
4. TV - Rosing B.L.
On July 25, 1907, he applied for the invention "Method of electrical transmission of images over distances." The beam was scanned in the tube by magnetic fields, and the signal was modulated (brightness changed) using a capacitor that could deflect the beam vertically, thereby changing the number of electrons passing to the screen through the diaphragm. On May 9, 1911, at a meeting of the Russian Technical Society, Rosing demonstrated the transmission of television images of simple geometric shapes and their reception with playback on a CRT screen.
5. Knapsack parachute - Kotelnikov G.E.
In 1911, the Russian military man, Kotelnikov, impressed by the death of the Russian pilot Captain L. Matsievich, who he saw at the All-Russian Aeronautics Festival in 1910, invented a fundamentally new parachute RK-1. Kotelnikov's parachute was compact. Its dome is made of silk, the lines were divided into 2 groups and attached to the shoulder girths of the suspension system. The dome and slings were placed in a wooden, and later aluminum satchel. Later, in 1923, Kotelnikov proposed a parachute bag made in the form of an envelope with honeycombs for slings. In 1917, 65 parachute descents were registered in the Russian army, 36 for rescue and 29 voluntary.
6. Nuclear power plant.
Launched on June 27, 1954 in Obninsk (then the village of Obninskoye, Kaluga Region). It was equipped with one AM-1 reactor (“peaceful atom”) with a capacity of 5 MW.
The reactor of the Obninsk NPP, in addition to generating energy, served as a base for experimental studies. At present, the Obninsk NPP has been decommissioned. Its reactor was shut down on April 29, 2002 for economic reasons.
7. Periodic table of chemical elements– Mendeleev D.I.
The periodic system of chemical elements (Mendeleev's table) is a classification of chemical elements that establishes the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus. The system is a graphical expression of the periodic law established by the Russian chemist D. I. Mendeleev in 1869. Its original version was developed by D. I. Mendeleev in 1869-1871 and established the dependence of the properties of elements on their atomic weight (in modern terms, on atomic mass).
8. Laser
The prototype laser masers were made in 1953-1954. N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, as well as, independently of them, the American C. Towns and his colleagues. Unlike the Basov and Prokhorov quantum generators, which found a way out in using more than two energy levels, the Towns maser could not operate continuously. In 1964, Basov, Prokhorov and Townes received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for their fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which made it possible to create generators and amplifiers based on the principle of a maser and a laser."
9. Bodybuilding
Russian athlete Eugenia Sandov, the title of his book “body building” - bodybuilding was literally translated into English. language.
10. Hydrogen bomb– Sakharov A.D.
Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov(May 21, 1921, Moscow - December 14, 1989, Moscow) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and politician, dissident and human rights activist, one of the creators of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb. Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975.
11. The first artificial earth satellite, the first astronaut, etc.
12. Gypsum - N. I. Pirogov 
Pirogov, for the first time in the history of world medicine, used a plaster cast, which made it possible to accelerate the healing process of fractures and saved many soldiers and officers from ugly curvature of the limbs. During the siege of Sevastopol, to care for the wounded, Pirogov used the help of the sisters of mercy, some of whom came to the front from St. Petersburg. It was also an innovation at the time.
13. Military medicine
Pirogov invented the stages of military medical service, as well as methods for studying human anatomy. In particular, he is the founder of topographic anatomy.
Antarctica was discovered on January 16 (January 28), 1820 by a Russian expedition led by Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev, who approached it on the sloops Vostok and Mirny at the point 69 ° 21? Yu. sh. 2°14? h. (G) (area of the modern Bellingshausen Ice Shelf).
15. Immunity
Having discovered the phenomena of phagocytosis in 1882 (which he reported on in 1883 at the 7th congress of Russian natural scientists and doctors in Odessa), he developed on their basis a comparative pathology of inflammation (1892), and later - the phagocytic theory of immunity ("Immunity in infectious diseases" , 1901 - Nobel Prize, 1908, together with P. Ehrlich).
The main cosmological model, in which the consideration of the evolution of the Universe begins with a state of dense hot plasma, consisting of protons, electrons and photons. The hot universe model was first considered in 1947 by Georgy Gamow. Since the late 1970s, the origin of elementary particles in the hot universe model has been described using spontaneous symmetry breaking. Many shortcomings of the hot universe model were solved in the 1980s as a result of the construction of the theory of inflation.
The most famous computer game, invented by Alexey Pajitnov in 1985.
18. The first machine - V. G. Fedorov
An automatic carbine designed for firing bursts from the hands. V. G. Fedorov. Abroad, this type of weapon is referred to as an "assault rifle". 
1913 - a prototype for a special intermediate power cartridge (between pistol and rifle).
1916 - adoption (under the Japanese rifle cartridge) and the first combat use (Romanian Front).
19. Incandescent lamp- Lodygin's lamp A.N.
The light bulb does not have a single inventor. The history of the light bulb is a whole chain of discoveries made by different people at different times. However, Lodygin's merits in the creation of incandescent lamps are especially great. Lodygin was the first to propose the use of tungsten filaments in lamps (in modern electric light bulbs, filaments are made of tungsten) and twist the filament in the form of a spiral. Also, Lodygin was the first to pump air out of the lamps, which increased their service life many times over. Another invention of Lodygin, aimed at increasing the life of lamps, was filling them with an inert gas. 
20. Diving apparatus
In 1871, Lodygin created a project for an autonomous diving suit using a gas mixture consisting of oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen had to be produced from water by electrolysis.
21. Induction oven
The first caterpillar mover (without a mechanical drive) was proposed in 1837 by staff captain D. Zagryazhsky. Its caterpillar mover was built on two wheels surrounded by an iron chain. And in 1879, the Russian inventor F. Blinov received a patent for the “caterpillar track” he created for a tractor. He called it "a locomotive for dirt roads"
23. Cable telegraph line 
The Petersburg-Tsarskoye Selo line was built in the 1940s. XIX century and had a length of 25 km. (B. Jacobi)
24. Synthetic rubber from petroleum– B. Byzov
25. Optical sight
“A mathematical instrument with a perspective telescope, with other accessories and a spirit level for quick guidance from a battery or from the ground at the indicated place to the target horizontally and along levation.” Andrey Konstantinovich NARTOV (1693-1756).
In 1801, the Ural master Artamonov solved the problem of lightening the weight of the wagon by reducing the number of wheels from four to two. Thus, Artamonov created the world's first pedal scooter, the prototype of the future bicycle.
27. Electric welding
The method of electric welding of metals was invented and first applied in 1882 by the Russian inventor Nikolai Nikolaevich Benardos (1842 - 1905). "Stitching" of metal with an electric seam he called "electrohephaestus".
The world's first personal computer
was invented not by the American company Apple Computers and not in 1975, but in the USSR in 1968 
year by the Soviet designer from Omsk Arseny Anatolyevich Gorokhov (born 1935). Author's certificate No. 383005 describes in detail the "programming device", as the inventor then called it. They did not give money for an industrial design. The inventor was asked to wait a little. He waited until once again a domestic "bicycle" was invented abroad.
29. Digital technologies.
- the father of all digital technologies in data transmission.
30. Electric motor- B. Jacobi.
31. Electric car
The double electric car of I. Romanov, model of 1899, changed the speed in nine gradations - from 1.6 km per hour to a maximum of 37.4 km per hour
32. Bomber 
Four-engine aircraft "Russian Knight" I. Sikorsky.
33. Kalashnikov assault rifle
A symbol of freedom and the fight against oppression.
which, during their activities or after, have changed people's lives. These are genius inventors who created the foundations in various fields of human activity.
Thomas Edison(1847-1931) filed over 1,000 patents. He has developed innovative products ranging from light bulbs to batteries for electric vehicles.
– successfully designed, built and tested the first aircraft. The Wright brothers showed that man can fly. This is one of the most important inventions of the 20th century.
Benjamin Franklin polymath (1705 - 1790) who discovered electricity and invented the Franklin oven.
Nikola Tesla(1856–1943) Serbian scientist who emigrated to the USA. He was a brilliant scientist who played a key role in the development of AC electricity - through the AC induction motor, transformer and Tesla coils. The use of AC electricity was his global invention of the century. He played a key role in the development of electromagnetism and other scientific discoveries of his time. Despite his huge number of patents and discoveries, his accomplishments were underestimated during his lifetime. But he gets on the list as the greatest inventors with dignity.
Charles Babbage(1791 - 1871) - created the first mechanical computer, which turned out to be a prototype for future computers. Considered the "Father of Computers"
(1736 - 1819) Inventor of the steam engine, which was pivotal in the industrial revolution. His invention of a separate condensing chamber greatly improved the efficiency of steam. Alexander Bell(1847-1922) invented the first practical telephone. He also worked on optical telecommunications, aeronautics.
The greatest inventors of antiquity
Leonardo da Vinci(1452 - 1519) one of the greatest minds ever. Invented models that proved to be workable 500 years later. It is considered the oldest greatest inventor.
(1564-1642) developed a powerful telescope and confirmed the revolutionary theory about the nature of the world. An improved compass has also been developed.
Modern Inventors
Tim Berners-Lee is a British scientist who is credited with inventing the World Wide Web (WWW). It was he who developed the http:// protocol for the Internet. With this world wide web (WWW) protocol, the Internet is free and accessible to everyone. The Internet plays a huge role is considered and belongs to the section
The first web page address was http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html
This is not the whole list, the most famous inventions are still to come.
It is difficult for us today to imagine that 200 years ago people did not know anything about electricity, most modern modes of transport, television, not to mention mobile phones, Skype, the Internet and other components of the modern information society.
In this regard, it will be interesting to consider the authorship of which inventions, which have become crucial for the development of mankind, belongs to Russian inventors. Of course, it is impossible to cover all areas of invention, so this article will contain a certain amount of selectivity and subjectivity. Let us make a reservation right away that in the Russian state the main components of patent law (which is directly related to establishing the primacy of an invention) have been formed only since the 1930s. XIX century, while in the West they got acquainted with this concept a little earlier. And so the phrases “first invented” and “first patented” were far from always identical.
Military, weapons
1. G. E. Kotelnikov - inventor of the backpack parachute. While in the theater, the inventor saw in the hands of one lady a tightly folded piece of fabric, which, after a little effort of the hands, turned into a loose scarf. So, in the head of Kotelnikov appeared the principle of the parachute. Unfortunately, the novelty was initially recognized abroad, and only during the First World War did the tsarist government remember the existence of this useful invention.
Gleb Kotelnikov with his invention.
By the way, the inventor had other ideas that have not yet been implemented.
2. N. D. Zelinsky - invented a filtering coal gas mask. Despite the Hague Convention prohibiting the use of toxic substances? In the First World War, the use of poison gas became a reality, and therefore representatives of the warring countries began to look for ways to protect themselves from this dangerous weapon. It was then that Zelinsky offered his know-how - a gas mask in which activated carbon was used as a filter, which, as it turned out, successfully neutralized all poisonous substances.
Russian soldiers in Zelinsky gas masks on the front line during the First World War
3. L. N. Gobyato - the inventor of the mortar-mortar. The invention appeared in the field during the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905. Faced with a problem - the need to knock out enemy forces from the trenches and trenches located in the immediate vicinity, Gobyato and his assistant Vasiliev suggested using a light 47-mm naval gun on wheels under these conditions. Instead of conventional projectiles, improvised pole mines were used, which were fired at a certain angle along a hinged trajectory.
Mortar system Gobyato on the positions of Mount High. D. Buzaev
4. I. F. Aleksandrovsky - the inventor of a self-propelled mine (torpedo) and the first mechanically driven submarine in the domestic fleet.
Submarine Alexandrovsky
5. V. G. Fedorov - the creator of the world's first automatic machine. Actually, the machine gun was originally understood as an automatic rifle, which Fedorov began to create even before the start of the First World War - in 1913. Only from 1916, the invention gradually began to be used in hostilities, although, of course, the machine gun became a weapon of mass distribution during the Second World War .
Automatic Fedorov system
Communication facilities, information transfer
1. A. S. Popov - the inventor of the radio. On May 7, 1895, at a meeting of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society at St. Petersburg University, he demonstrated the operation of a radio receiver he invented, but did not have time to patent it. The Italian G. Marconi received a patent and the Nobel Prize (together with K. F. Brown) for the invention of the radio.
Radio Popova
2. GG Ignatiev - for the first time in the world developed a system of simultaneous telephony and telegraphy over one cable.
3. V. K. Zworykin - the inventor of television and television broadcasting on the electronic principle. Developed an iconoscope, a kinescope, the basics of color television. Unfortunately, most of his discoveries were made in the USA, where he emigrated in 1919.
4. A. M. Ponyatov - inventor of the video recorder. Like Zworykin, he emigrated from Russia during the Civil War, and, once in the United States, continued his developments in the field of electronics. In 1956, Ampex, led by Poniatow, produced the world's first commercial video recorder.
Ponyatov with his brainchild
5. I. A. Timchenko - developed the world's first movie camera. In 1893, in Odessa, on a large piece of white sheet, the first two films in the world were shown - "The Spear Thrower" and "The Galloping Horseman". They were demonstrated with the help of a movie camera, which was designed by the mechanic-inventor Timchenko. In 1895, a patent for the invention of the movie camera was received by Louis Jean Lumiere, who, together with his brother, are considered the founders of cinema.
The medicine
1. N. I. Pirogov - the first use of anesthesia in military field surgery during the Caucasian War in 1847. It was Pirogov who began to use starch-impregnated bandages, which turned out to be very effective. In addition, he introduced a fixed plaster cast into medical practice.
Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was the first to use anesthesia in military field surgery
2. G. A. Ilizarov - the device designed by him in 1953 is named after this inventor. It is used in orthopedics, traumatology, and surgery. The apparatus is an iron structure, consisting of rings and spokes, and is mainly known for healing fractures, straightening deformed bones, and aligning the legs.
Layout schemes of the Ilizarov apparatus
3. S. S. Bryukhonenko - created the world's first heart-lung machine (autojector). With the help of experiments, he proved that the revival of the human body after clinical death is possible in the same way as open-heart surgery, organ transplantation and the creation of an artificial heart.
Today, surgeons can no longer do without artificial blood circulation devices, and the merit in their creation belongs to our compatriot
4. V. P. Demikhov - one of the founders of transplantology. He was the first in the world to perform a lung transplant, and the first to create a model of an artificial heart. Experimenting on dogs in the 1940s was able to transplant a second heart, and then replace the dog's heart with a donor one. Experiments on dogs subsequently saved thousands of lives
5. Fedorov S. N. - radial keratomy. In 1973, for the first time in the world, he developed and performed operations for the treatment of glaucoma in the early stages (a method of deep sclerectomy, which subsequently received international recognition). A year later, Fedorov began to carry out operations for the treatment and correction of myopia by applying anterior dosed incisions to the cornea according to the method he developed. In total, more than 3 million such operations have already been performed worldwide.
Among other things, Academician Fedorov was the first in the country to perform an operation to replace the lens of the eye.
Electricity
1. A. N. Lodygin - electric incandescent light bulb. In 1872, A. N. Lodygin patented the world's first incandescent electric light bulb. It used a carbon rod, which was placed in a vacuum flask.
Lodygin was not only able to develop an incandescent lamp, but also patented it
2. P. N. Yablochkov - invented an arc lamp (went down in history under the name "Yablochkov's candle"). In 1877, Yablochkov's "candles" lit up some streets of European capitals. They were disposable, they burned for less than 2 hours, but at the same time they shone quite brightly.
"Candle" Yablochkov lit up the streets of Paris
3. M. O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky - three-phase power supply system. At the end of the XIX century. a Russian inventor with Polish roots invented what is now familiar to any electrician and is successfully used all over the world.
The three-phase system developed by Dolivo-Dobrovolsky is still successfully used today.
4. D. A. Lachinov - proved the possibility of transmitting electricity through wires over long distances.
5. VV Petrov - developed the world's largest galvanic battery, discovered the electric arc.
Transport
1. A. F. Mozhaisky - the creator of the first aircraft. In 1882, Mozhaisky built an aircraft, but during tests near St. Petersburg, the aircraft separated from the ground, but, being unstable, rolled over on its side and broke its wing. This circumstance in the West is often used as an argument that the inventor of the aircraft should be considered the one who was able to take off above the ground in a horizontal position, i.e. Wright brothers.
Mozhaisky aircraft model
2. I. I. Sikorsky - the creator of the first serial helicopter. Back in 1908-1910. designed two helicopters, but none of the built helicopters could take off with a pilot. Sikorsky returned to helicopters in the late 1930s, already working in the United States, having designed a model of a single-rotor helicopter S-46 (VC-300).
Sikorsky at the controls of his first "flying" helicopter
Pythagoras (c. 580-500 BC)
Every student knows: "In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs." But few people know that Pythagoras was still a philosopher, religious thinker and politician, it was he who introduced the term “philosophy” into our language, which means “love of wisdom”. He founded a school whose students were called Pythagoreans, and he was the first to use the word "cosmos".
Democritus (460-c. 370 BC)
Democritus, like other philosophers of the ancient world, was always interested in the question of what is the fundamental principle of the universe. Some sages believed that water, others - fire, others - air, and fourth - all together. Democritus was not convinced by their arguments. Reflecting on the fundamental principle of the world, he came to the conclusion that it is the smallest indivisible particles, which he called atoms. There are a great many of them. The whole world is made up of them. They connect, they separate. He made this discovery by logical reasoning. And after more than two thousand years, scientists of our time with the help of physical instruments proved him right.
Euclid (c. 365-300 BC)
A student of Plato - Euclid wrote the treatise "Beginnings" in 13 books. In them, the scientist outlined the basics of geometry, which means in Greek "the science of measuring the Earth", which for many centuries was called Euclidean geometry. The ancient Greek king Ptolemy I Soter, who ruled in Egyptian Alexandria, demanded that Euclid, who explained the laws of geometry to him, make it shorter and faster. He replied: “Oh, great king, there are no royal roads in geometry ...”
Archimedes (287-212 BC)
Archimedes went down in history as one of the most famous Greek mechanics, inventors and mathematicians, who amazed his contemporaries with his amazing machines. Watching the work of builders who moved stone blocks with the help of thick sticks, Archimedes realized that the longer the lever, the greater the force of its impact. He told the Syracusan king Hieron: "Give me a foothold, and I will move the Earth." Hieron didn't believe it. And then Archimedes, with the help of a complex system of mechanisms, with the effort of one hand, pulled a ship ashore, which was usually pulled out of the water by hundreds of people.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
The great Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci showed himself to be a universal creator. He was a sculptor, architect, inventor. A brilliant master, he made a huge contribution to art, culture and science. In Italy, he was called a sorcerer, a magician, a man who can do anything. Infinitely talented, he created various mechanisms, designed unprecedented aircraft such as a modern helicopter, and invented a tank.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Nicolaus Copernicus in the scientific world gained fame for his astronomical discoveries. His heliocentric system replaced the former, Greek, geocentric. He was the first to scientifically prove that it is not the Sun that revolves around the Earth, but vice versa. The earth and other planets revolve around the sun. Nicolaus Copernicus was a versatile scientist. Widely educated, he was engaged in the treatment of people, was well-versed in the economy, he himself made various instruments and machines. Nicolaus Copernicus wrote in Latin and German all his life. Not a single document written by him in Polish has been found.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
The young Florentine Galileo Galilei, who studied at the University of Pisa, attracted the attention of professors not only with clever reasoning, but also with original inventions. But the gifted student was expelled from the 3rd year, as his father did not have money for his studies. But Galileo was lucky - the young man found a patron, the rich Marquis Guidobaldo del Moite, who was fond of science. He supported the 22-year-old Galileo. Thanks to the Marquis, the world got a man who showed his genius in mathematics, physics, astronomy. Even during his lifetime, Galileo was compared with Archimedes. He was the first to declare that the universe is infinite.
René Descartes (1596-1650)
Like many great thinkers of antiquity, Descartes was universal. He laid the foundations of analytical geometry, created many algebraic notations, discovered the law of conservation of motion, explained the root causes of the motion of celestial bodies. Descartes studied at the best French Jesuit college in La Flèche. And there, at the beginning of the 17th century, strict orders reigned. The disciples got up early and ran to prayer. Only one, the best pupil, was allowed to stay in bed due to poor health - it was Rene Descartes. So he developed the habit of reasoning, finding solutions to mathematical problems. Later, according to legend, it was during these morning hours that he had a thought that spread all over the world: "I think, therefore I exist."
Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
Isaac Newton - a brilliant English scientist, experimenter, researcher, he is also a mathematician, astronomer, inventor, made a lot of discoveries that determined the physical picture of the world around him. According to legend, Isaac Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation in his garden. He watched a falling apple and realized that the Earth attracts all objects to itself, and the heavier the object, the stronger it is attracted to the Earth. Reflecting on this, he deduced the law of universal gravitation: All bodies are attracted to each other with a force proportional to both masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
James Watt (1736-1819)
James Watta is considered one of the creators of the technological revolution that transformed the world. They tried to tame the energy of steam in ancient times. The Greek scientist Heroes, who lived in Alexandria in the 1st century, built the first steam turbine, which rotated when wood was burned in a heater. In Russia in the 18th century, the mechanic Ivan Polzunov also tried to tame the energy of steam, but his machine was not widely used. And only the English, or rather, the Scottish self-taught mechanic James Watt managed to design such a machine, which they began to use first in mines, then in enterprises, and then on steam locomotives and steamships.
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794)
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier - diversified, he was successfully engaged in financial transactions, but was especially fond of chemistry. He made many discoveries, to his liking became the founder of modern chemistry and would have done a lot if it were not for the radicalism of the French Revolution. In his youth, Antoine Lavoisier participated in the competition of the Academy of Sciences for the best way to light the streets. To increase the sensitivity of his eyes, he upholstered his room with black cloth. Antoine described the acquired new perception of light in the work that he submitted to the Academy, and received a gold medal for it. For scientific research in the field of mineralogy, he was elected a member of the Academy at the age of 25.
Justus Liebig (1803-1873)
Justus Liebig is credited with creating food concentrates. He developed the technology for the production of meat extract, which today is called the "bouillon cube". The German Chemical Society erected a monument to him in Munich. The outstanding German professor of organic chemistry, Justus Liebig, spent his whole life researching the methods of plant nutrition and solving the issues of rational use of fertilizers. He did a lot to increase crop yields. Russia awarded the scientist two Orders of St. Anne for the help rendered to her in the rise of agriculture, England made him an honorary citizen, in Germany he received the title of baron.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Louis Pasteur is a rare example of a scientist who had neither medical nor chemical education. He made his way into science on his own, without any protégés, based on personal interest. But scientists showed interest in him, who noticed considerable abilities in the young man. And Louis Pasteur became an outstanding French microbiologist and chemist, a member of the French Academy, created the process of pasteurization. Especially for him, an institute was created in Paris, later named after him. Ilya Mechnikov, a Russian microbiologist and Nobel Prize winner in physiology and medicine, worked at this institute for 18 years.
Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896)
Alfred Bernhard Nobel - Swedish chemical engineer invented dynamite, who patented it in 1867 and suggested using it for tunneling. This invention glorified Nobel all over the world, brought him enormous income. The word dynamite in Greek means "strength". This explosive, which consists of nitroglycerin, potassium or sodium nitrate and wood flour, depending on the volume, can smash a car, a house, destroy a rock. In 1895, Nobel made a will, according to which most of his capital was directed to prizes for outstanding achievements in chemistry, physics, medicine, literature, and the promotion of peace.
Robert Heinrich Hermann Koch (1843-1910)
Close contact with nature later determined the choice of profession - Robert Koch became a microbiologist. And it started in childhood. Robert Koch's grandfather on his mother's side was a great lover of nature, he often took his beloved 7-year-old grandson with him to the forest, told him about the life of trees, herbs, talked about the benefits and harms of insects. Microbiologist Koch fought against the most terrible diseases of mankind - anthrax, cholera and tuberculosis. And he emerged victorious. For his achievements in the fight against tuberculosis in 1905 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923)
In 1895, a photograph of the hand of the wife of Wilhelm Roentgen, made using x-rays (x-ray, later named x-rays after their discoverer), was published in a German scientific journal, aroused great interest in the scientific world. Before Roentgen, none of the physicists did anything like this. This photograph testified that penetration into the depths of the human body took place without its physical opening. It was a breakthrough in medicine, in the recognition of diseases. For the discovery of these rays, William Roentgen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.
Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931)
During his life, Edison improved the telegraph, telephone, created a microphone, invented the phonograph and, most importantly, with his incandescent light bulb lit up America, and behind it the whole world. There has never been a more inventive man in American history than Thomas Edison. In total, he is the author of over 1,000 patented inventions in the United States and about 3,000 in other countries. But before achieving such an outstanding result, he, according to his own frank statements, made many tens of thousands of unsuccessful experiments and experiments.
Maria Skłodowska Curie (1867-1934)
Maria Skłodowska Curie graduated from the Sorbonne, the largest institution of higher education in France, and became the first woman teacher in its history. Together with her husband Pierre Curie, she first discovered radium, a decay product of uranium-238, then polonium. The study and use of the radioactive properties of radium played a huge role in the study of the structure of the atomic nucleus, the phenomenon of radioactivity. Maria Skłodowska-Curie occupies a special place among world-class scientists; she won the Nobel Prize twice: in 1903 in physics, in 1911 in chemistry. Such an outstanding result is rare even among men.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
Albert Einstein - one of the founders of theoretical physics, Nobel Prize winner, public figure. But he made a strange impression on his contemporaries: he dressed casually, loved sweaters, did not comb his hair, could show his tongue to a photographer, and generally did God knows what. But behind this frivolous appearance was a paradoxical scientist - a thinker, the author of over 600 works on various topics. His theory of relativity revolutionized science. It turned out that the world around us is not so simple. Space-time is curved, and as a result, gravity changes, the course of time changes, the sun's rays deviate from the direct direction.
Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)
Alexander Fleming, a native of Scotland, an English bacteriologist, spent his whole life looking for medicines that could help a person cope with infectious diseases. He was able to detect a substance that kills bacteria in the penicillum mold. And the first antibiotic appeared - penicillin, which revolutionized medicine. Fleming was the first to discover that human mucous membranes contain a special fluid that not only prevents the penetration of microbes, but also kills them. He isolated this substance, it was called lysozyme.
Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967)
Robert Oppenheimer, an American physicist, creator of the atomic bomb, was very worried when he learned about the terrible victims and destruction caused by the American atomic bomb dropped over Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. He was a conscientious person and further urged scientists around the world not to create weapons of enormous destructive power. He entered the history of science as the "father of the atomic bomb" and as the discoverer of black holes in the universe.
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