UR-77 "Meteorite" — Soviet demining installation. Created on the basisself-propelled howitzer 2S1 "Carnation" . Serially produced from 1978 instead UR-67 - this is how Wikipedia begins its story.
UR-77 is capable of making moves (passages - approx. D.B.) in anti-tank minefields during combat. The passage is about 6 meters wide and 80 to 90 meters long. Despite the fact that the UR-77 is not designed to clear anti-personnel mines, the installation can clear anti-personnel minefields from American M14 pressure mines, creating passages up to 14 meters wide, etc., etc. etc. And I will allow my impressions to be stated. For 20 years of service, I once saw the launch of this system, back in the early 80s, but when such an action takes place before your eyes, it is not forgotten. Right away for skeptics and critics of the Soviet Army and the Russian Army: The Armament Engineering Troops are diverse and diverse, and not every unit or formation has mine clearance installations on staff, and there’s no talk about the Arms of the Army, not everyone is so happy). Photos borrowed from here http://ok.ru/profile/74065071337
, look at the dynamics of the launch of the "Snake Gorynych" - that's what his mother called him - the infantry).
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Demining is carried out by the occurrence of a shock wave from the explosion of the charge, which affects the mine fuse. However, complete clearance is not guaranteed. For example, mines with double-click fuses can remain intact (mine
TM-62with fuse MVD-62 or Mk7 with fuse No. 5 Mk4), anti-personnel mines of tension action. Magnetic, seismic and infrared fuses do not respond to the blast wave.
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After all, there are no American installations equal in combat qualities to the UR-77 even at the beginning of the 21st century. Agree that placing two sets of the M58 MICLIC extended demining charge on the AVLB bridgelayer instead of the bridge is not the best solution (especially since the Americans themselves admit that the experience of using such installations (AVLM) in 91 during Operation Desert Storm showed that in half of the cases the launches end in failure).
Installations of the same UR-67
UR-67 in the Park complex of the history of technology. K. Sakharova http://museum.vaz.ru/
were tested during the Arab-Israeli war of 1973 and a number of other wars in Africa and Indochina. The experience of their use gave birth to the UR-77, in which the shortcomings inherent in the UR-67 were eliminated.
Until the end of the 1980s, the military specialists of the Soviet Union attached great importance to the offensive operations of large armored and mechanized formations, the key to successful operations of which was a bold, quick and decisive maneuver. The difficulty in maneuvering the advancing or advancing troops and inflicting defeat on them could be caused by the installation of mine-explosive obstacles by the enemy in advance or by remote mining during the battle. Therefore, the rapid overcoming of minefields by making passages in them has become the most important condition for the performance by combined arms units and formations of the assigned combat missions.
Installation UR-77 "Meteorite" - video
To overcome minefields, special self-propelled installations (demining installations UR-67, UR-77) were created, which were intended for making passages in minefields in an explosive way during hostilities. UR-67 was created in the mid-60s and after 10 years it began to be replaced by a new machine - UR-77.
The UR-77 demining installation consists of a base tracked vehicle based on a light armored multi-purpose tractor (MT-LB), a launcher and an ammunition load of two demining charges. The demining charge is a nylon shell with a diameter of 7 cm and a length of 93 m, filled with plastic explosive, inside which a detonating cable passes. The charges are stacked in a special bunker in the rear of the machine. The supply of demining charges to the enemy minefield is carried out by special powder rockets towing a demining charge in flight.
Missiles are launched from the UR-77 "Meteorite" launcher using a special control panel. At the end of the active section of the flight path, the disconnect device is activated, disconnecting the missiles. The brake rope creates a braking charge upon landing. After the charge falls, the car drives back, dragging the charge onto the minefield and straightening it. From the control panel through the wires, the electric impulse of the detonation is fed to the detonating cable. The detonating cable is detonated and initiates the explosion of the entire demining charge. As a result of the explosion of the charge, mines are detonated in the minefield and a passage is formed in it for equipment and personnel. The UR-77 is a floating vehicle and is capable of launching a charge while moving on the water to the opposite bank occupied by the enemy, when crossing water barriers or landing amphibious assault forces. The UR-77 installation operates, as a rule, as part of a blocking detachment together with an engineering blocking vehicle (IMR) and a tank bridge-layer ahead of advancing motorized rifle, tank units and subunits. Currently, the UR-77 is in service with units and units of the engineering troops of the armed forces of the countries of the former Soviet Union and the former countries participating in the Warsaw Pact.
The performance characteristics of the UR-77 "Meteorite"
| Combat weight, t | 12,1 |
| Crew, pers. | 2 |
| Booking | bulletproof |
| Mass of the demining complex, kg: | 24 |
| Range of demining charge supply, m | 500 |
| The dimensions of the passage being made in a minefield, m | width - 6; length - 80-90 |
| Passage time, min | 3-5 |
| Equipment time with one set clearance, min | 30 (mechanized), 20 (manual) |
| Engine | YaMZ-238V, 8-cylinder, diesel, with a capacity of 261 liters. with. |
| Maximum speed, km/h | 60 (on the highway); 4.5 (afloat) |
| Power reserve, km | 500 |
| Overcoming obstacles, m | wall height - 0.6; moat width - 2.4 |
Photo UR-77 "Meteorite"
There is no such thing in life as eternal peace of mind. Life itself is a movement, and cannot exist without desires, fear, and feelings.
Thomas Hobbs
The reader asks:
I found a video on YouTube with a theory about the spiral movement of the solar system through our galaxy. It didn't strike me as convincing, but I'd like to hear it from you. Is it scientifically correct?
Let's watch the video first:
Some of the statements in this video are true. For example:
- planets revolve around the sun in approximately the same plane
- The solar system moves through the galaxy with a 60° angle between the galactic plane and the planetary rotation plane
- The sun, during its rotation around the Milky Way, moves up and down and in and out in relation to the rest of the galaxy
All this is true, but at the same time in the video all these facts are shown incorrectly.
It is known that the planets move around the Sun in ellipses, according to the laws of Kepler, Newton and Einstein. But the picture on the left is wrong in terms of scale. It is incorrect in terms of shapes, sizes and eccentricities. While the orbits on the right are less like ellipses in the diagram on the right, the orbits of the planets look something like this in terms of scale.
Let's take another example - the orbit of the moon.
It is known that the Moon revolves around the Earth with a period of just under a month, and the Earth revolves around the Sun with a period of 12 months. Which of the following pictures best demonstrates the movement of the Moon around the Sun? If we compare the distances from the Sun to the Earth and from the Earth to the Moon, as well as the speed of rotation of the Moon around the Earth, and the Earth / Moon system around the Sun, it turns out that option D demonstrates the best situation. They can be exaggerated to achieve some effects , but variants A, B and C are quantitatively incorrect.
Now let's move on to the movement of the solar system through the galaxy.
How many inaccuracies does it contain. First, all the planets at any given time are in the same plane. There is no lag that the planets more distant from the Sun would show in relation to the less distant ones.
Secondly, let's remember the real speeds of the planets. Mercury moves in our system faster than all the others, revolving around the Sun at a speed of 47 km / s. This is 60% faster than the orbital speed of the Earth, about 4 times faster than Jupiter, and 9 times faster than Neptune, which orbits at a speed of 5.4 km / s. And the Sun flies through the galaxy at a speed of 220 km/s.
In the time it takes Mercury to make one revolution, the entire solar system travels 1.7 billion kilometers in its intragalactic elliptical orbit. At the same time, the radius of Mercury's orbit is only 58 million kilometers, or only 3.4% of the distance that the entire solar system is advancing.
If we were to build the movement of the solar system through the galaxy on a scale, and look at how the planets move, we would see the following:
Imagine that the whole system - the Sun, the moon, all the planets, asteroids, comets - move at a high speed at an angle of about 60 ° relative to the plane of the solar system. Something like this:
Putting it all together, we get a more accurate picture:
What about precession? And what about the up-down and in-out vibrations? All this is true, but the video shows it in an overly exaggerated and misinterpreted way.
Indeed, the precession of the solar system occurs with a period of 26,000 years. But there is no spiral movement, neither in the Sun nor in the planets. The precession is carried out not by the orbits of the planets, but by the axis of rotation of the Earth.
The North Star is not permanently located directly above the North Pole. Most of the time we don't have a polar star. 3000 years ago, Kochab was closer to the pole than the North Star. In 5500 years, Alderamin will become the polar star. And in 12,000 years, Vega, the second brightest star in the Northern Hemisphere, will be only 2 degrees from the pole. But it is this that changes with a frequency of once every 26,000 years, and not the movement of the Sun or planets.
How about solar wind?
It's radiation coming from the Sun (and all the stars), not something we bump into as we move through the galaxy. Hot stars emit fast-moving charged particles. The boundary of the solar system passes where the solar wind no longer has the ability to repel the interstellar medium. There is the boundary of the heliosphere.
Now about moving up and down and in and out in relation to the galaxy.
Since the Sun and the Solar System are subject to gravity, it is she who dominates their movement. Now the Sun is located at a distance of 25-27 thousand light years from the center of the galaxy, and moves around it in an ellipse. At the same time, all other stars, gas, dust, move around the galaxy also along ellipses. And the ellipse of the Sun is different from all the others.
With a period of 220 million years, the Sun makes a complete revolution around the galaxy, passing slightly above and below the center of the galactic plane. But since the rest of the matter in the galaxy moves in the same way, the orientation of the galactic plane changes over time. We can move in an ellipse, but the galaxy is a rotating dish, so we move up and down it with a period of 63 million years, although our movement in and out occurs with a period of 220 million years.
But they do not make any “corkscrew” of the planet, their movement is distorted beyond recognition, the video incorrectly talks about precession and the solar wind, and the text is full of errors. The simulation is done very nicely, but it would be much prettier if it was right.
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This article discusses the speed of the Sun and the Galaxy relative to different frames of reference:
The speed of the Sun in the Galaxy relative to the nearest stars, visible stars and the center of the Milky Way;
Velocity of the Galaxy relative to the local group of galaxies, distant star clusters and cosmic background radiation.
Brief description of the Milky Way Galaxy.
Description of the Galaxy.
Before proceeding to the study of the speed of the Sun and the Galaxy in the Universe, let's get to know our Galaxy better.
We live, as it were, in a gigantic "star city". Or rather, our Sun “lives” in it. The population of this "city" is a variety of stars, and more than two hundred billion of them "live" in it. A myriad of suns are born in it, going through their youth, middle age and old age - they go through a long and difficult life path lasting billions of years.
The dimensions of this "star city" - the Galaxy are enormous. The distances between neighboring stars are, on average, thousands of billions of kilometers (6*1013 km). And there are more than 200 billion such neighbors.
If we raced from one end of the Galaxy to the other at the speed of light (300,000 km/sec), it would take about 100,000 years.
Our entire star system slowly rotates like a giant wheel made up of billions of suns.
Orbit of the Sun
In the center of the Galaxy, apparently, there is a supermassive black hole (Sagittarius A *) (about 4.3 million solar masses) around which, presumably, a black hole of average mass from 1000 to 10,000 solar masses rotates and has an orbital period of about 100 years and several thousand relatively small ones. Their combined gravitational action on neighboring stars causes the latter to move along unusual trajectories. There is an assumption that most galaxies have supermassive black holes in their core.
The central regions of the Galaxy are characterized by a strong concentration of stars: each cubic parsec near the center contains many thousands of them. Distances between stars are tens and hundreds of times less than in the vicinity of the Sun.
The core of the Galaxy with great force attracts all other stars. But a huge number of stars are settled throughout the "star city". And they also attract each other in different directions, and this has a complex effect on the movement of each star. Therefore, the Sun and billions of other stars mostly move in circular paths or ellipses around the center of the Galaxy. But that's just "basically" - if we look closely, we'd see them moving in more complex curved, meandering paths among the surrounding stars.
Feature of the Milky Way Galaxy:
Location of the Sun in the Galaxy.
Where in the Galaxy is the Sun and does it move (and with it the Earth, and you and me)? Are we in the "city center" or at least somewhere close to it? Studies have shown that the Sun and the solar system are located at a great distance from the center of the Galaxy, closer to the "urban outskirts" (26,000 ± 1,400 light years).
The Sun is located in the plane of our Galaxy and is removed from its center by 8 kpc and from the plane of the Galaxy by about 25 pc (1 pc (parsec) = 3.2616 light years). In the region of the Galaxy where the Sun is located, the stellar density is 0.12 stars per pc3.
model of our galaxy
The speed of the Sun in the Galaxy.
The speed of the Sun in the Galaxy is usually considered relative to different frames of reference:
relative to nearby stars.
Relative to all bright stars visible to the naked eye.
Regarding interstellar gas.
Relative to the center of the Galaxy.
1. The speed of the Sun in the Galaxy relative to the nearest stars.
Just as the speed of a flying aircraft is considered in relation to the Earth, not taking into account the flight of the Earth itself, so the speed of the Sun can be determined relative to the stars closest to it. Such as the stars of the Sirius system, Alpha Centauri, etc.
This velocity of the Sun in the Galaxy is relatively small: only 20 km/sec or 4 AU. (1 astronomical unit is equal to the average distance from the Earth to the Sun - 149.6 million km.)
The Sun, relative to the nearest stars, moves towards a point (apex) lying on the border of the constellations Hercules and Lyra, approximately at an angle of 25 ° to the plane of the Galaxy. Equatorial coordinates of the apex = 270°, = 30°.
2. The speed of the Sun in the Galaxy relative to the visible stars.
If we consider the movement of the Sun in the Milky Way Galaxy relative to all the stars visible without a telescope, then its speed is even less.
The speed of the Sun in the Galaxy relative to the visible stars is 15 km/sec or 3 AU.
The apex of the motion of the Sun in this case also lies in the constellation Hercules and has the following equatorial coordinates: = 265°, = 21°.
The speed of the Sun relative to nearby stars and interstellar gas
3. The speed of the Sun in the Galaxy relative to the interstellar gas.
The next object of the Galaxy, with respect to which we will consider the speed of the Sun, is interstellar gas.
The expanses of the universe are far from being as desolate as it was thought for a long time. Although in small quantities, interstellar gas is present everywhere, filling all corners of the universe. The interstellar gas, with the apparent emptiness of the unfilled space of the Universe, accounts for almost 99% of the total mass of all space objects. Dense and cold forms of interstellar gas containing hydrogen, helium and minimal amounts of heavy elements (iron, aluminum, nickel, titanium, calcium) are in a molecular state, combining into vast cloud fields. Usually, in the composition of the interstellar gas, the elements are distributed as follows: hydrogen - 89%, helium - 9%, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen - about 0.2-0.3%.
A tadpole-like cloud of interstellar gas and dust IRAS 20324+4057 that hides a growing star
Clouds of interstellar gas can not only rotate in an orderly manner around galactic centers, but also have unstable acceleration. Over the course of several tens of millions of years, they catch up with each other and collide, forming complexes of dust and gas.
In our Galaxy, the main volume of interstellar gas is concentrated in spiral arms, one of the corridors of which is located near the solar system.
The speed of the Sun in the Galaxy relative to the interstellar gas: 22-25 km/sec.
Interstellar gas in the immediate vicinity of the Sun has a significant intrinsic velocity (20-25 km/s) relative to the nearest stars. Under its influence, the apex of the Sun's motion shifts towards the constellation Ophiuchus (= 258°, = -17°). The difference in direction of movement is about 45°.
4. The speed of the Sun in the Galaxy relative to the center of the Galaxy.
In the three points discussed above, we are talking about the so-called peculiar, relative speed of the Sun. In other words, peculiar speed is the speed relative to the cosmic frame of reference.
But the Sun, the stars closest to it, and the local interstellar cloud are all involved in a larger movement - movement around the center of the Galaxy.
And here we are talking about completely different speeds.
The speed of the Sun around the center of the Galaxy is huge by earthly standards - 200-220 km / s (about 850,000 km / h) or more than 40 AU. / year.
It is impossible to determine the exact speed of the Sun around the center of the Galaxy, because the center of the Galaxy is hidden from us behind dense clouds of interstellar dust. However, more and more new discoveries in this area are decreasing the estimated speed of our sun. More recently, they talked about 230-240 km / s.
The solar system in the galaxy is moving towards the constellation Cygnus.
The motion of the Sun in the Galaxy occurs perpendicular to the direction to the center of the Galaxy. Hence the galactic coordinates of the apex: l = 90°, b = 0° or in more familiar equatorial coordinates - = 318°, = 48°. Since this is a reversal motion, the apex shifts and completes a full circle in a "galactic year", approximately 250 million years; its angular velocity is ~5" / 1000 years, i.e. the coordinates of the apex shift by one and a half degrees per million years.
Our Earth is about 30 such "galactic years" old.
The speed of the Sun in the Galaxy relative to the center of the Galaxy
By the way, an interesting fact about the speed of the Sun in the Galaxy:
The speed of rotation of the Sun around the center of the Galaxy almost coincides with the speed of the compression wave that forms the spiral arm. This situation is atypical for the Galaxy as a whole: the spiral arms rotate at a constant angular velocity, like spokes in wheels, and the movement of stars occurs with a different pattern, so almost the entire stellar population of the disk either gets inside the spiral arms or falls out of them. The only place where the speeds of stars and spiral arms coincide is the so-called corotation circle, and it is on it that the Sun is located.
For the Earth, this circumstance is extremely important, since violent processes occur in the spiral arms, which form powerful radiation that is destructive to all living things. And no atmosphere could protect him from it. But our planet exists in a relatively quiet place in the Galaxy and has not been affected by these cosmic cataclysms for hundreds of millions (or even billions) of years. Perhaps that is why life was able to originate and survive on Earth.
The speed of movement of the Galaxy in the Universe.
The speed of movement of the Galaxy in the Universe is usually considered relative to different frames of reference:
Relative to the Local Group of galaxies (speed of approach to the Andromeda galaxy).
Relative to distant galaxies and clusters of galaxies (the speed of movement of the Galaxy as part of the local group of galaxies to the constellation Virgo).
Regarding the relic radiation (the speed of movement of all galaxies in the part of the Universe closest to us to the Great Attractor - a cluster of huge supergalaxies).
Let's take a closer look at each of the points.
1. Velocity of movement of the Milky Way Galaxy towards Andromeda.
Our Milky Way Galaxy also does not stand still, but is gravitationally attracted and approaches the Andromeda galaxy at a speed of 100-150 km/s. The main component of the speed of approach of galaxies belongs to the Milky Way.
The lateral component of the motion is not precisely known, and it is premature to worry about a collision. An additional contribution to this motion is made by the massive galaxy M33, located approximately in the same direction as the Andromeda galaxy. In general, the speed of our Galaxy relative to the barycenter of the Local Group of galaxies is about 100 km / s approximately in the Andromeda/Lizard direction (l = 100, b = -4, = 333, = 52), however, these data are still very approximate. This is a very modest relative speed: the Galaxy is displaced by its own diameter in two or three hundred million years, or, very approximately, in a galactic year.
2. Velocity of movement of the Milky Way Galaxy towards the Virgo cluster.
In turn, the group of galaxies, which includes our Milky Way, as a whole, is moving towards the large cluster of Virgo at a speed of 400 km/s. This movement is also due to gravitational forces and is carried out relative to distant clusters of galaxies.
Velocity of the Milky Way Galaxy towards the Virgo Cluster
3. Speed of movement of the Galaxy in the Universe. To the Great Attractor!
Relic radiation.
According to the Big Bang theory, the early Universe was a hot plasma consisting of electrons, baryons, and constantly emitted, absorbed, and re-emitted photons.
As the Universe expanded, the plasma cooled down and at a certain stage, slowed down electrons got the opportunity to combine with slowed down protons (hydrogen nuclei) and alpha particles (helium nuclei), forming atoms (this process is called recombination).
This happened at a plasma temperature of about 3,000 K and an approximate age of the universe of 400,000 years. There is more free space between particles, fewer charged particles, photons no longer scatter so often and can now move freely in space, practically without interacting with matter.
Those photons that were emitted at that time by the plasma towards the future location of the Earth still reach our planet through the space of the universe that continues to expand. These photons make up the relic radiation, which is thermal radiation that evenly fills the Universe.
The existence of relic radiation was theoretically predicted by G. Gamow in the framework of the Big Bang theory. Its existence was experimentally confirmed in 1965.
Velocity of movement of the Galaxy relative to the cosmic background radiation.
Later, the study of the speed of movement of galaxies relative to the cosmic background radiation began. This movement is determined by measuring the non-uniformity of the temperature of the relict radiation in different directions.
The radiation temperature has a maximum in the direction of motion and a minimum in the opposite direction. The degree of deviation of the temperature distribution from isotropic (2.7 K) depends on the magnitude of the velocity. It follows from the analysis of the observational data that the Sun moves relative to the cosmic microwave background at a speed of 400 km/s in the direction =11.6, =-12.
Such measurements also showed another important thing: all galaxies in the part of the Universe closest to us, including not only ours local group, but also the Virgo cluster and other clusters, move relative to the background cosmic microwave background at an unexpectedly high speed.
For the Local Group of galaxies, it is 600-650 km / s with an apex in the constellation Hydra (=166, =-27). It looks like that somewhere in the depths of the universe there is a huge cluster of many superclusters that attract the matter of our part of the universe. This cluster was named Great Attractor- from the English word "attract" - to attract.
Since the galaxies that make up the Great Attractor are hidden by interstellar dust that is part of the Milky Way, mapping of the Attractor has only been possible in recent years with the help of radio telescopes.
The Great Attractor is located at the intersection of several superclusters of galaxies. The average density of matter in this region is not much greater than the average density of the Universe. But due to its gigantic size, its mass turns out to be so great and the force of attraction is so huge that not only our star system, but also other galaxies and their clusters nearby move in the direction of the Great Attractor, forming a huge stream of galaxies.
The speed of movement of the Galaxy in the Universe. To the Great Attractor!
So, let's sum up.
The speed of the Sun in the Galaxy and the Galaxy in the Universe. Pivot table.
Hierarchy of movements in which our planet takes part:
The rotation of the Earth around the Sun;
Rotation together with the Sun around the center of our Galaxy;
Movement relative to the center of the Local Group of galaxies together with the entire Galaxy under the influence of the gravitational attraction of the constellation Andromeda (galaxy M31);
Movement towards a cluster of galaxies in the constellation Virgo;
Movement to the Great Attractor.
The speed of the Sun in the Galaxy and the speed of the Milky Way Galaxy in the Universe. Pivot table.
It is difficult to imagine, and even more difficult to calculate, how far we move every second. These distances are huge, and the errors in such calculations are still quite large. Here is what science has to date.
Our star through filters
When observed from the Earth, the measured rotation rate is 24.47 days, but if we subtract the rotation rate of the Earth itself around the Sun, it is 25.38 Earth days.
Astronomers call this the sidereal rotation period, which differs from the synodic period by the amount of time it takes for the sunspots to rotate around the Sun as viewed from Earth.
The speed of rotation of the spots decreases as it approaches the poles, so that at the poles the period of rotation around the axis can be up to 38 days.
rotation observations
The movement of the Sun is clearly visible if you observe its spots. All spots move on the surface. This movement is part of the general movement of the star around its axis.
Observations show that it does not rotate as a rigid body, but differentially.
This means that it moves faster at the equator and slower at the poles. The gas giants Jupiter and Saturn also have differential rotation.
Astronomers have measured the speed of the sun's rotation from a latitude of 26° from the equator, and found that one revolution around the axis takes 25.38 Earth days. Its axis of rotation makes an angle equal to 7 degrees and 15 minutes.
The inner regions and core rotate together as a rigid body. And the outer layers, the convective zone and the photosphere, rotate at different speeds.
The revolution of the sun around the center of the galaxy
Our luminary and we, together with it, revolve around the center of the Milky Way galaxy. The average speed is 828,000 km/h. One revolution takes about 230 million years. The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy. It is believed that it consists of a central core, 4 main arms with several short segments.
