General secondary school No. 30 named after Oraz Zhandosov

Prepared by history teacher Merkun E.A.

slide 2

• International relations in the 30s
• Japanese capture of Manchuria
• Capture of Ethiopia by Italy
• Establishment of a fascist regime in Spain
• Formation of the block Berlin - Rome - Tokyo
• Munich agreement
• Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations
• Soviet-German negotiations

slide 3

• form an idea of ​​the inconsistency of the foreign policy of European states, the causes and consequences of this policy
• form an idea of ​​the relationship between domestic and foreign policy, the aggressive nature of the foreign policy of fascist states
• develop basic general study skills such as text analysis, planning and time management, self-control and self-assessment of one's work
• develop analytical skills, such as classification, comparison, generalization of historical facts

slide 4

• determine the tasks of the foreign policy of Western countries before the start of World War II;
• identify and explain the choice of allies among other European states;
• give a reasoned answer to the question from the position of the state "Was it possible to avoid the Second World War?"

slide 5

• The Treaty of Versailles severely limited Germany's military capabilities.
• Crisis of 1929-1933 accelerated the further destruction and collapse of the Versailles-Washington system
• The fascist party in Germany was ready for a new redistribution of the world

slide 6

On July 1-3, 1934, on the orders of Hitler, the top of the attack aircraft, led by Rem, was destroyed, along the way, the Nazis killed some former opposition figures.

After the death of President Hindenburg, the powers of the president, head of government and supreme commander were concentrated in the hands of Hitler. The history of the Third Reich - the new German Empire - began. Its central slogan is: "One people, one Reich, one Fuhrer."

"One people, one Reich, one Fuhrer!"

Slide 7

The law of 1935, according to which all 500 thousand German Jews were not recognized as citizens of the Reich, the ban on mixed marriages, the all-German Jewish pogrom in November 1938 - "Kristallnacht".

The final decision, taken on behalf of Hitler on January 20, 1942, at a special meeting in Wannsee (a suburb of Berlin), planned the complete physical destruction of the Jewish population of Europe and its expulsion from European borders.

Reichsfuehrer SS Heinrich Himmler

Slide 8

Japan was the first to start a new major war.

The motto of the Japanese imperialists was the words "Blood and Iron" - they sought to conquer the world, outlining the following sequence of actions: first China, Indochina, then all of Southeast Asia, India ... Mongolia, the Soviet Far East.

In September 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria and occupied it within two years.

Hirohito - This man was Emperor of Japan from 1926 to 1945.

Slide 9

• October 4, 1935 Italy attacked Ethiopia.
• The war against Ethiopia was an obvious gamble, not because the victim of aggression had impressive power, but because the military capabilities of Italian fascism were limited.
• July 4, 1936 Fascist Italy captured Ethiopia
• Loading on a transport ship for the war in Ethiopia. 1934

Slide 10

• The years 1936-1939 were marked by the intervention of Germany and Italy in the Spanish Civil War on the side of the Spanish fascists.
• In Spain, the Francoist rebels were supported by 80 percent of the army, and only 1/5 of the army, primarily the fleet and aviation, remained loyal to the republican government.
• In 1936-1939. A civil war broke out in Spain, which ended with the victory of the Spanish fascists, supported by Germany and Italy. The death toll is 1 million people.

slide 11

• In 1936-1937, Germany, Japan and Italy are united in the "Anti-Comintern Pact" - it is clear to everyone that this pact is directed against the USSR. "Well, that's good, - they say in the West. - Well, and - thank God."
• In the summer of 1937, Japanese troops invade Central China. And in this case, "non-intervention" remains the policy of the West.
• In March 1938, Germany carried out the Anschluss (absorption) of Austria, without encountering opposition from the Western powers. Within a month they recognized the Anschluss.

slide 12

September 29, 1938 Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy signed an agreement in Munich on the transfer of the Czechoslovak Sudetenland to Germany.

Chamberlain: "If Great Britain leaves Hitler alone in his realm (Eastern Europe), he will leave us alone."

French Prime Minister Edouard Daladier

slide 13

On April 17, 1939, the Soviet government proposed to the Western powers that they conclude a tripartite mutual assistance treaty based on equality of obligations and a military convention.

This provided for the provision of assistance to the states located between the Baltic and Black Seas in the event of aggression against them. England, however, had no intention of concluding a mutual assistance pact and tried to enlist unilateral commitments from the USSR to Poland and Rumania.

England and France, having accepted the principle of mutual assistance in words, in fact did not want to observe the reciprocity of obligations.

Slide 14

In April 1939, Soviet-English-French negotiations began.

On the night of August 23-24, 1939, Joachim von Ribbentrop and his V. M. Molotov signed a non-aggression pact between Germany and the USSR for a period of ten years

The secret protocol fixed the division of spheres of influence in Europe between Hitler's Germany and Stalin's USSR.

The secret protocol provided for the liquidation of the Polish state. Liquidation, first of all, by the hands of Hitler - Stalin intended to come second.

slide 15

Could the outbreak of World War II have been prevented?

A) was there a real possibility of changing the foreign policy of the state at that time?

b) what were the consequences of the controversial nature of Western foreign policy?

"The Causes of the Collapse of the International Crisis Prevention Mechanism"

• unwillingness to take decisive action
• underestimation of the danger (Hitler's rise to power)
• German appeasement policy
• American isolationism

View all slides

form an idea of ​​inconsistency
foreign policy of European states, reasons
and the consequences of this policy
form
performance
about
interconnections
domestic and foreign policy, about aggressive
the nature of the foreign policy of the fascist states
develop basic general learning skills,
such as text analysis, planning and organization
work on time, self-control and self-assessment of one's own
work
develop analytical skills such as
classification, comparison, generalization of historical
facts

define the objectives of the foreign policy of Western countries
before the start of World War II;
identify and explain the choice of allies among others
European states;
give a reasoned answer to the question from the position
states “Was it possible to avoid the Second World
war?

The Treaty of Versailles severely limited the possibilities
Germany in the military sphere.
Crisis of 1929-1933 hastened further destruction
and the collapse of the Versailles-Washington system
The Fascist Party in Germany was ready for a new
redistribution of the world

"One people, one Reich, one Fuhrer!"
January 30, 1933 Adolf Hitler
was
appointed
Reich Chancellor
Germany.
July 1-3, 1934 by order of Hitler
was
destroyed
tip
stormtroopers led by Ryom,
along the way
Nazis
killed
some
former
figures
opposition.
After
of death
President
Hindenburg in the hands of Hitler were
concentrated
powers
president, head of government and
supreme
commander in chief.
The history of the Third Reich of the new German Empire began. Her
central slogan: "One people,
one Reich, one Fuhrer."

Reichsfuehrer SS Heinrich Himmler
The law of 1935, according to which all 500 thousand German Jews are not
recognized as citizens of the Reich, the prohibition of mixed marriages,
All-German Jewish pogrom in November 1938 - "Crystal
night".
The final decision taken on behalf of Hitler on January 20
1942 at a special meeting in Wannsee (suburb of Berlin),
the complete physical extermination of the Jewish population was planned
Europe and its exclusion from European borders

Hirohito is that person
was the Emperor of Japan
from 1926 to 1945
The first new major war started
Japan.
The motto of the Japanese imperialists
were the words "Blood and iron" - they
sought to conquer the world, planning
next
subsequence
actions: first China, Indochina,
then all of Southeast Asia,
India…
Mongolia,
Soviet
Far East.
In September 1931 Japan invaded
to Manchuria and in two years
occupied it.

October 4, 1935 Italy
attacked Ethiopia.
War against Ethiopia
was an obvious adventure, and not
because the victim of aggression
had an impressive
strength, but because
military
opportunities
Italian fascism were
limited.
July 4, 1936 Fascist
Italy took over Ethiopia
Loading on a transport ship for the war in Ethiopia. 1934

10.

1936-1939 years passed under
sign of German intervention and
Italy in the Civil War
Spain on the side of the Spanish
fascists.
AT
Spain
Francoist
rebels
supported
80
percent of the army, and only 1/5
armies, especially the navy and
aviation,
stayed
faithful
republican government.
In 1936-1939. flared up
Spanish Civil War,
ending in victory for the Spanish
fascists
supported
Germany and Italy. Number
dead - 1 million people.

11.

In 1936-1937 Germany, Japan and Italy are united in
"Anti-Comintern Pact" - it is clear to everyone that this pact
directed
against
THE USSR.
"Well, that's good, - they say in the West. - Well, and - thank God."
In the summer of 1937, Japanese troops invade Central
China. And in this case, the policy of the West remains
"non-intervention".
In March 1938, Germany carried out the Anschluss (absorption)
Austria, without meeting the opposition of Western
powers. Within a month they recognized the Anschluss.

12.

Chamberlain: "If Great Britain leaves Hitler alone in
his sphere (Eastern Europe), then he will leave us alone."
Prime Minister of France
Edouard Daladier
September 29, 1938 Great Britain, France,
Germany and Italy signed an agreement in Munich
the transfer of the Czechoslovak Sudetenland to Germany.

13.

April 17, 1939 the Soviet government proposed
Western powers to conclude a tripartite treaty on
mutual assistance based on equality of obligation, and
military convention.
This provided assistance to the states,
located between the Baltic and Black Seas, in case
aggression against them. England, however, was not going to conclude
treaty
about
mutual aid
and
tried
enlist
unilateral obligations of the USSR to Poland and Rumania.
England and France, having accepted in words the principle of mutual assistance,
in fact, they did not want to respect the reciprocity of obligations.

14.

In April 1939, Soviet-English-French negotiations began.
On the night of August 23-24, 1939
Joachim von Ribbentrop and his W. M.
Molotov
signed
The pact
about
non-aggression between Germany and
USSR, for a period of ten years
The secret protocol fixed
division of spheres of influence in Europe between
Hitler's Germany and Stalin's
THE USSR.
Secret
protocol
provided
liquidation
Polish state. liquidation,
first of all, by the hands of Hitler, Stalin intended to come second.

15.

Could World War II have been prevented?
wars?
A) whether there was a real possibility of changing the external
state policy at the time?
b) what were the consequences of the controversial nature
Western foreign policy?
"The Causes of the Failure of the Prevention Mechanism
international crises"
unwillingness to take decisive action
underestimation of the danger (Hitler's rise to power)
German appeasement policy
American isolationism

Information sheet 1.

Questions:

"Information Sheet No. 2"

Information Sheet No. 2.

View document content
"Information Sheet No. 3 on the Road to World War II"

Information sheet 3.

:

In any case, both governments will resolve this issue by friendly agreement.

Questions:

For what period was it?

View document content
"Main Group Worksheet"

Group main worksheet

Composition of the group

View document content
"A lesson for the competition of methodological developments of the VG APKRO"

Lesson on general history, modern history

Grade 11

Theme of the lesson "On the way to the Second World War"

45 minutes.

Prepared by: teacher of history and social studies, secondary school No. 35 of the Krasnooktyabrsky district of the city of Volgograd Jevelo T.V.

Textbook: Volobuev O.V., Ponomarev M.V., Rogozhkin V.A. “General history.

XX - the beginning of the XXI century. Grade 11. A basic level of". Publishing house "Drofa", 2012

Lesson type- a lesson in learning new material.

Lesson Form- group, general class.

Target: to generalize and systematize the knowledge gained by students on the topic of international relations in the 30s of the XX century using the technology of critical thinking.

Lesson objectives:

- Tutorials:

1. Identify the causes and consequences of the emergence of a policy of appeasement and collective security and the emergence of aggressor countries.

2. Establish the causes of the Second World War;

- Developing:

1. Contribute to the formation of skills to establish cause-and-effect relationships,

to determine the basic laws of the historical process, to generalize and systematize the facts.

2. Contribute to the development of communication skills in a cognitive search - listen to opponents, correctly build speech phrases, conduct polemics and find a compromise solution in a dispute;

- Educational:

1. Promote the adoption of a value orientation based on the denial of aggression as a way to resolve conflicts.

Lesson equipment: computer, presentation on the topic, tasks for groups, tape on the desks.

Lesson preparation: The class is divided into 3 study groups. Each of them receives assignments to study the problems of international relations in the 1930s.

During the classes

Lesson stage	Time	Teacher activity	Student activities
1. Organizational stage. Motivation		introduction The topic of our lesson is On the way to the Second World War(1 slide). In 2013, 74 years have passed since the beginning of the bloodiest and most brutal war. Let's formulate the goals of our lesson together.(2 slide) Frontal conversation. Work according to the scheme. What do the symbols I, II on the diagram mean? What are their time frames? What is the name of the system of international relations that existed during this period? What became the watershed between the 20s and 30s? Simulation of the situation: (on each desk there is a red ribbon that divides the desk into two unequal parts (one is more, the other is less) Based on the topic of the lesson, what do you think the ribbon on the desk symbolizes? How do those who have little space feel? Which states, under the terms of the Versailles-Washington system, felt humiliated and destitute? And what about those who have a lot of space? Which countries emerged victorious from World War I? And now, using the scheme again, let's try to determine the purpose of the lesson, the problem of the lesson. You will answer this question at the end of the lesson. And various historical materials that are on your tables will help you with this. By working with them in your groups, as well as listening to my story, you will be able to understand whether the Second World War could have been prevented. All our work will proceed according to this plan.	Sit down in groups, previously formed. Possible answers: (First and Second World Wars). (1914-1918, 1939-1945) Versailles-Washington system (world economic crisis) (difference in position of winners and losers) (uncomfortable, as if you were deprived of something, you want to move the tape, increase your part of the desk) (Germany and Italy) (England, France, USA) What led to World War II? Why did it start?
The stage of assimilation, generalization and systematization of knowledge 2. Hotspots of military danger and rapprochement of aggressors		And so, our first question is the centers of military danger and the rapprochement of the aggressors.(5 slide) In the early 1930s, significant changes took place in international relations. And they were connected with the violation of the terms of the Versailles-Washington system. Before you are three states: Japan, Germany and Italy.(Slide 5 to end)as well as information about what conquests they made. Look at the slide and say -Are these countries guilty of violating the terms of the Versailles system? 1931 - Japan occupied Manchuria, getting closer and closer to China and, most importantly, to Russia. The League of Nations recommended the withdrawal of Japanese troops from Manchuria at the request of China, but Japan responded by defiantly withdrawing from the League of Nations in February 1933, and no sanctions were ever imposed against it. With the advent of Hitler to power in 1933, a totalitarian regime with a racist ideology was established in Germany. The Western countries did not hide the fact that they consider fascism to be a lesser evil than communism; for them, the USSR was more dangerous at that time than Germany. Perhaps that is why the countries of the West did not react to Germany's withdrawal from the League of Nations in 1933. In 1934, a decision was made to create military aviation, the following year, universal military service was introduced in Germany; In 1936, the German armed forces entered the territory of the Rhine demilitarized zone. In 1935, Italy took over Ethiopia. She did this because at one time, no one punished Japan for Manchuria. The League of Nations declared Italy the aggressor. Having discovered the common interests of Germany, Italy, Japan began a rapid rapprochement. In 1936, Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact, and Italy joined in 1937. This marked the creation of an alliance that sought to redistribute the world, but this was not properly appreciated in the countries of democracy. And in a secret additional agreement, they gave each other obligations in the event of a war of one of the parties with the USSR not to do anything that could alleviate the situation of our country.	Listen to the teacher's story. Watch the slide and answer the questions: Yes, guilty - breaking the peace - committing aggression - militarism - creation of an alliance, the purpose of which is the redivision of the world (Paragraph No. 6, p. 56 of the textbook) (Paragraph No. 8 of the textbook, pp. 66-71)
3. Features of international relations in the early 30s		What were the features of international relations in the 1930s? How did they differ from those relations that were on the eve of the First World War? Let's find out by going to our second question.(6 slide) Read and discuss as a group the historical data on Fact Sheet #1. What was the difference between the international situation in the 1930s and in 1914? How did the global economic crisis affect international relations in the 1930s? What is the position of the United States in the current events? How did you react to the appearance of Hitler? Look at the features of the MO in the 30s. (slide 6 to the end)	Group work. Discussion. Answers on questions. Conversation Work with information sheet No. 1
4. The policy of appeasement and the policy of collective security		Let's move on to the next question. Since 1936, two directions in international relations have been formed in Europe: the policy of appeasement and the policy of collective security. British Prime Minister Chamberlain was an active supporter of the policy of appeasement. In his opinion, the main danger was not in the actions of Germany, but in the possibility of losing control over the development of events. He believed that the First World War arose precisely because the great powers temporarily lost control over the development of events. As a result, the local conflict over Serbia escalated into a world war. In order to prevent such a danger, it is necessary not to lose contacts with all participants in the international conflict and try to solve the problems that have arisen on the basis of mutual concessions. In fact, this meant that Hitler put forward more and more new claims, they became the subject of discussion, after which it was necessary to make more and more concessions to Germany, despite the possible victims. The policy of collective security was proposed by French Foreign Minister Louis Barthou. This policy was aimed at maintaining the status quo in Europe, the immutability of the existing borders. The states interested in this had to conclude agreements on mutual assistance among themselves. The participation of the USSR in this system Barthou considered vital. The conductor of this policy in our country was the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR M.M. Litvinov. In the course of implementing this course, the Soviet Union managed to consolidate its position: In 1934 the USSR was admitted to the League of Nations as a member of its Council; In 1935, a Soviet-French treaty of mutual assistance was signed (the text of the treaty is on the tables and the respondent can refer to it); In 1936 an agreement was signed with Czechoslovakia; In 1935, the 7th Congress of the Comintern set a course for the development of an anti-fascist struggle. Now let's find out what was the result of the implementation of these two policies. Read the information on Information Sheet #2 and answer the question. Question: What are the results of the policy of appeasement by the end of 1938? Question: What actions of England and France indicated that their policy of appeasement had suffered a complete collapse?	Listen to teachers. Then they complete the task on the information sheet No. 2 Answer: Germany has become the strongest state in Europe. Hitler believed in his impunity. This hastened the start of the war. The West was blind: the assessment of the collusion is enthusiastic: “Peace to this generation!” Answer March-April 1939 Britain and France provide guarantees of military assistance to all states bordering Germany in the event of a German attack on them. Paragraph No. 8, page 73, paragraph No. 9, p.76-78 of the textbook Working with Information Sheet No. 2
5. Foreign policy of the USSR in the 30s.		And, finally, we will find out what was the foreign policy of the USSR in the 30s. Let's move on to the fourth question. For the USSR, a great threat came from Japan. In the summer of 1938, Japanese troops invaded the territory of the USSR near Lake Khasan. In the summer of 1939, the Japanese army provoked a conflict in the Khalkhin Gol region, in Mongolia, which was connected with the USSR by a military treaty. The USSR could find itself in a state of war on two fronts: on the one hand, Germany, and on the other, Japan. Therefore, it was necessary to conclude a non-aggression pact with one of these states. And that state was Germany. She, too, was afraid of a war on 2 fronts, because she wanted to capture Poland, and Poland had already been given guarantees of protection from England and France. And then Germany would have to fight with them. In addition, Poland borders on the USSR, so Germany would have to fight with it as well. This is how the rapprochement between Germany and the USSR happened in 1939. On August 21, 1939, Stalin received a telegram from Hitler, in which he stated that he was striving to conclude a non-aggression pact with the USSR and was ready to sign any additional agreement regarding the settlement of all disputed issues. It became clear to Stalin that the USSR could gain control of Eastern Europe, not in exchange for agreeing to participate in the war, but as a price for not participating in it. On the same day, negotiations with England and France were interrupted for an indefinite period. On August 23, 1939, a non-aggression pact was signed. (8 slide to end) Now you will study in a group the main terms of this agreement. And then we will discuss them with you. Did the treaty comply with international law? For what period was it? Did it violate the interests of other states? What benefits did each state receive by signing this document?(slide 9, 10)	Listen to teachers. Work in a group with information sheet No. 3. They answer questions. Paragraph No. 9, p.78
6. Conclusion. Reflection		And so, the documents signed in Moscow completed the reorientation of the foreign policy of the USSR. The meaning of this turn is an attempt to ensure the security of the country through an agreement with Germany. The USSR was turning into a non-belligerent ally of Germany. The image of a country that consistently opposed fascism and its aggressive policies was destroyed. The immediate result of the signing of these documents was Hitler's final decision to launch aggression against Poland. The Second World War began - the most bloody, most cruel, engulfing 61 states of the world, where 80% of the world's population lived. The death toll was 65-66 million people. Could World War II have been prevented?	Listen to teachers. Reflection. Answers on questions: Could World War II have been prevented? What were the causes of World War II?
		(slide 12) § 8.9; questions: What were the causes of World War II? How did the non-aggression pact affect the international situation in the pre-war years?	Write down homework

Application No. 1

Information sheet 1.

Features of international relations in the early 30s

International relations in the 1930s were different from those on the eve of the First World War. In the 1930s, only a small group of countries wanted war, while the majority did not. There was a real opportunity to put out the hotbeds of war, everything depended on the ability of the world community to organize joint actions.

The first test of this ability was the economic crisis. It was global, and it was wiser to deal with its consequences together.

However, the inability to act together was revealed: the US set the highest customs duties, the UK set the exchange rate of the pound, which created the conditions for expanding exports of British goods. Other countries followed suit. A real customs and currency war began, which disorganized world trade and deepened the crisis. Each country tried to shift the burden of the crisis onto others, economic rivalry increased, and the ability to act together was lost. There was no understanding of the integrity and indivisibility of the world.

The growing tension in the world gave rise in the United States to the desire to retire to their "American fortress". The richest country with colossal resources and the ability to influence world events, as it were, fell out of world politics. This dramatically increased the aggressors' chances of success.

Hitler's rise to power was not immediately perceived as a radical change in German policy. For a long time, he was seen only as a strong national leader, striving to restore justice for Germany. The plans of the Nazis to redistribute the world were not taken seriously at first. The death camps had not yet worked, and the peoples of Europe had not experienced the horrors of occupation. All this was ahead. To many politicians, Hitler seemed like a leader to do business with.

Questions:

What was the difference between the international situation in the 1930s and in 1914?

How did the global economic crisis affect international relations in the 1930s?

What is the position of the United States in the current events?

How did you react to the appearance of Hitler?

Application number 2.

Information Sheet No. 2.

Appeasement policy and collective security policy: essence, implementation, causes of failures.

Implementation of appeasement policy.

In 1938, Hitler decided to start implementing his foreign policy program: redistribution of borders in order to include all regions inhabited by Germans into Germany. First on the list was Austria - Hitler's birthplace. Hitler ultimatum demanded that power in Austria be transferred to the local Nazis. They invited the German troops to help them restore order. On March 12, 1938, the Wehrmacht invaded Austria. Its independence was liquidated, it became a province of Germany. Although the majority of Austrians enthusiastically accepted the accession, seeing only in it the future of the country. But one way or another, a sovereign state ceased to exist in Europe. Nobody could stop it.

Following this, Hitler put forward claims to Czechoslovakia, demanding that the Sudetenland, populated mainly by Germans, be annexed to Germany. But Czechoslovakia proved to be a hard nut to crack. She had one of the best armies in Europe and was not going to give in. Hitler decided to achieve the secession of the Sudetenland, frightening the great powers with the prospect of starting a new war. September 30, 1938 in Munich, with the participation of England, Germany, Italy and France, it was decided to satisfy Hitler's claims. Czechoslovakia, which was not even invited to the conference, lost 1/5 of its territory, the border was 40 km from Prague.

Question: What are the results of the policy of appeasement by the end of 1938?

The collapse of the policy of appeasement.

March-April 1939 England and France provide guarantees of military assistance to all states bordering Germany in the event of a German attack on them.

Question: What actions of Britain and France testified that their policy of appeasement had suffered a complete collapse?

Application number 3.

Information sheet 3.

“Article 1. Both Contracting Parties undertake to refrain from any violence, from any aggressive action and any attack against each other, either separately or jointly with other powers.

Article 2. In the event that one of the Contracting Parties becomes the object of hostilities by a third power, the other contracting Party will not support that power in any form.

Article 3 The governments of both Contracting Parties shall remain in future contact with each other for consultation, in order to inform each other of matters affecting their common interests.

Article 4. None of the Contracting Parties shall participate in any grouping of powers which is directly or indirectly directed against the other side.

Article 6. This agreement is concluded for a period of ten years.

From the Secret Additional Protocol to the Non-Aggression Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, August 23, 1939:

“On the occasion of the signing of the Non-Aggression Pact between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the undersigned representatives of both sides discussed in strictly confidential conversations the question of delimiting their spheres of influence in Eastern Europe.

These conversations led to an agreement as follows:

In the event of territorial and political transformations in the areas belonging to the Baltic states (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), the northern border of Lithuania will be a line separating the spheres of influence of Germany and the USSR.

In the event of territorial and political transformations in the areas belonging to the Polish state, the spheres of influence of Germany and the USSR will be delimited approximately along the lines of Narew, Vistula and San

The question of whether the preservation of the independence of the Polish state is desirable in the interests of both sides, and what the boundaries of this state will be, will be finally decided in the course of further political development.

In any case, both governments will resolve this issue by friendly agreement.

Regarding South-Eastern Europe, the Soviet side indicated its interest in Bessarabia. The German side has clearly stated its complete political disinterest in these territories.

This protocol is considered by both parties as strictly secret.

Questions:

Did the treaty comply with international law?

For what period was it?

Did it violate the interests of other states?

What benefits did each state receive by signing this document?

Annex No. 4.

Group main worksheet

Composition of the group

1____________________________________

2 ___________________________________

3 ___________________________________

4 ___________________________________

5 ___________________________________

Theme of the lesson "On the way to the Second World War"

1. Hotspots of military danger and the rapprochement of aggressors

2. Features of international relations in the early 30s

3. The policy of appeasement and the policy of collective security

4. Foreign policy of the USSR in the 30s.

What were the causes of World War II?

How did the non-aggression pact affect the international situation in the pre-war years?

List of used literature:

Korotkova M.V. Methodology for conducting games and discussions in history lessons. M., 2001.

Gurevich A. Ya. History of the 20th century in search of a method. M., 1999.

Vyazemsky E. E., Strelova O. Yu. How to teach history today. M., 1999.

Selevko G.K. Modern educational technologies. Moscow: Education, 1998.

View presentation content
"Towards World War II"

World economic crisis

What led to World War II? What were her reasons? Could it have been prevented?

WHY?

World economic crisis

• 1. Hotspots of military danger and the rapprochement of aggressors
• 2. Reasons for underestimating the danger to the world
• 3. The policy of appeasement and the policy of collective security
• 4. Foreign policy of the USSR in the 30s.

Hotspots of military danger in the world and convergence of aggressors

Japan

Germany

Italy

• 1931 - the occupation of Manchuria;
• 1933 - Withdrawal from the League of Nations.

• 1933 - withdrawal from the League of Nations;
• 1934 - creation of military aviation;
• 1935 - introduction of universal military service;
• 1936 - the entry of German troops into the Rhine demilitarized zone.

• 1935 - the occupation of Ethiopia.

• 1936-1937 - " Anti-Comintern Pact"

• a small group of countries aspired to war;
• priority of internal problems over external ones;
• lack of understanding of the integrity and indivisibility of the world;
• US isolationism;
• underestimation of the danger of Hitler's Nazi plans.

The policy of appeasement and the policy of collective security

Collective security policy

appeasement policy

Germany

France + USSR

England

1934 - admission of the USSR to the League of Nations 1935 - Soviet-French agreement 1936 - Soviet-Czechoslovak agreement

• 30.09.1938 – Munich agreement

• 13.03.1938 –

• Anschluss of Austria

France

Foreign policy of the USSR in the 30s.

England + France

the USSR

Germany

• 03/15/1939 - the occupation of the Czech Republic, Moravia;
• 03/21/1939 - the capture of Danzig (Poland);
• 03/22/1939 - the occupation of Memel (Lithuania)

April 1939 - the provision of guarantees of military assistance to the states that bordered on Germany.

08/11/1939 - the beginning of the Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations

08/21/1939 - Hitler's telegram to Stalin

08/23/1939 - Non-Aggression Pact

Benefits

received by Germany

Benefits

received by the USSR

Benefits received by Germany from signing a non-aggression pact

• Ability to start capturing the first bastion in the east (Poland)
• Elimination of the threat of war on several fronts -

Benefits received by the USSR from the conclusion of the non-aggression pact

• Gain in time to strengthen the country's defense –

1 year 10 months

• Expansion of Soviet territory - for 460 thousand square meters. km
• Transfer to the West of the borders of the USSR – for 200-350 km
• Elimination of the threat of war on two fronts –

• The failure of attempts by England and France to draw the USSR into the war with Germany - August-September 1939

• the most bloody
• the most cruel
• covering 61 states of the world - 80% of the world's population.
• The death toll was 65-66 million people,

of which 27 million Soviet people

Could it have been prevented?

• Answer the questions:
• What were the causes of World War II?
• How did the non-aggression pact affect the international situation in the pre-war years?
• Make a chronology of the events of the first period of the war on September 1, 1939 - June 22, 1941
• § 8, 9

ON THE WAYS TO THE SECOND WORLD WAR

1. Hotspots of military danger and the rapprochement of aggressors

2. Reasons for underestimating the danger to the world

3. The policy of appeasement and the policy of collective security

4. Foreign policy of the USSR in the 30s.

AND THE APPROACH OF THE AGGRESSORS

After signing in 1919 Treaty of Versailles , summing up the results of the First World War, Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces Marshal F. Foch said: " This is not peace, but a truce for twenty years ».

In the years economic crisis 1929–1933 . further destruction accelerated and the collapse of the Versailles-Washington system occurred.

intensified rivalry between the leading capitalist countries. The desire to impose their will on other countries by force was constantly growing.

Powers appeared on the international arena, ready to unilaterally go for the scrapping of the international situation that existed at that time, these are Japan, Italy, Germany.

The main events in Europe unfolded in Germany, which was preparing for a radical demolition of the existing world order.

JAPAN

Japan was the first to start a new major war.

The motto of the Japanese imperialists was the words " blood and iron "- they sought to conquer the world, outlining the following sequence of actions: first China, Indochina, then all of Southeast Asia, India ... Mongolia, the Soviet Far East.

September 18, 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria and occupied it within two years.

Hirohito - Emperor of Japan

from 1926 to 1945

ITALY

Plans for the creation of "Great Italy" - the conquest of a significant part of Africa, Asia, Latin America, as well as the Black Sea coast of the Soviet Union.

The war against Ethiopia was an obvious gamble, not because the victim of aggression had impressive power, but because the military capabilities of Italian fascism were limited.

This war showed the failure League of Nations, of which both Italy and Ethiopia were members, in settling international conflicts.

In this war, Italian troops widely Prohibited chemical weapons were used: mustard gas and phosgene .

GERMANY

The turning point in the political life of European countries was the coming to power in Germany in 1933 Nazis.

Hitler saw the main task of German economic policy in the inclusion of all German citizens in the production process and providing them with everything necessary. However, the internal economic resources of Germany did not allow to solve this problem.

In this regard, the German Fuhrer concluded: “The final solution to the problem lies in expanding the living space, as well as expanding the raw material and food base of our people. The challenge for political leadership is to one day reach a solution to the problem.” And Hitler

March 7, 1936 fascist battalions occupied without resistance Rhine demilitarized zone.

AT 1936 Spanish fascists led by Franco revolted, which was prepared and supported by the fascist states - Italy and Germany. Having declared a policy of non-intervention, England and France actually took the side of the Nazis.

AT March 1938 took place Anschluss (accession), or rather the capture of Austria by Germany.

POTS OF MILITARY DANGER IN THE WORLD AND THE APPROACH OF THE AGGRESSORS

JAPAN

GERMANY

ITALY

1935- Occupation of Ethiopia

1933- exit from League of Nations;

1934- the creation of military aviation;

1935- the introduction of universal military service;

1936- the entry of German troops into the Rhine demilitarized zone.

1931- occupation of Manchuria;

1933- exit from League of Nations .

October 1936 treaty between Germany and Italy on military cooperation

November 1936 Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact

November 1937

Italy joined the pact

1936-1937 – « Anti-Comintern Pact"

The League of nations- an international organization founded as a result of the Versailles-Washington system of the Versailles Agreement in 1919-1920 years.

Between September 28, 1934 and February 23, 1935, the League of Nations included 58 member states.

Goals The League of Nations included: disarmament, prevention of hostilities, ensuring collective security, settling disputes between countries through diplomatic negotiations, as well as improving the quality of life on the planet.

It ceased to exist in 1946.

Palais des Nations in Geneva - League headquarters since 1938

TWO MAIN DIRECTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL POLICY IN THE 30S

Creation of a collective security system

appeasement policy

GERMANY

E. Daladier- Prime Minister of France

from 1938-1940

M.M. Litvinov- People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR from 1936-1939

Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of England

from 1937-1940

POLICY OF PACIFICATION AND THE POLICY OF COLLECTIVE SECURITY

Politics collective

security

Politics appeasement

GERMANY

ENGLAND

FRANCE + USSR

03/13/1938 - Anschluss of Austria

1934 - Admission of the USSR to the League of Nations

1935 .- Soviet-French treaty

1936 .- Soviet-Czechoslovak treaty

30.09.1938 – Munich Agreement

FRANCE

CREATION OF A COLLECTIVE SECURITY SYSTEM

1933 - Nazis come to power in Germany

New Deal" of the USSR in foreign policy

• A departure from the perception of all "imperialist" states as real enemies, ready at any moment to start a war against the USSR.

2. The desire to create collective security system in Europe

in alliance with democracies against Germany and Japan.

1933- establishing diplomatic relations with USA.

1934- USSR joins the League of Nations.

1935- mutual assistance agreements with France and Czechoslovakia .

1935-1936. - USSR condemnation of the aggressive actions of Germany and Italy.

POLICY OF PACIFICATION

In the context of growing military danger, it is necessary to prevent them from the very beginning and try to solve the problems that have arisen on the basis of mutual concessions.

In principle, this meant concessions to all the territorial claims of Hitler, which happened with Austria, and then with Czechoslovakia.

September 29, 1938 UK, France, Germany and Italy signed an agreement in Munich on the transfer of the Czechoslovak Sudetenland to Germany .

Anschluss of Austria by Germany started March 11, 1938 with the introduction of the German army into the country, to which the Austrian troops immediately capitulated.

THE RESULTS OF THE PACIFICATION POLICY IN 1938

• To 1938 the year the Nazis practically achieved all the restrictions established by the Treaty of Versailles.
• Compared with 1933 years The size of the German armed forces grew 25 times
• Thanks to Anglo-German Naval Agreement, Germany has enough powerful navy.
• Germany has combat aircraft, and the ground forces are equipped with armored vehicles.

OPPOSITORS OF PACIFICATION

“You were offered war or dishonor, you chose dishonor, but you will also receive war”

"With thoughts of peace, the road to the hell of war is paved"

Winston Churchill- Minister of England, elected in 1940.

Supporter of rapprochement with Russia, opponent of Germany

SOVIET-GERMAN NEGOTIATIONS

Non-aggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union(also known as Molotov-Ribbentrop pact ) - an intergovernmental agreement signed on August 23, 1939 by the heads of departments for foreign affairs of Germany and the Soviet Union.

The parties to the agreement are committed refrain from attacking each other and maintain neutrality in the event that one of them became the object of hostilities by a third party.

The parties to the agreement also refused allied relations with other powers, "directly or indirectly directed against the other side."

Attached to the agreement secret additional protocol about delimitation of spheres of mutual interests in Eastern Europe in case of "territorial and political reorganization". The protocol provided for the inclusion of Latvia, Estonia, Finland, the eastern "regions that are part of the Polish state" and Bessarabia in the sphere of interests of the USSR. Lithuania and the west of Poland were assigned to the sphere of German interests.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PACT

• The pact gave the USSR the opportunity to prepare for war
• The pact helped the USSR avoid a war on two fronts (relations with Japan were settled).
• The failure of attempts by England and France to draw the USSR into the war
• Germany's ability to start capturing the first bastion in Europe - Poland.

THE SECOND WORLD WAR…

the most bloody, the most cruel, engulfed 61 states of the world ,

80% of the world's population.

The death toll was 65-66 million people, of which 27 million were Soviet people.

COULD IT BE PREVENTED?

People who ... recognize war not only as inevitable, but also useful and therefore desirable - these people are terrible, terrible in their moral perversity.

Tolstoy L.N.

Preparations for a future war in Germany began immediately after the Nazis came to power in 1933. Hitler and his entourage ruthlessly cracked down on the opposition so that it would not interfere with the implementation of their military plans.

Preparing Germany and Italy for military action

Since 1934, compulsory military service has been introduced for men aged 18 to 55 years. The Nazis launched a large-scale military-economic preparation for the upcoming war: the military-industrial branch of the state economy was reorganized, contrary to the provisions of the Versailles Treaty, the most powerful Wehrmacht army was created.

Already in 1935, the German fascists began their first aggressive actions against other states. Italy, led by B. Mussolini, began preparations for hostilities long before the formation of the Nazis in Germany in 1922.

By the mid-30s, Italy had all the necessary potential to start a war. Thanks to large-scale militaristic propaganda, the population of the state fully supported the initiative of their ruler in recreating the Holy Roman Empire by enslaving the territories that once belonged to them.

B. Mussolini in his policy tried not to contradict Hitler's plans and consulted with him in many respects. So with the permission of the Third Reich, in 1935, Italy captured the territory of Ethiopia. Austria became the bone of contention between the fascist countries, but the Italians gave up the Germans the right to seize this state.

League of Nations before the war

The League of Nations was created immediately after the end of the First World War, in 1919. The main goal of the state was to prevent hostilities between member states.

In fact, the League of Nations was the predecessor of the modern UN, however, as history has shown, it had much less authority, and its activities were puppet.

Initially, the organization united all the states that played the main roles on the political world stage, with the exception of the United States, which defiantly refused membership.

Japan's withdrawal from the League of Nations in 1939 was the first warning bell of the possibility of a new war. Germany also did not link its future with the pacifist policy of the League of Nations. Following the example of Japan, in 1933 Germany defiantly refused membership in this organization.

Italy was expelled in 1937 for taking over Ethiopia, which was against the charter of the League of Nations. Thus, the states from which the threat of war came were given complete freedom of action.

Before the start of World War II The right of membership in the organization was lost by the USSR as a result of military aggression against Finland. However, for the Stalinist government, this event did not matter, since at that moment the League of Nations had lost its political weight.

USSR on the eve of the war

In the pre-war period, the government of the USSR and the fascist states went to a visible political rapprochement. Stalin absolutely did not interfere with the ambitions of Hitler and Mussolini, and in many ways supported their policies.

The signing of the famous agreement of Molotov Ribbentrop in 1939 on mutual non-aggression was a sign of the consolidation of political neutrality. However, neither Stalin nor Hitler took this pact seriously.

Nazi Germany thus tried to buy time to prepare for the takeover of the USSR. The government of the Soviet Union understood the inevitability of war and, in turn, developed a plan to defend against the fascist invasion.

The policy of both the USSR and Germany was most clearly displayed by a secret addition to the non-aggression pact, in which the two totalitarian states, in fact, divided the territory of Europe between themselves. The Nazis reserved the possibility of capturing Poland and Lithuania, the USSR was content with Finland and Bessarabia.