Definitely a personal sentence with two predicates. Types of one-part sentences: indefinitely personal, impersonal

In the sentence, despite the absence of a subject, it is clear that it comes from a certain actor. To check, you can add the missing subject, restoring it in meaning, and this will be the pronoun of the 1st or 2nd person.

I love hot sunny days of summer.

(we add “I”, we get: “I love the hot sunny days of summer” - a two-part sentence).

Shall we pick mushrooms? (Will we pick mushrooms?)

The predicate of a definite-personal sentence can be expressed:

Verb of the first or second person of the indicative mood.

The day after tomorrow I'm going to my grandmother.

Are you going to the city?

Go to the right, you will see a house there.

Second person imperative verb.

Stay after class today to do your homework.

Pass me the book.

Take a piece of cake.

In order not to confuse definitely personal sentences with incomplete two-part sentences, you should remember a small rule:

Remembered the past.

(You can substitute I, YOU, HE, etc., since the verbs of the past tense do not have a person; therefore, the sentence is not one-part definite-personal, it is an incomplete sentence with an omitted subject).

Very often in definite personal sentences there is an appeal that is not a member of the sentence, but it is confused with the subject. Thus, they make the mistake of considering it to be two-part.

Marina, let's do some more. (Marina - appeal, definitely personal one-part)

Marina is still busy. (two-part, where Marina- subject).

Synopsis of the Russian language lesson in grade 8

Note:

The synopsis was compiled according to the textbook by L. M. Rybchenkova.

Definitely personal suggestions.

  • repetition and deepening of knowledge about the types of one-part sentences;
  • study of the main features of definite personal sentences;
  • development of skills to find definite personal sentences in the text, to distinguish them from other types of one-part and incomplete sentences, to use them in speech;
  • development of syntactic parsing skills.

Lesson type:

Combined.

1. Repetition of what has been learned, updating of basic knowledge.
(In the previous lesson, a general description of one-part sentences was given, a table of types of one-part sentences by type of main member was considered; in subsequent lessons, this table is supplemented and specified for each type).

One student at the blackboard prepares an oral answer according to the scheme “Types of one-part sentences” - nominative and verbal, with examples.

At this time - spelling warm-up (dictionary dictation):

Cut hair, cut bread, prepare answer, leave things, burn fire, get involved, mark paragraph, write without mistakes, read expressively, let's do it together, soaked apples, ironed shirt, true state of affairs, traditional question, renovated building, paved cobblestone street, stacked firewood in a woodpile.

Explanation of spelling, self-check.

The student's story about the types of one-part sentences.

2. Analysis of proposals for the presence of main members, preparation for the perception of the topic.

Determine the type of sentences: two-part or one-part, write out one-part sentences, indicate their type (nominal or verbal).

Firewood stacked in a woodpile.

I put firewood in the woodpile.

We put firewood in the woodpile.

We analyze a sentence with one main member in the form of a predicate: I put firewood in the woodpile.

What verb expresses the predicate? (Present time, 1 lit., singular, expressive ink)

Can we mentally substitute a subject in a sentence? What is a possible pronoun here? (I).

That is, we can determine the person on whose behalf the message is coming? Such one-part sentences are called definite-personal sentences.

3. Studying the theoretical material of the textbook (§ 22): independent reading, searching for something new, students' answers (sounding of theoretical material, selection of examples).

4. Syntactic analysis of sentences (students work at the blackboard):

Choose your friends wisely.

I read with interest all the new works of this talented writer.

I will diligently prepare for the test.

(Orally replace the singular form of the verb with the plural, conclude that the main member in a definite personal sentence can be expressed by the verb in the 1st and 2nd person of the present and future tenses of the indicative and imperative moods).

5. Observations on linguistic material:

To compare two sentences and determine which of them is one-part definitely personal, students work independently, then, when checking, they justify their choice, argue.

(The conclusion is that a sentence with an appeal can be one-part definitely personal; we must remember that the appeal is not a member of the proposal). Syntactic analysis (on the board) of the sentence.

(The conclusion that a sentence with a predicate in the past tense is a two-part incomplete).

6. Training exercises from the textbook No. 146 (continue the text using definite personal sentences), No. 147 (write out one-part definite personal sentences from the texts, underline the predicate in each, indicate which verb it is expressed in).

7. Creative task (in groups): compose a short text in which to use definite personal sentences;

  • one group prepares the text "Morning exercises";
  • the second - "How to make a salad of fresh vegetables";
  • the third - "Instructions for the use of the alarm clock."

Reading and discussing texts, finding out where in speech we can meet certain-personal sentences.

Mutual evaluation, determining which group managed to compose the most interesting and saturated with definite personal sentences text.

8. Summing up the lesson, reflection.

9. Homework: choose examples of definite personal sentences from the literature or compose your own greeting text (happy birthday, new year) using definite personal sentences.

Examples of texts created by students in the course of performing a creative task:

  • "Morning work-out". Stand up straight, straighten your shoulders. Raise your hands up, take a deep breath, put your hands down, exhale. Repeat this exercise 7-10 times. Lean forward, try to touch the floor with your hands. Straighten up, spread your arms to the sides. Sit down and stand up 5-7 times. Relax, restore your breath. Now let's wash up and go to breakfast.
  • How to make fresh vegetable salad. Take 2 medium-sized cucumbers, two tomatoes, onions, greens. Wash everything thoroughly, clean the onion. Cut cucumbers into cubes, tomatoes into slices. Chop up the greens. Cut the onion into rings. Mix everything in a salad bowl, pour over with sunflower oil or mayonnaise. Don't forget to salt to taste. Bon appetit!
  • "Instructions for using the alarm clock." Take the alarm clock out of the box. Insert a battery. Be careful! If it is inserted incorrectly, the alarm will not work. Turn on the alarm. Check if it works. Place the call arrow at the required time. Make sure the alarm is set to ring. Go to bed calmly.

One-part sentences - these are sentences whose grammatical basis consists of one main member, and this one main member is enough for a complete verbal expression of thought. Thus, "single-part" does not mean "incomplete".

Main member one-part sentence- a special syntactic phenomenon: it alone constitutes the grammatical basis of the sentence. However, in its meaning and ways of expression, the main member of the majority one-part sentences(except nominal) approaches the predicate, and the main member of nominal sentences - with the subject. Therefore, in school grammar it is customary to divide one-part sentences into two groups: 1) with one main member - the predicate and 2) with one main member - the subject. The first group includes definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal and impersonal sentences, and the second group includes nominal sentences.

Behind every type one-part sentences(except for generalized-personal ones) their own ways of expressing the main member are fixed.

Definitely personal suggestions

Definitely personal suggestions - these are sentences denoting the actions or states of the direct participants in the speech - the speaker or the interlocutor. Therefore, the predicate (the main member) in them is expressed by the form 1st or 2nd person singular or plural verbs.

The category of a person is in the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definite personal offers can be expressed in the following forms: tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, let's tell; go, go, go, go, I will go, you will go, we will go, you will go, go, go, let's go.

For example: I do not ask for honors or wealth for long journeys , but I take the little Arbat courtyard with me, I take it away (B. Okudzhava); I know that in the evening you will go beyond the ring of roads, we will sit in a fresh shock under the neighboring haystack (S. Yesenin); What are you laughing at? You laugh at yourself (N. Gogol); Do not look forward to happy days presented by heaven (B. Okudzhava); Keep proud patience in the depths of Siberian ores (A. Pushkin).

These sentences are very close in their meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence, including the subject in the sentence. me, you, we or you.

The sufficiency of one main member is due here to the morphological properties of the predicate: the verbal forms of the 1st and 2nd person, with their endings, unambiguously indicate a well-defined person. Subject I, you, we, you turn out to be informatively redundant.

We use one-part sentences more often when it is necessary to pay attention to an action, and not to the person who performs this action.

Indefinitely personal sentences

- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an indefinite person; the actor in the grammatical basis is not named, although it is thought personally, but the emphasis is on the action.

The main member of such proposals is the form 3rd person plural (present and future indicative and imperative) or forms plural(past tense and conditional verbs or adjectives): they say, they will say, they said, let them say, they would say; (im) satisfied; (he) are happy.

For example: They say in the village that she is not at all a relative of him ... (N. Gogol); An elephant was led through the streets ... (I. Krylov); And let them talk, let them talk, but- no, no one dies in vain... (V. Vysotsky); It's nothing that we are poets, if only they would read us and sing (L. Oshanin).

The specific meaning of the figure in indefinite personal sentences in that it actually exists, but is not named in the grammatical basis.

The form of the 3rd person plural of the verb-predicate does not contain information about either the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school is actively solving the problem of academic performance; 2) one person: This book was brought to me; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) a person known and unknown: Somewhere far away they scream; I got a 5 on the exam.

Indefinitely personal sentences most often have minor members in their composition, i.e. indefinite sentences are usually widespread.

As part of indefinite personal sentences two groups of secondary members are used: 1) Circumstances of place and time, which usually indirectly characterize the figure: hall sang. In the next class make noise. Often in youth strive someone imitate(A. Fadeev); These distributors usually characterize the figure indirectly, designating the place and time associated with the person's activity. 2) Direct and indirect additions made to the beginning of the sentence: Us invited to the room; him here glad; Now hiswill lead here (M. Gorky).

When these minor members are excluded from the composition of the sentence, the sentences are incomplete two-part with a missing subject: In the morning we went to the forest. We stayed in the forest until late in the evening.

Generalized personal offers

Generalized personal offers occupy a special place among single-component sentences. This is explained by generalized personal sentences do not have their own forms, and thus, the main criterion for their selection is a semantic feature.

The meaning of generalization can be characteristic of sentences of different structures: And what rus sky does not love fast driving (N. Gogol)(two-part sentence); Looking for words cannot be neglected nothing (K. Paustovsky)(impersonal offer); You can't command the heart (proverb)(definitely personal proposal).

Generalized-personal only those sentences are considered that are definitely personal or indefinitely personal in form, but denote actions or states of a generally conceivable person. These are sentences in which observations are formulated related to the generalizing characteristics of certain objects, life phenomena and situations: Take care of honor from a young age (proverb); What do we have- we do not store, having lost- crying (proverb); Chickens are counted in the fall - (proverb); Having removed their heads, they do not cry over their hair (proverb).

The most typical form is the 2nd person singular present or future simple indicative: You surrender involuntarily to the power of the surrounding cheerful nature (N. Nekrasov); ... In a rare girl you will meet such simplicity and natural freedom of sight, word, deed (I. Goncharov); You can’t put a scarf on someone else’s mouth (proverb).

In contrast to the outwardly similar definite-personal sentences with verbs in the form of the 2nd person, in sentences of generalized personal never talks about the specific actions of the interlocutor, the subject of the action is thought in such sentences in a generalized way, like any person.

impersonal proposals

impersonal proposals - These are one-component sentences that talk about an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the carrier of the state. Feature of grammatical meaning impersonal proposals is the meaning of spontaneity, involuntariness of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases, when it is expressed: action (The boat is carried to the shore); condition of a person or animal (I couldn't sleep; He's cold); state of the environment (It gets dark; Pulls with freshness);"the state of affairs" (Bad with shots; Experiments should not be postponed) etc.

The main term can be expressed:

1) shape 3rd person singular impersonal or personal verb: It's dawning!.. Ah, how soon the night has passed / (A. Griboedov); It smells of spring through the glass (L. May);

2) shape neuter: Happiness covered you with snow, took you centuries ago, trampled you with the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even before Christmas (A. Chekhov);

3) word No(in the past tense, it corresponds to the neuter form It was, and in the future - the form of the 3rd person singular - will be): And suddenly consciousness will throw me in response that you, obedient, were not and are not (N. Gumilyov); There is no beast stronger than a cat (I. Krylov);

5) a combination of the word category state(with modal meaning) with infinitive(compound verb predicate): When you know not to laugh, then- then this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's already seven o'clock (A. Pushkin);

6) short passive neuter participle(compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); At I have not been tidied up!.. (A. Chekhov);

7) infinitive: You will not see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how not to please your own little man? (A. Griboyedov); Long sing and ring the blizzard (S. Yesenin)

Name sentences

denominations (nominative) suggestions - these are single-component sentences in which the existence, being of objects or phenomena is affirmed. Grammatical basis nominal proposals consists of only one main member, similar in form to the subject: main member nominal proposals expressed nominative case of a noun(single or with dependent words), for example: Noise, laughter, running around, bows, gallop, mazurka, waltz... (A. Pushkin).

Meaning nominal proposals consists in the assertion of being, the existence of a phenomenon in the present time. So nominal sentences cannot be used either in the past or in the future tense, neither in the conditional nor in the imperative mood. In these tenses and moods, they correspond to two-part sentences with a predicate It was or will be: autumn(name offer). It was autumn; It will be autumn(two-part sentences).

There are three main varieties nominal proposals.

1. Being: Twenty first. Night. Monday. The outlines of the capital in the darkness (A. Akhmatova).

2. Index; they include pointing particles here, here, there, there, there: Here is the place where their house stands; Here is a willow (A. Pushkin); Here is the bridge / (N. Gogol).

3. Estimated existential; they are pronounced with an exclamatory intonation and often include exclamatory particles what, what, well: Siege! Attack! Evil waves, like thieves climb through the windows (A. Pushkin); What a night! Frost is crackling ... (A. Pushkin).

feature nominal proposals is that they are characterized by fragmentation and at the same time a large capacity of the expressed content. They name only individual details of the situation, but the details are important, expressive, designed for the imagination of the listener or reader - such that he can imagine the general picture of the situation or events being described.

Often nominal sentences are used in descriptive contexts of poetic and prose speech, as well as in remarks of dramatic works: Rocks blackened from sunburn ... Hot sand that burns through the soles (N. Sladkoe); Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind. Majestic cry of the waves (K. Balmont); Living room in Serebryakov's house. Three doors: right, left and in the middle.- Day (A. Chekhov).

Sentences whose grammatical basis consists of two main members (subject and predicate) are called two-part.

Sentences whose grammatical basis consists of one main member are called one-part sentences. One-piece sentences have a complete meaning, and therefore the second main member is sometimes not needed or even impossible.

For example: In the summer I will go to the sea. Dark. It's time to go. magical night.

One-part sentences, unlike incomplete ones, are understandable out of context.

There are several types of one-part sentences:

Definitely personal
vaguely personal,
generalized personal,
impersonal,
naming (nominative).

Each of the types of one-component sentences differs in the features of the meaning and the form of expression of the main member.


Definitely personal suggestions- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying the actions of a certain person (the speaker or the interlocutor).

In definite personal sentences the main member is expressed by the verb in the form of 1 and 2 persons of the singular and plural of the indicative mood(in present and future tense) and in the imperative mood ; the producer of the action is defined and can be called personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person I , you , we , you .

For example: I love thunderstorm in early May(Tyutchev); We will endure trials patiently(Chekhov); go, take a bow fish(Pushkin).

In definite personal offers the predicate cannot be expressed by a verb in the 3rd person singular and a verb in the past tense. In such cases, the proposal does not indicate a specific person and the proposal itself is incomplete.

Compare: Do you also know Greek? - Studied a little(Ostrovsky).

Indefinitely personal sentences- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying the actions of an indefinite subject.

In indefinite personal sentences the main member is expressed by the verb in the form of the 3rd person plural (present and future tenses in the indicative mood and in the imperative mood), the plural form of the past tense of the indicative mood and the analogous form of the conditional mood of the verb.

The producer of the action in these sentences is unknown or unimportant.

For example: In home knocked stove doors(A. Tolstoy); On the streets somewhere far away shoot (Bulgakov); Would give man relax in front of the road(Sholokhov).

Generalized personal sentences

Generalized personal sentences- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying the actions of a generalized subject (the action is attributed to everyone and everyone individually).

The main member in a generalized personal sentence can have the same ways of expression as in definite personal and indefinite personal sentences, but most often expressed by a 2nd person singular and plural present and future tense verb or a 3rd person plural verb.

For example: Good for bad do not change (proverb); Not very much older now respect (Ostrovsky); What sow, then and reap (proverb).

Generalized personal sentences are usually presented in proverbs, sayings, catch phrases, aphorisms.

Generalized-personal sentences also include sentences containing the author's generalization. To give a generalized meaning, instead of the 1st person verb, the speaker uses the 2nd person verb.

For example: you go out sometimes outside and wonder air transparency.

impersonal proposals

impersonal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying actions or states that occur regardless of the producer of the action.

In such proposals it is impossible to substitute the subject .

The main member of an impersonal sentence may be similar in structure to a simple verbal predicate and is expressed:

1) an impersonal verb, the only syntactic function of which is to be the main member of impersonal one-part sentences:

For example: It's getting cold / getting colder /it will get colder .

2) a personal verb in an impersonal form:

For example: It's getting dark .

3) the verb to be and the word no in negative sentences:

For example: Winds did not have / No .

The main member, similar in structure to the compound verb predicate , may have the following expression:

1) modal or phase verb in impersonal form + infinitive:
For example: Outside the window it began to get dark .

2) the linking verb to be in the impersonal form (in the present tense in the zero form) + adverb + infinitive:
For example: It's a pity / it was a pity to leave with friends.
It's time to get ready on the road.

The main member, similar in structure to the compound nominal predicate , is expressed:

1) linking verb in impersonal form + adverb:
For example: It was a pity old man.

On the street. became freshly.

2) linking verb in impersonal form + short passive participle:

For example: In the room it was smoky .

A special group among impersonal sentences is formed by infinitive sentences .

The main member of a one-part sentence can be expressed by an infinitive that does not depend on any other member of the sentence and denotes an action that is possible or impossible, necessary, inevitable. Such sentences are called infinitive.

For example: him tomorrow be on duty. Everyone get up! I would like to go to Moscow!

Infinitive sentences have different modal meanings: obligation, necessity, possibility or impossibility, inevitability of action; as well as an incentive to action, a command, an order.

Infinitive sentences are divided into unconditional (Be silent!) and conditionally desirable (to read).

Denominative (nominative) sentences- these are one-part sentences that convey the meaning of being (existence, presence) of the subject of speech (thought).

The main member in the nominative sentence can be expressed by a noun in the nominative case and a quantitative-nominal combination .

For example: Night, the street, lamp, pharmacy .Senseless and dull light (Block); Three wars, three hungry pores, what the century has awarded(Soloukhin).

Descriptive sentences may include demonstrative particles out , here , and for the introduction of emotional evaluation - exclamation particles welland , which , like this :

For example: Which weather! Well rain! Like this thunderstorm!

The distributors of the nominal sentence can be agreed and inconsistent definitions:
For example: Late autumn .

If the distributor is a circumstance of place, time, then such sentences can be interpreted as two-part incomplete:
For example: Soon autumn . (Compare: Soon autumn will come .)
On the street rain . (Compare: On the street it's raining .)

Denominative (nominative) sentences can have the following subspecies:

1) Self-existential sentences expressing the idea of ​​the existence of a phenomenon, object, time.
For example: April 22. blue. The snow melted.

2) Demonstrative existential sentences. The basic meaning of beingness is complicated by the meaning of indication.
For example: Here mill.

3) Estimated-existential (Dominance of assessment).
For example: Well day! Ah yes...! And character! + particles well, then, also to me, but also.

An evaluative noun can act as the main member ( the beauty . Nonsense .)

4) desirable-existential (particles only, if only).
For example: If only health. Not only death. If happiness.

5) incentive (incentive-desirable: Attention ! Good afternoon ! and incentive-imperative: Fire ! etc.).

It is necessary to distinguish constructions from nominative sentences that coincide in form with them.

The nominative case in the role of a simple name (name, inscription). They can be called properly-named - there is absolutely no meaning of beingness.
For example: "War and Peace".

The nominative case in the function of a predicate two-part sentence ( Who is he? Familiar.)

The nominative case of the topic can be attributed to isolated nominative ones, but in terms of content they do not have the meaning of beingness, they do not perform a communicative function, they form a syntactic unity only in combination with a subsequent construction.
For example: Moscow. How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart ... Autumn. I especially love this time of year.

Definitely personal sentences are one of the varieties of a one-part sentence with a predicate, which is expressed by a verb. It belongs to this type because of the grammatical form that this verb takes. About what form it is, you can understand by the name, but there are many nuances that require careful consideration.

Signs and features of definitely personal offers

These are such syntactic units that do not need a subject that would indicate a person, since a certain form of the verb already points to it - most often it is in the first or second person, and the number can be either singular or plural. As for tense and mood, it is usually future or present, indicative. It is precisely because the personal pronoun does not affect the meaning and understanding of such sentences in any way that they are considered not incomplete two-part, but one-part.

The person in such sentences is implied, it can be denoted by a personal pronoun, for example - I love you (that is, (I) love you).

There are other types of definitely personal sentences, for example, when the verb that expresses the predicate is put in the imperative mood. Yes, in the proposal “Forget already!” the presence of the second person plural pronoun "you" is implied.

Thus, it is easy to understand that the main feature of definite-personal sentences is that the predicate indicates a certain person by its form (which is actually expressed by the ending). That is, it shows which subject could be used in this sentence if it were two-part.

At the same time, the verb-predicate in the form of a third person is not used in definite personal sentences, since this is not a definite person.

As for the past tense form, it does not imply any person at all, which means that the verb in this form cannot in any way be used in a definite personal sentence.

To better understand all of the above, examples of definitely personal sentences will help.

Are you going to school tomorrow?- the sentence is one-part, the predicate in it is expressed by the verb in the form of the second person, which means that this sentence belongs to the category of definitely personal.

Did you go to karaoke?- the sentence is also one-part, with a verb-predicate, but since it is in the form of the past tense, it cannot be classified as definitely personal sentences.

Definitely personal sentences are virtually synonymous with two-part sentences that use the subject rather than just pointing to the person, but they do have stylistic differences. So, one-component sentences in this case make speech or narration more dynamic, give it an energetic tone and add beautiful conciseness. Also they are often used in those cases. when it is necessary to avoid unreasonable repetitions.

What have we learned?

A definite personal sentence is a kind of one-part sentence where the verb-predicate is in a form indicating a person. In such sentences, a subject that could indicate this person is not required. The verb always stands in the form of the first or second person (since the third is not definite), and also only in the present or future tense due to the fact that in the past tense verbs do not have a person form at all. A definite-personal sentence can easily be replaced by a two-part one, in which the pronoun indicating the person will be used, but this will not change anything, except for some stylistic features.

Definitely personal suggestions- one-part sentences denoting the actions or states of the direct participants in the speech - the speaker or the interlocutor. The predicate (main member) in them is expressed in the form of the 1st or 2nd person of the verbs, singular or plural.

The category of a person is in the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definite personal sentences can be expressed in the following forms: tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, let's tell; go, go, go, go, I will go, you will go, we will go, you will go, go, go, let's go.

  • I don’t ask for honors or wealth for long journeys, but I take the small Arbat courtyard with me, I take it away (B. Okudzhava);
  • I know that in the evening you will go beyond the ring of roads, we will sit in a fresh shock under the neighboring haystack (S. Yesenin);
  • Keep proud patience in the depths of Siberian ores (A. Pushkin).

These sentences are very close in their meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, the relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence, substituting the subject I, you, we, or you into the sentence.

see also

  • infinitive sentences

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