The first Russian chronicle. What is a chronicle? Ancient Russian Chronicles

Russian chronicles

Annals- weather, more or less detailed account of events.

Chronicles have been preserved in a large number of so-called lists of the XIV-XVIII centuries. The list means "rewriting" ("writing off") from another source. These lists, according to the place of compilation or the place of the events depicted, are exclusively or mainly divided into categories (original Kyiv, Novgorod, Pskov, etc.). Lists of the same category differ from each other not only in expressions, but even in the selection of news, as a result of which the lists are divided into editions (excerpts). So, we can say: the Primary Chronicle of the southern version (the Ipatiev list and similar ones), the Initial Chronicle of the Suzdal version (the Lavrentiev list and similar ones). Such differences in the lists suggest that the annals are collections and that their original sources have not come down to us. This idea, first expressed by P. M. Stroev, now constitutes the general opinion. The existence in a separate form of many detailed annalistic tales, as well as the ability to point out that in the same story cross-links from different sources are clearly indicated (bias is mainly manifested in sympathy first for one, then for the other of the opposing sides) - further confirm this is an opinion.

Basic chronicles

Nestor's list

S. D. Poltoratsky received this list from the famous bibliophile and collector of manuscripts P. K. Khlebnikov. Where this document came from Khlebnikov is unknown. In 1809-1819, D. I. Yazykov translated it from German into Russian (the translation is dedicated to Alexander I), since the first printed edition of the Nestor Chronicle was published in German by A. L. Schletser, "a German historian in the tsarist service".

Laurentian list

Ipatiev list

Radziwill List

It is named after the first known owner from the Radziwill family. Radziwill chronicle It was written in a semi-ustav of the end of the 15th century and richly illustrated (604 drawings). Because of the illustrations, this list is called facial. By order of Peter I, a copy was made, but during the Seven Years' War, the original was also acquired. Seven years later, in the publication " Russian Historical Library. ancient chronicles» this chronicle was printed in full, "without any redirection in syllable and utterances".

The first in time are considered to have come down to us in numerous lists (the most ancient - the XIV century.) vault Lavrentievskiy, named after the monk Lawrence, who wrote it off, as can be seen from his postscript, in the city, and Ipatievskiy. This latter scientists refer to the end of the XIV or the beginning of the XV century. Both of these lists are accompanied by various continuations: Lavrentiev - Suzdal, Ipatiev - Kiev and Volyn-Galician. The compilation of the original code dates back to the beginning of the 12th century. , on the basis of a postscript (in the Laurentian list and in Nikonovsky) after the year, in which we read:

« Abbot Sylvester St. Michael wrote a book and a chronicler, hoping to receive mercy from God, with Prince. Volodymyr, who reigns for him in Kiev, and at that time I am the abbess at St. Michael, in 6624, indiction 9 years (1116)».

Thus it is clear that at the beginning of the XII century. Selyvestre, abbot of the Mikhailovsky Vydubetsky monastery in Kyiv, was the compiler of the first chronicle code. Word " writing” cannot be understood in any way, as some scientists thought, he copied in the meaning: the abbot of the Vydubetsky monastery was too big a person for a simple copyist. This collection has a special title:

« all the stories of bygone years(in other lists added: chernorizets of the Fedosiev Monastery of the Caves) , where did the Russian land come from, who was the first in Kyiv to begin the reign and where did the Russian land come from ”.

The words " Chernorizets of the Fedosiev Monastery of the Caves“Many were forced to consider Nestor the first chronicler, whose name, according to Tatishchev, was in the headings of some lists known to him, but now lost; at the present time we find it in one, and then very late, list ( Khlebnikov). Nestor is known for his other writings: Tales of Boris and Gleb», « Life of Theodosius". These writings are in conflict with the annals indicated by P. S. Kazansky. So, the author of the work included in the chronicle says that he came to Theodosius, and Nestor, in his own words, came under the successor of Theodosius, Stephen, and tells about Theodosius according to legend. The story about Boris and Gleb in the chronicle does not belong to Nestor, but to Jacob Chernorizets. The narratives of both have been preserved in a separate form, and it is easy to compare them. As a result, one has to abandon the idea that Nestor was the compiler of the first code. However, the name of the compiler is not important; much more important is the circumstance that the vault is a product of the twelfth century and that even more ancient materials are found in it.

Some of his sources have come down to us in a separate form. Yes, we know Reading about the life and destruction of the blessed passion-bearer Boris and Gleb"Iakov Chernorizets," Life of Vladimir”, attributed to the same Jacob,“ Chronicle of George Amartol”, known in ancient Slavic translations, the Lives of the Holy Primal Teachers of the Slavic, known under the name of Pannonian. Moreover, there are clear traces of the fact that the compiler used other people's works: for example, in the story of the blinding of Vasilko Rostislavich, some Vasily tells how Prince David Igorevich, who held Vasilko captive, sent him on an errand to his prisoner. Consequently, this story constituted a separate legend, like the stories about Boris and Gleb, which, fortunately for science, have been preserved in a separate form. From these surviving works it is clear that we began early to record the details of events that struck contemporaries, and the features of the life of individuals, especially those who became famous for their holiness.

Such a separate legend could (according to Solovyov) have a title, now attributed to the entire chronicle “ Se story...". The original story, compiled partly from the Greek chronicle of Amartol, partly, perhaps, from Pannonian sources (for example, the legend about the initial life of the Slavs on the Danube and the invasion of the Volohs), partly from local news and legends, could reach the beginning of Oleg's reign in Kyiv. This story has the obvious purpose of linking the North with the South; that is why, perhaps, the very name of Russia was transferred to the north, while this name has always been the property of the south, and we know the northern Russ only from the story. The rapprochement of Askold and Dir with Rurik is also curious, made in order to explain the right of the Rurik dynasty to the southern regions by the conquest of Kyiv by Oleg. The story is written without years, which is a sign of its individuality. The compiler of the compendium says: from here we shall begin and put the numbers. These words accompany an indication of the beginning of the reign of Michael, during which there was a campaign against Constantinople. Another source for the compiler was brief, yearly notes of incidents that certainly had to exist, because otherwise how would the chronicler know the years of the death of princes, campaigns, celestial phenomena, etc. Between these dates there are those whose authenticity can be verified (for example, comet d.). Such notes have been kept at least since Oleg occupied Kyiv: in the brief chronological tablet included in the chronicle, the account begins directly with " the first year of Olgov, more recently gray in Kyiv". The account was kept, as can be concluded from this table and partly from other sources (“ Praise to Volodymyr", Jacob) by years of reigns. This account was transferred to the years from the creation of the world by the compiler of the code, and maybe even earlier, by another coder. Of the folk tales, some could be written down, others were preserved, perhaps in songs. From all this material the whole was formed; now it is difficult to say how much the labor of one person participated in this whole. The code of the XII century was compiled mainly from sources from Kiev, but it also shows traces of chronicles kept in other areas of Russia, especially Novgorod. The Novgorod vaults have come down to us in the lists not earlier than the XIV century, to which the charate, the so-called Synodal list belongs. There are also traces of a 13th-century vault: in the so-called Sofia Vremennik and some other annalistic collections there is a common title " Sofia Vremennik” and a preface ending with a promise to tell “ all in a row from Tsar Michael to Alexander(i.e. Alexei) and Isakiah. Alexei and Isaac Angels reigned in when Constantinople took the Latins; a special legend about this was included in many annalistic collections and, obviously, was part of the code of the XIII century.

Novgorod Chronicles

Pskov chronicles

The Pskov chronicles began later than the Novgorod ones: their beginning can be attributed to the 13th century, when the story about Dovmont was composed, which formed the basis of all Pskov collections. The Pskov Chronicles (especially the Second Chronicle) are rich in vivid details about the social life of Pskov; only news about the times before Dovmont is not enough, and even those are borrowed. For a long time, the “Tale of the City of Vyatka” was attributed to the chronicles of Novgorod by origin, which concerns only the first times of the Vyatka community, but its authenticity is questioned: its manuscripts are too late, and therefore it is better not to consider it among reliable sources.

Pskov Chronicles, vols. 1-2 (in DJVu format) on the Pskov State. Local Lore Archive»

Kiev Chronicles

The Kyiv Chronicle has been preserved in several lists very close to each other, in which it directly follows the original Chronicle (that is, The Tale of Bygone Years). This Kyiv collection ends in all of its lists with r. It consists mainly of detailed stories, which, in their presentation, have much in common with the stories included in The Tale of Bygone Years. In its present form, the vault contains many traces of the annals of various Russian lands: Smolensk, Chernigov, Suzdal.

There are also separate legends: “The legend of the murder of Andrei Bogolyubsky”, written by his adherent (Kuzmishch Kiyanin, probably mentioned in it). The story about the exploits of Izyaslav Mstislavich should have been the same separate legend; In one place of this story we read: “Speech the word, as if before hearing; the place does not go to the head, but the head goes to the place". From this we can conclude that the story about this prince was borrowed from the notes of his comrade-in-arms and interrupted by news from other sources; fortunately, the stitching is so unskillful that the pieces are easy to separate. The part following the death of Izyaslav is devoted mainly to the princes from the Smolensk family who reigned in Kyiv; perhaps the source, which was mainly used by the matcher, is not devoid of connection with this genus. The exposition is very close to The Tale of Igor's Campaign - as if a whole literary school had been developed then. Kiev news later than 1199 are found in other chronicle collections (mainly northeastern Russia), as well as in the so-called "Gustyn Chronicle" (later compilation). The Suprasl Manuscript (published by Prince Obolensky) contains a brief Kievan chronicle dated to the 14th century.

Galician-Volyn chronicles

Closely connected with "Kievskaya" is "Volynskaya" (or Galician-Volynskaya), which is even more distinguished by its poetic coloring. It, as one might suppose, was written at first without years, and the years are placed later and arranged very unskillfully. So, we read: “Danilov, who came from Volodimer, in the summer of 6722 there was silence. In the summer of 6723, by God's command, the princes of Lithuania were sent. It is clear that the last sentence must be connected with the first, which is indicated both by the form of the dative independent and the absence of the sentence “be quiet” in some lists; therefore, and two years, and this sentence is inserted after. The chronology is confused and applied to the chronology of the Kiev Chronicle. Roman was killed in the city, and the Volhynian chronicle dates his death to 1200, since the Kievan chronicle ends in 1199. These chronicles were connected by the last archer, didn’t he set the years? In some places there is a promise to tell this or that, but nothing is told; so there are gaps. The chronicle begins with vague allusions to the exploits of Roman Mstislavich - obviously, these are fragments of a poetic legend about him. It ends at the beginning of the 14th century. and is not brought to the fall of the independence of Galich. For the researcher, this chronicle, due to its inconsistency, presents serious difficulties, but in terms of the details of the presentation it serves as precious material for studying the life of Galich. It is curious in the Volhynia annals that there is an indication of the existence of an official annals: Mstislav Danilovich, having defeated the rebellious Brest, imposed a heavy fine on the inhabitants and adds in the letter: “and the chronicler described them in the koromola”.

Chronicles of North-Eastern Russia

The chronicles of northeastern Russia probably began quite early: from the 13th century. In the "Message of Simon to Polycarp" (one of the constituent parts of the Paterik of the Caves), we have evidence of the "old chronicler of Rostov." The first set of the northeastern (Suzdal) edition that has survived to us dates back to the same time. Lists of it until the beginning of the XIII century. -Radzivillovsky, Pereyaslavsky-Suzdalsky, Lavrentevsky and Trinity. At the beginning of the XIII century. the first two stop, the rest differ from each other. The similarity up to a certain point and the difference further testify to a common source, which, therefore, extended to the beginning of the thirteenth century. Izvestia of Suzdal is also found earlier (especially in The Tale of Bygone Years); therefore, it should be recognized that the recording of events in the land of Suzdal began early. We do not have purely Suzdal chronicles before the Tatars, just as we do not have purely Kiev ones. The collections that have come down to us are of a mixed nature and are designated by the predominance of events in one or another locality.

Chronicles were kept in many cities of the land of Suzdal (Vladimir, Rostov, Pereyaslavl); but according to many indications, it should be recognized that most of the news was recorded in Rostov, which for a long time was the center of education in northeastern Russia. After the invasion of the Tatars, the Trinity list became almost exclusively Rostov. After the Tatars, in general, the traces of local chronicles become clearer: in the Laurentian list we find a lot of Tver news, in the so-called Tver Chronicle - Tver and Ryazan, in the Sophia Vremennik and Voskresenskaya Chronicle - Novgorod and Tver, in Nikonovskaya - Tver, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, etc. All these collections are of Moscow origin (or, at least, for the most part); original sources - local chronicles - have not been preserved. Regarding the transfer of news in the Tatar era from one locality to another, I. I. Sreznevsky made a curious find: in the manuscript of Ephraim the Sirin, he met a postscript from a scribe who tells about the attack of Arapsha (Arab Shah), which took place in the year of writing. The story is not over, but its beginning is literally similar to the beginning of the chronicle story, from which I. I. Sreznevsky correctly concludes that the scribe had the same legend that served as material for the chronicler.

Moscow chronicles

The chronicles of northeastern Russia are distinguished by the absence of poetic elements and rarely borrow from poetic tales. “The Tale of the Battle of Mamaev” is a special essay, only included in some codes. From the first half of the XIV century. in most of the northern Russian codes, Moscow news begins to predominate. According to I. A. Tikhomirov, the beginning of the actual Moscow Chronicle, which formed the basis of the vaults, should be considered the news of the construction of the Church of the Assumption in Moscow. The main vaults containing the Moscow news are Sophia Vremyanik (in its last part), the Resurrection and Nikon Chronicles (also beginning with vaults based on ancient vaults). There is the so-called Lviv Chronicle, a chronicle published under the title: "Continuation of the Nestor Chronicle", as well as "Russian Time" or the Kostroma Chronicle. The chronicle in the Muscovite state more and more received the value of an official document: already at the beginning of the 15th century. the chronicler, praising the times of "that great Seliverst Vydobuzhsky, not decorating the writer," says: "the first of our rulers, without anger, commanded all the good and unkind who happened to write." Prince Yuri Dimitrievich, in his search for the Grand Duke's table, relied in the Horde on old chronicles; the Grand Duke John Vasilyevich sent the deacon Bradatoy to Novgorod to prove to the Novgorodians their lies by the old chroniclers; in the inventory of the tsarist archive of the times of Ivan the Terrible we read: “black lists and what to write in the chronicler of the new times”; in the negotiations between the boyars and the Poles under Tsar Mikhail it is said: “and we will write this in the chronicler for future births.” The best example of how carefully one should treat the legends of the annals of that time is the news of the tonsure of Salomonia, the first wife of Grand Duke Vasily Ioanovich, preserved in one of the annals. According to this news, Salomonia herself wished to have a haircut, but the Grand Duke did not agree; in another story, also, judging by the solemn tone, official, we read that the Grand Duke, seeing the birds in pairs, thought about the infertility of Salomon and, after consulting with the boyars, divorced her. Meanwhile, we know from Herberstein's account that the divorce was forced.

Evolution of chronicles

Not all annals, however, represent types of official annals. In many, there is occasionally a mixture of official narrative with private notes. Such a mixture is found in the story about the campaign of the Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich to the Ugra, connected with the famous letter of Vasian. Becoming more and more official, the annals finally turned into standard books. The same facts were entered into the annals, only with the omission of small details: for example, stories about the campaigns of the 16th century. taken from bit books; only news about miracles, signs, etc. was added, documents, speeches, letters were inserted. There were private books in which well-born people noted the service of their ancestors for the purposes of localism. Such annals also appeared, an example of which we have in the Norman Chronicles. The number of individual tales that pass into private notes has also increased. Another way of transmission is to supplement chronographs with Russian events. Such, for example, is the legend of Prince Kavtyrev-Rostovsky, placed in a chronograph; in several chronographs we find additional articles written by supporters of different parties. So, in one of the chronographs of the Rumyantsev Museum there are voices of those dissatisfied with Patriarch Filaret. In the annals of Novgorod and Pskov there are curious expressions of displeasure with Moscow. From the first years of Peter the Great there is an interesting protest against his innovations under the title "Chronicle of 1700".

power book

Front Chronicle

The front chronicle is a chronicle of events in world and especially Russian history, created in the 40-60s. 16th century (probably in - years) especially for the royal library of Ivan the Terrible in a single copy.

Siberian Chronicles

The beginning of the Siberian chronicle is attributed to Cyprian, Metropolitan of Tobolsk. Several Siberian chronicles have come down to us, more or less deviating from one another: Kungur (late 16th century), written by one of the participants in Yermak's campaign; Strogonovskaya (“On the capture of the Siberian land”; 1620-30 or 1668-83), based on materials that have not survived from the Stroganovs’ patrimonial archive, their correspondence with Yermak; Esipovskaya (1636), compiled by Savva Esipov, clerk of Archbishop Nekraty, in memory of Yermak; Remezovskaya (late 17th century), owned by S. U. Remezov, a Russian cartographer, geographer and historian of Siberia.

Lithuanian-Belarusian annals

An important place in Russian chronicle writing is occupied by the so-called Lithuanian (rather Belarusian) chronicles, which exist in two editions: “Short”, beginning with the death of Gediminas or rather Olgerd and ending with the city and “Detailed”, from fabulous times to the city. "Brief" - legends of contemporaries. So, on the occasion of the death of Skirgaila, the author says from himself: “I didn’t know how small we were then.” Kyiv and Smolensk can be considered the place of recording the news; there is no discernible bias in their presentation. The “detailed” chronicle (the so-called L. Bykhovets) presents at the beginning a series of fabulous tales, then repeats the “Short” and, finally, concludes with memoirs of the beginning of the 16th century. Many tendentious stories about various noble Lithuanian surnames are inserted into its text.

Ukrainian Chronicles

Ukrainian (actually Cossack) chronicles date back to the 17th and 18th centuries. V. B. Antonovich explains their late appearance by the fact that these are rather private notes or sometimes even attempts at pragmatic history, and not what we now mean by chronicle. Cossack chronicles, according to the same scholar, have their content mainly in the affairs of Bogdan Khmelnitsky and his contemporaries. Of the annals, the most significant are: Lvovskaya, begun in the middle of the 16th century. , brought to 1649 and outlining the events of Chervonnaya Rus; the chronicle of the Samovitsa (from to), according to the conclusion of Professor Antonovich, is the first Cossack chronicle, distinguished by the completeness and liveliness of the story, as well as reliability; an extensive chronicle of Samuil Velichko, who, serving in the military office, could know a lot; although his work is arranged according to years, it partly has the appearance of a learned work; its disadvantage is the lack of criticism and ornate presentation. The chronicle of the Gadyach colonel Grabyanka begins in 1648 and is brought up to 1709; it is preceded by a study on the Cossacks, whom the author derives from the Khazars. The sources were part of the chronicle, and part, as is assumed, foreigners. In addition to these detailed compilations, there are many short, mainly local chronicles (Chernigov, etc.); there are attempts at pragmatic history (for example, "History of the Russians") and there are all-Russian compilations: L. Gustynskaya, based on Ipatskaya and continued until the 16th century, Safonovich's "Chronicle", "Synopsis". All this literature ends with the "History of the Russes", the author of which is unknown. This work more clearly expressed the views of the Ukrainian intelligentsia of the 18th century.

Bibliography

See also Complete collection of Russian Chronicles

From the annals published

"Bible. ross. ist." (I, 1767, Königsberg or Radzivilov list):
"Russian chronicles according to the Nikon list" (St. Petersburg, 1762-1792),
"Royal Chronicles" (St. Petersburg, 1772) and "Other Chronicles" (St. Petersburg, 1774-1775, these two collections are variants of Nikonovskaya)
"The Royal Book" (St. Petersburg, 1769, the same)
"Russian. time" (St. Petersburg, 1790)
"Russian chronicle according to the Sofia list" (St. Petersburg, 1795)
"Russian. L. on Sunday list "(St. Petersburg, 1793-94)
"Chronicle containing Russian history from 852 to 1598" (Arkhangelogorodskaya; M., 1781)
Chronicle of Novgorod (Synodal Charatean; M., 1781; another list of this Chronicle is placed in Prod. Ancient Russian Vivliophics, II)
“Chronicle containing Russian history from 1206 to 1534” (the so-called continuation of the “Nestor Chronicle”; close to Nikonovskaya; M., 1784)
"Russian Chronicle" (published by Lvov, close to Nikonovskaya; St. Petersburg, 1792)
"Sofia Time" (1821, published by P. M. Stroev)
"Suprasl Chronicle" (M., 1836, published by Prince Obolensky; abbreviated Kyiv and Novgorod)
"Pskov Chronicle" (M., 1837, published by Pogodin)
"Laurentian List" started ed. Moscow total history and ancient, but the printed sheets burned down in a Moscow fire; in 1824, on behalf of the same society, prof. Timkovsky published the beginning of this list; publication stopped after his death. Since 1841, the publication of the Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles begins, in the first volume of which Lavr is placed. and Tr., in II - Ipatskaya and Gustynskaya, in III - three Novgorod, in IV - the fourth Novgorod and Pskov, in V - Pskov and Sofia, in VI - Sofia, in VII and VIII - Sunday, in IX and X - Nikonovskaya, in the XV - Tverskaya, in the XVI - the so-called Annals of Abramka. In 1871, the commission published the Ipatsky list and at the same time - a photolithographic edition of the initial Chronicle according to this list; in 1872 the Lavrentievsky list was published and a photolithographic edition of the initial chronicler was made according to this list; in 1875, a photolithographic photograph of the Novgorod Synodal Chronicle (Novg. 1) was published, and then the edition of this list was published, as well as Novg. II and III. In time. Tot. ist." (IX) book. Obolensky published "Chronicle of Pereyaslavl of Suzdal"; by him in 1853, ed. in time." and separately the "New Chronicler" (similar to "Nik." and published in the XVIII century. "Chronicle of the rebellions"). In "Russian. ist. bibliot., III, arch. The commission published an annalistic excerpt about the time of Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible under the title "Alexander Nevsky Chronicle".
A. I. Lebedev published in “Thurs. Tot. ist." (1895, book 8), entitled “Moscow. L. ”, a presentation of events in the reign of Ivan the Terrible, following the“ Nick. L."
Strogonovsky Siberian Chronicle. ed. Spassky (St. Petersburg, 1821)
Strogonovskaya and Esipovskaya Chronicles, according to two lists - by Nebolsin (“Otech. Zap.”, 1849);
Remezovskaya (the front in the photolithographic image) was published by the archeographic commission under the title “Brief Siberian L.” (St. Petersburg, 1880)
"The Nizhny Novgorod chronicler", published earlier, is best published by A. S. Gatsiskiy (N. N., 1880)
Dvinskaya Chronicle, published in "Dr. ross. vivl." XVIII, republished by A. A. Titov (Moscow, 1889);
“Veliky Ustyug Chronicle” (M., 1889) published by A. A. Titov
"Vologda chronicler". in Vologda in 1874 published
Lithuanian Chronicles were published: a short one - by Danilovich, “Letop. Litwy ”(V., 1827), reprinted in Russian letters in Russov’s Memoirs (1832), and A. N. Popov (“Scientific Notes of the II Department of the Academy of Sciences”); detailed - by Narbut ("Pomn. do dziejow Litew.").
Chronicle of the Self-Seeing, published by Bodyansky (in "Thursday of the General History", year 2, book 1) and in Kyiv, in 1878, with a study;
Chronicle of Velichka published in Kyiv (1848-64)
Chronicle of Grabyanka - in Kyiv, 1854;
small chronicles appeared in various editions (by Kulish in “Mat. to the historical resurrection of Russia”, etc.) and in the collections of V. M. Belozersky
"South Russian Chronicles" (I Kyiv, 1856);
“Collection of Chronicles relating to the history of southern and western Russia” (K., 1888, edited by V. B. Antonovich).
See also Miller, “On the First Russian L.” (“Ezhem. sochin.”, ed. 1755);
"Nestor", Schlozer (there is a Russian translation by Yazykov)
P. M. Stroeva foreword. to Sofiysk. time. "," About Byzant. source of Nestor” (“Proceedings of the General History”, IV);
Olenin, “Brief reflections on the publication of the complete collection. Russian deewriters” (“Zh. M. N. Pr.”, vol. XIV);
S. M. Stroev, “On the imaginary ancient Russian Chronicle” (St. Petersburg, 1835) and “On the unreliability of Russian history” (St. Petersburg, 1835);
M. T. Kachenovsky, “On the fabulous time in Russian. ist." ("Uch. Zap. Moscow Univ.", Year III, No. 2 and 3)
M. Pogodin, “Research, lectures and remarks.” (Vol. I and IV); his own, “O Novg. L." (in "News of the 2nd sec. Akd. N.", VI);
book. Obolensky, “Foreword to Suprasl L. and L. Pereyaslavl”, as well as “Collection” (No. 9); his own, "On the original Russian L." (M., 1875);
P. G. Butkov, “Defence of Nest. L." (St. Petersburg, 1840);
A. M. Kubarev, "Nestor" ("Russian historical collection", IV); his own, “On the Patericon” (“Thursday in the General History”, year 2, No. 9);
V. M. Perevoshchikov, “On Russian L. and Chroniclers” (“Works of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, IV and separately St. Petersburg, 1836);
N. A. Ivanov, “Brief review. Russian Temp." and “The General Concept of Chronographs” (“Uch. Zap. Kaz. Univ.”, 1843, No. 2 and 3);
I. D. Belyaev, "About Nestorovskaya L." (“Thursday in the General History”, year 2, No. 5);
P. S. Kazansky, (“Temporary”, I, III, X, XIII; “From. Zap.”, 1851, vol. LXXIV;
cf. Butkov's remarks on the opinions of Kazansky in Sovrem., 1856, No. 9);
M. I. Sukhomlinov, “Drevn. Russian L." ("Zap. II department. Academician of Sciences", III); his, “On Traditions in Ancient. Russian L." ("Osnova", 1861, No. 4);
D. V. Polenov, Bibl. review L." (“J. M. N. Pr.”, part LXIV); his own, “Review. L. Pereyasl. (“Zap. II department. Academician of sciences”);
I. I. Sreznevsky, “Thurs. about ancient Russian L." (“Zap. Akd. Sciences”, vol. II); his own, “Research. about Novg. L." ("Izv. Akd. nauk", II);
P. A. Lavrovsky, “On the language of the north. L." (St. Petersburg, 1850);
D. I. Prozorovsky, “Who was the first writer Novg. L." (“J. M. N. Pr.”, part XXXV);
Kostomarov, "Lectures" (St. Petersburg, 1861);
A. Belevsky, "Monumenta" I (preface);
Bestuzhev-Ryumin, "On the composition of Russian L." (“Let. Zan. Arch. Comm.”, IV);
Rassudov, (“Izv. Mosk. Univ.”, 1868, 9);
I. V. Lashnyukov, “Essay on Russian. historiography” (“Kyiv Univ. Izv.”, 1869);
Léger, "De Nestore" (P., 1868); his own, preface to the French translation of Nestor;
I. P. Khrushchov, “On Old Russian Historical. stories" (Kyiv, 1878);
A. I. Markevich, "O L." (Od. I, 1883, II, 1885; originally in Izv. Novor. Univ.);
N. I. Yanish, “Novg. L. and their Moscow alterations” (“Church in the General History”, 1874, II);
O. P. Senigov, “On the ancient. years. vault Vel. Novgorod” (in “Summer. zap. Arch. commission”, VIII), his own, “On the first. L. Vel. Novgorod "(" Zh. M. N. Pr. ", 1884, No. 6 - both were later combined in his master's thesis);
I. A. Tikhomirov, “Oh laurel. L." (“J. M. N. Pr.”, 1884, No. 10); his own, "On the Pskovskaya L." (“J. M. N. Pr.”, 1889, No. 10); his own, “On the collection called Tver L.” (“J. M. N. Pr.”, 1876, No. 12); his own, “Review. composition of the Moscow years. Codes” (“Summer. Classes Arkh. Kom.”, X; supplemented and corrected edition of articles from “Zh.M” N. Pr.” 1894-95);
A. E. Presnyakov, “Kings. book "(St. Petersburg, 1893); his own, “On the Moscow Chronicles” (“Journal. M. N. Pr.”, 1895);
about the Rostov L. note in Op. D. A. Korsakova “Measure and Growth. principality" (Kazan, 1872);
about Siberian L. in Nebolsin's book "The Conquest of Siberia" and in "Ist. Russia" Solovyov;
there are also a few notes in "Years. zan. Arch. com. On Lithuanian L. - an article by Danilovich in the publication of Stryikovsky (translated into Russian in Zhurn. M.N. Pr., vol. XXVIII), a preface by Popov, a lithographed edition by V. B. Antonovich;
Smolka, "Najdawnejsze Pomniki dziejopisarstwa Rusko-Litewskiego" ("Pamiętniki Akademii", Krakow, 1890);
Prohaska, Letopis Litewski. Rosbor kryt." (Lvov, 1890). About L. Little Russians - V. B. Antonovich, lithograph. lectures and preface to the "Collection of L.";
Karpov, "Crete. analysis of the main Russian sources, to the source. Related to Little Russia” (M., 1870); his own, “The beginning of the ist. activity Bogdan Khmelnitsky" (M., 1873).
About chronographs, there is a classic work by A. N. Popov, "Review of Chronographs" (M., 1866-69) and his own, "Izbornik" (M., 1869).
On the attitude of L. to the categories, see Karpov, “Ist. fight between Moscow and Lithuania" (1866).
Complete collection of Russian chronicles. - 2001. ISBN 5-94457-011-3

The Tale of Bygone Years - The beginning of ancient Russian chronicle writing is usually associated with a stable general text, which begins the vast majority of chronicles that have come down to our time. The text of The Tale of Bygone Years covers a long period - from ancient times to the beginning of the second decade of the 12th century. This is one of the oldest chronicle codes, the text of which was preserved by the chronicle tradition. In different chronicles, the text of the Tale reaches different years: before 1110 (Lavrentiev and related lists) or until 1118 (Ipatiev and related lists). This is usually associated with repeated editing of the Tale. The chronicle, which is usually called the Tale of Bygone Years, was created in 1112 by Nestor, who is supposedly the author of two well-known hagiographic works - Readings about Boris and Gleb and The Life of Theodosius of the Caves.

Chronicle compilations that preceded the Tale of Bygone Years: the text of the chronicle code that preceded the Tale of Bygone Years has been preserved in the Novgorod I Chronicle. The Tale of Bygone Years was preceded by a set, which was proposed to be called the Initial. Based on the content and nature of the presentation of the chronicle, it was proposed to date it to 1096-1099. It was he who formed the basis of the Novgorod I chronicle. Further study of the Primary Code, however, showed that it was based on some kind of chronicle work. From this we can conclude that the basis of the Primary Code was some chronicle compiled between 977 and 1044. The most probable in this interval is considered to be 1037, under which the praise of Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich is placed in the Tale. The researcher suggested calling this hypothetical chronicle work the Most Ancient Code. The narrative in it has not yet been divided into years and was plot. Annual dates were introduced into it by the Kiev-Pechersk monk Nicoya the Great in the 70s of the 11th century. Chronicle Narrative Old Russian

Internal structure: The Tale of Bygone Years consists of an undated "introduction" and annual articles of varying length, content, and origin. These articles may be:

1) brief factual notes about a particular event;
2) an independent short story;
3) parts of a single narrative, spread over different years during the timing of the original text, which did not have a weather grid;
4) "annual" articles of complex composition.

The Lviv Chronicle is a chronicle covering events from ancient times to 1560. Named after the publisher N.A. Lvov, who published it in 1792. The chronicle is based on a code similar to the 2nd Sophia Chronicle (in part from the end of the 14th century to 1318) and the Yermolinskaya Chronicle. The Lvov Chronicle contains some original Rostov-Suzdal news), the origin of which may be associated with one of the Rostov editions of the all-Russian metropolitan codes.

The front annalistic code - the annalistic code of the 2nd floor. 16th century The creation of the code lasted intermittently for more than 3 decades. It can be divided into 3 parts: 3 volumes of a chronograph containing a summary of world history from the creation of the world to the 10th century, annals of the "old years" (1114-1533) and annals of the "new years" (1533-1567). At different times, the creation of the code was led by prominent statesmen (members of the Chosen Rada, Metropolitan Macarius, roundabout A.F. Adashev, priest Sylvester, clerk I.M. Viskovaty, etc.). In 1570, work on the vault was stopped.

The Lavrentiev Chronicle is a parchment manuscript containing a copy of the chronicle code of 1305. The text begins with The Tale of Bygone Years and brought to the beginning of the 14th century. The manuscript lacks news for 898-922, 1263-1283 and 1288-1294. Code 1305 was a grand princely Vladimir code compiled at a time when the prince of Tver was the grand prince of Vladimir. Mikhail Yaroslavich. It was based on the set of 1281, supplemented with 1282 chronicle news. The manuscript was written by monk Lavrenty in the Annunciation Monastery in Nizhny Novgorod or in the Vladimir Nativity Monastery.

The chronicler of Pereyaslavl-Suzdal is a chronicle monument preserved in one manuscript of the 15th century. titled Chronicler of the Russian Tsars. The beginning of the Chronicler (before 907) is found in another list of the 15th century. But actually the Chronicler of Pereyaslavl-Suzdal covers the events of 1138-1214. The chronicle was compiled in 1216-1219 and is one of the oldest of those that have survived to this day. The Chronicler is based on the Vladimir Chronicle of the beginning of the 13th century, close to the Radziwill Chronicle. This set was revised in Pereslavl-Zalessky with the involvement of local and some other news.

Chronicle of Abraham - all-Russian annals; compiled in Smolensk at the end of the 15th century. It received its name from the name of the scribe Avraamka, who rewrote (1495) by order of the Smolensk Bishop Joseph Soltan a large collection, which included this chronicle. The Pskov collection, which united the news of various chronicles (Novgorod 4th, Novgorod 5th, etc.), served as the direct source of the Annals of Abraham. In the Chronicle of Abraham, the most interesting articles are 1446-1469 and legal articles (including Russkaya Pravda), connected with the Chronicle of Abraham.

Chronicle of Nestor - written in the 2nd half of the 11th - early 12th centuries. monk of the Kiev cave (Pechersk) monastery Nestor chronicle, full of patriotic ideas of Russian unity. It is considered a valuable historical monument of medieval Russia.

Volume three. IV. Novgorod Chronicles

Download Download Download Download Download Download Download Download

Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Volume one. I. II. Laurentian and Trinity chronicles
Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Volume four. IV. V. Novgorod and Pskov chronicles
Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Volume five. V. VI. Pskov and Sofia chronicles
Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Volume six. VI. Sofia chronicles
Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Volume seven. VII. Chronicle according to the Sunday list
Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Volume eight. VII. Continuation of the chronicle according to the Sunday list
Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Volume nine. VIII. Chronicle collection, called the Patriarchal or Nikon Chronicle
Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Volume ten. VIII. Chronicle collection, called the Patriarchal or Nikon Chronicle

Download all volumes in PDF

Complete collection of Russian chronicles

Download

Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Volume two. III. Hypatian Chronicle

Download

Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Volume three. IV. Novgorod Chronicles

Download

Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Volume four. IV. V. Novgorod and Pskov chronicles

Download

Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Volume five. V. VI. Pskov and Sofia chronicles

Download

Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Volume six. VI. Sofia chronicles

Download

Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Volume seven. VII. Chronicle according to the Sunday list

Download

Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Volume eight. VII. Continuation of the chronicle according to the Sunday list

Download

Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Volume nine. VIII. Chronicle collection, called the Patriarchal or Nikon Chronicle

Download

Complete collection of Russian chronicles. Volume ten. VIII. Chronicle collection, called the Patriarchal or Nikon Chronicle

Download

Download all volumes from BitTorrent (PDF)