Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.

Society cannot do without social, and then political institutions - stable social or political institutions, institutions, associations and communities that perform social or political functions necessary for society.

Together with human society, social power arises as its integral and necessary element. It gives integrity to society, serves as the most important factor of organization and order. Under the influence of power, social relations acquire the character of managed and controlled relations, and the joint life of people becomes organized. Thus, social power is an organized force that ensures the ability of a particular social community (a ruling subject) to subordinate people (subjects) to its will, using various methods, including the method of coercion. It is of two types: non-political and political.

Power cannot function apart from the will and consciousness of people. Will is the most important element of any social power, without which it is impossible to understand its nature and the essence of power relations. This is due to the fact that power means, on the one hand, the transfer (imposition) of one's will by those in power to those who are subject, and on the other, the subordination of those subject to this will. Will firmly connects power with its subject: power belongs to the social community whose will is embodied in it. Subjectless, that is, belonging to no one, there is no power and cannot be. That is why in the doctrine of power an important place is occupied by the concept of "ruling subject" - the primary source, the primary bearer of power.

Power is also impossible without the objects of its influence - individuals, social groups, society as a whole. Sometimes the subject and object of power coincide, but more often than not, the ruling and the ruled are distinctly different and occupy different positions in society.

Emphasizing the importance of the will as one of the defining elements of power, one should not belittle its other structural elements, in particular, such as force. Power may be weak, but devoid of strength, it ceases to be real power, since it is not capable of translating the will of power into reality. Power is stable due to the support of the masses, that is, it relies on the power of authority. The ruling subject often relies on ideological influence, including deceit and populist promises, to impose his will on the subject. But power, especially state power, has substantive and material supports - coercive organs, armed organizations of people.

The defining feature of power is the ability of those in power to impose their will on others, to dominate those who are subject. Hence the negative side of power, expressed in the possibility of its abuse and its arbitrary use. It often becomes the subject of sharp struggle and clashes between people, political parties, strata and groups.

Explanation.

A correct answer must contain the following elements:

1) two main elements that form the system of social power:

Will and strength;

Russian society cannot exist without politics, like any other.

There are exceptions in the form of individuals who are not interested in politics. They do not read newspapers, do not follow the news, do not go to elections and do not participate in the life of society. True, such uniqueness is rare.

If you renounce politics, then politics will live without you. If a person is not interested in politics and economics, then he does not understand the trends in these areas of social development. A person can live without politics, but society as a whole cannot, unless of course it is a primitive society.

In my understanding, politics is the art of government. Politics and society are inextricably linked. Society consists of social groups that are united by common goals. Politics just expresses their interests. In order for the state to develop, it is necessary to take into account the interests of different strata of society.

Ukraine can be cited as an example of the unsuccessful development of the state. In my opinion, it is obvious that there is no "art of government" there, but there is a fight for power, an interest in dividing the country into pieces. The oligarchs are in power, and they do not express the interests of the middle and lower strata of society. The state is falling apart.

Preserving and expanding the borders of the state - this is the policy of the state. An example from history is the policy of Peter 1.

At the beginning of the XVIII century. As a result of the many years of the Northern War with Sweden, Russia gained access to the Baltic Sea, taking possession of the mouth of the Neva and the territories of modern Estonia and Latvia. In 1712, St. Petersburg, founded on the coast of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, became the capital of Russia, which greatly facilitated Russia's ties with European countries. In 1721 Russia proclaimed itself an empire. In the second half of the 18th century, after three partitions of the Commonwealth, the lands of Lithuania, Belarus and Right-Bank Ukraine became part of Russia. In the same period, as a result of victories over the Ottoman Empire, the coast of the Black and Azov Seas (Novorossiya) became part of the state. At the beginning of the XIX century. there was an accession to the Russian Empire of Finland, part of Poland and the territory between the rivers Dniester and Prut (Bessarabia). By the end of the period, the area of ​​the Russian Empire exceeded 16 million km 2.

Peter 1 significantly expanded the borders, doing everything for the good of the empire. In this casepolitics is a tool for the implementation of powerfully significant interests of social groups.

Thus, politics is a necessary part of our life, without which it would not be possible for a person to express his interests in society.

In the section on the question Help asked by the author Fgh dfgh the best answer is C1 Based on the text, reveal the essence of law. What features distinguish it from other social institutions?
Law is a part of social control, it expresses the basic postulates of a given society, based on state support. Law as a social institution is a way of regulating people's behavior, a measure of their freedom, which is expressed in a system of obligatory social norms established or sanctioned by the state, regulating the actions, behavior and relations of people and provided with state coercion or its threat.
Signs of law that distinguish it from other social institutions:
State establishment
obligatory
State sanctions
State guarantees
C2 What is the role of law, according to the author, in the historical development of mankind? Explain what this role is about.
The role of law in the historical development of mankind is to keep people from anti-social behavior and ensure the fulfillment of their duties for the benefit of a civilized society.
C3 The author argues that not every right and not under all conditions is the embodiment of humanism and civility. Based on the knowledge of the social science course, give examples of states with such legal systems.
In most cases, these were totalitarian states:
USSR under Stalin
Germany under Hitler
Italy under Mussolini
C4 Explain the relationship between the concepts of "law" and "law" . Which one is broader in content? Give three relevant justifications.
The concepts of "law" and "right" are interrelated and interpenetrating, which cannot be broken off and even more so opposed. But they cannot be identified. In terms of its content, the concept of “law” is wider than the concept of “law”, since law is the totality, or rather, the system of laws existing in a given state. The following can be given as justifications:
The right finds its expression not only in laws, but also in by-laws and in court decisions.
Law is not only laws about themselves, but also their action, relations based on them.
Law can also manifest itself in a non-legislative form: there are also natural law, universal human rights, principles and norms of international law.

Text 1

Law and law

[There is the following understanding of the essence of law]: law is not laws adopted by democratically elected institutions and expressing the sovereign will of the people, but general (abstract) principles of humanism, morality, and justice. But such fuzzy, amorphous ideas about law distance us from the desired legal order and the tasks of strengthening it, because these principles, ideas (“unwritten law”), despite their undeniably high value, still cannot by themselves, without the necessary formalization , to serve as criteria of lawful and unlawful, lawful and unlawful, and therefore, unable to ensure stability and organization in society. The normative basis of law disappears, its regulatory role is undermined.
In this case, space opens up for ... arbitrariness, since freedom, democracy, morality are understood by various political subjects, including those in power, in different ways ... And why are laws (normal, humane, created in compliance with all generally accepted procedures) not can express the above ideals? There is also a difficult question about who and how should determine whether this or that law is “legal” or “non-legal”? Where are the criteria? Who are the judges?
Of course, the categories of law and law do not coincide. The law is one of the forms of expression of law ... their identification is unacceptable. But even an excessive opposition of these two concepts does not lead to the achievement of positive goals. This breeds legal nihilism...

N.I. Matuzov

C1. Indicate two approaches to understanding the essence of law, described in the text.
C2. Which of these approaches, from the point of view of the author, is correct? Give any three arguments with which the author shows the failure of another approach.
SZ. What term, equivalent to the term "source of law", is used in the text? Does the author believe that laws are the only source of law? Based on the knowledge of the social science course, indicate three other sources of law.

Text 2

“Society cannot do without social regulation, in the system of which law plays a leading role. Law is a part of social control, it expresses the basic postulates of a given society, based on state support. Law as a social institution is a way of regulating people's behavior, a measure of their freedom, which is expressed in a system of obligatory social norms established or sanctioned by the state, regulating the actions, behavior and relations of people (their groups, state and public bodies, organizations and institutions) and secured by state coercion or its threat.<...>
The obligatory system-normative nature and essence of law predetermine its primary role in the social management of social life, where the objects and at the same time the subjects of such management are both individuals and their groups, as well as social institutions and organizations. Since the emergence of the political organization of society, it is the law that has played the most important role in keeping people from anti-social behavior and ensuring the fulfillment of their duties for the benefit of a civilized society. This provision objectively reflects the place and role of law in the historical development of mankind and, of course, is not aimed either at artificially belittling the importance of morality and religion, customs and traditions in social control, or at recognizing any right always and under all conditions the embodiment of humanism and civilization.<...>
There is no doubt that "law" and "law" are closely interconnected and interpenetrating concepts that are unlawful to break off and even more so to oppose. But they cannot be identified

Tadevosyan E. V. Sociology of law as a specific branch of sociology
// Social and humanitarian knowledge. 2000. No. 2. S. 102-104.

C1. Based on the text, reveal the essence of law. What features distinguish it from other social institutions?
C2. What is the role of law, according to the author, in the historical development of mankind? Explain what this role is about.
SZ. The author argues that not every right and not under all conditions is the embodiment of humanism and civilization. Based on the knowledge of the social science course, give examples of states with such legal systems.
C4. Explain the relationship between the concepts of "law" and "law". Which one is broader in content? Give three relevant justifications.

Text 3

The main place among social relations regulated by civil law is occupied by property relations in the commodity-money form associated with the possession and disposal of property. Under property in civil law is understood not only things, money, securities, but also property rights (for example, a bank deposit is nothing more than a right to claim). Property relations always arise and exist either in connection with the possession of property by a certain person (property relations), or in connection with the transfer of property from one person to another (obligation relations). Real relations mediate the right to a thing in statics, i.e. associated with belonging, possession of this or that property, in respect of which no agreement was concluded. The owner of a thing treats it as his own, i.e. owns, uses, disposes of, and also bears the burden of caring for, caring for property. On the other hand, the possessor of a thing has the right to eliminate the interference of other persons in his property activities, i.e. has absolute protection, defending its real right against everyone and everyone, including against the state. /…/
Obligation relations mediate only the right to a thing in dynamics, i.e. associated with the transfer of property benefits from one person to another, implement the process of exchanging objects of civil rights. Obligatory relations can arise from various grounds, the most important of which is a contract, as well as a unilateral transaction. Obligations may also arise from the infliction of harm by one person to another, from unjust enrichment. Personal non-property relations are such relations, the subject of which are intangible benefits, /…/ inseparable from the individual. Personal non-property relations can be divided into: directly related to property, i.e. such relations, the entry into which may entail property consequences for the subject of these relations /…/; non-property relations also include purely personal relations.

(T.V. Kashanina, A.V. Kashanin)

C1 What is meant by property in civil law? What is the form of property relations?
C2 Based on the text, indicate what are the similarities and what are the differences between the concepts of "real relations" and "obligation relations".
C3 List any three grounds for liability mentioned in the text. Describe, as an example, any one situation in which any of the obligations you have indicated arise.
C4 The text refers to two types of non-property relations. Give one example of each. Using one of the examples, explain how non-property relations can be related to property relations.

Text 4

Citizenship in Ancient Athens

The whole set of rights and privileges was used (according to the law of Pericles) only by those persons (male) whose father and mother were natural and full citizens of Athens.
Citizenship was acquired from the age of 18. Then, for two years, the young man served in the military. From the age of 20, he was allowed to participate in the people's assembly. The formal equality of full-fledged citizens did not exclude their actual inequality, determined by the inequality of property. The position of freed slaves was close to that of foreigners. They were given human dignity. It's different, worker. The slave was only a thing, its living likeness. It could be sold and bought, rented out. He couldn't have a family. Children, accustomed by him from communication with a slave, were the property of the owner.
The only thing the law forbade to the master was the killing of the slave.
The position of women in Athens deserves special mention. She had no political or civil rights.

Citizenship in Ancient Rome

Roman citizenship was acquired by birth from a full father and mother. Upon reaching the age of majority, the Roman youth became politically equal.
Roman citizenship was lost with sale into slavery for debts or crimes, and also as a result of exile or exile.
Political full rights did not yet mean "civil" full rights, that is, the right to dispose of property. While the father was alive - and the son, according to tradition, was under his authority (that is, as part of the father's family), he could not make any transactions with things and money if there was no direct authorization from the father. Both political and civil rights were the property of men. This, of course, does not mean the complete exclusion of women from participation in the affairs of the family and society. The influence of the woman was indirect, but quite significant. With the upbringing of children, the position of the mistress of the house, family ties, her intelligence, charm, and finally, her heroism, a Roman woman more than once had a decisive influence on the fate of her native city.

C1. What did citizenship have in common in Ancient Athens and Ancient Rome?
C2. What was the full rights of a citizen in these states?
C3. Prove that the title of citizen was honorary both in Ancient Athens and in Ancient Rome.
C4. Give an assessment of the legal status of women in Ancient Athens and Ancient Rome. Express your attitude towards him.

No society can do without social regulators, with the help of which the behavior of people is ordered. Where there is a society, there must be community rules, or social norms. Social norms determine the behavior of a person in society, and, consequently, the attitude of a person towards other people.

Any rules or requirements established by a person in relation to himself cannot be considered as social, since the latter necessarily involve a person turning to another person.

Social norms are not applicable in the sphere of regulation of human relations with the animal world, since for the process of emergence and existence of social norms and relations, their awareness and understanding are necessary first of all.

The object of regulation of social norms is the behavior of those subjects to whom they are addressed, that is, social relations.

Social norms are the rules governing the behavior of people and the activities of organizations in relationships with each other.

Social norms are diverse, but it is possible to single out a number of common features, one way or another characteristic of all these norms. Social norms have the following features:

These are the rules of human behavior, i.e. patterns of behavior, measures of proper and possible behavior of subjects;

They are of a general nature (their requirements do not apply to a specific person, but to many individuals);

These are binding rules of conduct (however, binding manifests itself in different ways; binding and compulsory should not be confused - far from all norms are compulsory).

The system of social norms of modern society includes law, morality, customs, religious norms, etc. The differences between them

are carried out according to the methods of establishment and forms of expression, according to the content and methods of influencing people's behavior and social relations, according to the means of protecting these norms from violations. The diversity of opinions regarding a clear definition of the list of social norms can be explained to a certain extent by the fact that the process of differentiation of social norms has not yet been completed (law has become more isolated, less morality).

Norms of morality (morality) - rules of conduct that are established in society in accordance with people's ideas about good and evil, justice and injustice, duty, honor, dignity and are protected by the power of public opinion or inner conviction.

Political norms - the rules of conduct that have developed in the political system of society, apply to a variety of subjects of political relations and regulate relations regarding the implementation and functioning of state power in a given society.

Corporate norms are the rules of conduct that are established by public organizations themselves and are protected with the help of public influence measures provided for by the charters of these organizations.

The norms of customs are the rules of behavior that have developed in a certain social environment and have become a habit of people (performed by force of habit) as a result of repeated repetition.

Traditions are rules of conduct passed down from generation to generation.

Today, traditions are also understood as the rules for holding any celebrations that are significant for a person or group of people (wedding, birthday, etc.). Traditions in property relations are called business customs or business habits. So, in Art. 5 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation provides for the possibility of applying stable rules that do not contradict the law in business activities. Article 13 of the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation establishes that “arbitration courts

9.2. Relationship between law and morality

in cases stipulated by the federal law, business practices are applied.

It is necessary to distinguish customs from rituals and ceremonies. Custom establishes the framework for the expediency of an act, and ritual is a specific design of existing social relations (rituals can be marriage, military, etc.).

Customs should not be confused with customary law. Customary law - norms of primitive customs sanctioned by the state, reflecting the interests of the community and protected by the power of state coercion. Today, customary law exists in some countries in South America, Southeast Asia and Africa. But even in developed countries, the norms governing marriage and family relations, inheritance are customs legalized by the state.

In addition, there are other social norms: religious, family, etiquette, rituals, ethics, etc.

Legal norms are among the social norms.

Legal norms are universally binding, formally defined rules of conduct established or sanctioned by the state, acting as a regulator of social relations and provided with state coercion.

Legal norms occupy a special place among social norms, since they have a number of specific features. In particular, only legal norms have formal certainty (the presence of stable sources, a clear designation of the circumstances leading to the occurrence of offenses, the rules of conduct themselves, the consequences of their non-compliance); state security (in case of violation of the requirements of legal norms, coercive measures may be applied); close relationship with the state (legal norms come from the competent state bodies or are sanctioned by them); representative-binding nature (in the legal norm, the subjective right of one subject is opposed by the legal obligation of another subject).

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