In order to learn how to clearly divide a word into morphemes, you need to master the algorithm of morphemic analysis. We extract parts of a word in the reverse order of their attachment to the word. This algorithm received the conditional name of the “matryoshka method”.
We start parsing the word from the outermost shell - from the selection graduation.
An ending is a variable meaningful part of a word that forms the form of a word (and therefore serves to connect words in a phrase and sentence). The ending expresses purely grammatical meanings: it indicates the number and case of nouns, numerals and personal pronouns; case, number and - only in the singular - gender of adjectives, participles and some pronouns; person and number of verbs in present and future tenses; number and gender of verbs in the past tense and conditional mood.
This point is feasible, of course, for those parts of speech and forms that have an ending. Adverbs, gerunds, verb infinitives, comparative degrees of adjectives, state category words, indeclinable nouns, invariable (analytical) adjectives, including invariable pronouns-adjectives (possessive pronouns) do not have endings (they are invariable words/forms). his, her, them).
In order to highlight the ending in a word, you need to change this word, that is, put it in a different form. It is best to put the word in several different forms in order to exclude the coincidence of the first sound of different endings. For example, to define an ending boundary in a word form reading, it will not be enough to give the word form is reading(there is a risk of erroneously attributing the vowel denoted by the letter “e” to the stem), you need to choose some other personal form of this verb, for example, I read or read:
read[s]
read [eat]
is reading]
It should be remembered that the ending in a word can be null. How to understand in this case what it is
is there in the word? It is necessary to change this word again, and then the ending will appear in other forms: table, but table[a], table[at] etc.; took, but took[a], have taken] etc.
In addition to endings, word forms can be formed using suffixes. Such suffixes are called formative. But these forms are not forms of inflection. So, when defining the boundary between the ending and the stem, it is necessary to change the word according to some categories.
The part of the word without an ending (and without formative suffixes, according to some linguists) is called the stem of the word.
What words do you think have a broken stem?
The stem is interrupted and continues after the end of reflexive verbs (going to) and quantitative complex numbers (fifty - five [and] ten [and]), compound nouns (sofa bed - sofa[a]-bed[s]).
At the next stage of the morphemic parsing of the word, we analyze the stem, determine which affixes it contains. To do this, we need to make a word-formation analysis - to understand from which word the given word is formed and to "subtract" from the given word the one from which it is formed. The resulting “difference” is those morphemes that were added during the word-formation step, therefore, we can single them out in the word (usually one morpheme is added in one step, but with the prefix-suffix method of word formation, a prefix and a suffix can be added at the same time). If the word is formed in several word-building steps, then we repeat this operation as long as possible. In the final queue, the root is allocated.
Consider this algorithm on the example of the word endurance.
1. Endurance - endurance[s], the word changes, the grammatical meaning of them. p. units h. is expressed by zero sound, therefore, a zero ending is highlighted.
2. Hardy awn - this is the property of someone hardy. Formed from an adjective hardy. We subtract from the derived word the found generating: hardy awn - hardy] + -awn - . We check if this suffix has a meaning - we select single-suffix words. cheerfulness, cunning- these nouns are also formed from adjectives and have the meaning of an objectified attribute. So, we have the right to single out such a suffix in this word.
3. Takeaway Liv -awn ← hardy]. We are already working with the generating word - hardy. We formulate its meaning: hardy- is the one who endures a lot. So it is derived from the verb endure. Subtract from the word hardy word take out / take out, ignoring the ending of the adjective and suffixes that were not included in the generating stem (the infinitive suffix -th and suffix -And-, forming the verb stem). Hardy -th - takeaway-and-be + -liv-. We select single-suffix words: thrifty, shrewd. The meaning is the same - regularly doing what is called the generating word. Therefore, we can highlight the suffix - Liv-.
4. You-nose-Liv -awn ← takeaway Liv-[th] ← you-wear. So we have come to the stage when it remains to single out one affix in the word, separating it from the root. Here, the method of finding the generating word may no longer work. For example, in this case the word endure, if we consider it in this particular sense - to overcome difficulties - is non-derivative (unlike the same verb in the phrase taking out the trash formed from the verb wear). We cannot interpret the meaning of this verb in any way with the help of the verb wear. This means that you need to prove the presence of a prefix in a different way - you should choose words with the same root (so that the root in them has the same meaning) with other prefixes. Thus, we can also establish a boundary between the root and the prefix. We select single-root synonymous verbs: demolish, carry. This means that the prefix in this word really stands out, and has not grown together with the root. Let's also choose a one-part word endure to prove the presence of such a value (achievement of the result, end of the process) for the prefix you-.
So, we have established with proof the following morphemic composition of the original word: endurance-.
Morpheme analysis
Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what "morpheme analysis" is in other dictionaries:
morphemic analysis of the word- A method aimed at studying the morphemic composition of a word in a synchronous aspect, identifying all the morphemes in the word that are alive from the point of view of the modern language. The basic units of this analysis are the word and the morpheme. In Russian, the morpheme ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
morphemic analysis of the word- A method aimed at studying the morphemic composition of a word in a synchronous aspect, identifying all the morphemes in the word that are alive from the point of view of the modern language. The basic units of this analysis are the word and the morpheme. In russian language… … Morphemics. Word Formation: Dictionary Reference
morphemic- see morpheme; oh, oh. Morphe/many analysis. Morphe / multiple word composition ... Dictionary of many expressions
athletic- adj. Fast. eg: relates. LZ 1 Used in athletics. Word-building analysis, Morphemic analysis: To enlarge, click on the picture LZ 2 Powerful, strong, like an athlete. Word-formation analysis, Morpheme analysis: To increase ... ...
put- vb. Fast. eg: I ref.; nesov. in.; transition; non-returnable 1) To place2 2) An institution in which money deposits of a PPE are placed2 1 To be located somewhere, to give a place for something. Word-building analysis, Morphemic analysis: LZ 2 Give away for storage ... ... Morphemic derivational dictionary
come- vb. Fast. eg: II ref.; nesov. in.; non-transitional; non-returnable 1) Come back when dry. 2) And in the evening winter comes again. LZ 1 Going to reach some place, appear somewhere. Word-building analysis, Morphemic analysis: LZ 2 Advance ... Morphemic derivational dictionary
human- adj. Fast. eg: relates. 1) The beauty of human2 relationships 2) Our human2 duty LZ 1 Peculiar, inherent in man. Word-building analysis, Morphemic analysis: LZ 2 Worthy of a person. Word-formation analysis, Morpheme analysis: ... ... Morphemic derivational dictionary
Morphemics is the morphemic structure of the language (the totality and types of morphemes distinguished in words), as well as the section of linguistics that studies the morphological models of the language: the types and structure of morphemes, their formal varieties (morphs) and patterns ... ... Wikipedia
anticyclone- noun Fast. eg: nav.; inanimate; abstract; m. r.; 2 fold. LZ Area of stable elevated atmospheric pressure. Word-building analysis, Morphemic analysis: To enlarge, click on the picture eg: unit num.; Them. n. The basis of the word form: ... ... Morphemic derivational dictionary
April- adj. Fast. eg: relates. LZ Occurring, existing in the fourth month of the calendar year. Word-building analysis, Morphemic analysis: To enlarge, click on the picture pr .: m. r .; units num.; Them. n. The basis of the word form: April ... ... Morphemic derivational dictionary
Books
- School morphemic and etymological dictionary. GEF, . A comprehensive school edition is proposed, representing morphemic and etymological dictionaries, compiled taking into account the vocabulary available in existing textbooks on the Russian language and ...
- School morphemic and etymological dictionary For students in grades 1-4, Lobodina N. (comp.). A comprehensive school edition is proposed, representing morphemic and etymological dictionaries, compiled taking into account the vocabulary available in existing textbooks on the Russian language and ...
1. Name the part of speech.
Determine whether the given word form changes or does not change.
2. Highlight ending(prove).
Change the word, set its meaning, indicate the way the ending is expressed (zero or materially expressed). Give examples of words with this ending.
3. Select base.
Determine its composition and nature: simple - complex, segmented - non-segmented, intermittent or continuous.
4. Select suffixes.
Set their meaning, function (word-forming, form-forming, basic-forming, evaluation), method of expression. Give examples of 2-3 words with the same suffixes.
5. Select attachments.
Determine their meaning and function. Give examples of 2-3 words with the same prefixes.
6. Select root.
Pick up related words and forms with all allomorphs of the root, name these allomorphs. Specify alternation at the root. Determine if the root is free or bound (prove).
7. Indicate whether there are changes in the morphemic composition of the word: in the composition of the root, prefix, suffix (simplification, re-decomposition, complication). Determine its cause.
Examples of morpheme analysis of words
waited ( beforerailway butl Ø Xia )
- Verb, modified word.
- I waited but ss, waited And s . Zero termination ( Ø ) indicates that the verb is in m. p., in singular. h. Examples of words with the same ending: showed Ø sya, laughed Ø sya .
- The foundation waited-Xia - simple, segmented, discontinuous.
- Suffix - but- - basic, suffix - l- - formative (meaning of past tense verbs), postfix - Xia- - derivational and formative. Examples of words with the same suffixes: kup butlXia , round butlXia .
- Prefix before- - derivational, denotes an action brought to an end. Examples of words with the same prefix: before rode, before walked, before flew.
- Root - railway - ; railway al - railway et - about Jew the former; -railway - //-railway "- //-Jew - - the root is free, because in modern Russian there is the word "waiting", where the root is equal to the base.
- There are no historical changes in the composition of the word.
Ring ( tolc about )
- Noun, modified word.
- rings but, rings ohm, oh rings e. Ending -about indicates that the noun cf. p., II cl., in I. p. or V. p., in units. h. Examples of words with the same ending: apples about, cloud about .
- stem tolc- - simple, indivisible, continuous.
- Root rings - ; rings - rings - ring; rings - //rings- //ring "- - the root is free, because in modern Russian there is the word" ring ", where the root is equal to the base.
- There are changes in the morphemic composition of the word, historically it was: count b c about (related words were stake, well). Simplification. The reason is a change in the phonetic structure of the language as a result of the drop of reduced vowels and the loss of a motivated word.
Legend:
Ø - null ending, - And- ending, ** ** - stem of the word ** - suffix, Ø - zero suffix, *** - prefix, **** - root of the word: underpis chik Ø - underpis chik And .
A morpheme (from the Greek morphe - "form") is one of the basic units of a language, often defined as a minimal sign, i.e. such a unit in which a certain content (signified) is fixed behind a certain phonetic form (signifier) and which is divided into simpler units of the same kind.
To perform a morphemic analysis of a word means to find out what minimal meaningful units the word is composed of, and to determine what is the status of these constituent units.
Morphemes are divided into two main groups: root and affix (from Latin affixus - "attached"), i.e. those that are attached to the root.
Root- carrier of the main lexical meaning of the word.
The roots are free, then they are found in the language as an independent word without a word-forming affix, i.e. with a materially expressed or zero ending or without it, if the word does not have a grammatical form: fire, fiery, flint; game, play, toy; there, local; where, somewhere;
Affixal morphemes are also divided into two groups: grammatical, or formative, affixes and derivational affixes.
Formative affixes serve to form the form of the word; these include endings, or inflections, and the so-called formative suffixes, for example, suffixes of the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs: Formative affixes are not included in the stem of the word, which is the guardian of the lexical meaning of the word, the pledge of the identity of the word to itself with any change in grammatical form.
However, the verb has two stems that serve as the basis for the formation of its different forms. One basis - basis of present tense- serves as the basis for the formation of all forms of crust. vr., participles valid. pledge present. time, participle of the passive voice present. vr., dep. nesov. kind, form of the imperative mood.
Second stem - past tense- serves as the basis for the formation of past tense forms, participles of action. pledge past. temp. and communion of suffering. pledge past. vr., dep. owls. kind, infinitive.
Thus, all affixes attached to one or another verb stem (for example, the past tense suffix -l-) are considered only as formative:
Among the names of nouns and adjectives there are a number of words that are called invariable, for example, cinema, subway, cache-pot, cache-ne, karate; beige, burgundy, air, luxury, etc. They have nothing to indicate the form in which they are used in the sentence. They don't have an ending. None. And zero too.
In opposition, one form is reflected from another, signaling its existence and, at the same time, its meaning. The opposition of one grammatical form to another is an important concept in grammar. Without opposition there can be no grammatical form. And if it is not there, then there is nothing to indicate to the end. That is why immutable words have no ending.
"Pa - under, under, last or humiliation, the lowest degree." More examples of words with this prefix: ruin, swell (make misfortune after misfortune), paschenok (swearing appeal to someone who allegedly hasn’t even grown to a puppy), pavolna (round excitement after a storm, a cradle, swell), pavoloka (fabric than envelop or dress), turnaround (way back).
The prefix differs from other prefixes, and from pa-, first of all, by the derivational meaning that it introduces into a derivative, newly formed word.
Suffix located behind the root morpheme. And only one suffix is located at the very end of the word, after all the grammatical affixes, - this is the suffix that forms the reflexive verbs -sya / -sya (studied, hid, lazy, undereducated, executed). Its special location is a tribute to the past, the memory that it was once a pronoun (an unstressed short version of itself) and could even take any place in a sentence, not just after a verb. (Such a right was preserved for the word sya in some Slavic languages, for example, in Polish.)
The number of prefix and suffix morphemes in the language is not only limited, but also small compared to the number of root morphemes.
In dictionaries, for example, in the "Dictionary of Russian morphemes" A.I. Kuznetsova and T.F. Efremova, morphemes, in particular, are presented in a separate list. The list of roots contains 4400 units, the prefixes are about 34 units (many of them have variants, for example: -without-/without-, -from-/-iso-, -under-/-under-, etc.; variants not taken into account separately). There are a little more suffixes than prefixes, but much less than roots - about 500.
However, not all suffixes are equally active in modern Russian. Of the most active (or, as they are called, productive) suffixes, we will name just a few:
The process of isolating a suffix in a word is complicated by the fact that in Russian it is not possible to "mechanically apply" one morpheme to another. At the junction of morphemes, there are processes associated with the phonological limitations of the combination of certain sounds. For example: 1) alternation of phonemes bake - bake
<к>/<ч>, love - love<бл>/<б>, circle - surround<г>/<ж>etc.; 2) an additional phoneme or a group of phonemes appears, which serve as "shock absorbers" when connecting morphemes to each other, compare: fighter-ets, creator-ets and zhi-(l)-ets, ne-(v)-ets; sugar-n-th, road-n-yi highway-(j)-n-th, coffee-(j)-n-th; refuge-search-e and in-places-and-(l)-search-e; gatekeeper-nickname and movie-(w)-nickname, domino-(w)-nickname.
What is enclosed in parentheses is called differently by different scientists. Some propose the term submorph (from Latin sub - under, i.e. non-basic, non-main morphemic element, or something morphemic); others have proposed the term interfix (literally: attached between morphemes; lat. inter - between).
Some linguists include an additional sound element in the suffix, so several unambiguous suffixes are obtained, compare, for example, -shnik- (peteu-shnik) and -nik- (worker). But the carrier of the main meaning, the name of the person, is still the element -nickname-, i.e. one that is in all words with a given derivational meaning. We propose to call this meaningless (desemantized, asemantic) element submorph and highlight it with brackets to more clearly highlight the main, significant suffix.
The fact is that scientists proposed to call the term interfix also the element that is well known to schoolchildren under the name of the connecting vowel, for example, in the words: sea-e-products, sheep-e-bull, house-o-stroy, etc. For scientists considering a chain of morphemes combined into a word, it is important to single out semantic elements and somehow designate "padding", insignificant elements, and it doesn't matter: they stand between two roots or between a root and a suffix: ancient-e-Russian, tam-o -(sh)-ny. And a schoolboy who has long been familiar with the connecting vowel and has just learned about the existence of "interfixes" is not all the same - for him these elements are different. Let the interfix stay behind the vowels about And e: snow-o-move, empty-o-breh, false-e-witness, edge-e-ved, dust-e-purifier.
In some words, it is difficult to find a connecting vowel in a word, since it coincides, merges with part of the word due to euphony: meter about bridge, dost about noteworthy. Sometimes the interfix is difficult to find because the whole part of the word is "lost" - usually a syllable. Such a phenomenon in linguistics is called haplology (from the Greek haploos - simple, logos - word, doctrine) - the loss of one or two identical or similar syllables immediately following each other: standard-bearer > standard-bearer; lermontovologist > lermontovologist; tragicomedy > tragicomedy; pinkish > pinkish.
If the first part of the compound word is a numeral, then the ending of the numeral also plays the role of an interfix:
Sometimes scientists distinguish another morphemic unit - confix(from lat. co (n) - with, together): under-...-nick (windowsill, glass holder), behind-...-j- (district, zagorye).
In addition, there are morphemes that are not repeated in the language, but stand out as such, because other parts of the word are definitely morphemes: glass-tier, mel-yuzg-a, post-amt, malch-ugan. Such morphemes are called unifixes (unique, inimitable).
So, the main morphemes are named. How to find them in a word?
The correct establishment of boundaries between morphemes is determined by considering the word (or its form, i.e. word form) in the series of formations of the same type in structure (single-root and single-affixed).
A complete morphemic analysis assumes that we have established the form and meaning of each element. In obvious cases, any student can cope with morphemic analysis, but there are cases that are not easy even for professionals, and then the only thing left for the student is to use reference literature and refer to authority.
Morphemic analysis shows from what minimum significant parts ( morphemes) consists of the word being studied.
Note: In different educational complexes, the approach to parsing the word is different. To avoid problems, compare the following parsing order with your textbook.
Parsing a word by composition it is advisable to start with the designation of the initial form, with the definition of the part of speechto which the word refers. Thereafter:
- highlight the ending and the formative suffix (if they are in the word),
- highlight the stem of the word - part of the word without endings and formative suffixes,
- highlight the prefix and / or suffix (suffixes) in the basis of the word through the construction of a word-formation chain,
- highlight the root in the word.
For reference:
Ending -
a formative morpheme expressing the grammatical meanings of gender, person, number and case (at least one of them!) and serving to link words in a phrase and sentence.
The foundation - this is an obligatory element of the morphemic structure of the word, expressing the lexical meaning of the word. All types of formative morphemes (ending, formative suffix) are not included in the stem of the word; the word-forming reflexive suffix - sya / -s (uchi-l-a-s) is included in the stem.
Suffix - a significant part of the word that is after the root (the exception is the suffix -sya (-s), which is after the end) and usually serves to form words.
Word-formers suffixes serve to form new cognate words: write - writing body, optics - optical esk-th.
TO formative suffixes include:
suffixes of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs in -O, -E: -her, -her, -e, -she, -eysh, -aysh: strong - strong -her, expensive - expensive e, submissively - submissively ash- e, high - high -aysh-th;
suffixes of past tense verbs in the indicative and conditional mood -l- and zero: deeds- l- Affairs- l would carry -Ø - carried- Ø would;
suffixes of the indefinite form of the verb - t, - ty(at school are considered as the end): lying- l-a - lying- be, pass- l-a - pass- ti ;
participle suffixes -usch-, - yusch-, -ash-, - yashch-, - vsh-, - sh-, - eat-, - im-, - om-, - nn-, - enn-, - t-: carried yi-y, game- Yusch-y, scream- ash-y, whistle- crate-y, read- vsh-y, ros- w-y, organize- eat-y, love- them-th, ved- ohm oh, see- nn th, open- enn-th, erased- T th;
adjectival suffixes -a-, -i-, -uchi-, -yuchi-, -in-, -lice-, -shi-: hear- but, yes- I, bud- teach, a game- yuchi, lose- in, hope- lice-sh, locked- shea-ss.
Note: When attributing participles and gerunds to independent parts of speech, their suffixes are considered as derivational (singing, sung, singing, singing - they are considered as different words, and not as a form of the verb to sing).
Suffixes can cause grammatical alternations in the root: flies-a - mush-k-a
Prefix , or prefix- this is a significant part of the word, which is located before the root and serves to form new words.
Root - the main significant part of the word, which contains its main lexical meaning, the common part of cognate or related words. The root is the only obligatory part of the word. There are no words without a root, while there are a significant number of words without prefixes, suffixes and without endings.
Parsing examples:
Noun Some nouns do not have an ending, due to the fact that they do not change (coat, highway). stand out zero endings: Zero derivational suffix stands out: |
|
(y) window window | initial form window -
a noun denoting a specific subject; |
air air/ohm | initial form air -
noun denoting a substance; |
renaming re/im/en/ova/nij/yu | initial form renaming -
abstract verbal noun; |
cream s/wh/w/c/am | initial form cream
- collective noun; |
Verb endings No at the infinitive. stands out zero ending in verbs singular h.m. past temp. and conditional mood: did-〙 (would); for verbs in the imperative mood, where the zero ending expresses the meaning of the singular: see-〙. Most verbs have two or more modifications basics- infinitive and present tense (for perfective verbs - future). Zero suffix stands out in verbs singular. h.m. past temp. and conditional mood: carried-Ø-〙 (cf. carried-l-a), coast-Ø-〙 (would) |
|
offends offend/a/j/et | initial form offend
- imperfective verb; |
got together collected/〙/Xia | initial form going to
- got together
- reflexive verb of the perfect form of the indicative mood; |
rewrite re/write/〙/And | initial form rewrite - rewrite
- perfective imperative verb; |
blush on / red / e / t | initial form blush
- infinitive (indefinite form of the verb); |
Adjective Some adjectives (beige, mini, raglan...), as well as comparative adjectives do not have endings, since they do not change. Zero ending stands out from short adjectives. p. units h.m.r.: sad-〙; in them. p. units h.m. possessive adjectives: sister-〙 (sister), fish-〙 (fish [b "y a]). Form-building suffixes presented in degrees of comparison of the adjective are not included in the stem. Suffixes adjectives help to determine one or another category of adjectives, for example, - liv - a suffix of quality adjectives (patient, annoying), - sk - a suffix of relative adjectives (Pushkin (style), sea), - ov-, - in-, - th - suffixes possessive adjectives: (fathers, petin, bovine). |
|
highest (level) vysoch/aysh/his | initial form tall,
highest - simple superlative degree of comparison of the adjective; |
urban (the outside) city/sk/th | initial form urban
- relative adjective; |
grandfather (home) grandfather / s / y | Possessive adjective, initial form grandfathers
; |
convenient convenient /〙 | Qualitative adjective in short form, initial form comfortable
; |
Ø - zero suffix
〙- null ending
With the suffixal method of word formation, the suffix can be not only materially expressed, but also zero (exit-Ø-〙, blue-Ø-〙, bully-Ø-a, travel-Ø-th). This method is used in different parts of speech.
Nouns are formed from - nouns: table → table- ik, – adjectives: blue → sin- ev-a, xin-Ø-〙, – verbs: run → run- rel-i, run-Ø-〙, - numerals: one hundred → hundred- n-I, two → two- n-ya, - adverb: together → message- Nick, why → why- chk-but.
Adjectives are formed from - adjectives: blue → sin- enk-y, - nouns: autumn → autumn- n-y, - verbs: read → read- flax-th, - numerals: two → double- n-oh, - adverb: inside → inside- enn th.
Pronouns are formed from pronouns - suffixes - then, - either, - somebody: someone, someone, someone.
Numerals - from numerals: two → twelve, five → fifteen, two → two-oj-e.
Verbs are formed from - verbs: reread → reread- yva-th, wash → wash- Xia, – adjectives: red → red- e-be, prominent → visible-e- be-Xia, – nouns: partisan → partisan-and- be, crowd → crowd-and- be-Xia, – numerals: two → two-and-th (‘divide in two’), – interjections: ah → ah-a- be.
Adverbs are formed from - nouns: winter → winter- Oh, – adjectives: good → good- about, - numerals: three → tr- idly, – verbs: lie → lie- but, – adverb: good → good- enko like → somehow.
Prepositions - from verbs: except- I← exclude.
Morphemic analysis (analysis of a word by composition) shows from what minimum significant parts ( morphemes) consists of the word being studied.
