Modern language, and are grammatical archaisms. Examples of such expressions in Russian will be: “stay with your nose”, “beat the buckets”, “give back”, “play the fool”, “point of view”, “without a king in your head”, “soul to soul”, “sewn with white threads, etc.

Classification (phraseological units)[ | ]

The concept of phraseological units (fr. unité phraséologique) as a stable phrase, the meaning of which cannot be deduced from the meanings of its constituent words, was first formulated by the Swiss linguist Charles Bally in the work “ Precis de stylistique”, where he contrasted them with another type of phrases - (fr. séries phraséologiques) with a variable combination of components. Later, V. V. Vinogradov identified three main types of phraseological units:

General properties [ | ]

Phraseologism is used as a whole that is not subject to further decomposition and usually does not allow rearrangement of its parts within itself. The semantic fusion of phraseological units can vary within a fairly wide range: from the non-derivation of the meaning of a phraseological unit from its constituent words to with the meaning arising from the meanings that make up the combination. The transformation of a phrase into a stable phraseological unit is called lexicalization.

Different scholars interpret the concept differently. phraseological unit and its properties, however, the most consistently distinguished by various scientists properties of phraseological units are:

• (separate design);
• to belong to.

Phraseological fusions (idioms)[ | ]

Phraseological fusion or idiom (from the Greek. ἴδιος - “own, peculiar”) is a semantically indivisible turnover, the meaning of which is completely inferred from the sum of the values ​​\u200b\u200bof its constituent components, their semantic independence has been completely lost. For example, " sodom and gomorrah- "turmoil, noise." With a literal translation of phraseological fusions, a foreigner usually cannot understand their general meaning: in English. to show the white feather - “accused of cowardice” (literally - “show a white feather”, in England a white feather was handed over to deviators during the war) not one of the words hints at the meaning of the whole phrase.

Phraseological units[ | ]

Phraseological unity is a stable turn, in which, nevertheless, the signs of the semantic separation of the components are clearly preserved. As a rule, its overall meaning is motivated and derived from the meaning of individual components.

Often a phraseological expression is a complete sentence with a statement, edification or conclusion. Examples of such phraseological expressions are proverbs and aphorisms. If there is no edification in the phraseological expression or there are elements of understatement, then this is a saying or a catchphrase. Another source of phraseological expressions is professional speech. Speech cliches also fall into the category of phraseological expressions - stable formulas like “ good luck», « see you again" etc.

Melchuk's classification[ | ]

1. The language unit affected by phraseologization:
2. Participation of pragmatic factors in the process of phraseologization:
3. Component of a linguistic sign subject to phraseologization:
4. Degree of phraseology:

In general, as a result of such a calculation, Melchuk singles out 3 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 54 types of phrases.

see also [ | ]

Notes [ | ]

Literature [ | ]

• Amosova N. N. Fundamentals of English phraseology. - L., 1963.
• Arsent'eva E. F. Phraseology and phraseography in a comparative aspect (on the material of Russian and English languages). - Kazan, 2006.
• Valgina N. S., Rosenthal D. E., Fomina M. I. Modern Russian language. - 6th ed. - M. : Logos, 2002.

Phraseological unit

(phraseologism, phraseological turn). Lexically indivisible, stable in its composition and structure, a phrase that is integral in meaning, reproduced in the form of a finished speech unit. From the point of view of semantic fusion, there are:

1) Phraseological unions (idioms). Phraseological phrases with absolute semantic solidarity of parts, the integral meaning of which is not derived from the meanings of their constituent words (often outdated, retaining an archaic grammatical form and syntactic connection not justified by modern rules). To beat the thumbs, to be amazed, the railway, out of hand, how to give a drink, a caesarean section, without any hesitation, to stay with a nose, headlong, put your hand on your heart, get into a mess, eat a dog, sharpen balusters, celebrate a coward, tell a joke.

2) Phraseological units. Phraseological turns, the integral meaning of which (usually figurative) is motivated to one degree or another by the individual meanings of their constituent words. Fly out into the pipe, hold the stone in your bosom, bring it to a white heat, throw a fishing rod, bury talent in the ground, plug it in your belt, play hide and seek, redcurrant, break through an open door, an inclined plane, lather your head, zero attention, first violin, lumpy first pancake, go with the flow, put teeth on the shelf, splurge, seven Fridays a week, caecum, pulverize, freezing point, pull the strap, specific gravity, go into your shell, center of gravity.

3) Phraseological combinations. Phraseological turns, which include words with a free and phraseologically related meaning, and the integral meaning follows from the meaning of individual words. Castle in the air, exclamation mark, hurt pride, bosom friend, sworn enemy, touch on a sense of honor, pitch hell, frown eyebrows, win, lower your head, break your nose, burn with shame, bare your teeth, sudden death, longing takes, biting frost, fragile prow, delicate question, delicate position.

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what a "phraseological unit" is in other dictionaries:

Exist., number of synonyms: 3 idioms (10) stable turn of speech (3) phraseological unit ... Synonym dictionary

A phraseological unit, or a phraseological unit, is stable in composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in meaning, a phrase that performs the function of a separate lexeme (vocabulary unit). Phraseologism is used as a whole, ... ... Wikipedia

phraseological unit- a phraseological unit (phraseological unit, idiom) that performs the function of a separate word, a stable phrase, the meaning of which is not deducible from the meanings of its constituent components (for example, give change to answer with a blow for a blow) ... Universal additional practical explanatory dictionary by I. Mostitsky

phraseological unit- a phrase in which the semantic solidity (the integrity of the nomination) prevails over the structural separateness of its constituent elements, as a result of which it functions as part of a sentence as the equivalent of one word ... Explanatory Translation Dictionary

Language units by levels Syntactic Lexical ... Wikipedia

- (unit of language, language unit) Segment of speech, regularly reproduced as a definite unity of content and expression. Phonetic unit (phoneme). A morphological unit (morpheme). Syntactic unit (sentence and phrase). ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

FE- phraseological unit ... Dictionary of abbreviations of the Russian language

A phraseological unit, an idiom, a stable combination of words, which is characterized by a constant lexical composition, grammatical structure and a meaning known to native speakers of a given language (in most cases, figuratively), not ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

phraseological combinations- Phraseological unit, in which only one of the components has a phraseologically related meaning, due to which there is a structural-semantic dismemberment of the unit: bosom friend ... Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography

1.1. Phraseological unit definition

In the modern science of language, the term phraseology is used in two meanings - as a scientific discipline that studies phraseological units or phraseological units, as well as the composition itself or the totality of such units in a language.

The vocabulary of the language consists not only of individual words, but also stable combinations, which, along with individual words, serve as a means of expressing concepts. Stable combinations are free combinations of words.

The phraseological unit is a stable formation. This position is not disputed by anyone. Following the theory of A.V. Kunin, a phraseological unit is a stable combination of lexemes with a completely or partially rethought meaning.

An important stimulus for the independent development of the problems of English phraseology in Russian linguistics was the appearance of the works of Academician V.V. Vinogradov on the phraseology of the Russian language. In his works, phraseological units received a more reasonable definition. He believed that phraseological units are stable verbal complexes, opposed to free syntactic combinations as ready-made language formations that are not created, but only reproduced in speech.

V.N. Telia writes that in every language there are units that form its nominative inventory and rules for combining these units into combinations. This linguistic universal is opposed by an equally universal phenomenon of the reverse order: “In every language there are syntactic structures that deviate in some way from the general rules for the combination of nominative units and appear as lexico-syntactic anomalies. The totality of such linguistic entities is usually attributed to the phraseological component specific for each language.

The author also notes that phraseological units can be a combination of folklore, mythological, religious, literary texts; often being a compression of some plot, they absorb its morality into their meaning. The phraseological composition of the language also includes citations - winged expressions, puns, jokes, etc.

I.I. Chernikova singled out the main criterion that distinguishes a phraseological unit from a variable phrase and stable phrases of other types. Such a criterion, in her opinion, is the semantic transformation of the component composition.

Thus, phraseological units can be considered stable verbal complexes of various structural types with a single linkage of components, the meaning of which arises as a result of a complete or partial semantic transformation of the component composition.

Having studied the rather contradictory theories of well-known phraseologists, taking into account all points of view on the problems of phraseology, one can finally derive a general definition of a phraseological unit, which we have adopted in this study as a working one. So, a phraseological unit is a stable combination of words of various structural types with a completely or partially rethought meaning, performing a nominative-expressive function in the language, having their own characteristics of use in speech.

1.2. Phraseologism equivalence to a word

The development of phraseology as a linguistic science has recently posed a very difficult problem for researchers - the relationship of a phraseological unit with a word. In modern linguistics, there are different points of view regarding the very formulation of this question. Some consider the phraseological unit to be equivalents of words, others point to their correlation with the word, replacing the theory of equivalence with the theory of correlation of phraseological combination with the word.

The theory of the equivalence of a phraseological unit to a word goes back to the concept of expressive facts identification developed by S. Bally, who pointed out that the most common feature of a phraseological turnover, replacing all the others, is the possibility or impossibility to substitute one simple word instead of this combination. Sh. Bally called such a word "word-identifier". Balli considers the presence of such a synonym as an internal sign of the integrity of phraseological units.

Most linguists (N.N. Amosova, V.P. Zhukov, A.V. Kunin, A.I. Smirnitsky and others) did not agree with this concept. “The semantic integrity of a phraseological unit cannot be established in this way,” wrote V.P. Zhukov in his work on phraseology, "since variable combinations of words can have synonymous words." For example, look fixedly - to stare; sufferings of mind or body - pain, etc.

Indeed, phraseological units are in many ways similar to a word, however, as a rule, it is impossible to put an equal sign between the meaning of phraseological units and the meaning of those words with which they are identified. An essential element of the semantics of a phraseological unit is the evaluation of the concept expressed by it, its special modality, while the element of evaluation is less characteristic of the semantic structure of the word. In most cases, phraseological units and the words associated with them differ in stylistic coloring and, in relation to individual words, phraseological units act mainly as stylistic rather than ideographic synonyms.

It should also be borne in mind that proverbs and sayings, i.e. phraseological units with a sentence structure can only be identified with the help of sentences, for example, birds of a feather flock together - people who have the same interests, ideas, etc. are attracted to each other and stay close together; the blind leading the blind – a situation in which the person who is leading or advising others knows a little as they do.

The semantic integrity of a phraseological unit can be established by comparing its meaning with the meaning of its components as separate words, as well as by identifying the features of its use in the context.

Some supporters of the theory of complete equivalence (N.N. Amosova, N.M., A.I. Smirnitsky and others) consider phraseological units as lexical units that do not need a special, specific, unique classification, and which should be classified as follows the same way words are classified. AI Smirnitsky, for example, in this regard, includes phraseology in the composition of lexicology. Thus, all the specifics of phraseological units are reduced to nothing. The word, no matter how complex it may be in terms of semantic structure, does not belong to the field of phraseology, it is an object of lexicography and lexicology.

Words and phraseological units are introduced into speech in finished form. This fact is presented as one of the arguments in favor of the theory of complete equivalence. Introduction into speech in finished form is a shaky basis for the equivalence of phraseology to a word, since reproduction in finished form is a characteristic feature of all units of the language, and, as A.I. Alekhina: "... it is inappropriate to consider them as equivalents of words, it is only important to take into account the characteristic features of reproducibility in finished form, depending on the structural and semantic features of various units of the language" . And in structural and semantic terms, phraseological units are a separate unit of language, much more complex than a word, and this affects its actualization in a written or oral context.

Phraseologism is not identical to the word and is not completely equivalent to it. “It is a lexical unit of a more complex type, since the semantic meaning represented by a phraseological phrase is expressed not by one word, but by a combination of two or more words.” Phraseologism differs from the word in its structure: the word consists of morphemes, and any phraseological unit is, first of all, a combination of words united according to the laws of grammar of a particular language (separate phraseme formation and whole word formation). The components of phraseological units are not free in their connections, the circle of their compatibility with other words is closed. Phraseologisms are characterized by lexical stability, basically retain a constant composition.

It seems that “... the equivalence of a phraseological unit to a word can only be recognized in terms of their relationship to language and speech: both phraseological unit and word are units of the language normally used in speech as units of nomination.”

In itself, concepts that are characteristic only for a particular language. Conclusions to Chapter III. The sources of the origin of phraseological units in modern English are very diverse. All phraseological units, including phraseological units, containing in their semantics an element of color designation, can be divided into two large groups: native English and borrowed ones. Borrowings can also be subdivided...

Not only a violation of the norms of a foreign language, but also to the creation of a meaningless context in the place of the lost technique. 2.2 Acceptance of compensation as a way of transferring an English pun Of course, changes in the semantic basis of a pun in a foreign language, the transfer of its content in a non-punning form, entail certain losses. However, in the arsenal of the translator there is a reliable means of reimbursing them - the reception ...

The class nature of the language, its belonging to a superstructure over the economic basis of society, etc. Attempts to spread the direct conditioning of the internal structure of the language by social, production factors (phonetics, grammar, partly word formation) turned out to be untenable. It should be noted, however, that the indirect influence of social development on the internal ...

Used in oral speech, in the process of speaking. Consequently, these speech units can be used as a means of forming the oral-speech skills of schoolchildren. Chapter II. PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS AS A MEANS OF FORMING ORAL SPEECH SKILLS OF SCHOOLCHILDREN Teaching speaking using phraseological units In the history of methodology, the role of teaching this type of speech activity in ...

Idioms, winged expressions, proverbs and sayings make up a huge layer in any language, thanks to which speech becomes richer and brighter. Otherwise they are called phraseological units. What is it and what they are, we will consider in this article.

Definition

Phraseology is the study of the vocabulary under consideration. A phraseological unit is a stable one in a language, the meaning of which is clear to all its speakers. Synonyms of this concept are the words phraseme, phraseologism.

Functions

A phraseological unit can perform the functions of different parts of speech. For example, it could be:

• noun (Kazan orphan, dog in the manger);
• verb (beat the buckets, drink up to the green serpent);
• adjective (drunk as an insole);
• adverb (head-on, tirelessly).

Like any linguistic phenomenon, phrasemes have their own characteristics.

1. Reproducibility. This feature shows that the phraseological unit is familiar to most native speakers, and it is not invented anew each time. For example, “beat the buckets” means “to mess around”.
2. Semantic integrity, which is understood as a complete or partial rethinking of the words that make up the phrase. For example, the expression “he ate a dog” means “experienced”, and not the fact that someone ate a dog.
3. Separate design means the presence of two or more words in a phrase that have a different meaning outside of it.
4. Stability is a sign showing the possibility or impossibility of changing the component composition by reducing, expanding or replacing the words that make it up. An unstable phraseological unit can be changed using:

• vocabulary, when one word is replaced by another;
• grammar, when the expression is subjected to grammatical changes without changing the meaning;
• quantitative, when the phraseologism changes due to the expansion or reduction of components;
• positions when components are swapped.

Overview of classifications

Many linguists tried to classify phraseological units, and the approaches were different. Some relied on grammar and structure, others on style, and still others on meaning and theme. Each classification has a right to exist, and below we will consider the most important ones.

• The first classification of phraseological units was proposed by L.P. Smith, in which the latter were grouped according to their theme. For example, “human activity”, “natural phenomena”. The main drawback of this typology is the ignoring of the linguistic criterion.
• Unlike its predecessor, the linguistic principle was included in the classification developed by V. V. Vinogradov. The types of phraseological units proposed by him were divided according to semantic fusion - unity, combination and fusion.
• N. M. Shansky proposed, in addition to phraseological units, to single out a separate classification for expressions (sayings, proverbs and popular expressions).
• The classification proposed by A. I. Smirnitsky was based on the structural and grammatical principle.
• The basis of the classification of N. N. Amosova was the meaning of phraseological units and the analysis of their context.
• S. G. Gavrin approached the classification from the side of their functional and semantic complexity.
• A. V. Kunin supplemented the classification of V. V. Vinogradov.

Classification by V. V. Vinogradov

In unity, the word (phraseological unit) coincides with its components, that is, from what has been said it is clear what is being said. For example, pulling a strap means doing something for a long time.

Splices - the value does not match its constituent components. For example, to mess around. In some fusions there are words that have lost their original meaning and are no longer used in modern Russian. For example, baklushi are chocks that were used in the manufacture of wooden spoons.

In combinations, the meaning of a phraseological unit is made up of components, one of which has a linking function, in which one of the components of a phraseological unit is combined with some words, but not combined with others. For example, you can say "fear takes", "sadness takes" in the sense of "scary" or "sad", but you cannot say that "joy takes" in the meaning of "fun".

Classification by A. I. Smirnitsky

This classification divided phraseological units into idioms, phrasal verbs and proper phraseological units. Both the first and second were divided into 2 groups, which, in turn, were divided into subgroups:

a) one-sided:

• verbal-adverbial (by hook or by crook);
• equivalent to verbs, the semantic core of which is in the second component (easy and simple to do);
• prepositional-substantive, equivalent to adverbs or predicatives (brothers in mind);

b) two- and multi-vertex:

• attributive-substantive, the equivalent of which is a noun (dark horse, gray cardinal);
• verb-substantive, the equivalent of which is a verb (take a word);
• repetitions are equivalents of an adverb.
• adverbial multi-apex.

Classification by N. N. Amosova

In the typology of N. N. Amosova, phraseological units are divided into idioms and phrasemes, the approach to classifying which is based on context analysis. Analysis is understood as a combination of a semantically realizable word with a demonstrative minimum. Such a context may be fixed or variable. With a constant context, the demonstrative minimum is constant and the only one possible for a given meaning of a semantically realizable word. For example, "white lie", "leave in English".

In a variable context, the words in the index minimum may change, but the meaning will remain the same. For example, with the word "dark" you can use the words "horse" and "man" - man "in the meaning of" secret, secretive ".

Phraseological units with constant context are divided into phrasemes and idioms.

Classification by S. G. Gavrin

S. G. Gavrin classified phraseological units from the side of functional and semantic complexity. Thus, his classification of phraseological units included stable and variable-stable combinations of words. The studies of S. G. Gavrin in the field of phraseology were based on the works of V. V. Vinogradov and N. M. Shansky and continued the development of 4 types of phraseological units.

Classification by A. V. Kunin

The classification of phraseological units, compiled by A. V. Kunin, supplemented the classification of V. V. Vinogradov. It included phraseological units:

1. Single-vertex from one significant and two or more non-significant lexemes.
2. With the structure of a coordinating or subordinating phrase.
3. With a partially predicative structure.
4. With a verb in the infinitive or in the passive voice.
5. With the structure of a simple or complex sentence.

From the point of view of semantics, A. V. Kunin divides the above phraseological units into four groups:

• with a component, that is, denoting an object, a phenomenon - they are called nominative; this group includes 1, 2, 3 and 5 types of phraseological units, except for complex ones;
• without subject-logical meaning, expressing emotions - such phrasemes are called interjectional and modal;
• with a sentence structure, which are called communicative - this group includes sayings, proverbs and catch phrases;
• The 4th group refers to the nominative-communicative.

Sources of phrases in Russian

Phraseological units of the Russian language can be:

• originally Russian;
• borrowed.

The origin of native Russians is connected with life, dialects and professional activities.

Examples of phraseological units:

• household - a goal like a falcon, hang your nose, take it for a living;
• dialectal - peak position, smoke yoke;
• professional - (carpenter), pull the gimp (weaving), play the first violin (musician).

Borrowed phraseological units came into the Russian language from Old Slavonic, ancient mythology and other languages.

Examples of borrowings from:

• Old Slavonic - forbidden fruit, dark water in the clouds;
• ancient mythology - the sword of Damocles, the flour of Tantalus, Pandora's box, the apple of discord, sink into oblivion;
• other languages ​​- blue stocking (English), in grand style (German), not at ease (French).

Their meaning does not always coincide with the meaning of the words included in them and sometimes requires more knowledge, in addition to understanding the meaning of lexemes.

Phraseological expressions

Phraseological expressions and phraseological units of the language are united by the fact that they are stable expressions, and the speaker can easily reproduce them. But in the first place, the components of expressions can be used independently and as part of other phrases. For example, in the expressions “love is submissive to all ages”, “seriously and for a long time”, “wholesale and retail”, all words can be used separately.

It should be noted that not all linguists who study phraseological units with a component considered it possible to include them in the phraseological dictionary.

Catchwords are expressions borrowed from literature, cinema, theatrical performances, and other forms of verbal art. They are often used in modern speech, both orally and in writing. For example, "happy hours are not observed", "all ages are submissive to love."

Proverbs and sayings are holistic expressions that have elements of instructiveness and can be applied in a variety of situations. Unlike popular expressions, they do not have an author, since they were created by the people for many centuries and passed from mouth to mouth, and have come down to our time in their primary form. For example, “Chickens are counted in the fall” means that the results of a business can be judged after its completion.

B is a figurative, emotionally colored expression. For example, the saying “When cancer whistles on the mountain” means that some deed is unlikely to be done.

Proverbs and sayings are a vivid reflection of the values ​​and spiritual development of the people. Through them it is easy to see what people love and approve of, and what not. For example, “Without labor you can’t even pull a fish out of a pond”, “Labor feeds a person, but laziness spoils”, they talk about the importance of labor.

Development trends

Today, the lexical composition of the Russian language is experiencing a neological boom. Why?

The first reason is the social, economic, political and spiritual changes in Russia in the 1990s. The second is the activity of the media and the Internet, which led to freedom of speech and a large number of foreign borrowings. The third is the rapid development of technology, which contributes to the emergence of new information and words. Such a situation cannot but affect the meaning of words - they either lose their original meaning, or acquire another one. The boundaries of the literary language are also expanding - today it is open to colloquial, colloquial, slang words and phraseological units. Speaking of the latter, it is worth noting that the peculiarity of modern phraseological units is not the meaning of words, but their combination. For example, "wild market", "shock therapy", "near abroad countries", "cool outfit", "commercial break".

mini test

And now we invite you to test your erudition. What do these phraseological units mean:

• nod off;
• bite your tongue;
• everything in the hands burns;
• run headlong;
• wind on the mustache;
• eyes fled;
• count the crows;
• spins on the tongue;
• lie with three boxes.

Check out the correct answers. Values ​​(in order):

• want to sleep;
• shut up;
• a person does something easily and beautifully;
• run very fast;
• remember something important;
• a person from a large number of some things cannot choose one thing;
• sit back;
• a person wants to remember something well known, but cannot;
• promise or lie.

Introduction

Getting acquainted with a foreign language, assimilating and studying it, a person simultaneously penetrates into a new national culture, assimilates the enormous spiritual wealth stored by the language being studied. The English language has a thousand-year history. During this long time, it has accumulated a large number of expressions that people found successful, accurate and beautiful. And so a special layer of the language arose - phraseology, a set of stable expressions that have an independent expression. Phraseology, as an integral part and a kind of treasury of any language in the world, can especially contribute to familiarization with the national culture and history of the country of the language being studied. The world of phraseology is great and diverse, it reflects the peculiarities of culture, life, traditions of the people.

The subject of this study is Russian and English phraseological units that express universal (universal) knowledge and national-specific (unique) information that characterize the concepts of "Enmity" and "Friendship".

The relevance of the work lies in the fact that, based on the study of the phraseology of two languages, a linguocultural analysis of the picture of the world in Russian and English phraseology is given on the example of the analysis of the concepts "Enmity", "Friendship". We dare to assume that in modern linguistic science this has not yet been the object of a special study.

The aim of the study is to determine the universal and unique features of phraseological units in the linguistic picture of the world of the Russian and English-speaking peoples, understanding and understanding these concepts by people belonging to different national cultures.

In accordance with the set goal, the following main research methods were used in the work: descriptive-comparative method, interpretive method, continuous sampling method. The material for the study was Russian-English and English-Russian phraseological, etymological and explanatory dictionaries.

This work consists of two chapters, the first of which deals with approaches to understanding phraseological units, their classification and features of translation. The second chapter is completely devoted to the consideration of the above concepts in English and Russian phraseology. In conclusion, the general conclusions obtained on the basis of this study are given.

Phraseological unit as the main component of phraseology

The concept of a phraseological unit

Phraseology (Greek phrasis - “expression”, logos - “teaching”) is a section of linguistics that studies stable combinations in a language. Phraseology is also called the set of stable combinations in the language as a whole, the language of a particular writer, the language of a particular work of art, etc. .

As an independent linguistic discipline, phraseology arose relatively recently. "The subject and tasks, the scope and methods of studying it are not yet clearly defined, have not received full coverage" . The questions about the main features of phraseological units in comparison with free phrases, about the classification of phraseological units and their relationship with parts of speech, etc., have been developed less than others. the composition of these units in the language. Some researchers (L.P. Smith, V.P. Zhukov, V.N. Teliya, N.M. Shansky and others) include its stable combinations in the phraseology, others (N.N. Amosova, A.M. Babkin, A.I. Smirnitsky and others) - only certain groups. So, some linguists (including academician V.V. Vinogradov) do not include proverbs, sayings and catchwords in the category of phraseological units, believing that they differ from phraseological units in their semantics and syntactic structure. V.V. Vinogradov argued: "Proverbs and sayings have a sentence structure and are not semantic equivalents of words."

The tasks of phraseology as a linguistic discipline include a comprehensive study of the phraseological fund of a particular language.

Important aspects of the study of this science are: the stability of phraseological units, the consistency of phraseology and the semantic structure of phraseological units, their origin and main functions.

A particularly complex branch of phraseology is the translation of phraseological units, which requires considerable experience in the study of this discipline.

Phraseology develops the principles of identifying phraseological units, methods for their study, classification and phraseography - descriptions in dictionaries.

The term "phraseological unit" in relation to the term "phraseology" as a discipline that studies the corresponding means of language, does not raise objections. But it is inaccurate as a designation of the linguistic means themselves, which are the object of phraseology; it is enough to compare the correlations of established terms: phoneme - phonology, morpheme - morphology, lexeme - lexicology (cf. phraseme - phraseology). In the educational and scientific literature, attempts were made to define the concept of a phraseological object. For example, such a definition is given: “a ready-made whole expression with a known and given meaning in advance is called a phraseological turn, or idiom”.

Signs of phraseological turns: direct meaning, figurative meaning, ambiguity, emotional richness. Phraseological turnover is a reproducible linguistic unit of two or more stressed words, integral in its meaning and stable in its composition and structure.

At the same time, the following features are distinguished: reproducibility, stability of the composition and structure, constancy of the lexical composition. The presence of at least two words in the unit, the stability of the order of words, the impenetrability of most phraseological turns.

In the courses "Introduction to Linguistics" definitions of "idiom" are given, i.e. one of the varieties of phraseological units: “Idiomatic phrases are peculiar expressions of certain languages. In their use, they are integral and unified in meaning, usually not amenable to

accurate transmission into other languages ​​and requiring replacements of similar stylistic coloring in translation.

L.A. Bulakhovsky believes that idioms should be distinguished from phraseological units, R.A. Budagov identifies idioms with phraseological fusions.

Professor A.A. Reformed calls all types of non-free phrases lexicalized combinations and brings under the general concept of idioms.

Prof. S.I. Ozhegov believes that the acquisition of a single meaning and the insignificance of the syntactic connection of words for the meanings of the whole make phrases a phraseological unit in which the integrity of meaning dominates over syntactic separation. There are other definitions of PU.

The following features of PU have been noted in the literature:

1. The popularity of the expression in a given language or in one of its dialectal or socio-speech branches.

2. Reproducibility in speech as a language unit.

3. Grammatical organization of phraseological units according to patterns of combinations of words, phrases, the so-called predicative combinations of words and sentences of different types; therefore, the equivalence of phraseological units in terms of the grammatical form of a phrase or sentence was indicated (F.F. Fortunatov, A.M. Peshkovsky, E.D. Polivanov, etc.). This sign of commensurability of phraseology units with syntax units is considered differently depending on the point of view of scientists who understand the term "phraseology" in a broad or narrow sense of the word.

4. PU elements are at least two words; almost all researchers agree with this sign, but some insist that both words must be fully significant, and others believe that one word can be fully significant, and the second - official; still others allow the presence of such phraseological units, which are a combination of two service words.

5. Separate design of phraseological units, each of which is identified with a word.

6. Invariable word order (a certain sequence of lexical elements of phraseological units as an essential feature of its structure, which manifests itself differently in phraseological units of different semantic and grammatical types).

7. The stability of the lexical and grammatical composition, the connectedness of the elements of phraseological units or, more precisely, the constancy and obligatory nature of its lexical and grammatical elements in a given combination.

Phraseological objects are often called stable combinations of words (Prof. S.I. Abakumov and others). The terms "stable phrases", "stable phrases" seem important because they are associated with the concept of sustainability, which is widely used in various branches of knowledge.

8. Some features of stress characteristic of phraseological units; the sign of each and more stressed words in the composition of phraseological units is not universal, if we admit that under the concept of phraseological units are also summed up combinations of words, consisting of a functional and full-significant word: under degrees, and no way, in earnest.

9. Semantic integrity and separability by the meaning of the phraseological unit in the stock of speech; its equivalence to a word or a similar expression (Sh. Bally, F.F. Fortunatov, A.I. Smirnitsky, V.V. Vinogradov, etc.). However, this sign of semantic identification with the word is characteristic only of phraseological units that have a global meaning.

10. Synonymous interchangeability by a word of either the entire PU, or some of its elements, depending on the semantic type of PU (VV Vinogradov).

11. Semantic idiomatic phraseological units of some categories and, as a result, the impossibility of a literal translation into other languages.

12. The global meaning of phraseological units of some categories, unmotivated, motivated or analytic meaning of phraseological units depending on belonging to a certain phraseological category (V. V. Vinogradov); the doctrine of the semantic structure of phraseological units is connected with this.

13. The integrity of the nomination, the orientation of the meaning of the entire phraseological unit (but not its individual element) to the signified, however, this feature is also not universal, if we include under the concept of phraseological units and phraseological combinations with analytical meaning, as Acad. V. V. Vinogradov.

14. The stability of the meaning of phraseological units in relation to the signified or expressed, and also, by analogy with the meaning of the word, the unambiguous correspondence of the meaning of phraseological units as a designate with the signified or expressed as a denotation. At the same time, materialistic scientists insist that the meaning of a word and the meaning of phraseological units is a socially generalized reflection of the essential properties of a whole class of homogeneous objects or phenomena of reality.

15. Limitation of a phraseological unit.

16. The functions of phraseological units in relation to the signified, which turn out to be different in different types of phraseological units, for example: nominative, definitive, eidological, expressive, modal, appellative. Consequently, this sign - the homogeneity of the function in relation to the signified - is not common to all phraseological units.

17. The syntactic role of phraseological units, which is different for phraseological objects of different types.

Thus, PU is a stable lexical and grammatical unity of words reproduced in speech with internal dependencies between the combined parts. Therefore, the classification of phraseological units should be based on the internal "relationships between the parts that characterize the structure and, above all, are indicators of stability; the method of studying phraseological units can be the same, i.e. structural, to a certain extent.

The definition of phraseological units should be based on the following provisions: the sound matter of a language is the substance of its changes in speech; linguistic objects, brought under the concept of phraseological units, are objects of the material world that exist independently of our consciousness; phraseological objects are understood as primary, and relations between objects - as secondary; the components of these objects are understood as primary, and the relationships between the components as secondary; internal dependencies (or relations) between parts of phraseological units are strictly logical figures, abstracted from the relations between the phenomena of reality and reflecting these relations; the meaning of phraseological units, as well as the meaning of a word, is understood as a socially generalized reflection of the essential properties of a whole class of homogeneous objects or phenomena of reality, assigned to a certain sound shell.

Given these basic provisions, we can give the following definition of phraseological units.

A phraseological unit is a constant combination of verbal signs that exists in the language at this stage of its historical development: limiting and integral; reproduced in the speech of its carriers; based on internal dependency of members; consisting of at least two strictly defined units of the lexical level, located in a known sequence; grammatically organized according to existing or existing patterns of phrases or sentences; having a single meaning, combinatorial to varying degrees in relation to the meanings of the combined elements, but stable, in relation to the signified for the expressed.

The proposed definition emphasizes that phraseological objects are units of the language system. According to the form of expression and content, they are known to native speakers of the Russian language, who own its system, or may become known under certain conditions. These are the ultimate and integral constant combinations of verbal signs. They are characterized by reproducibility and use in one, several or all styles of literary speech.

Of course, such a limitation as the belonging of phraseological units only to the literary language as the highest form of the national language should be taken into account based on the goals and objectives of compiling the phraseological dictionary of the literary language, and only in this sense the eye is correct: after all, outside the phraseology of the literary language, there are many phraseological objects , characteristic of folk dialects, professional dialects and jargons, and, of course, all these objects belong to the Russian language system; however, the stylistic assessment of some phraseological units in the literary language limits their use in the styles of literary speech.

The structure of phraseological units includes qualitatively defined units of the lexical level in their known word forms; at least two words (functional or significant) form a phrase or set phrase.

A phraseological unit is characterized by a certain sequence of lexical elements - more often a stable or free word order (for example, for most verb phrases in Russian). The stability of phraseological units is based on restrictions in the choice of variables compared to the freedom to choose variables in a theoretically possible equivalent of phraseological units. Different types of dependence between members of phraseological units define them as constants or variables at different levels of the Russian language structure.

The grammatical organization according to the models of phrases or sentences makes it possible to distinguish phraseological units into phrasemes and set phrases. A single combinatorial meaning of phraseological units is in different relationships to the meanings of words in its composition. This meaning is stable in relation to the signified or expressed and is in stable correspondence with the objects and phenomena of reality as denotations, in relation to which phraseological units are detonators.