§ 212. Participle turns

1. The action denoted by the participle (participle turnover) refers, as a rule, to the subject of this sentence, for example: Summing up the debate, Chairman meetings noted commonality of views of the speaker and participants of the meeting. If the producer of the action indicated by the verb-predicate and the producer of the action indicated by the gerund do not match, the use of the adverbial phrase is stylistically erroneous, For example: “Crossing over the rails, the switchman was deafened by the unexpected whistle of a steam locomotive” (passing refers to switchman , a stunned - to whistle). The deviations from this norm found among classical writers are either Gallicism, or the result of the influence of the vernacular, for example: Having now settled in the village, his dream and ideal was to resurrect the form of life that was under his grandfather(L. Tolstoy).

In some cases, it is possible to use a participle turnover that does not express the action of the subject:

1) if the producer of the action indicated by the gerund coincides with the producer of the action indicated by another verb form (infinitive, participle, gerund), for example: The author was asked to make additions to the manuscript, taking into account the changes that have taken place in the life of society in recent years; Nothing could resist the pressure of the waves that surged onto the shore, sweeping away everything in their path;

2) in an impersonal sentence with an infinitive, for example: I had to work in difficult conditions, not having a single free day for rest for many weeks. If in an impersonal sentence there is no infinitive to which the adverbial turnover could refer, then the use of the latter is stylistically unjustified, for example. « Leaving hometown I felt sad”; " Reading the manuscript again, it seemed to the editor that it needed serious improvement ".

The use of a participle in a passive construction does not meet the norm, since the producer of the action expressed by the predicate and the producer of the action expressed by the gerund do not match, for example: « Recognized by a broad readership, the book has been reprinted.

2. The adverbial turnover usually precedes the predicate if it means:

a) the preceding action, for example: Pushing me away grandmother rushed to the door ...(Bitter);

b) the reason for another action, for example: Frightened by an unknown noise, the flock rose heavily above the water(A. Perventsev);

c) a condition of another action, for example: Strain your strength a person of average ability can achieve anything(V. Panova);

3. The participle usually follows the predicate if it means:

a) a follow-up action, for example: Once in the forest I fell into a deep hole, tearing his side with a knot and tearing the skin on the back of his head (Bitter);

b) course of action, for example: Here, near the carts, wet horses stood with bowed heads, and people walked, covered with rain bags (Chekhov).

4. The adverbial phrases are synonymous with other constructions. When choosing the right option, its grammatical and stylistic features are taken into account.

The adverbial turnover gives the statement a bookish character. The advantage of this construction compared to the subordinate adverbial clause is its conciseness. Wed: When you read this manuscript, pay attention to the underlined places. - Reading this manuscript pay attention to the underlined places.

On the other hand, the advantage of subordinate clauses is the presence of conjunctions in them that give the statement various shades of meaning, which are lost when the subordinate clause is replaced by a participial turnover. Wed: when he entered... after he entered... once he entered... barely he entered... etc. and a synonymous variant entering, indicating only the previous action, but devoid of subtle shades of temporal meaning. When using a participial turnover in such cases, the loss of the union should be made up, where necessary, by lexical means, for example, entering ... he At once (immediately, immediately etc.).

Participle turns can be synonymous with other constructions. Wed..

1. The action denoted by the participle (participle turnover) refers, as a rule, to the subject of this sentence, for example: Summing up results of the debate, chairman meetings noted commonality of views of the speaker and participants of the meeting. If the producer of the action indicated by the verb-predicate and the producer of the action indicated by the gerund do not match, the use of the adverbial phrase is stylistically erroneous, For example: “Crossing over the rails, the switchman was deafened by the unexpected whistle of a steam locomotive”

2. (In some cases, it is possible to use a participle turnover that does not express the action of the subject:

1. if the producer of the action indicated by the gerund coincides with the producer of the action indicated by another verb form (infinitive, participle, gerund), for example: The author was asked to make additions to the manuscript, taking into account the changes that have taken place in the life of society in recent years; Nothing could resist the pressure of the waves that surged onto the shore, sweeping away everything in their path;

2. in an impersonal sentence with an infinitive, for example: I had to work in difficult conditions, not having a single free day for rest for many weeks. If in an impersonal sentence there is no infinitive to which the adverbial turnover could refer, then the use of the latter is stylistically unjustified, for example. « Leaving hometown I felt sad”; " Reading the manuscript again the editor felt that it needed serious revision.

The use of a participle in a passive construction does not meet the norm, since the producer of the action expressed by the predicate and the producer of the action expressed by the gerund do not match, for example: « Recognized by a broad readership, the book has been reprinted.

3. The adverbial turnover usually precedes the predicate if it means:

a) the preceding action, for example: Pushing me away grandma rushed to the door...(Bitter);

b) the reason for another action, for example: Frightened by an unknown noise, the flock rose heavily above the water(A. Perventsev);

c) a condition of another action, for example: Strain your strength a person of average ability can achieve anything(V. Panova);

4. The participle usually follows the predicate if it means:

a) a follow-up action, for example: Once in the forest I fell into a deep hole, tearing his side with a knot and tearing the skin on the back of his head (Bitter);

b) course of action, for example: Here, near the carts, wet horses stood with bowed heads, and people walked, covered with rain bags (Chekhov).

The adverbial phrases are synonymous with other constructions. When choosing the right option, its grammatical and stylistic features are taken into account.

On the other hand, the advantage of subordinate clauses is the presence of conjunctions in them that give the statement various shades of meaning, which are lost when the subordinate clause is replaced by a participial turnover.

The syntactic structure of the Russian language creates a number of special structures, which are characterized by the commonality of the content contained in them with different grammatical design. For example: the student passed the tests - student who passed the test - passing student - student passing tests - student after graduation - student after he passed the tests . The participial and adverbial phrases included in this series, the subordinate clause as part of a complex one, an independent simple sentence, a construction with a verbal noun are parallel syntactic constructions .

There is a semantic and stylistic difference between parallel constructions.. So, the subordinate clauses in the above pairs have a greater semantic load, since they form a predicative unit (sentence) as part of a complex one, while the separate turns parallel to them act as members of a simple sentence. Here the role of the verb in the sentence is affected: in the subordinate part of the sentence ( student who passed the test or student after he passed the tests ) the predicate is usually expressed in the personal form of the verb, which has a number of verbal categories that support the meaning of the action-state; in adverbial circulation ( student passing tests ) the verb already plays the role of a secondary predicate and has only the category of the aspect with a touch of temporary meaning; in participial turnover ( passing student ) the meaning of the action-state is even more weakened, since in the form of the participle an essential role is played by the meaning of an objective feature, usually expressed by an adjective; finally, in a verbal noun ( student after graduation ) the meaning of the action is abstract and the meaning of time comes to the fore in the construction.

Stylistic differences determine the use of parallel constructions in various speech styles.. So, participial and participial phrases are predominantly participial in book speech, and a construction with a verbal noun also gives the text a bookish, and sometimes clerical character.

The new format of the exam No. 7. Grammatical errors

Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

1 . BUT ) After skating, my legs hurt a lot. B) In the composition, I wanted to show the meaning of sport and why I love it. C) The majority objected to such an assessment of his poetry. D) Misha said that I did not agree with me. E) According to the application of the children, classes were postponed to a later time.

1) Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition; 2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate; 3) an error in constructing a sentence with an application; 4) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members; 5) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover; 6) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover; 7) incorrect construction of a sentence with indirect speech.

2 . A) As Chekhov said: "Everything should be beautiful in a person." B) The plane landed at the Domodedovo airport. C) Everyone who is interested in theater knows the history of the Moscow Art Theater. D) The conference was attended by representatives of many cities: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Samara, Yaroslavl. E) Several vacationers waiting for the bus were walking along the alley.

1) An error in the construction of a complex sentence. 2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate; 3) an error in constructing a sentence with an application; 4) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members; 5) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover; 6) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover; 7) incorrect construction of a sentence with indirect speech.

3. A) Your Vanya is a big slob. b) He had a beard and a daughter. C) I had to work in difficult conditions, not having a single day off. D) A review of his thesis was written by a professor of philology. E) His handwriting was beautiful, that's why they accepted him as a clerk in the office.

1) Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition; 2) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members; 3) violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms; 4) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover; 5) incorrect construction of a sentence with indirect speech; 6) erroneous word formation; 7) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate.

4 .A). In the evening we sit by the fire, and the counselor told us different stories. B) Several boys and girls were standing at the gate. C) Mom bought fruits, vegetables, bread, oranges, apples. D) Having approached the house, it became cool for me .. Climbing up the Volga, the barge will be unloaded at the piers of Samara. E) For my birthday, my grandmother will bake a big pie with apples.

1) An error in constructing a sentence with an application; 2) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members; 3) an error in the construction of a complex sentence; 4) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate; 5) violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms.6. Violation of the norms of coordination; 7) incorrect construction of a sentence with adverbial turnover;

5. BUT ) Her thoughtful look spoke eloquently of embarrassment. B) When the cubs grew up, they were put on a chain. C) Vera entered the room with her son in her arms. D) If I don't pass my exams, I will end up in the army. E) The song contrasts the Petrel, striving for revolution and seeing in it the only way out, and the stupid Penguin, personifying a petty bourgeois, hiding from thunder, afraid of an impending, although not threatening storm.

1) Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate; 2) erroneous formation of word forms; 3) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover; 4) erroneous word formation; 5) an error in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous members; 6) an error in the construction of a complex sentence; 7) violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms.

6. A) Serezha and Misha waited a long time for their parents to return. B) I wanted to penetrate and learn all the secrets of this science. C) The lying book on the table obviously did not interest the child. D) I look at the photo, and I really like it, and I went to write an essay. E) According to the order of the director, the head of the laboratory went on a business trip.

1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition; 2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate; 3) an error in constructing a sentence with an application; 4) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members; 5) incorrect construction of a sentence with participial turnover; 6) violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms. 7) incorrect construction of a sentence with indirect speech.

7. A) Training of hunters for the extermination of wolves and persons responsible for carrying out this event. B) Having risen up the Volga, the barge will be unloaded at the berths of Samara. C) Owners of large dogs know that they can be caught if they are not muzzled. D) We were sent a book by parcel post. D) The interlocutor turned out to be a cheerful and cheerful person..

1) Violation of the way of expressing the predicate; 2) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members; 3) an error in the construction of a complex sentence; 4) erroneous formation of word forms; 5) violation of management standards; 6) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition; 7) a violation in the construction of a sentence with a participial turnover.

8. A) It was the most severe patient in our ward. B) I completely lost faith in people: anyone strives to steal. C) There were tables, chairs, a bookcase and various antique furniture in the room. D) Modern students are fond of many foreign languages. D) When I got home, I felt cold.

1) Incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover; 2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate; 3) erroneous formation of word forms; 4) erroneous word formation; 5) an error in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous members; 6) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition; 7) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover.

9 . A) He found the peasants in the forests, who stole the forest from him. b) I see the horse going uphill. C) Andrei ran to work, but, clinging to something and stumbling, he fell. D) Here his pride and stubbornness were manifested. E) The editor was dissatisfied with both pages of the new newspaper.

1) Incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover; 2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate; 3 violation of management standards; 4) erroneous formation of the word form; 5) erroneous word formation; 6) an error in the construction of a complex sentence; 7) violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms.

10. BUT)It is not for you, in your baseness, to judge his gratitude. B) I do not only draw portraits you, but also landscapes C) A boy was standing near the table, he was filled with dishes. D) Due to the fire, the family lost their homes. D) Returning to the port, the ship was overtaken by a storm.

1) An error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members; 2) an error in a complex sentence; 3) incorrect construction of a sentence with direct speech; 4) erroneous word formation; 5) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover; 6) violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms; 7) violation of management standards.

1. The action denoted by the participle (participle turnover) refers, as a rule, to the subject of this sentence, for example: Summing up the debate, the chairman of the meeting noted the commonality of views of the speaker and the participants in the meeting. If the producer of the action indicated by the verb-predicate and the producer of the action indicated by the gerund do not match, the use of the adverbial turnover is stylistically erroneous, for example: “When crossing the rails, the switchman was stunned by the unexpected whistle of the locomotive” (passing over refers to the switchman, and deafened - to the whistle ). The deviations from this norm found among classic writers are either Gallicism or the result of the influence of the folk language, for example: Having now settled in the village, his dream and ideal were to resurrect the form of life that was under his grandfather (L. Tolstoy) .

In some cases, it is possible to use a participle turnover that does not express the action of the subject:

1) if the producer of the action indicated by a gerund coincides with the producer of the action indicated by another verb form (infinitive, participle, gerund), for example: The author was asked to make additions to the manuscript, taking into account the changes that have occurred in the life of society in recent times; Nothing could resist the pressure of the waves that surged onto the shore, sweeping away everything in their path;

2) in an impersonal sentence with an infinitive, for example: I had to work in difficult conditions, not having a single free day for rest for many weeks. If in an impersonal sentence there is no infinitive, to which the adverbial turnover could refer, then the use of the latter is stylistically unjustified, for example. “Leaving my hometown, I felt sad”; "After reading the manuscript a second time, the editor felt that it needed serious revision."

The use of a participial turnover in a passive construction does not meet the norm, since the producer of the action expressed by the predicate and the producer of the action expressed by the gerund do not match, for example: "Having received recognition from the general readership, the book was republished."

2. The adverbial turnover usually precedes the predicate if it means:

A) the previous action, for example: Pushing me away, my grandmother rushed to the door ... (Bitter);

B) the reason for another action, for example: Frightened by an unknown noise, the flock rose heavily above the water (A. Perventsev);

C) a condition for another action, for example: By exerting strength, a person of the most average abilities can achieve anything (V. Panova);

3. The adverbial turnover usually follows the predicate if it means:

A) the subsequent action, for example: Once in the forest I fell into a deep hole, ripping my side with a knot and tearing the skin on the back of my head (Gorky);

B) mode of action, for example: Here, near the carts, wet horses stood with their heads bowed, and people walked, covered with rain bags (Chekhov).

4. Participles are synonymous with other constructions. When choosing the right option, its grammatical and stylistic features are taken into account.

The adverbial turnover gives the statement a bookish character. The advantage of this construction compared to the subordinate adverbial clause is its conciseness. Compare: As you read this manuscript, pay attention to the underlined passages. As you read this manuscript, pay attention to the underlined passages.

On the other hand, the advantage of subordinate clauses is the presence of conjunctions in them that give the statement various shades of meaning, which are lost when the subordinate clause is replaced by a participial turnover. Cf .: when he entered ..., after he entered ..., as soon as he entered ..., as soon as he entered ... etc. and a synonym entering, indicating only the previous action, but devoid of subtle shades of temporal meaning. When using a participial turnover in such cases, the loss of the union should be made up, where necessary, by lexical means, for example, by entering ... he immediately (immediately, immediately, etc.).

Participle turns can be synonymous with other constructions. Wed:

walked wrapped in a warm coat - walked wrapped in a warm coat; looked with his head held high - looked with his head held high; hurried, anticipating something unkind - hurried in anticipation of something unkind; read the manuscript, making extracts - read the manuscript and made extracts.