Russia occupies a vast territory on which different peoples and nationalities peacefully coexist. Therefore, a large number of hereditary generic names of domestic or foreign origin arose in the Russian language. Initially, they indicated that people belonged to the same genus, which descended from a common ancestor, that is, to one family.

origins

In a number of Slavic languages, one can determine by a generic name who it belongs to - a man or a woman. Initially, in Russia there were only names - Mlad, Ogneslav, Nenasha, Zhdan. In some areas, in particular, Novgorod, there were nicknames. The first surnames began to be given to princes and boyars, then to nobles and eminent merchants. Peasants were often called the same as their masters.

The most common Russian surnames formed as patronymic forms from names or nicknames, or geographical names and have suffixes -ov (-ev, -ev), -in (-yn), -sk (-ck): Peter - Petrov's son - Petrov; Kalina - Kalinin; Shuya - Shuisky. Such, one might say, standard surnames, they do not cause difficulties in declension: Smirnov - Smirnov, Medvedev - Medvedev, Kovaleva - Kovaleva, Golovin - Golovin, Tsarskaya - about Tsarskaya. In the plural, both male and female are used in a single form: Chernov, Miloslavsky.

You will learn about Ukrainian surnames from this video.

Ending in -ov(s):

1. I.p. - Sidorov.
2. R.p. - Ivanova.
3. D.p. - Volkov.
4. V.p. - Kuznetsov.
5. etc. - Rybakov.
6. P.p. - about Myagkov.

Ending in -skiy (-skiy):

1. I.p. - Tambov.
2. R.p. - Miloslavsky.
3. D.p. - Shuisky.
4. V.p. - Belsky.
5. etc. - Verbitsky.
6. P.p. - about Tsarskoye.

Consonant with adjectives - Innocent, Modest - decline in cases in the same way as these parts of speech in the masculine, feminine and plural: Green, Green, Green.

Borrowings from other languages

Borrowed from other languages, generic names ending in -in, -ov, in the form of the instrumental case, are declined like masculine nouns of the second declension (sex - sex). For example: Goodwin - Goodwin; Cronin - Cronin.

At the same time, homonymous Russian generic names with the same suffix -in, when declensed in the instrumental case, have the ending -ym: Karamzin - Karamzin, Pushkin - Pushkin. Therefore, certain difficulties arise when using them, since their original form can be interpreted ambiguously - as having Russian roots or as having a foreign origin: Charlie Chaplin, Nikolai Chaplin. With absolute confidence in her "Russianness" when declining in the instrumental case, the ending -y is added to it: Nikolai Chaplin. And if it is a “foreigner”, the ending -om appears in the same case: Charles Darwin.

Female borrowings from other languages ​​do not decline into -in, -ov: with Geraldine Chaplin.

controversial issues

Male generic names that end in consonants, a soft sign or “y”, in the instrumental case have the ending -om (-em): Cossack, Ilf, Karas, Gaidai. The female forms derived from those mentioned are not inclined: Anna Germ, Lyudmila Gavrish, Elena Kanar.

Therefore, when using a surname, you should know exactly who it belongs to - a man or a woman - in order to pronounce and write it correctly. Plural derived from them declines in the same way as the plural of masculine nouns: in Kernov. However, it is necessary to take into account who we are talking about - about representatives of the same sex or different: father and son Shirvindt - about the father and son Shirvindt; brother and sister Blok - with brother and sister Blok; Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm - with Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm.

For many carriers of rare and unusual generic names, the question arises whether male surnames of foreign origin are inclined, ending in a consonant. So, belonging to a man, it inclines: Schultz - Schultz - Schultz; belonging to a woman - does not decline: Natalya Starshenbaum - Natalya Starshenbaum - Natalya Starshenbaum. Russian surnames formed from the names of masculine animals change in a similar way: Igor Los, Viktor Zaits; Mary Lis. Surnames ending in "h" in men they bow: Anatoly Vuychich, Dmitry Kovac, women - do not bow: Iraida Kibalchich.

Ending in a consonant

When a surname matches a common noun or proper noun, it is declined if it belongs to a man (Oleg Voron - Oleg Voron, Sergey Mukha - Sergey Fly) and does not decline if its bearer is a woman (Elena Vorobey).

Thus, all male surnames that end in a consonant are inflected, while female ones are not.

Surnames can be inclined in two ways, in which a fluent vowel appears when declining: Grishkovets, Garkavets, Hare. Some sources recommended that they be inclined without dropping out a vowel sound: Garkavets, Zayats, however, in the process of development of the Russian language, the variant with a dropping out of a fluent vowel turned out to be more common: Grishkovets, Zayets.

Surnames of East Slavic origin ending in "y" are of particular interest to linguists: Paliy, Topchiy, Rudy. They can be declined like adjectives with the ending -y (s): Topchem, Rudom (in the masculine); Topchey, O Rudoy (feminine). And you can consider their ending zero and change like a noun: in the masculine gender - Rudy. In the feminine gender in this version, such surnames are not inclined: Margarita Topchy.

If there is any other vowel in front of “y” in the surname, except for “and”, the declension rule remains the same: Leonid Gaidai, Inna Gulay.

Ending in a vowel

Surnames of Georgian origin are inclined, having a vowel before “I” at the end: Topuria - to Georgy Topuria, about Keti Topuria; Quirtia - Leonid Quirtia, Maria Quirtia. However, surnames consonant with Russians can be inclined like those that end in -tsky (-sky): Diana Gurtskaya - Diana Gurtskaya.

At the same time, foreign surnames ending in a stressed “I” are not inclined: Emil Zola - Emil Zola.

All other surnames with "I" at the end change with declension: Maxim Sternya - Maxim Sternya, Marina Zozulya - Marina Zozulya; Francisco Goya - about Francisco Goya.

Difficulties arise if the surname ends with "a". Here, the preceding sound has a certain meaning - a vowel or consonant, stressed or unstressed, as well as the etymology of the surname. If the surname is non-Russian, and the sound “a” is unstressed, then when declining in both masculine and feminine, it changes according to the type of the first declension: Nikita Deineka - Nikita Deineka; Anastasia Kirdoda - Anastasia Kirdoda.

If there is a vowel before “a” (mainly “y” or “and”), then the surname is not bowed: Andre Morois, Dmitry Gulia. Morphologically distinct in Russian surnames of any origin, in which the ending “a” is clearly recognized, can be declined regardless of stress: Grigory Skovoroda, Francesco Petrarch, Mikhail Glinka, Yuri Olesha, Akira Kurosawa.

If the stress falls on the last "a", such words usually have a foreign origin and are morphologically indivisible, that is, indeclinable: Fermat's theorem, by Alexandre Dumas.

In double surnames of foreign origin, only the second part changes with declension: George Ter-Avanesov, Arthur Conan Doyle.

Derivatives from nicknames ending in "o" and having Ukrainian roots were allowed to decline in the twentieth century. Today, this is an unacceptable norm: Igor Kovalenko, Anton Makarenko, Lydia Maksimenko. Deviation from the rules is found only in the literary works of the last century and in colloquial speech. The same grammatical norms apply to rare surnames such as Cloth, Tolokno, Soap. Declension of female surnames obeys the same rule.

unusual cases

Both masculine and feminine foreign surnames ending in a vowel do not change in cases in Russian: Zurab Tsereteli, Johann Goethe, Abraham Russo, Irina Amonashvili, Viya Artman, Lyanka Gryu.

Do not decline masculine and feminine, ending in -i (s): Igor Russkikh, Grigory Belykh, about Natalya Starykh. There are also non-Russian (mostly German) in -ih: Freindlich, Erlich, Dietrich, which also do not change.

Also, generic names ending in -ago (-yago), -ovo are not declined: Zhivago, Durnovo.

Thus, in the Russian language there are generally accepted rules, which include generic names. Knowing these rules, you can safely communicate with strangers without fear of making mistakes when mentioning them.

Video

This video will help you figure out how and which surnames can be declined.

Question, what surnames are not inclined, arises quite often, since even among ethnic Russians many surnames are of foreign origin, not to mention foreigners.

Meanwhile, there are a few simple rules for which surnames are not declined in Russian.

So, do not decline female surnames with an ending in a consonant sound or with a zero ending, for example: Kuzik, Rybak, Swan, Stankevich, etc.

Male surnames, meanwhile, are inclined.

Surnames do not decline ending in O: Gulko, Khomenko, Drozdenko, etc.

Surnames don't decline either. foreign ending in a vowel sound: Dumas, Hugo, Goethe, etc. But Russian and Slavic surnames are inclined.

Women's surnames that end in a consonant and a soft sign also do not decline: Streplyuk, Pilgul, but here is my Piluy, Pikul

Surnames definitely not of Russian origin ending in vowels -a -, - i-: Migulya, Loza

those that end in -ko: Lysenko, Litvinenko, in -yh-: White, and also in -ago, -ovo, -yago

I don’t know why, but my mother used to tell me that my surname Nagoga does not decline, as if it is completely the root of the word and at the end it is not an ending, as if it was shortened from Georgian without -shvili ending.

Usually, when it is necessary to memorize this or that rule of the Russian language, I try not to memorize sheets of texts, but to find visual tables or structured texts in the form of diagrams, lists.

Here's what we found on the subject:







Agree, so the information is easier to remember. These charts/tables can be printed. If you still have difficulty memorizing, put these sheets in prominent places where you often go. Visual memory will do everything for you.

tell me then what to do with the name Koleda feminine gender? Emphasis on (a). She was never declined, only later the question arose when receiving a certificate and when receiving a diploma, the teachers turned to linguists and only after that they wrote everywhere without declinations.

If last names end in -oh, -them, then they do not decline (female and male).

Male surnames that end in a consonant (soft or hard) are declined, while female ones are not.

Consider male and female surnames that end in a vowel sound:

My surname does not incline, it ends with -yn, though I always wrote -inova in my childhood, and then my parents explained that they did not incline!

Basic rules: Do not decline the names of women that end in a consonant sound (letter) - Russian and foreign. Russian surnames ending in -ih and -i also do not decline. Surnames (any, male and female) ending in a vowel, except for aquot ;, are not declined.

There are also a number of exceptions.

I lived for 30 years and my surname did not decline, and my son went to school and began to decline it. We write Kodyan, and they sign Kodyan for us, the surname is Moldovan.

Surnames that end in o, their, ich,its. Also, male and female surnames are not inclined to a vowel, except for the letter aquot ;. Surnames that end in xquot ; are not yet inclined. I think this is the correct answer.

• Here, at first glance, everything is complicated. But only for the first. So the rules are:

  1. If the surname is foreign (Goldberg) or Russian (Wolf) and ends in a consonant, then it declines if it refers to a man (Goldberg, Goldberg), and does not decline if it refers to a woman (always Goldberg).
  2. If the surname is Slavic and ends in -s, -them, then it never declines, regardless of the gender of ownerquot ;.
  3. Surnames that end in -h - male ones are inclined (Vulich, Vulich, Vulichu), female ones are not inclined (Vulich - always).
  4. Surnames that coincide with common nouns or proper names (Nose, Grach, Grave, Moth, Lynx, etc.) are inclined in men (Mol, Moly, Moly) and not inclined in women (Mol she is Mol, always). There is one BUT: there is such a surname Mouse (and others like it). So, if you want to say that a book has been published by a man whose name is Innocent Mouse, then it will not sound like a book by Innocent Mouse (it would seem that the mouse should be persuaded), but a book by Innocent Mouse.
  5. Surnames that end in -ovo, -ako, -yago, -ago - never decline (for example, Zhivago).
  6. Surnames that end in vowels (except for unstressed a) - Zola, Morois, Dumas, etc. - do not decline.
  7. Surnames do not decline to -ia either (Gulia). The same applies to Finnish surnames ending in -a. But the surnames tend to -ia (Beria, Beria, Beria).
  8. In official speech, surnames are not inclined to -ko and -o (Franko, Rushailo, Kovalenko). But in fiction and colloquial speech, they often decline. The same applies to such rare surnames as Tolokno, Soap, etc.
  9. Surnames that end in -ok, -ek, ets. Here is debatable. But stylistic dictionaries recommend inflecting male surnames with such endings. For example, Alexei Kotenok.
  10. Another very confusing case is Georgian and Japanese surnames. They either lean or they don't. They've been leaning lately. Although it is clear that surnames with the ending - dze are not very bowed down. But the surnames Chikobava and Okudzhava (both Georgian) can be easily inclined (for example, Okudzhava's songs).

This article briefly discusses the main issues of "declension of surnames and personal names in the Russian literary language".

Attention is focused on the most controversial and complex cases of use. Names and surnames are considered separately.

1. Declension of surnames

1.1. The vast majority of Russian surnames have formal indicators - suffixes -ov- (-ev-), -in-, -sk-: Zadornov, Turgenev, Putin, Malinovsky, Yamskoy. Such surnames are inclined, forming two correlative systems of forms - feminine and masculine, naming female and male persons, respectively. A single system of plural forms is comparable to both systems.

Note. All this resembles the system of adjectival forms (except for the absence of neuter forms). Since the ratio of male and female surnames is absolutely regular and has no anologies among common nouns, the following thought comes up: should not Russian surnames be considered a special type of “gender-changing” nouns.

1.2. Surnames with the formal indicator -sk- are declined in the feminine and masculine gender and in the plural as adjectives: Malinovsky, Malinovsky, Malinovsky ..., Dostoevsky, Malinovsky ..., Malinovsky, Malinovsky, etc.

There are relatively few Russian surnames that are declined as adjectives and do not have the indicator -sk-. These include: Good, Wild, Armored, Tolstoy, Smooth, Borovoy, Beregovoy, Lanovoy, Transverse, etc. (a list of such surnames can be found in the book Modern Russian Surnames. Authors: A. V. Suslova, A. V. Superanskaya, 1981. S. 120-122).

1.3. Surnames with formal indicators -in- and -ov- have a special declension in the masculine gender, which is not found either among common nouns or among personal names. They combine the endings of patristic adjectives and masculine second-declension nouns. The method of declension of surnames differs from the declension of possessive adjectives by the ending of the prepositional case (cf .: about Karamzin, about Griboyedov, - about mother's, about father's), from the declension of these nouns - by the ending of the instrumental case (cf .: Nikitin -th, Koltsov-th, - jug-th, island-th).

Correlative female surnames are declined as possessive adjectives in the feminine form (cf. how Karenina and mother, Rostova and fathers decline). The same must be said about the declension of surnames into -in and -ov in the plural (Rudins, Bazarovs are inclined like fathers, mothers).

1.4. All other masculine surnames that have a zero ending in the nominative case (when written, they end in a consonant letter й or a soft sign) and bases on consonants, except for surnames on -i, -i, are declined as masculine nouns of the second declension. Such surnames have the ending -em, (-om) in the instrumental case: Gaidai, Vrubel, Herzen, Gogol, Levitan, Hemingway. Such surnames are perceived as foreign.

Correlative female surnames do not decline: with Anna Magdalina Bach, about Mary Hemingway, with Nadezhda Ivanovna Zabela-Vrubel, Lyubov Dmitrievna Blok, Natalia Alexandrovna Herzen, about Zoya Gaidai.

Note. To apply this rule, you need to know the gender of the bearer of the surname. The absence of such information puts the writer in a difficult position.

The form in which the surname appears informs about the gender of the person concerned. But if the writer (author) did not have the necessary information, was careless or unsteady in applying the grammar of the Russian language, the reader receives false information.

Surnames of this type of plural are also declined as masculine nouns: he wrote to the Hemingways, Bloks, visited the Gaidai, the Herzens, the Vrubels, etc.

Note. There are special rules for using such surnames in some cases in the inflected form, in others in the inflected plural form. These rules relate less to morphology and more to syntax. They are described in some detail in D. E. Rosenthal's Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing (§149, p. 10, pp. 191-192). According to these rules, it is recommended: with father and son Oistrakh, but with father and daughter Gilels, with Thomas and Heinrich Mann, but with Robert and Clara Schumann. This article does not cover this information in detail.

1.5. The simple rule described above for declension of surnames into consonants that do not have formal indicators -ov-, -in, is very difficult to apply for some rare surnames, for example, for those that are homonymous with place names or common nouns that decline in the third declension. So, in the grammatical appendix to the "Directory of Personal Names of the Peoples of the RSFSR" it is said about the difficulties that arise when it is necessary to decline such surnames as Astrakhan, Lyubov, Sadness.

The same manual says that for other surnames, only the formation of the plural is associated with difficulties (the surnames Us, Son, Gey, Poloz, Finger, etc.).

The declension of many surnames (both in the singular and in the plural) turns out to be difficult due to the ambiguity of whether it is necessary to maintain vowel fluency in them along the lines of homonymous or similar outwardly common nouns (Zhuravel or Zhuravlya - from Zhuravel, Mazurok or Mazurka - from Mazurok, Kravets or Kravets - from Kravets, etc.). Such difficulties cannot be solved by the use of rules. In such cases, a surname dictionary is needed that defines recommendations for each surname.

1.6. A separate type characterizes Russian surnames in -s (-s), which come from the genitive (or prepositional) case of plural adjectives: Black, White, Curly, Twisted, Red, Long. Given the normative nature of the Russian language, such surnames are not inclined: Chernykh's lectures, Sedykh's novel, Kruchenykh's work, etc.

Note. In non-literary (colloquial) speech, there is a desire to decline such surnames, if they belong to men, which has an impact the stronger, the closer the communication with the owner of this surname. In the no longer functioning Moscow City Pedagogical Institute. Potemkin, students there in the forties and fifties attended Chernykh's lectures, took tests and exams for Chernykh, and so on. (It just never occurred to anyone to say otherwise). If this trend had continued, surnames ending in -s, -i would not differ from the rest of the surnames in consonants, which were discussed in paragraph 13.1.4.

1.7. Sometimes, given the morphological structure of some surnames, their original form can be ambiguously assessed. This is rare, but these cases are linguistically very interesting in terms of the difficulties that can arise in their decline. There are difficulties in determining "Russian" and "non-Russian" surnames in -ov and -in; the latter include, for example, Flotov (German composer), Gutskov (German writer), Cronin (English writer), Darwin, Franklin, etc. From the point of view of morphology, “Russianness” or “non-Russianness” is determined by emphasis, or not emphasis in the surname of the formal indicator (-ov- or -in-). The presence of such an indicator shows that the instrumental case contains the ending -th, and the corresponding female surname is inclined (Fonvizin, Fonvizina), and if it is not distinguished, then the instrumental case is formed with the ending -om, and the female surname is not inclined (with Anna Virkhov, Virkhov) . Wed "homonyms": with Hannah Chaplin, Charles Spencer Chaplin and Nikolai Pavlovich Chaplin, with Vera Chaplin.

Note. Taking into account the materials of L.P. Kalakutskaya, sometimes the corresponding male and female surnames are formed morphologically inconsistently (the instrumental case by Zeitlin can be combined with the indeclinable form of Zeitlin of the woman's surname). Settlement here can only be achieved by using a special dictionary of surnames, which contains grammatical rules. Therefore, the editor must necessarily monitor morphologically contradictory forms so that they do not occur at least within the same article.

There are non-Russian (preferably German) surnames in -i: Dietrich, Argerich, Erlich, Freindlich, etc. Such "foreign" surnames, in no case, should be mistaken for Russian surnames in -i, because in Russian surnames before the base -them, there are almost never soft consonants that have hard pairs. This is due to the fact that in Russian there are very few adjectives with similar stems (i.e. such adjectives as blue; and is there a surname Sinykh).

But it happens that the final -ih in the surname is preceded by a hissing or back-palatal consonant, its belonging to the indeclinable type will be correct when correlated with the base of the adjective (for example, Walking, Smooth); if such a condition is absent, such surnames are perceived morphologically ambiguously (for example, Tovchikh, Khaskhachikh, Gritsky). Although such cases are quite rare, you should still consider this real possibility.

There is a possibility of perception of the ambiguity of surnames, the original forms of which end in iot (in the letter y) with vowels preceding them and or o. These are such surnames as Pobozhiy, Topchy, Rudoy, ​​Bokiy are sometimes perceived both as having endings -y, -oy and, consequently inclined as adjectives (Topchemu, Topchy, in the feminine Topchey, Topchay) and as containing a zero ending, inclined relatively sample nouns (Topchiu, Topchia, in the feminine form Topchiy does not change). To resolve such controversial issues, you need to again refer to the dictionary of surnames.

1.8. The declension of surnames ending in vowels in the original form does not depend on whether they are male or female.

Note. The material of L.P. Kalakutskaya shows that there is a tendency to extend the ratio, which is natural for surnames to consonants, to surnames with a final a, i.e. incline male surnames without inclining female ones. Editors should do their best to eliminate this practice.

Consider surnames for vowels, based on their letter appearance.

1.9. Surnames that must be reflected in a written appeal, ending with the letter: e, e, and, s, y, u - do not decline. For example: Fourier, Goethe, Ordzhonikidze, Maigret, Rustaveli, Gandhi, Dzhusoyty, Shaw, Camus, etc.

1.10. The same rule applies to surnames that have the ending "o" or "ko", "enko". Ending in "o" - Hugo, Picasso, Caruso. Or such surnames as: Gromyko, Semashko, Stepanenko, Makarenko, i.e. mostly with Ukrainian roots. And, if in the forties and fifties of the last century declensions of such surnames could be allowed, now this is not acceptable.

1.11. The declension of surnames ending in the letter "a" has a number of differences from the previous rule. In this case, such signs matter: where the stress falls, as well as the origin of the surname. Surnames ending in a non-stressed letter “a” and having vowels “i”, “y” before it are not inclined. As well as the ending "a" shock, mostly these are surnames of French origin.

For example, vowels before "a": Galois, Delacroix, Moravia, Gulia. Or French surnames: Fermat, Dumas, Petipa, etc.

Surnames are declined if the ending "a" is after a consonant, not stressed, or stressed, in accordance with the rules of morphology. These include more often surnames of Slavic, eastern origin.

Spinoza - Spinoza - Spinoza, Petrarch, Glinka, Okudzhava, etc.; Kvasha - Kvasha - Kvasha, Mitta, etc.

There are surnames belonging to a Russian or a foreign person. In such cases, it plays a role here how the male and female surnames will be inclined. The endings "ov", "in", belonging to persons of Russian origin, are declined in the instrumental case, as "ym" - male and "oy" - female. With Nikolai Chaplin - the Russian version and Charles Chaplin - foreign, but feminine, with Vera Chaplina and Hannah Chaplin. In other words, surnames of non-Russian origin ending in "ov" and "in" are not feminine.

1.12. Surnames ending in "I" are inflected, except for the stressed ending and origin. Zola, Troyat - do not bow. Smut, Danelia, Beria, Goya - bow down, because the emphasis is not on the ending.

Not all Georgian surnames are inclined. It depends on the type of borrowing in Russian. Surnames with the ending "ia", (Danelia) - decline, at the end "ia" - do not decline, (Gulia).

1.13. The question arises in which cases the surnames are declined and in which they are not, and here everything depends on the above rules. What if it's a plural surname? There is a directory of non-standard surnames, which says that regardless of whether the surname is inclined or not, in the plural it must correspond to the original one and not be inclined. For example, in the singular - with Leonid Zoya, pass to Leonid Zoya, and in the plural - all members of the Zoya family. Although the declension of such surnames in the plural as Okudzhava, Deineka, Zozulya is not excluded. He was in the Okudzhava family or met with the Okudzhavas, Deineks, Zozuls.

At the same time, Mitta, Shulga, and other surnames ending in "a" cannot be declined in the plural. In this case, both the author and the editor must rely on their knowledge and sense of the language barrier. The contradictions that may arise with the declension of foreign surnames should be avoided, at least in the same text.

2. Declension of personal names

2.1. There are no special morphological differences between personal names and common nouns. Their gender does not change (of course, Eugene and Eugenia, Alexander and Alexandra are exceptions). There are no words with a special declension among personal names - pay attention to surnames ending in -in and -ov. However, personal names also have a characteristic feature - among them there are no neuter words, but the neuter gender is also rare in animate common nouns.

2.2. In personal names, a noun of the 3rd declension may occur. This is what distinguishes them from surnames and morphologically brings them closer to common nouns. With the help of 3 declension, you can decline names such as:

• Love (About love, Love);
• Giselle;
• Adele;
• Ruth;
• Rahir;
• Hagar;
• Yudf;
• Esther;
• Shulamith.

There are also names that are sometimes inclined, sometimes not (Cecile and Cecily, Ninel and Ninel, Assol and Assoli, Gazelle and Gazelles, Aygyul and Aygyuli). Such names have a variable declension.

NB! Female surnames that end in a soft consonant, like female surnames ending in a hard consonant, cannot be declined. In Russian, such a possibility remains unrealized as the parallel change of nouns ending in a soft consonant, according to 2 different declensions, which are used to express gender differences from a grammatical point of view. In theory, such correlations are possible as Vrubel, Vrubel, Vrubel (declension of the surname of a man) - Vrubel, Vrubel (declension of the surname of a woman), lynx, lynx, lynx (declension of the name of a male animal) - lynx, lynx (declension of the name of a female animal) . However, a partial realization of this possibility can be traced in the widely known folklore Swans.

2.3 The names of women ending in a hard consonant are exclusively indeclinable and do not differ from female surnames. These names include the following:

• Catherine;
• Irene;
• Elizabeth;
• Marlene;

And many others. Such common nouns exist, but in limited numbers. Plus, they are almost non-replenishable (Freken, Fraulein, Mrs., Miss, Madam). At the same time, there is a huge number of personal names, the replenishment of which with the help of borrowing has no restrictions.

2.4. Male names that end in a soft and hard consonant decline like common nouns of the same external type - for example, Ernst, Robert, Makar, Konstantin, Igor, Amadeus, Emil. Sometimes these names are used as female ones: for example, Michel, Michel are male names, Michel is female (it does not decline).

2.5. All of the above about the inclination and inclination of surnames into vowels is also relevant to personal names.

What names are not inclined? These include Rene, Colomba, Roger, Atala, Honoré, Nana, José, François, Ditte, Danko, Oze, Hugo, Pantalone, Bruno, Henri, Laszlo, Louis, Carlo, Lisey, Romeo, Betsy, Amadeo, Giovanni, Leo , Mary, Pierrot, Eteri, Givi and many others. Names such as Françoise, Jamila, Juliet, Ophelia, Suzanne, Emilia, Abdullah, Casta, Mirza and Musa may be inclined.

2.6. If necessary, it is possible to form a plural from personal names that can be inclined - Elena, Igor, Ivana. At the same time, the emerging morphological restrictions are similar to those that appear for common nouns. An example is the genitive plural of Mirza, Abdullah or Costa. To learn how the genitive plural is formed from names such as Seryozha, Valya or Petya, see the corresponding note.

3. Formation of indirect cases from some combinations of surnames and given names

The old tradition of the Russian language to use the names of famous figures in combination with the names has not been eradicated in our time: Jules Verne, Mine Reed, Conan Doyle, Romain Rolland. It is very rare to find the use of the above surnames without first names. Especially when it comes to monosyllabic ones, for example, Reed, Scott and others.

Some of us still do not know how to correctly incline such unity: Jules Verne, Walter Scott, about Robin Hood and so on. But often it is necessary to decline this unusual phrase not only orally, but also in writing. These words can be confirmed by the following well-known example:

Show yourself like a wonderful beast,

He is now going to Petropolis /…/

With the terrible book of Gizot,

With a notebook of evil cartoons,

With a new Walter Scott novel...

(Pushkin. Count Nulin)

... and gets up

Fenimore country

and Mine-Read.

(Mayakovsky. Mexico)

In the evenings quick-eyed Chamois

Vanya and Lyalya are read by Jules Verne.

(Chukovsky. Crocodile)

Writing the name and surname with a hyphen only emphasizes the close interweaving of this phrase. If in such remarks the names are not declined, then the meaning will be incomprehensible. Such a decision is even condemned in various manuals, for example: D. E. Rosenthal says: “... the novels of Jules Verne (not: Jules Verne) ...” (Decree op. C. 189. § 149, item 2) . If you follow this recommendation, then you may get the following:

The wind whistled in Vova's ear

And he took the sombrero off his head!

Waves-mountains run one after another,

Jump like maned lions.

Here with a hiss one rolled -

And Jules Verne picked up from the stern!

(Volgina T. Summer wanders along the paths. Kyiv. 1968. S. 38-39).

Naturally, such editing in poems is unacceptable. But you should not replace the text that conveys relaxed colloquial speech - Jules Verne, Mine Reed, Bret Hart, Conan Doyle and so on, with a normative combination, while inclining the forms of names. The editor in such cases should be more restrained.

Decline:
1. Male non-Russian surnames ending in a consonant (Schmidt, Remchuk, Mayer, etc.). In double foreign-language surnames, the last part is inclined (Conan Doyle, Ter-Ghevondyan, etc.).
2. Non-Russian surnames on an unstressed vowel -а/-я
(Creativity of Pablo Neruda, songs of Bulat Okudzhava).
Do not bow:
1. Female non-Russian surnames ending in a consonant letter (Schmidt, Remchuk, Mayer, etc.).
2. Non-Russian surnames ending in a stressed vowel -а/-я (Dumas novels).
3. Foreign surnames ending in vowels (Massene, Rustavelli, Verdi, Ananiashvili, Donizetti, Mascagni, Bul-Bul ogly, etc.).
4. Surnames on -ago, -yago, -yh, -ih, -ovo, -ko (Dubyago, Sedykh, Long).
5. Male and female surnames coinciding with common nouns (Rooster, Lynx, Wolf, Rat, Salo, Shilo, Throat, etc.).
The surname is used in the plural:

1. with two male names (Pyotr and Andrey Makarevichi),
2. with the words husband and wife (husband and wife of Birihi),
3. with the words father and son (father and son of Weinerman).

The surname is used in the singular:

1. with two female names (Svetlana and Nina Kim),
2. with a female and male name (Olga and Oleg Bauer),
3. with the word spouse (wife Schmidt),
4. with the words brother and sister (brother and sister Wulf).

Morphological norms of the adjective
Formation of degrees of comparison

1. When forming the degree of comparison of an adjective, one should not allow the combination of simple and compound degrees of comparison (For example, the forms are erroneous: brighter, whitest).
2. Three adjectives form a simple comparative degree in a suppletive way. Bad - worse, good - better, small - less.
3. The unproductive suffix -e is characteristic of adjectives with a stem on r, x, d, t, st, which alternate with w, w, h, w (tight - tighter, dry - drier, thick - thicker, young - younger , steep - steeper). The suffix -she is also unproductive, only a few forms occur with it: further, thinner, earlier, older, longer.
4. A simple form of the comparative degree cannot be formed from adjectives with the suffix -sk-: friendly, comic, childish, tragic, suffering; from many adjectives with the suffix -l-: emaciated, faded, dilapidated; from some adjectives with suffixes -n- and -k-: manual, bloody, bulky; from adjectives with the suffix -ov-: business, ordinary; from adjectives with suffixes -enk- (-onk-), -ovat-: plump, thin, rough; from adjectives with prefixes of subjective assessment: merry, stupid, cunning. Many of these adjectives are relative in origin. In this case, the compound form of the comparative degree is used.
5. Restrictions in the formation of a simple comparative degree may also be due to the peculiarities of the semantics of adjectives. Among them are:

• adjectives denoting the colors of animals: buckskin, black, bay;
• relative adjectives denoting colors: apricot, pomegranate, peach, cherry;
• words, in the lexical meaning of which there is an element of comparison: equal, identical, similar, identical, similar;
• adjectives whose lexical meaning does not allow an element of comparison: barefoot, blind, dumb, dead, deaf.

6. In the formation of forms of a simple superlative degree, basically the same restrictions apply as in the formation of simple forms of a comparative degree (structural and semantic). We only add that there are some non-derivative adjectives from which the comparative degree is formed, but the superlative is not: big, young, long, dry, tight, etc.
7. A simple form of comparative degree can be complicated by the prefix po-, which enhances the degree of predominance of quality in one of the compared objects: this room is larger; these threads are shorter. Such forms are typical for colloquial speech.
8. In the literary language, such forms of the comparative degree of adjectives are accepted: smarter, louder, dexterous, sweeter, biting, etc. (and not smarter, louder, dexterous, sweeter, whipping).
9. In the form of a comparative degree (darker), the object of comparison (darker than ...) should be indicated or an amplifying word should be added.

More on the topic VI. Surname declension:

1. § 10. The process of transition of words with expressive neuter suffixes -ishko, -enkov to the paradigm of feminine declension
2. §10. The process of transition of words with expressive neuter suffixes -ishko, -enko to the feminine declension paradigm

Surnames ending in -ov / ev, -in / yn, -sky / skoy, -tsky / tskoy, make up the bulk of Russian surnames. Their declension usually does not raise questions and occurs with the addition of endings according to the following rules:

Table 1. Surnames beginning with -ov/-ova
case	case question	Male surname	Female surname	Plural
			Ivanova	Ivanovs
			Ivanova	Ivanov
				Ivanovs
		Ivanov	Ivanova	Ivanovs
		about Ivanov	about Ivanova	about the Ivanovs

Table 2. Surnames in -sky/-sky
case	case question	Male surname	Female surname	Plural
		Akhtyrsky	Akhtyrskaya	Akhtyrsky
		Akhtyrsky	Akhtyrskaya	Akhtyrsky
		Akhtyrsky	Akhtyrskaya	Akhtyrsky
		Akhtyrsky	Akhtyrskaya	Akhtyrsky
		Akhtyrsky	Akhtyrskaya	Akhtyrsky
		about Akhtyrsky	about Akhtyrskaya	about the Akhtyrsky

2. Surnames consonant with adjectives are declined in accordance with the declension of masculine and feminine adjectives and in the plural: Dashing, Tolstaya, White, Great.

Table 3. Surnames consonant with adjectives
case	case question	Male surname	Female surname	Plural
	who? what / what?
	whom? what / what?
	to whom? to what/what?
	whom? what/which one?
	by whom? what / what?
	about whom? about what/about what?

3. Surnames consonant with a noun are declined according to gender, grammatical gender does not affect declension. Including foreign-language ones without stress on the last syllable. Examples of surnames: Melnik, Guitar, Bull, Crow, Chernous, Shcherba, Kafka. Masculine surnames (Melnik, Coward) are declined in men according to the rule of declension of masculine nouns, in women and in the plural they are not declined. Feminine surnames (Guitar, Friday) for men and women are declined according to the rules of declension of feminine nouns, in the plural the surname has the form of the nominative case for men and does not decline by cases.

Table 5. Surnames consonant with feminine nouns
case	case question	Male surname	Female surname	Plural

Note 1. It is worth clarifying the stress in surnames ending in -a, since the ending of the instrumental case depends on this. Compare: Lefty - Lefty, Lefty - Lefty. Note 2. French surnames with a stressed ending -a, -i, do not bow: Emile Zola, Pierre Broca, about Alexandre Dumas.

Surnames coinciding with nouns with a fluent vowel are also declined with a drop in vowel. Examples: Hare - Hare, Forehead - Forehead, Leo - Leo. However, family traditions may dictate an exception, the vowel is not dropped. For example: Bast shoes - Bast shoes (instead of Bast shoes).

Russian surnames of the middle gender ending in -o, Ukrainian surnames in -ko, as well as foreign-language surnames in -o, -e, -i, -u, -yu are not inclined. Examples: Swamp, Zoloto, Petrenko, Timoshenko, Zhivago, Dali, Ordzhonikidze, Gandhi.

Surnames formed from the genitive case of a personal name, nickname or family are not declined . Their genus has not been determined. They end in -in, -them/s. Examples: Khitrovo, Gray-haired, Small.

7. In double surnames, each part is declined by cases separately in accordance with the rules described above.