For the normal existence of a person on earth, he needs to satisfy his needs. All living beings on the planet have needs, but most of all they have a reasonable individual.
Types of human needs
organic. These needs are connected with the development of man, with his self-preservation. Organic needs include many needs: food, water, oxygen, optimal ambient temperature, procreation, sexual desires, existence security. These needs are also present in animals. Unlike our smaller brothers, a person needs, for example, hygiene, culinary processing of food and other specific conditions;
material Needs are based on their satisfaction with the help of products created by people. These include: clothing, housing, transport, household appliances, tools, as well as everything that is necessary for work, recreation, everyday life, knowledge of culture. In other words, a person needs the goods of life;
social. This type is associated with the need for communication, position in society, a certain position in life, gaining respect, authority. A person cannot exist on his own, so he needs to communicate with other people. emerged from the development of human society. Thanks to such needs, life becomes the most secure;
creative types of needs represent satisfaction in different artistic, scientific, technical. People are very different. There are those who cannot live without creativity. They even agree to give up something else, but they cannot exist without it. Such a person is a high personality. Freedom to engage in creativity for them is above all;
moral self-improvement and psychological development - these are the types in which he ensures his growth in the cultural and psychological direction. In this case, a person strives to become deeply moral and morally responsible. Such needs contribute to the introduction of people to religion. Moral self-improvement and psychological development become the dominant needs for people who have reached a high level of personality development.
In the modern world, it is very popular among psychologists. Its presence speaks of the highest level of human psychological development. Human needs and their types can change over time. There are desires that need to be suppressed in oneself. We are talking about the pathology of psychological development, when a person has needs of a negative nature. These include painful conditions in which a person has a desire to inflict pain on another, both physical and moral.
Considering the types of needs, we can say that there are those without which a person cannot live on earth. But there are some that you can do without. Psychology is a subtle science. Each individual needs a special approach. The question is, why do some people have particularly pronounced needs, while others have others? Some like to work, others don't, why? The answer must be sought in generic genetics or in lifestyle.
Species can also be divided into biological, social, ideal. The classification of needs has a wide variety. The need for prestige and recognition in society appeared. In conclusion, it can be said that it is impossible to establish a complete list of human needs. The hierarchy of needs is different. Satisfying the needs of the basic level implies the formation of the rest.
A need is a need, a need for something for human life. There are many types of human needs. Considering them, it is easy to see that there are those without which life is simply impossible. Others are not so important and you can easily do without them. In addition, all people are different and their needs are also different. There are several classifications of types of personality needs.
Abraham Maslow was the first to understand this issue and reveal the role of human needs. He called his teaching "the hierarchical theory of needs" and depicted it as a pyramid. The psychologist gave a definition of the concept and classified the types of needs. He structured these types, placing them in ascending order from biological (primary) to spiritual (secondary).
- Primary - these are innate needs, they are aimed at fulfilling physiological needs (breathing, food, sleep)
- The secondary ones are acquired, social (love, communication, friendship) and spiritual needs (self-expression, self-realization).
These types of needs according to Maslow are interconnected. Secondary ones can appear only if the lower needs are satisfied. That is, a person cannot develop spiritually if his physiological needs are not developed.
A later classification was based on the first version, but improved slightly. According to this classification, the following types of needs in psychology were identified:
- organic- associated with the development of personality and its self-preservation. They include a large number of needs, such as oxygen, water, food. These needs are present not only in humans, but also in animals.
- Material- involve the use of products created by people. This category includes housing, clothing, transport, that is, everything that a person needs for everyday life, work, and recreation.
- Social. This type of human needs is associated with a position in life, authority and a person's need for communication. The individual exists in society and depends on the people around him. This communication diversifies life and makes it safer.
- Creative. This type of human need is the satisfaction of artistic, technical, scientific activities. There are many people in the world who live by creativity, if they are forbidden to create, they will wither away, their life will lose all meaning.
- Moral and mental development. This includes all types of spiritual needs and implies the growth of the cultural and psychological characteristics of the individual. A person strives to become highly moral and morally responsible. Often this contributes to his familiarization with religion. Psychological development and moral perfection become dominant for a person who has reached a high level of development.
In addition, the following characteristics of the types of needs are used in psychology.
A person has nine basic needs. Every person has these needs, even if a person does not feel them in himself.
The first four needs are survival needs:
1.warm,
2.protection,
3.food,
4.safety.
Satisfying these basic needs returns us to a state of comfort and tranquility.
Five more needs:
5. in stimuli and strokes;
6. love, creating a circle of close people, affection and belonging to a certain social group;
7. self-actualization (implementation of one's abilities and talents, creative potentials, embodiment of "oneself");
8. respect and recognition in a significant community through self-realization, which both gives pleasure to the person himself and benefits other people;
9. in spiritual development.
The problem of unmet needs is related to the fact that many people in childhood lived in families where their rights were suppressed. Where they were forbidden (in various ways) to demand everything they needed for themselves. Where parents did not know how to teach the child simultaneous discipline, correct (protecting from dangers and destructive behavior in relation to their body, their future, other people and the world around them) self-restraint and satisfaction of their needs (including the assertion of their rights). Correct restrictions were perceived by the child as a prohibition to express themselves in general (including asking, talking about needs).
In addition, in each of us coexist different in character and life position of the ego-state. The behavior and tendencies of some ego states may conflict with the behavior and tendencies of other ego states. So, in some ego states we are hurting ourselves, while in others we are afraid for our health and future. Moreover, those ego-states that have bad habits desperately resist the realization by a person (the executive part of the personality) of their needs. Because it will lead to new rules and this ego state will have to submit to a new discipline. This resistance has many tricks. For example, some people philosophize that all their habits, even harmful ones, are their individuality, that these habits are needed for some reason, and if a person gives up on them, he will “lose” himself.
In this case, we need an independent decision - a decision from the Adult ego state.
To begin with, a person needs to decide that he has these nine needs.
Then make a plan to meet each need. The second adult decision about needs should be what the person will do to meet each need. And execute this decision regardless of the internal state.
1. The need for heat. This is the need for bodily thermal comfort. Many adults, oddly enough, do not know how to dress for the weather. I often see people cowering from the cold, walking down the street quickly, tensely, trying to get into the room as soon as possible. Or, on the contrary, they sweat and get wet, so that they smell unpleasant. At the same time, they are uncomfortable. They make themselves unpleasant to others, thereby realizing the unconscious scenario setting "Don't be close." Such people need to realize and learn how to properly satisfy the need for warmth. Those. dress yourself in such a way that you do not lose comfort.
2. The need for protection. This need is met by parents during childhood. For adults, this need is met by laws (constitution, civil code, labor code, housing code, etc.) and the state (district, police, court, municipal authorities, health authorities, etc.). To meet this need, an adult must study the laws, learn about the existence and functions of state bodies. So, to know exactly where and on what issue to apply. It is not normal for an adult to demand protection from another person, for example, from a husband, parents, etc. We can ask for help from a loved one in a particular situation, but we should not “hang” parental functions and expectations on loved ones.
3. The need for food. To satisfy this need, it is not enough just to eat the way you were taught in childhood. You need to get information about the body's needs for certain substances, explore the characteristics of your body, develop healthy eating rules for yourself and follow these rules.
4. The need for security. Parents and the child's own instinct for self-preservation are responsible for satisfying this need in childhood. An adult needs to reconsider his lifestyle and habits (the habit of crossing the road, driving a car, using sharp objects, electrical appliances, etc.). If there are habits that can potentially lead to danger, damage, loss of health, you need to abandon them and learn to do the same things differently.
5. The need for stimuli and strokes. To maintain your neopsyche (Adult ego state), i.e. ability to voluntary efforts and awareness, in the "working" state, a person needs to constantly train it. The training of the neopsyche occurs by stimulating perception. Stimulation of perception occurs when a person interacts with the world around him with the help of the senses. In total, a person has five sense organs: eyes (organ of vision), ears (organ of hearing), nose (organ of smell), skin (organ of touch), tongue (organ of taste). Stimuli are vital for a person, otherwise his neopsyche degrades.
Here is a quote from Eric Berne about the need to stimulate the neopsychic.
“….The ability of the human psyche to maintain coherent ego states seems to depend on the changing flow of sensory stimuli. This observation is the psychobiological basis of social psychiatry. Stated in structural terms, it is that sensory stimuli are necessary to ensure the integrity of the neopsyche and the archaeopsyche. If the flow is blocked or becomes monotonous, it is seen that the neopsyche is gradually disorganized (“human thinking is deteriorating”); this exposes the underlying archeopsychic activity ("he shows childish emotional reactions"); eventually the archeopsychic functioning also becomes disorganized (“he suffers from hallucinations”). This is a description of a sensory deprivation experiment.
It can be shown that cathexis exhaustion occurs in the neopsychic in the case of stimulus social and structural deprivation by comparing patients in good and bad public hospitals. In essence, it has been proven that the result of such deprivation is archaic suggestibility, which makes it the strongest weapon in the hands of cruel leaders in the fight against irreconcilable personalities .... "
A person receives the most “high-quality” stimuli for neopsychic training in the process of communication. No computer game (and people play them just to get incentives) can not be compared in this sense with communication. Communication is the most effective simulator for the neopsychic. Therefore, people who do not have personality disorders feel the craving for stimuli as a craving for communication. In isolation, people experience anxiety and calm down when they receive a “guarantee” of communication. The guarantee of communication is recognition of us by other people, attention to us from other people. The unit of attention, recognition is stroking.
Summary. The need for incentives is a vital need. It's called stimulus craving. People who do not have personality disorders feel the craving for stimuli as a craving for strokes.
You can read more about this need in the books:
1. Stuart J., Joynes W. Modern Transactional Analysis. per. from English. SPb., 1996, chapter "Thirst for Stimulus".
2. Berne Eric Transactional Analysis and Psychotherapy. Translation from English, St. Petersburg, publishing house<Братство>, 1992, chapter VIII SOCIAL RELATIONS, section 1. Theory of social contacts.
I am currently working on a continuation of the article.
Sincerely, Irina Letova.
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- 15.1. The decisive role of production. Production and general needs.
- 15.2. The law of the relationship between production and the needs of society.
- 15.3. The rise of needs as an ideal motive for production.
- 15.4. Satisfaction of needs as a process of consumption.
The decisive role of production. Production and the needs of society
Production - the central link of the enterprise, in which the final product is created, which has the specified consumer properties.
Industrial enterprise - an independent economic entity established in the manner prescribed by law for the production of products, performance of work and provision of services in order to meet public needs and make a profit. It independently carries out its activities, disposes of its products, profits received, remaining after paying taxes and other obligatory payments. The relations of the enterprise with other enterprises, organizations, institutions, bodies of state and municipal administration and citizens are regulated by law.
Manufacturing process - this is a set of individual processes carried out to obtain from raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, components of labor tools, objects of labor and consumption, as well as its parts.
Production is engaged in the materialization of scientific developments, the results of discoveries, inventions, the reproduction of material and spiritual benefits. The decisive role of the production of products, goods, services is the most complete satisfaction of the needs of man and society as a whole with high-quality means of production, consumer goods and other economic benefits of life support. Normally developing production should increase the pace of production, improve the material well-being of the people.
Production, solving the problem of output, simultaneously solves the problem of spiritual benefits, the development of the social sphere.
It is customary to refer to the social sphere economic objects and processes, types of economic activities that are directly related and related to the way of life of people, consumption of material and spiritual goods by the population, satisfaction of the needs of a person, family, team and society as a whole. These are institutions of culture, medicine, art, science, education, etc., for which production creates a material and technical base.
The needs of people tend to increase the consumption of products in quantitative and qualitative terms, which pushes production to increase the output of products with enhanced consumer properties. Thus, consumption spurs production and excites the entire reproductive cycle, transforming simple production into extended production.
The main factors of the continuously repeating process of reproduction of material goods include labor force (labor), fixed production assets (fixed capital), material resources, and scientific and information potential.
Recruitment - one of the main problems of successful operation of the enterprise. The fate of the company depends on the quality of their work. Proper selection of employees and subsequently working with them can remove many potential problems and help create a favorable relationship between the manager and the team.
The daily work with personnel at the enterprise consists in assessing the need for personnel, hiring, training, monitoring, assessing the quality of work of employees, managing them, planning personnel policy, and stimulating good work.
Incorrect determination of the need for personnel or selection of them can lead to their inefficient work, for example, due to the fact that they are more suitable for another business. You can hire employees by acquaintance. This can give a better idea of their abilities, attitude to work, self-discipline, responsibility, loyalty and devotion. When hiring and working with personnel, legal requirements must be observed.
When evaluating the quality of the work of the staff, it is necessary to analyze the performance of its work for any period, note the successes, make comments on the identified shortcomings, identify tasks for the future, give employees the opportunity to speak out on the results of the assessment of the quality of their work, discuss any complaints or issues of discipline.
Equally important is the choice of partners or business partners. This applies both to their personal qualities and to the assessment of their potential partnership and collectivist qualities in entrepreneurship. Underestimation and overestimation can lead to the collapse of the business, the company, the loss of credibility or problems with the criminal code.
Relationships with the state, the financial system, specific representatives of the executive branch must be built on strict observance of legal norms.
Behavior in business should contribute to the creation and maintenance of one's own image, credibility with the consumer and in business circles, and increase the reputation of a reliable and honest partner. But at the same time, you should always remember about trade secrets.
It is possible to avoid dishonesty of partners and business partners by preliminary clarification of information about them, their reputation in the business world, their operations and transactions. It is equally important to draw up a contract correctly, including sanctions for non-fulfillment of mutual obligations.
Personnel are the most important component of the material and production base. They are directly related to the production process, they make up the industrial production personnel (PPP), which consists of workers, specialists and maintenance personnel. The main part of the PPP - workers. Under the influence of scientific and technological progress, structural changes are taking place in the distribution of workers and specialists by industry.
The category of workers includes workers who are directly involved in the production process of manufacturing products. In turn, workers are divided into main and auxiliary. The main workers are those who directly carry out the technological processes of manufacturing products. Auxiliary workers include workers servicing the technological processes of the main and auxiliary (manufacturing of technological equipment, non-standard equipment, tools, etc.) production, as well as transport workers, electricians, oilers, tool distributors, workers repairing various equipment.
The category of specialists consists of employees who perform the functions of management, technological and organizational-planning management of production (director, his deputies, shop managers and their deputies, employees of departments and shop management, foremen, designers, technologists, economists, planners, rate-setters, etc.), as well as personnel performing the functions of accounting, planning, supply, marketing, staffing, employees of administrative and economic departments, employees involved in consumer services for all employees (elevators, cloakroom attendants, cleaners, etc.).
The mechanization and automation of production processes, the equipping of production with new equipment change the nature of labor and increase the requirements for the qualifications of workers. In a market economy, the requirements for personnel are growing. Only those workers and specialists who know their business, have a conscientious attitude to work, and are concerned not only for their own, but also for the collective final results of the company's activities, can find a stable job.
Fixed production assets play an important role in ensuring the efficient operation of production. These are the means of production, the material basis of it. The economic essence of the main production assets is that they do not lose their properties immediately, but gradually, therefore, they fully replace their natural form through a series of production cycles.
The most important role in the production process is played by means of labor: power machines and equipment, working machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments, devices and laboratory equipment, computers, other machines and equipment. They, acting on the objects of labor, change their natural-material form and properties, ensure the uninterrupted flow of the technological process in regulated parameters. Given the role of machines, equipment and other tools listed above in the production process, they are called the active part of the production apparatus. The passive part includes buildings, structures, transmission devices, vehicles, as they participate indirectly in the production process. Buildings and structures, for example, create conditions for the effective functioning of active tools.
To account and analyze the work of fixed assets, a system of indicators is used, the most important of which is capital productivity.
Material resources(objects of labor) - raw materials, materials, fuel, all types of energy, etc. - participate in the production cycle once, completely change their material-natural form and immediately completely transfer their value to the finished product. This is the economic essence of the objects of labor (revolving funds). Working capital accounts for 70-90% of the cost of industrial production. Improving their use can significantly reduce production costs.
abstract
HUMAN NEEDS, THEIR TYPES
AND MEANS OF SATISFACTION.
D e c o n t i o n s :
1. Introduction. one
2. Types of human needs. 1-4
3. Fundamentals of economic activity of mankind.
Specialization and trade. 4-8
4. Limited economic resources and related
problems with her. 8-10
5. Conclusion. Principles of distribution of benefits. eleven
1. Introduction.
The great scientist of ancient Greece, Aristotle, gave the name to science - economics. He combined two words: "eykos" - economy and "nomos" - for-
con, so that "economy" in literal translation from the ancient Greek means
em "laws of economy".
Economics means the science that:
1) studies ways of organizing people's activities aimed at creating
Denmark blessings they need for consumption;
2) explores how people use the limited resources available to
satisfaction of their unlimited needs in life's goods.
There are three main participants in economic life: the family, firms and the state. They interact with each other, coordinating their activities.
ness both directly with each other and through markets factors about
production (that is, resources with which you can organize production
management of goods) and consumer goods (goods that are directly
are being played by people).
Firms and the state play a large role in the economy, but the individual
The family is the main actors in the economy. business executive -
ness of any country should be carried out for the sake of meeting the needs of any -
dey in specific benefits.
Behavior of people, their decisions in specific economic situations
determine the activities of firms, government organizations, markets.
By examining human behavior, economics helps people, firms
mothers and the state to foresee the consequences of their decisions in the economic sphere
2. Types of human needs.
The basic human needs are biological needs.
These needs are the basis for the formation of specific needs
people (the need to satisfy hunger gives rise to the need for certain
types of food). The first task of economic activity (economy) was
satisfaction of these needs.
The main human needs are:
In clothes;
in housing;
In safety;
In the treatment of diseases.
These needs are necessary for the simple survival of people, but they
are a very difficult task. Until now, people cannot completely re-
sew these problems; millions of people on Earth are still starving, many do not have a roof over their heads and basic medical care.
In addition, human needs are much more than just a set of
skill for survival. He wants to travel, have fun, a comfortable life, a favorite pastime, etc.
3. Fundamentals of the economic life of mankind. Specialization and
trade.
To meet their needs, people used at first only what the wild nature could give them. But with the growth of needs,
the need to learn how to get things. Therefore, the benefits are divided into
two groups:
1) free goods;
2) economic benefits.
Gift Goods - these are the benefits of life (mainly natural) that are available to people in an amount greater than the need for them. They do not need to be produced, they can be consumed for free. Such benefits include-
Xia: air, water, sunlight, rains, oceans.
But basically, human needs are satisfied not at the expense of gratuitous,
a economic benefits , that is, goods and services, the volume of which is insufficient
to meet the needs of people in full and it can be increased
personal only as a result of the production process. Sometimes you have to
redistribute wealth in one way or another.
Now people live better than in ancient times. This is achieved due to the increase in the volume and improvement of the properties of these goods (food,
clothing, housing, etc.).
The source of prosperity and power of the peoples of the Earth today is
an extremely developed mechanism for combining efforts for the sake of solving common problems, including the most important task - the production of an increasing volume
life benefits, that is, the creation of better living conditions for people.
People use natural resources to produce the goods of life.
their labor and special devices (tools, equipment,
manufacturing facilities, etc.). All these are called "factors of production".
There are three main factors of production:
3) capital.
Work as a factor of production is the activity of people in the production
goods and services through the use of their physical and mental
opportunities As well as skills acquired as a result of training and experience
work. To organize production activities, the right is bought
to use the abilities of people for some time to create
giving a certain kind of benefit.
This means that the volume of labor resources of society depends on the number -
of the working-age population of the country and the amount of time that this
population can work for a year.
Earth as a factor of production - these are all types of natural resources that have
on the planet and suitable for the production of economic goods.
The dimensions of individual elements of natural resources are usually expressed as flat
sparing of land for a particular purpose, volumes of water resources or
minerals in the subsoil.
Capital as a factor of production is the entire production and technical
apparatus that people have created to increase their strength and expand their
the ability to produce the necessary goods. It consists of buildings and soru -
industrial applications, machine tools and equipment, iron
roads and ports, warehouses, pipelines, that is, from what is necessary for
implementation of modern technologies for the production of goods and services. The volume of capital is usually measured by the total monetary value.
For the analysis of economic processes, another kind of fact is distinguished.
production ditch - entrepreneurship. These are the services that
society, people endowed with the ability to correctly assess what new
goods can be successfully offered to buyers, what technologies are
management of existing products should be implemented in order to achieve greater benefits.
These people are willing to risk their savings for new business ventures.
projects. They have the ability to coordinate the use of other factors
tors of production to create the necessary benefits for society.
The volume of the society's entrepreneurial resource cannot be measured.
a clear idea of it can be formed on the basis of data on the number
the owners of the firms who created and run them.
In the 20th century, another type of factors of production gained great importance.
properties: information , that is, all the knowledge and information that is necessary
people for conscious activity in the economic world.
Constantly improving the ways of using economic resources
owls, people based their economic activity on two important
Shih element: specialization and trade.
The specialization has three levels:
1) specialization of individuals;
2) specialization of the activities of economic organizations;
3) specialization of the country's economy as a whole.
The basis of all specialization is the specialization of human labor, which
defined:
a) Conscious division of labor between people.
b) Teaching people new professions and skills.
c) The possibility of cooperation, that is, cooperation for the sake of achieving a common
cabbage soup goals.
For the first time, the division (specialization) of labor arose about 12 thousand years ago.
ago: some people specialized only in hunting, others were
breeders or farmers.
There are now thousands of professions, many of which require training in specific skills and techniques.
Why is specialization the most important tool in the economic life of mankind?
First, people are endowed with different abilities; they are different
perform certain types of work. Specialization allows everyone
a person to find that job, that profession, where he can prove himself with the most
the best side.
Secondly, specialization allows people to achieve ever greater skill.
loss in their chosen activity. And this leads to the production of goods
or providing higher quality services.
Thirdly, the growth of skill allows people to spend on the production of goods
less time and not have its losses when moving from one
type of work to another.
Thus, specialization is the main way to increase
performance all resources (factors of production) that people use to produce the economic goods they need, and before
the entire labor resource.
Performance is the amount of benefits that can be obtained from the use of
of a unit of a certain type of resources for a fixed period
period of time.
Thus, labor productivity is determined by the number of products that
a swarm was made by a worker per unit of time: per hour, per day, per month, per year.
One of the most significant inventions of mankind in the field of special
socialization and division of labor was the conveyor. This is the most powerful tool
increase in labor productivity.
The creator of the assembly line was Henry Ford (1863-1947), the father of the mass auto-
mobile industry, a talented person. The idea of the conveyor was born to him after
how the car company he created stopped
handle orders that have doubled in one year.
Then (in the spring of 1913) in the magneto assembly shop, Ford launched the first
conveyor world. Until that time, the assembler worked at the table, where he had
complete set of parts. A skilled assembler collected about 40 magnetos per shift.
Now each collector had to perform one or two operations on
assembly (that is, he specialized even more than when he knew how to perform
all assembly operations). This reduced the assembly time for one
magneto from 20 min to 13 min.10 sec. And after Ford replaced the old
a low table on a moving belt raised above, which set the pace
work, the assembly time was reduced to 5 minutes. Labor productivity
grew 4 times! After the introduction of the conveyor assembly principle in all workshops
labor productivity increased by 8.1 times, which made it possible in 1914 to increase
chit production of cars in 2 times. Ford got the opportunity to produce its ma-
tires at a lower cost than competitors, sell them cheaper and
capture the market. This led to the fact that competitors had to
implement a conveyor in their enterprises.
Thanks to the specialization of labor and the growth of labor productivity, people
came to the transition from a random and irregular exchange of available bla -
Gami to constant trade in them. There was a transition from self-sufficiency, then
eat from subsistence farming, to receiving goods produced by others
people. People gradually became convinced that thanks to the exchange of goods it is possible to
get more benefits at your disposal and make them more diverse -
mi compared to their independent production. Realizing this, people began
engage in exchange not from case to case, but made it the basis of their lives. So there were products and services used by them for regular
The ability to exchange goods is a unique ability of people, distinguished by
separating them from other inhabitants of the Earth. As the great shot-
Landish economist Adam Smith (1723-1790):
“No one has ever seen a dog deliberately swap a bone with another dog…”
The regular exchange of goods and services was the basis for the most important
areas of human activity trade , that is, the exchange of goods in the form of
whether the sale of goods and services for money.
Trade was born in ancient times, it is even older than agriculture.
It existed during the Paleolithic - at the dawn of the Stone Age, around
30,000 years ago. In the beginning, tribes that lived far away traded among themselves.
to from each other. They traded in luxury goods (precious and finishing
stones, spices, silks, rare woods, etc.). were engaged
these itinerant merchants - Arabs, Frisians, Jews, Saxons, and then Italians.
Over time, trading cities appeared in Europe: Venice, Genoa and
river cities of Germany - Hamburg, Stettin, Danzig and others.
Trade has played a big role in human history. Thanks to her
merchants set sail in search of new lands where they could get
expensive goods. The main goal of Columbus was also trading inte -
res. He wanted to find a shorter route to the shores of India, so that it would be easier and
cheaper to ship goods to Europe. Thanks to trade, many
other geographical discoveries, as well as the birth of modern industrial
ness. From merchant money, large-scale handicraft production began to appear.
stvo, and then manufactories - the forerunners of plants and factories.
It was trade that united people into firms specializing in
production of certain goods.
No one person is capable of mastering all the many professions necessary
go to create the whole variety of goods that are used today
The combination of trade and specialization makes it possible for people to obtain
goods in a larger volume, in a larger assortment and faster.
If a country skillfully uses a combination of specialization and trade, then this will lead to:
Growth in labor productivity;
Growth in the volume of available goods;
An increase in the growth of consumption of goods by people, corresponding to an increase in income
sellers;
Increasing trade revenues that can be used for development and
improvement of production and specialization of labor.
This applies to all countries, even to those that have great natural wealth, since in themselves the wealth of subsoil, arable land and forests
prosperity is not guaranteed.
So, in Russia, natural resources are enormous, their rational use
nie could make the people of Russia one of the wealthiest in the world. But Russia, not
despite the fact that it was under the control of the planning-command system,
spent its natural wealth on a huge scale, did not provide
high level of well-being for its citizens.
According to UN experts, in terms of wealth, Russia is only at
53rd place. It will be able to rise higher only by increasing the scale of production -
production of economic benefits useful to people. This problem can be solved only
having mastered the art of rational organization of economic activity.
4. Limited economic resources and emerging in this
connection problems.
To satisfy their needs for goods, people need much more resources than have always been available to mankind.
Humans have faced limited resources since ancient times, when
land was the only available source of wealth production.
The graph shows the emergence of a gap between the material
people's desires and opportunities for their satisfaction.
The increase in natural resources occurs due to the development of deposits
mining, construction of hydroelectric power plants, development
virgin lands, etc. On the graph, the line of the volume of resources is a gently rising
toiling. A line that rises steeply - human sweats -
ty. In the first period of human development, the potentialities of nature to feed people, who were few, exceeded their sweat.
children. Due to population growth and increasing needs of people
Humanity is faced with a new situation - scarcity.
Humanity 11-16 thousand years ago could have died out due to a lack of
food and he managed to escape only due to the emergence of agriculture.
The needs of people, the population of the Earth continue to
but increase. The increase in the volume of life's goods lags behind the growth in people's needs, despite the fact that they have learned to use the resources of nature and other factors of production.
With the exception of a small number of goods - air, rain, solar heat - all other means of meeting the needs of mankind
are available in limited quantities. So, oil reserves in the bowels of the Earth are
128.6 billion tons. This is her physical limitation. People actively use
they call her, but now she is available only to those who can pay the costs of
its extraction and transportation. The economic problem is not created by the physical
What is the limitation of the resource, and the ability to get it only by spending other
resources. So, in order to extract an additional amount of oil, you need to spend
other limited resources: electricity, labor of oil workers, metal for
manufacture of oil equipment and oil pipeline pipes), etc.
Consequently, the economic activity of people is always directed
on the withdrawal of resources from the sphere of satisfaction of some, in order to satisfy
the needs of other people.
Economic resources are always limited.
Limitation labor due to the fact that the number of able-bodied people of any country is strictly fixed at any given time.
In terms of physical and mental abilities, not all people are suitable for performing specific jobs. This problem can be partially solved by
attracting workers from other countries, retraining and retraining
botniks to more effective specialties, but this does not give an instant
result, as it requires a certain time for their implementation.
Limitation land(natural resources) is determined by the geography of the country and the presence of mineral deposits in its bowels. This limitation can be reduced by converting previously barren soils into
farmland.
Limitation capital determined by the previous development of the country,
what she has accumulated. This limitation can be reduced by
construction of new factories, highways, gas pipelines and additional
equipment manufacturing. But this takes time and cost.
Limitation entrepreneurship due to the fact that nature
all endowed with this talent.
Limitation resources forced people to take appropriate
measures. People have long begun to secure economic resources in their own -
ness. An individual or group of people can:
- own resources, that is, actually possess them;
- enjoy resources, that is, use them at your discretion
to receive current income;
- dispose, that is, to have the right to transfer them to other persons, for example
Other people must respect these rights. Consolidation of resources in so-
The property of citizens allows them to provide these resources for a fee to those who need them. Forms of income from this can be very different and depend on the type of resources provided.
Most of the large fortunes of Russia (goods) are associated with the shadow property
venity (criminal access to resources, etc.) and post-state
property (privatization, land, budget funds).
As a result of "privatization" under the guise of the slogan of the voucher people-
privatization, property turned out to be dispersed, torn between
separate links of inseparable by nature technological chains.
This has led to the inefficiency of the Russian economy today.
5. Conclusion. Principles of distribution of benefits.
To satisfy their ever-increasing needs, mankind
forced to constantly look for answers to the main questions of the foundations of economic
noah life, that is, the main issues of the economy:
1. What and how much to produce?
2. How to produce?
3. How to distribute the manufactured goods?
Solving the question "What and in what quantity to produce?", people in the end
account distribute limited resources between producers of various
good things.
When deciding the question “How to produce?”, people choose the preferred
they are methods (technologies) for producing the goods they need.
Each of the possible options for technological solutions involves
its combination and the extent to which limited resources are used. And on-
Therefore, the choice of the best option is not an easy task, which requires a comparison -
leniya, weighing the value of various resources.
Answering the question "How to distribute the manufactured goods?"
people decide who and how much goods should get in the end. How
to carry out the distribution of goods so that it does not cause in people feelings of
justice due to differences in the comfort of life?
People solved this problem in the following way:
- "right of the strong"- the best and in full gets the one who can
to take blessings from the weaker by force of the fist and arms;
- "principle of equality"- everyone receives approximately equally, so that
“nobody was offended”;
- "queue principle"- the benefit goes to the one who first took a place in the queue
wishing to receive this benefit.
Life has proven the perniciousness of the use of these principles, since they do not
interest people in more productive work. With such a distribution
sharing benefits, even if you work better than others and get more for it,
the acquisition of the desired good is not guaranteed. Therefore, in the vast majority of countries in the world (and in all the richest countries) at present
dominated by a complex mechanism of market distribution.
Bibliography:
1.I.V. Lipsits "Economics", Moscow, 1998
2. G. Yavlinsky "Russian Economy: Legacy and Opportunities", EPIcenter,
