graphic homonyms- see homographs...
Homonyms- (from Greek ὁμός identical and ονομα name) different in meaning, but identical in spelling and sounding units of the language (words, morphemes, etc.). The term was introduced by Aristotle. Not to be confused with homophones. Contents 1 Classification 2 Examples 2.1 Words ... Wikipedia
graphic homonyms- see homographs... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism
homonymy- Homonyms (from Greek ὁμός identical and ονομα name) different in meaning, but identical in spelling and sounding units of the language (words, morphemes, etc.). The term was introduced by Aristotle. Not to be confused with homophones. Contents 1 Classification 2 Examples 2.1 Words ... Wikipedia
Homonym- This term has other meanings, see Homonym (meanings). Homonyms (other Greek ὁμός identical + ὄνομα name) are different in meaning, but the same in sound and spelling units of the language (words, morphemes, etc.). The term has been introduced ... ... Wikipedia
ambiguous term
Ambiguous term- A term (from lat. terminus limit, border) is a word or phrase that accurately and meaningfully names a concept and its relationship with other concepts within a special sphere. Terms serve as specializing, restrictive designations ... ... Wikipedia
homographs- (from the Greek homos the same + grapho I write) different words that coincide in spelling (but not in pronunciation). Rubric: language. Figuratively expressive means Synonym: graphic homonyms Antonym/correlative: homonyms Genus ... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism
Expressive means of language- - a concept that is defined differently in the specialized literature due to the ambiguous interpretation of the category of expressiveness (see: Expressiveness of speech). In the works of some researchers V. s. are identified with stylistic figures (see, for example ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language
The concept of homonymy
Homonym types
Ways of the emergence of homonymy (sources of homonymy)
Paronymy and paronomasia
Literature
___________________________________________________
The concept of homonymy
homonymy(gr. homos‘same’ and ōnyma‘name’) is a sound and / or graphic match of language units, the meanings of which are not related to each other.
homonymy similar to polysemy in that same the sound (graphic) shell corresponds to several objects or phenomena of reality. BUT
at polysemysemantic connections between these realities clearly understood speaking,
at homonymyconnections between these realities for native speakers of modern language does not exist.
Those. at ambiguity we are dealing with one in a word, at homonymy- With two(and more) in the words [Rakhmanov, Suzdaltsev, p. 75].
[Girutsky, p. 131]
Homonym types
With a broad understanding of homonymy, they distinguish several types homonyms.
1. Lexical homonyms(actually homonyms) are words of different meanings that coincide in sound and spelling in all (almost all) forms and refer to the same part of speech.
beam‘building material’ ↔ beam'ravine';
stern from feed↔stern from stern;
smack‘cut at the seams’ ↔ smack‘cut’.
According to the degree of completeness lexical homonyms are divided into
full (absolute),
incomplete (partial).
Complete(absolute) are called homonyms that match in all forms:
key‘spring’ ↔ key'master key',
braid‘hair woven into one strand’ ↔ braid‘agricultural implement for mowing’ ↔ braid‘peninsula in the form of a narrow shoal’,
English.light ‘easy’ ↔ light'light coloured',
German.Mal ‘time’ ↔ Mal 'birthmark'.
Homonyms relating to to one part of speech, but matching not in all forms, are called incomplete:
onion'plant', lynx'run', boron‘chemical element’ does not have a plural form. hours;
fist'clasped hand' and fist‘wealthy peasant’ do not match in the form of V. p. units. and pl.;
conduct– perfective pair (CB) to the verb see off and an imperfective pair (NSV) to the verb spend.
2. Grammatical homonyms(homoforms) - one or more coinciding grammatical forms of different words.
Omoform is observed among words like one part of speech, and different:
flying- 1 l. unit from treat
from fly;
know- noun. in I. and V. p. and inf. verb;
three– D.p. numeral three
1 l. pl. h. verb rub;
saw- noun. in I.p. unit
ave. in. units h.zh.r. verb drink;
English. saw- noun. 'saw'
ave. verb to see.
Sometimes homonyms of this kind are called lexico-grammatical, because they differ both lexically and grammatically. And under grammatical homonyms understand units that differ only in grammatical meanings:
game- D. and P. p.
mothers– R., D., P. p.
3. Phonetic homonyms(homophones) are words or forms that are pronounced the same but are spelled differently:
company - campaign,
pretend - pretend,
bone - bone,
German die Page 'side'
die Website‘string’ [Kodukhov, p. 173]
Most often these are words that coincide in sound only in separate forms:
rod - pond (but rod - pond),
climb - forest,
metal is metal.
In languages with traditional orthography (for example, English and French), there are significantly more homophones:
English. write'write'
right‘right, correct’,
week'a week'
weak 'weak',
French.boulet ‘fat man’ – bowleau 'Birch',
pot ‘pot’ - peau ‘skin’ [LES, p. 344],
German.Moore'swamp' - Mohr‘Moor’ [Shaikevich, p. 155].
4. Graphic homonyms(homographs) are words or forms that are spelled the same but pronounced differently.
In Russian, these are usually words that differ accent:
castle - castle,
flour - flour,
to shake - to shake.
AT other languages homographs are not so strictly related to stress, cf.:
lead 'lead'
‘to lead,
tear 'tear'
‘tear’ [LES, p. 344].
Ways of the emergence of homonymy (sources of homonymy)
Such a lexico-semantic phenomenon as homonymy in speech will practically not create difficulties for understanding if you know all types of homonyms.
The concept of "homonyms"
Homonyms are words that have the same sound and spelling, but differ in lexical meaning and compatibility with other words.
Homonyms are divided into complete and incomplete.
Full homonyms coincide in all their grammatical forms. For example: key (source, spring) - key (rod for unlocking locks); block (building material) - block (sports technique).
Incomplete homonyms do not match in their separate grammatical forms. Examples: bow (weapon) - bow (garden plant). The word "onion" in the meaning of "plant" does not have a plural form.
Types of homonyms
In addition to lexical homonyms, there are quite a few phenomena close to them. There are the following types of homonyms:
1) Homographs are words that are spelled the same but pronounced differently. Examples: castle - castle; Atlas - atlas; Iris - iris; on the street soars - an eagle soars;
2) Homophones are words that are pronounced the same but are spelled differently. Examples: company - campaign; lead - lucky; rinse - caress; ink - ink; guarded - old-timer; Roman - novel; arson - arson;
3) homoforms - words that coincide in their individual forms. Examples: I am treating a patient - I am flying on an airplane; young man - taking care of a young mother.
Thus, homonymy is such a lexical-semantic unit that serves as a means of creating expressiveness of speech.
So identical and so different - this can be said about homonyms. In this article, we will consider why homonyms are needed in Russian, how to use them in writing and speech.
Homonym- this is lexical component in Russian, which differs in a feature: it is written the same way (or close), but the meaning is different. The word is of Greek origin: homos - the same, on ym a - name.
These words are important they adorn the Russian language making it more interesting and intense. For example, the same word "marriage" has two meanings. First: poor-quality work (product). Second: the union of two people, certified by the state. Strange coincidence, don't you think? But the article is not about that.
About homonyms with examples
In fact, homonyms are very easy to understand.. They are often used in speech and writing without even thinking. The same word can have multiple meanings. However, this is not new; it is also found in other languages.
Nouns are most often used as homonyms., but there are also verbs and adjectives among them.
Sometimes words change stress, and in some cases, the spelling of individual characters. Consider the homonyms below (examples will be separated by commas):
- Peace (n.) - the absence of war, the nature surrounding us (Earth, Universe).
- Bow (n.) - a tool for shooting arrows, a vegetable from the garden.
- Conclusion (noun) - a formulated solution to a problem (reasoning), the process of moving something or someone outside the territory (withdrawal of troops).
- Braid (n.) - an element of a woman's hairstyle, a part of the coast protruding into the sea, a tool for mowing grass.
- Downtime (adj.) - stop work, quality indicator.
- Soar (vb) - fly in the sky (soar), flatten the fabric with steam (soar).
- Defend (verb) - withstand an attack, wait for your turn.
- The case when the same word appears in homonymy at the same time as a verb and as an adjective: drying - the process of drying, fruit.
You can practice on your own and try to make a sentence with homonyms yourself.
Varieties of homonyms
The phenomenon of “sameness” of spelling with a difference in meanings is called homonymy. From the point of view of coincidence in the spelling of part of the word, the following linguistic manifestations of homonymy are distinguished: lexical homonyms,homophones, homographs and homoforms.
Lexical - are complete (all examples of grammatical variants coincide) and incomplete (not all grammatical forms coincide).
Homophones are words that sound the same when pronounced, but are spelled differently. Such as: a raft is a fruit.
Homoforms. In fact, these are different words that coincide in form in some cases. They are similar to homophones, but, unlike them, they reveal a difference when declining. Example: a pond - a rod (go to the pond, hit with a rod), five - a span.
Homographs are words that are spelled the same but pronounced differently. They almost always differ in a stressed syllable: organ - Organ, flour - flour.
Homonyms: humor is appropriate
Once a bad student was asked what she knew about “Earth Day”? She replied that "it's dark and scary." It's funny and sad, because she imagined some bottom ( probably skipped geography lessons at school ),
although the question was asked about "Earth Day".
The similarity of words is often used in jokes, playing on the “similarity” of their sound. Example: “The parrot said to the parrot: “parrot, I will parrot you!”
Homonymy is interesting because in the language it is able to create a certain paradoxical meaning of the expression. Russian proverbs, aphorisms and riddles are based on this.
Puzzles
The people have long noticed the properties of homonyms and used them to make puzzles. Thus, these words are well remembered by children, which develops the brain well and accustoms it to the perception of the homonymy of the language.
Guess the riddles:
- Which cats can't catch mice?
- Name it in one word: weapons, gemstones and fruits.
- In the sea it is small, but on land it can cut the surface of the ice. Who is (or what is)?
- The old man ate dry bread. Q: Where did the fish bones on the table come from?
Sayings and proverbs
Homonyms can be "played" when compiling sayings and proverbs. You can practice and come up with your own, you just need a little imagination and ingenuity:
- mow oblique, if not itself oblique;
- go on the shelf in summer, so as not to put your teeth on the shelf in winter;
- compose a competent sentence to make a beautiful proposal to a girl.
Differences
Homonyms can be easily confused with a polysemantic word.
Polysemy means in Russian several meanings of one word, each of which is connected with the other in meaning and does not differ radically from it.
Examples: a hat - a lady's, a nail, a mushroom. In all three cases, the meaning is not too different - it means some kind of upper part or accessory on the head.
The adjective "golden" is also used in several senses - made of precious metal (gold ingot), having the best qualities (golden man).
In Russian, along with others, there are also dictionaries of homonyms. In them you can see the interpretation, study the tables and understand what homonyms are in Russian.
The most popular is Akhmanova's explanatory dictionary (published in 1974). In it you can find a large number of articles (more than 2000) that describe homonyms (their pairs). Each of the articles contains information about the etymology of words, the characteristics of style, the type of homonyms, types of word formation and much more. The dictionary also has applications: translations of pairs of words into foreign languages, an index of taxonomy by type.
Homonyms are words that are identical in sound composition, but not related in meaning: lezginka (dance) - lezginka (woman); rook (piece in chess) - rook (ship); ambassador (method of procurement of products) - ambassador (diplomat). The same external sound-letter and grammatical form of homonyms makes communication difficult, since distinguishing their meaning is possible only in context, in combination with other words. Homonyms, examples of which show this, cannot be understood without context: an advantageous offer is an impersonal offer; buds open - cure buds; right hand - right (innocent).
Types and examples of homonyms in Russian
Complete lexical homonymy is the coincidence of words related to the same part of speech in all forms: month (calendar) - month (luminary), assembly of a car (from the verb to collect) - assembly on fabric (fold), motive (musical) - motive (behavior), read (book) - read (adults, parents), outfit (order) - outfit (clothing), note (diplomatic) - note (musical). Incomplete lexical homonymy implies a coincidence in spelling and sounding of words belonging to the same part of speech, not in all forms: stingray (wheel; inanimate) - stingray (to the river; inanimate) - stingray (fish; animate); bury a hole (perfect view - bury) - bury medicine (perfect view - bury); cancer (river animal) - cancer (disease, has only a single number).
There are homonyms, examples of which can be seen below, associated with grammatical and sound change: mouth - gender (pronounced as [mouth]); three (from the verb to rub) - three (number); pair (boots) - (clubs) pair; oven (pies) - (Russian) oven.
Homonyms: examples and types by structure
- root. They have a non-derivative basis: marriage (factory) and marriage (happy), peace (reigns in the family and the state) and peace (the Universe).
- Derivative homonyms are the result of word formation: drill (drill song) and drill forest.
Phonetic, grammatical and graphic homonyms: examples of use
Homophones (phonetic homonyms) are words that are identical in sound composition, but different in spelling (letter composition): mushroom and flu, code and cat, fort and ford, illuminate and consecrate, people and fierce.
Homographs (letter, graphic homonyms) are words that have the same alphabetic composition, but differ in pronunciation: shelves - shelves, horns - horns, atlas - atlas, soar - soar (the stress in these words falls on different syllables).
Homoforms - the coincidence of the grammatical forms of one word or different words: window glass (noun) - glass on the floor (verb time to go - summer time; hunting (for predators) and hunting (desire); popsicle ice cream - frozen meat (noun and adjective) ; return in the spring - enjoy the spring (adverb and noun); flow on the floor - close up the leak (verb and noun).
Pun and homonyms: examples of words and casual statements
It is necessary to be careful in the use of homonyms, since in some situations homonymy can distort the meaning of the statement and lead to comedy. For example, the words of a football match commentator: “In today's match, the players left without goals” can be understood in two ways. And even writers are not immune from such speech incidents:
- "Have you heard?"
- "One cannot be indifferent to evil."
