Participles are one of the most difficult topics in the Russian language. Many cannot even see the error in constructing a sentence with a gerund and participle.

I'll tell you a secret, even great writers made these mistakes in gerunds; rather, errors in the use of the gerund in a sentence. Want to write better than some famous writers? Then read this article.

To start, some definitions

These are not official definitions, they are given only so that you understand what I mean by this or that word. What is a sentence member, what is a part of speech, and what is neither one nor the other, is not important now.

• Verb (predicate) - expresses the main action. Answers the question: What does it do? (did, will do, etc.).
• The subject (subject) performs this main action. Answers the question: Who? Or What?
• The participle - denotes an additional action that performs (attention!) THE SAME SUBJECT. Answers the questions: Doing what? Having done what? The participle is formed from verbs, so we can always easily turn it back into a verb. For example, walking - walking, smiling - smiling.

Note! This is extremely important: the same subject performs both the main (verb) and additional (participle) action within the framework of one simple sentence.

And a rule that will help you see violations in the construction of a sentence with a gerund and participle:

In other words,

The verb and participle in the same sentence must refer to the same subject.

Do you understand? If a frog is already sitting, then it also winks:

Winking slyly, a frog was sitting on the path.

It's all. If you understand this, the lesson is over. But still, check yourself with the suggestions below.

For those who do not understand, I want to help hear the music of sentences that use the gerund. Then you will see. Then you will start to warp from incorrectly composed phrases, like from false notes.

Most often, mistakes are made when the author himself does not clearly understand what or who is the subject of actions. So let's start training this understanding. I propose to practice like this: below I will give sentences with adverbial phrases and ask them to parse them according to the following scheme:

More parsing examples:
IMAGINING MYSELF A POET, I SING NON-CORRECT SONGS (Tasha Sun).

1. Main action: sang.

2. Who sang? - I.
3. Additional action: imagining. What else did I do? - imagined.

4. 1) I sang and 2) I imagined

5. Everything seems to be logical.

“WHILE APPROACHING TO THIS STATION AND LOOKING AT THE NATURE OUT THE WINDOW, MY HAT FLEW OFF. I. Yarmonkin "(A.P. Chekhov)

1. Main action: flew off.

2. What flew off? - Hat.

3. Additional action: Driving up and looking. What else did the hat do? - drove up and looked.

4. Two simple sentences with one subject: 1) The hat fell off. 2) The hat drove up and looked.

5. What's wrong with her? 🙂

I hope this will amuse you.

And here are examples of sentences with participles and participles:

1. Having said this, he went out.
2. The car, having raced, left a lot of smoke.
3. Entering the room, we can see a luxurious office.
4. Reading a lot of texts, I began to notice ...
5. Sliding on the morning snow, dear friend, let's indulge in running ...
6. Having overcome resistance, an incredible breakthrough awaits you in all areas.
7. Having bought a ticket, you have a chance to win a trip to the sea!
8. (I could not make an appointment at all.) And finally, having made an appointment, they called me back.
9. Desiring an increase in the flow of money, this is done to the detriment of other components of this energy, such as: luck, luck and health.
10. Putting on a dress, it sat down, as if sewn according to patterns.
11. Violating the instructions, the efficiency of your work drops significantly.

In the comments, please write how many sentences in the exercise are built correctly, and how many with errors in the use of gerunds. And what proposals caused difficulty.

Write your answers!

PS: when you analyze all the examples yourself, check yourself!

In a sentence? In this article, we will analyze these questions, as well as answer questions about when it is necessary to isolate such structures, and when this should not be done. Of course, in the course of the article we will analyze the corresponding examples.

Introduction

The adverbial turnover, punctuation marks in the adverbial turnover have long become an integral part of the study of the Russian language program, which they begin to take in high school. So, what is a participle turnover?

A participial turnover is nothing more than a participle that has dependent words with it. This turnover can be expressed and

As you know, in the Russian language there are both independent parts of speech and auxiliary ones. So, the gerund participle belongs to the first group, from which the gerund participle is composed. Punctuation marks in adverbial turnover are regulated by the use of the relevant rules, which we will consider in the following paragraphs.

In general, this part of speech means, in fact, an additional action. However, it refers to the main action described in a particular piece of text. And one more thing: punctuation marks in participle and participle turnover are put in the same way.

What does adverb combine?

It combines the features of two parts of speech at once: a verb and an adverb.

What does the participle contain from each named part of speech?

From the verb, the gerund participle “got” such signs as aspect and pledge, recurrence. And from the adverb, the participle “inherited” immutability, which is also characteristic of the circumstance.

What questions does the participle answer?

This part of speech answers the following questions: “Doing what?”, “Doing what?”

Introduction to adverbial phrases

What is a single gerund in Russian, we have already found out. But what is the whole structure? Punctuation marks in adverbial turnover can be placed in different positions, according to the rules.

The construction is a system of a single gerund and dependent words that are attached to it. The rest of the parameters for the turnover remain the same as for the single gerund. It is primarily about the questions it answers, as well as its role in the proposal. Punctuation marks in sentences with participles can be in several positions.

Assume that the sentence contains this part of speech. Then in the same sentence there must be a predicate expressed by a verb. It will denote the main ongoing action, while the participle or participle turnover will supplement this action with some, if you like, explanations or clarifications.

Participial turnover. Punctuation marks in participial turnover

It should be said right away that the punctuation marks will have some nuances. There are some algorithms that will allow you to understand in most cases. However, sometimes the rules become powerless in the case of those sentences when, it would seem, a comma should be present, but in fact it is not. Only intuition can help here, because the rules do not explain such cases in any way. But we will deal with this later, and now let's talk about something else.

Using a participle turnover, a person must be clearly aware that in this case the main action (expressed by the verb, the role of which is the predicate) and the additional action (expressed by our favorite participle turnover) are related to the same person.

It is worth noting the fact that such constructions often take place in one-part sentences of a definite personal type. Moreover, the predicate in such a sentence can be expressed by a verb in the imperative mood. This, by the way, means that the subject in the sentence will be quite easy to find.

Another nuance: you can also use the adverbial turnover in impersonal sentences. At the same time, it will have a connection with the infinitive verb.

Examples of adverbial phrases in sentences

1) Quietly, almost crouching to the very ground, he passed by, not taking his eyes off the object of his observation.

2) They swore for a long time, using sharp words that do not have the best meaning, and then she left, slamming the door in goodbye.

3) And who would have thought that, having finally decided to put his room in order, he would find what he had been missing for so long, which he had almost forgotten about?

4) Seeing a pack of dogs, the cat not only climbed a tree - she almost flew up on it.

5) Having released the clubs from under the wheels, the tires sharply scratched the asphalt and, with a long roar, made a quick leap forward.

Punctuation marks

Punctuation marks in the adverbial turnover are placed in various cases. Their use is subject to rules and exceptions. Usually they depend on where the adverbial phrase is in the sentence. Punctuation marks in adverbial turnover can be placed on one side (if the turnover is located at the very beginning or end of the sentence), on both sides (if the turnover is located in the middle of the sentence), and may also not be put at all (if there is an exception to the rule).

In general, many sources say that turnover is always isolated, in any position. This is not true, since there are exceptions, as well as some clauses that prohibit punctuation in adverbial phrases. They are few, no doubt, but they are still there. Let's try to figure out what these cases are.

When is the adverbial turnover not isolated?

Punctuation marks in the adverbial turnover do not take place if the turnover itself merges in meaning with the main action. When should it not be used?

First, if the main and additional actions refer to different words. Example: “Having run the distance faster than anyone else, the finisher’s shoes fell into disrepair.” Such a sentence, or rather, the use of this participle in such a sentence would be a violation of syntactic norms. Compare this sentence with the following: "Having run the distance faster than anyone else, the finisher soon celebrated his triumph."

You can not use the gerund and adverbial turnover if there is no infinitive in the impersonal sentence. That is, in this case, the design simply will not be attributed to anything. At the same time, in such a sentence there may be a combination made up of a pronoun or a noun playing the role of an object and a verb-predicate. Example: “Looking at the weather outside the window, I immediately felt sad.” This is also a violation of syntactic norms. It will be correct in this case: “Looking at the weather outside, I immediately became sad.”

It is forbidden to use the construction if it belongs to the passive participles. It turns out that the subject of the action, which is indicated by the gerund, and the subject of the action, which is expressed by the predicate, do not coincide with each other. Example: “The ball, having flown away from the stadium, was nevertheless caught.” Here the error lies in the fact that one revolution refers to the ball that has flown away, and the second revolution refers to the people who caught it.

Conclusion

So what have we learned in this article? Firstly, that punctuation marks in sentences with a participial turn can be placed differently, depending on its location in the sentence. That is, they can stand on one side (if the turnover is located at the beginning / end of the sentence), or they can stand on both sides at once (if the turnover is located in the middle of the sentence). Secondly, punctuation marks in gerunds and participles are put in the same way. Thirdly, punctuation is regulated by syntactic norms. Fourthly, I would like to finally note the similarity of the staging, which punctuation marks have in participle and participle turnover.

So what is it? How to distinguish it from an accomplice? What punctuation marks does it stand out in writing? What questions does it answer? What difficulties can arise when using it in speech? These and other questions will be discussed in this article.

The adverbial turnover, like the participial, is an independent member of the sentence. He is gerund and related dependent words. Answers the questions of the participle: what are you doing? having done what? and denotes an additional action of the object / person performing the main action (it is usually determined by the predicate). In the proposal he is separate member, or rather, a separate circumstance.

Dot-dash (dash-dot) is underlined. You can also ask questions of circumstance:

• how?
• when?
• for what purpose?
• why?

They can be given both from the predicate, and in some cases from participle or participial turnover.

Examples

Commas when using a participial phrase in a sentence

The adverbial turnover, in contrast to the participle, always separated with commas on both sides, regardless of its location in relation to the main word - the verb from which the question is asked. In order to correctly highlight this syntactic construction with punctuation marks, you need to be able to find it in the text and clearly define the boundaries. The participle turnover includes all dependent words related to this participle.

For example, in the sentence "The opponent who was ahead of me at the start, soon fell behind" it is the expression "ahead of me at the start", and not just "ahead of me." Since the words "at the start" are also dependent on the participle, and not on the predicate. This means that they are part of the turnover.

When it is at the beginning of a sentence, separated by a comma on one side only- after it, and if it is located at the end, then, on the contrary, a comma is placed only before it, and at the end - a sentence completion sign.

The exceptions are the adverbial phrases that are part of phraseological unit. When a turnover is a part or a whole phraseological unit, commas are not placed with it. An example of such a sentence: the mother listened to her with bated breath. Also, those cases when several participial phrases are homogeneous and connected by the union “and” do not fall under this rule on setting commas. Then there are no commas. With punctuation marks, everything is very clear here, but there are often errors associated with the incorrect use of adverbial phrases.

Construction of a sentence with adverbial turnover. Possible mistakes

The first and most basic rule has already been mentioned above, it says that an additional action must be performed by the same object as the main action. For example, you can't say, "As I approached the house, a strange growl and howl came from behind the door." After all, the subjects here are a growl and a howl, they were heard, that is, they performed the main action. But there was no way they could approach the house, it was some other person who did it.

Thus, this sentence can be rebuilt into a grammatically more correct complex sentence: "When I / he / she approached / approached the house, a strange growl and howl came from behind the door."

One must also be careful when using the adverbial turnover in impersonal and indefinitely personal sentences, that is, sentences that do not contain a subject at all. The predicate in the first case can be expressed by the infinitive, and in the second - by the verb of the third person. An example of such an error is the following syntactic construction: “After graduating from school, graduates were assigned to work at a factory.” It is built incorrectly, since the participle implies the action performed by the graduates themselves: they graduated from school, and the verb (predicate) denotes an action performed by someone else who distributed these graduates.

In an impersonal sentence, the adverbial turnover can be included as follows: “You can look at their beautiful faces for hours without taking your eyes off.” In this case, all grammatical norms will be observed, since the person performing both the main and side actions is absent. You can also use it in definite personal sentences, that is, those that contain a subject expressed by a personal pronoun of the first or second person (I, we, you, you). For example, "I need to do this work as soon as possible, using all possible materials."

These are the main mistakes in coordinating the adverbial turnover with the basis of the sentence. They can often be found in our speech, as we sometimes do not attach due importance to this. But in vain, because the inaccurate use of the adverbial turnover leads to a violation of the semantic load of the sentence.

The syntax of the Russian language is a perfect and harmonious system. Its main units are considered to be phrases and sentences. Among the latter, the most frequently used are sentences with participles and participles.

What is a participial turnover, schoolchildren usually learn easily, and it is worth talking about the participial turnover in detail. What kind of construction is this, what are its features, how to correctly make a proposal with it?

A participial phrase (DO) is a syntactic unit that includes such a part of speech as the words dependent on it. The specified part of speech, as a component of the turnover, indicates that the subject performs not only the main, but also an additional action.

This main member is most often expressed by independent parts of speech, for example, a noun or a pronoun.

The gerund includes the signs of the verb and, therefore it is logical that it is necessary to ask questions of circumstance to it: How? How? Where? etc.

For convenience, you can ask special questions: What are you doing? Having done what? Turnover answers the same questions.

As a member of the sentence, adverbial turnover is a circumstance. When parsing, it is underlined with a dash-dotted line. Characterizing the construction, it is necessary to point out that the sentence is complicated by a separate circumstance.

Examples of structures that include DO in their composition:

1. Leaving the north at last, forgetting the feasts for a long time, I visited Bakhchisaray's dormant palace in oblivion. (A. Pushkin)
2. Jumping on a horse, the prince galloped into the field, crossed the bridge over the Kaya, and his serfs flew behind him, rattling their weapons. (A. Tolstoy)
3. She uttered the words of her own role when she left the room, then bowed at the waist, laughed, covering herself with her sleeve, and earned Marfushi's approval. (A. Pushkin).

The adverbial turnover is studied in the classical course of the Russian language according to the school curriculum in the 7th grade. Below are some exercise options.

Task: Rewrite in a notebook, placing commas in the right places, underline BEFORE.

Task: Read the instructions for the exercise carefully. Rewrite the sentences, correcting any grammatical errors.

Task: Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Choose from the brackets the appropriate participles.

1. 1. I vegetated as a hooligan (chasing, chasing) pigeons and (playing, playing) in towns with my peers, of whom a great many lived in the neighborhood.
   2. Once in autumn, my mother was making honey jam in the living room, and I (licking my lips, licking my lips) looked at the effervescent foams.
   3. (Waking up, waking up) quite late in the morning, I looked out the window and noticed that there was no trace of yesterday's bad weather.
   4. (Arriving, arriving) in Vladivostok, I arrived directly from the station to my aunt and uncle.

Commas in sentences with DO

In a sentence, the adverbial turnover is always isolated, that is, it is highlighted in writing with commas.

The rule is easy to remember, since there are only three types of commas:

• First, DO can be at the beginning of a sentence, in which case a punctuation mark is placed after it.
• Secondly, DO can be in the middle, then commas are placed on both sides.
• Third, a DO can end a sentence. If so, then the sign must be placed in front of it.

It is important to know! Sometimes the adverbial turnover can be represented by a phraseological unit. In this case, the turnover is not separated. For example: He rushed through the puddles at breakneck speed.

The use of adverbial phrases in a sentence

Building a sentence with a participial turnover often causes problems for schoolchildren. In order to avoid speech errors, it must be remembered that the gerund in a sentence denotes an additional action that the subject performs. In other words, the subject is the person who must perform both the main and the additional action.

For example: Having risen from the face, the miner squinted for a long time, looking at the sunset.

Given the grammatical meaning of the participle, it is not recommended to use it as part of a turnover in the cases described below:

• One-part impersonal sentence. For example: Watching the program, I could not sleep.
• The predicate in the sentence is expressed by the passive participle of the short form.
• The main action expressed by the verb and the additional action refer to different persons. For example: Running without a break around the school stadium, the boy's legs began to give way.

How to find the adverbial phrase in a sentence correctly? For this, a number of conditions must be met:

1. First, find the participle. Its formal indicator is the morphemes -a / -ya, -v / -shi / -lice.
2. Secondly, to determine the predicate and ask a question from it, since DOs always refer to the verb-predicate.
3. Thirdly, the adverbial turnover in writing is distinguished by commas, and in oral speech it is distinguished intonation.

How to correctly compose a participial turnover and a sentence with it

The grammatically correct construction of a sentence with DO is not an easy task. To avoid mistakes, you must follow the rules:

• The subject and no other member of the sentence can include an action expressed by a gerund.
• In sentences with a passive connotation, adverbial phrases cannot be used.
• In sentences where the verb-predicate is expressed in the form of the future tense, it is undesirable to use the adverbial phrase.

• Leaning out the window, my hat flew off.
• Leaving the apartment, the citizen was frightened by the unexpected barking of a dog.
• When I start cooking dinner, I will definitely watch the evening news.

Important! Rarely, the use of a participial turnover is appropriate in a one-part construction, but in the case when its main member is the infinitive. For example: When planning a lesson, it is necessary to take into account the age characteristics of students.

The place of the adverbial turnover in the sentence is not strictly regulated. But in some cases, you need to follow a strict order:

If DO is placed before the predicate, then it must denote what was before in relation to the meaning of the predicate. – Having collected notebooks, the girl put them on the teacher's table.

After the predicate there must be a DO, the meaning of which is the subsequent action. - Boiling water splashed, scalding my leg.

The type of adverb is important. The imperfect form of this part of speech is combined with a verb that denotes an action that occurs simultaneously with the additional. Laughing, the girl caught rainbow splashes.

Perfective gerunds go well with predicates, the meaning of which precedes the additional action. Laughing, the little girl threw up her hands.

Useful video

Conclusion

Now the question of how to find the adverbial turnover will not take the student by surprise. The competent use of such constructions in written speech indicates a high level of education and allows you to more accurately express your thoughts.

In Russian, there are special parts of speech adjacent to a noun or a verb. Some linguists consider them to be special verb forms and explain this by the presence of similar features.

In contact with

Morphological features

Let's consider in detail what is participle and participle. Even the ancient grammarians noted their duality, so they gave them a name meaning "participation" in a noun, or a verb.

Participle

Declines, that is, changes in gender, number, cases, has a short and full form. At the same time, it has the properties of a verb. For example, having a view:

• checking notebooks (imperfect view) - the one who checks (what is he doing?);
• checked (perfect form) - the one who checked (what did he do?).

Besides , has a time value. It is a constant feature of data having the form of either present time(creating) or past(built). There is also the presence of a return form (recognized sya).

It is characterized by the presence of two pledges - passive and real. Passive participles designate a sign of an object that experiences an action on itself (received package - received the package). The real ones reflect the sign of an object that independently produces an action (a running person is the one who runs himself).

From the foregoing, the conclusion follows: this part of speech denotes a sign of an object by action, manifested in time.

gerund

The term originated in the 18th century, meaning " relation to action”, which is indicated by the first part of the word “dee-” (doer, deed). In modern grammar, such a name has a part of speech denoting additional action in relation to the main, expressed by the verb. Therefore, this form has verb features:

• view perfect(opening), imperfect (closing);
• recurrence(pretending camping).

Perhaps this is the limit of the similarity of the parts of speech under consideration, but there are numerous differences.

What is the difference

First of all, it should be noted that it does not change, that is, it does not decline and does not conjugate. Therefore, in his morphemic composition no flexion. On the contrary, participle endings are their hallmark.

To distinguish between these verb forms will help the questions they answer:

1. Full Communion(which (th; -th, -th)?); short (what (-a; -o, -s)?).
2. gerund(doing what? doing what? how? how?).

Another difference is the different syntactic role. The participle performs the function of circumstance (Bending, winding, a river into the distance.). Brief Communion is only a predicate (The doors to the world of beautiful dreams are open.). Complete can be:

• definition (Foaming waves crashed against high, impregnable rocks.);
• part of a compound nominal predicate (Bread was moldy).

Suffixes

The formation of participles and gerunds occurs in a suffixal way.

Participles are formed from verbs of the corresponding form. Table 1.

View	Suffixes	Examples
Perfect	-in, -lice, -shi	Throwing, bending over, saving
Imperfect	-and I); -learn (obsolete forms)	Counting, sneak

It is the suffixes of participles and gerunds that indicate the belonging of words to one or another part of speech.

Important! When forming perfective forms, suffixes -а, -я are not used: incorrect use: looking, correct: looking.

Participles are not formed from the following imperfective verbs:

• ending in -ch (to save, burn the stove and others);
• having a suffix -nu- (pull, go out, shout and others);
• run, prick, climb, plow, want, beat, twist, drink, eat, pour, anger, sew, tear, wait, bend, sleep, lie.

The condition for the correct choice of a vowel in the suffixes of participles of the present tense is knowledge of the conjugation of verbs. Table 2.

note! Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. There are no present tense forms of the verbs: save, shave, wake up, call, write, drink.

Table 3

Table 4

The choice of a vowel before -н (н) is determined by the infinitive suffix:

Spelling with NOT

Both parts of speech are written with NOT together, if not used without it, for example: disliked, hating.

In other cases, the gerund with is not always written separately, except for words with the prefix under-, which means “less than expected”, “poor quality”, for example, overlooking the child. Compare: not having finished watching the movie, that is, not finishing watching the movie.

Particle "not" should be written separately with a short form of participles (not embroidered), as well as with a complete one in the presence of explanatory words (a novel not published on time), negation (far, at all, never, not at all, not at all and others) or opposition (not started, but finished) .

The use of one and two letters "n"

Double letter -nn- in suffixes of full participles it is written, if available:

• prefix: beveled, welded (but: uninvited guest);
• dependent words: steamed in the oven;
• suffixes -ova-, -eva-, -irova-: canned, overjoyed;
• the word is formed from a perfective verb without a prefix (exception: wounded): deprived.

At the end of short forms, one -n- is always written: based, unpacked.

Separation of syntactically constructions

Often there is such punctuation error- incorrectly placed punctuation marks in sentences containing adverbial and participial phrases. The reason lies in the inability to distinguish them from each other, to determine the boundaries of these structures, to find the word to which they refer.

Let us find out under what conditions adverbial and participle turnover. Let us give the rules existing in the language with examples.

Participial

Explains a noun or pronoun, is a definition, stands apart if:

• refers to the personal : Lulled by the tender words of his mother, he slept soundly. I, who know every path in the surrounding area, was appointed head of the reconnaissance group.
• stands after a defined noun: A soldier, stunned by a projectile, fell on the battlefield.
• has circumstantial significance reasons or concessions: Tired after a long journey, the tourists continued on their way. The tourists continued on their way (despite what?), although they were tired after a long journey. Left to their own devices, the children found themselves in a difficult position.

The children found themselves in a difficult position (why?), because they were left to their own devices.

Participial turnover

Denotes an additional action of the verb-predicate, is a circumstance, always stands apart: Raising the waves, the sea raged. The old man walked with a limp on one leg.

Important! The exceptions are turns that have passed into the category of set expressions, such as: holding their breath, headlong, sticking out their tongue, slipping their sleeves.

Compare two sentences:

1. Sticking out his tongue, the dog was breathing heavily (Dog stuck out his tongue).
2. The boy ran with his tongue out (running fast).

In the first case, there is an adverbial turnover in the sentence. In the second, the expression "sticking out the tongue" has a figurative meaning. It is easily replaced by one word, the adverb "quickly", therefore, is one that does not stand apart.

Common grammar mistakes

The most common mistake is the incorrect agreement of the participle with the word being explained, caused by the inability to correctly define it. This can be seen in the following example:

Tikhon was a weak-willed man who completely obeyed his mother, Kabanikhe.

The writer asked a question from the word Tikhon, although the participle "obeyed" explains another word - "man." The correct one sounds like this:

Tikhon was a weak-willed person (what?), Completely obeying his mother - Kabanikhe.

Passive and real participles are often confused:

Among the lottery tickets was won.

From the written it turns out: the ticket was won, although the thought is different: the ticket was won, therefore, we use the word winner.

When using a gerund, it is important to consider that both actions, main and additional, must refer to one person. If this is not done, we will get similar phrases: Comprehension of the depth of spiritual values, the hero's worldview changed.

The additional action expressed by the gerund does not refer to the hero who performs the action, but to the word "worldview".

Correct option: Comprehending the depth of the spiritual values ​​of the people, the hero changed his worldview.

For the same reason, this part of speech cannot be used in impersonal sentences that convey a state, not an action: Having deceived the mother, the children became ill.

Communion and participle: what's the difference? Participle and participle turnover - a simple explanation

Participial

Conclusion

The speech of an educated person cannot be imagined without verb forms. The first ones help in a detailed, comprehensive characterization of the subject. The second ones make it possible to simplify speech, replace a number of homogeneous predicates, denoting not the main action, but a secondary, additional one. If you learn to understand gerunds, you can make your speech beautiful, bright, understandable, which is important for success in life.