Oryol region in the times of Kievan Rus

The most ancient inhabitants of the Oplovsky region were the Vyatichi; the first cities, a stronghold from the attacks of the Pechenegs and Polovtsy, arise from the beginning of the 11th century. At the same time, Christianity began to penetrate here, however, it spread not earlier than the 12th century, during the preaching of St. Kuksha, one of the first enlighteners of the region. From the beginning of the XII to the middle of the XIII century. in the region were the principalities of Vshchizhskoe, Eletskoe, Trubchevskoe and Karachevskoe. Later, Orel, located on the Oka River, became the center of a vast grain market that provided Moscow with grain and flour. Then the territory of the region became part of Chernigov Rus, and after its collapse, it became part of the Verkhovsky principalities, then the State of Lithuania, and only in the 15th century. the territory of the region passes under the authority of Moscow.

Oryol region in the XIII-XVII centuries.

The Oryol region more than once became the site of battles with the Tatar nomads; the dramatic events of the Time of Troubles unfolded here at the beginning of the 17th century. Oryol residents were service people on the turbulent borderlands, which resisted the Tatar raids, covered Moscow from a fierce enemy.
The city of Orel begins its history on September 8, 1566, when, by decree of Ivan the Terrible, the construction of the Oryol fortress on the southern border of the Moscow state began, it immediately became the center of a large Oryol district. According to historians, the city got its name from the Orel River, on the banks of which it was built.
In 1611 Orel was devastated by the Poles, and four years later it was completely destroyed. And only in 1636 the Orel fortress was restored and re-populated. For all the time of its existence, the city has been ruined more than once, burned to the ground and revived anew.
As a city-fortress Orel existed until 1702, it gradually lost its military significance, and thanks to the fertile lands, the labor of peasants who grow wheat and rye on it, the city earned the glory of a grain city. Soon Orel became the center of the grain market, which provided Moscow with grain and flour.
Since 1708, Orel was part of the Kiev province, in 1719 the Oryol province was formed, in 1727 it was included in the Belgorod province.
The decree of Catherine II on the formation of the Oryol province followed in 1774. On September 5, 1778, a decree was issued on the formation of the Oryol governorate of 13 counties; in January 1779, the governorship was solemnly opened.
Since 1781, the Oryol and Kursk governorates were ruled by one governor-general.
In 1796, the name of the Oryol province was again restored. The county towns of the Oryol province were: Bolkhov, Bryansk, Deshkin, Yelets, Kromy, Karachev, Livny, Lugan, Maloarkhangelsk, Mtsensk, Orel, Sevsk, Trubchevsk. In 1782, Dmitrovsk became a county town.

Oryol region during the Civil War

In the autumn of 1919, bloody battles between the troops of Denikin and the Red Army took place near Orel and Kromy.
After the revolution, the Oryol province underwent significant administrative and territorial changes: in 1920, in connection with the formation of the Bryansk province, the Bryansk, Karachevsky, Sevsky and Trubchevsky districts were separated from the Oryol province, then in 1928 the territory of the Oryol province as the Oryol and Yelets districts became part of newly formed Central Black Earth Region. In 1934, Orel and the surrounding areas became part of the Kursk region. The Oryol region was formed by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on September 27, 1937.

Oryol region during the Great Patriotic War

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, years of severe trials began for the region, defensive battles continued on the northern and southern faces of the Kursk ledge, and the Soviet command was already preparing an offensive under the code name "Kutuzov". The troops of three fronts - Western, Bryansk and Central were to strike from the north, east and south on Orel.
The offensive began on July 12, 1943. Having broken through the defenses of the Nazis and forced them to retreat, the Soviet Army expelled them from Orel on August 5. The memory of this event in Pervomaisky Square of the Eagle (now the square of tankers) on the mass grave on August 7, 1943. installed tank "T-70".
In honor of the liberation of Orel, on August 5, 1943, the first salute was given in Moscow during the years of World War II.
Orlovshchina is the birthplace of 179 Heroes of the Soviet Union.

Oryol region in the post-war years

After the end of the Great Patriotic War, industrial enterprises and public utilities were restored in a short time, and in a short period the industrial potential of the city was multiplied. Enterprises of new industries appeared in the city: steel-rolling and watch factories, as well as instrument-making and electronics enterprises. A diversified industry has also developed in the cities of the region: mechanical engineering, electronics, metallurgy. In 1966, the city of Orel celebrated its 400th anniversary, in honor of this holiday a twenty-meter monument was erected, at the base of which a letter for the generation of 2066 was walled up. And in 1996 the city of Orel celebrated its 430th anniversary.
Wonderful Central Russian nature, wise peasant traditions and primordial folk culture have become the fertile ground on which a whole galaxy of talents known not only in Russia but throughout the world has grown up. Oryol region is the birthplace of writers I.S. Turgenev, N.S. Leskov, L.N. Andreev, poets A.N. Apukhtin, A.A. Fet, philosophers S.N. Bulgakov, M.M. .N.Granovsky. The life and work of F.I. Tyutchev, I.A. Bunin, M.M. Prishvin are connected with the Oryol region.
The main feature of the cultural environment of the Oryol region is the inextricable link with its historical past, the glorious traditions of Russian culture and art, development, self-realization of the individual, and the preservation of national identity.
In the Oryol region, in recent years, there has been a process of reviving the old traditions of the Zemstvo, the Cossacks (the Oryol Cossack Union was created in the region, and the Cossack district in the Novoderevenkovsky district).

When reading in the State Archives of the Oryol Region the files of the provincial newspaper "Orlovsky Vestnik" I came across a large material called "Philanthropists". It was published several issues in a row, from January 27 to February 17, 1882, and was signed with the pseudonym "Old-timer". Who was hiding under this mask - I have not yet been able to find out. But the writer was clearly not indifferent to the history of Orel and its remarkable people. He devoted several pages of his pictorial narrative to the Oryol Freemasons.

Freemasons Orel and their secret meetings
Before talking about them, I will give a short background data:
“Masonry is a movement that arose in the 18th century in the form of a closed organization, originating from little-known sources in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, presumably - corporate workshops of masons. The name "mason" or "freemason" comes from fr. franc-ma;on (in Old French masson, English freemason), a literal translation of this name is also used - a freemason. Freemasonry is administratively organized into independent grand lodges.
The main version of the origin of Freemasonry is considered to be the version of the origin from the medieval corporations of builders-masons, however, there are theories about the more ancient origin of Freemasonry, the beginning of which is derived from the Knights Templar, or - in other versions - from the Order of the Rosicrucians ... ".
The beginning of the active spread of Freemasonry in Russia dates back to the 80s of the 18th century. And here is what an old-timer wrote about this in the Oryol Bulletin:
“At that time, a Masonic lodge in the spirit of the Moscow Martinists already existed in Orel, under the chairmanship of Vice-Governor Zakhar Yakovlevich Karneev (he held this position from 1785 to 1796 - A.P.). It included members: governor Neplyuev, state councilor Sverbeev, members of the provincial chambers Neledinsky and Rzhevsky, assessors - Milonov and Karneeev Jr. In addition, many other notable people. Where the lodge met, no reliable information has been preserved; however, there is a legend that the meetings took place near the Nikitskaya church, in the so-called Matsnev estate, where now there is a religious school.
There, as if, during the reconstruction of the house for an educational institution, they found underground pavilions and passages to another house, which was two blocks to the left, also with a huge garden.
There is hardly any reason to allow a lodge to meet there. Firstly, underground passages and pavilions are not a necessary accessory of Masonic lodges: rather, they are reminiscent of Khlystism. ...Masons had no need to hide.
No more trustworthy is another legend - about a meeting of lodges near the present military gymnasium, where supposedly there was a house of a member of the Sverbeev lodge. True, the street leading from the theater to the Trinity Cemetery is called Sverbeevsky lane (it is not known which street this lane is in relation to!), but, in all likelihood, this name was acquired much later, when there were no longer lodges in Orel, or maybe , was the estate of Sverbeev, more prominent and famous than others ... "

"To make people happy..."
The old-timer, listing the names of the Orel Freemasons, did not name another name, much more famous on an all-Russian scale - Ivan Vladimirovich Lopukhin, a philosopher, publicist, memoirist, publisher, real privy councilor and senator.
In "Notes from some circumstances of life and service ..." Ivan Lopukhin, published in 1860 in London, he wrote that he was born on February 24, 1756. This significant event happened in the village of Retyazhi (Voskresenskoye) of the Kromsky district, on the estate of his father, lieutenant general, Vladimir Ivanovich Lopukhin.
Vladimir Ivanovich, who lived a long life (94 years), acquired the village of Retyazhi in the reign of Empress Anna Ioannovna with the proceeds from the sale of emeralds, inherited as a dowry to his wife, Evdokia Ilyinichna Isaeva. Ivan Lopukhin spent his childhood partly in Retyazhi, partly in Kyiv, where Vladimir Ivanovich was governor.
And although the general’s son was not taught by the best teachers, and he was not strong in health all his life, but thanks to self-education and the moral instructions of his parents, Ivan Lopukhin turned out to be a rare person among the nobility. "Making people happy has always been his passion"; “While still a child,” he wrote in his memoirs, “I deliberately lost the money that I had to the boy who served with me, and admired him with joy.” "The disposition to alms" he considered not his virtue, but "a natural inclination, as in others it happens to various hunts." "Natural inclination" was in him and the love of justice.
Starting his career with military service, he retired in 1782 with the rank of colonel. The transition to the civil service was associated, to a large extent, with the beginning of his departure from the "Voltairianism" and passion for Masonic ideas.

Ivan Vladimirovich Lopukhin

"Shining Star" by Ivan Lopukhin
From the end of 1782, Lopukhin became a senior adviser, and then chairman of the Moscow Criminal Chamber, where he tried in every possible way to alleviate the fate of the accused. In connection with this, having entered into conflict with the Moscow commander-in-chief, Ya. A. Bruce, in May 1785 he retired with the rank of state councilor. From the beginning of the 1780s. Lopukhin became close friends with N. I. Novikov, and in 1782 he joined the Masonic Order of the Rosicrucians. He became the "master of the chair" of the lodge "Laton", received the Masonic name Philus. In 1783, Ivan Vladimirovich founded his own printing house, in which the Masonic magazine "Freemason's Store" was printed. On May 31, 1784, under the leadership of Lopukhin, the Masonic Lodge of the Shining Star was opened. Ivan Vladimirovich often gave speeches at Masonic meetings, was in charge of several lodges in St. Petersburg, Orel, Vologda, Kremenchug. Contributed to the distribution of books in Kursk, Orel. Together with the Masons N.I. Novikov, I.P. Turgenev and others were engaged in philanthropic activities.
The vigorous activity of the Masons caused the displeasure of Empress Catherine II. Restrictions followed in the release of Masonic literature, then it came to the destruction of their printing houses and, finally, ended with the arrest of N.I. Novikov and his imprisonment in a fortress. Other Freemasons, including Ivan Lopukhin, almost did not suffer, but were forced to explain themselves and ask for forgiveness from the Empress.
Under Paul I, Lopukhin became a privy councilor and senator of the Moscow Department, strongly opposing excessively harsh sentences in criminal cases, for example, against schismatics and Doukhobors.
The last years of his life, from December 1812 to the summer of 1816, Ivan Vladimirovich spent in the family estate of Retyazhi, Kromsky district, in which there was a two-story wooden landowner's house with a manor around it. Almost a hundred yard people and about 900 serfs belonged to Lopukhin here.
“The Privy Councilor and holder of many awards”, having spent three and a half years in Retyazhi, was constantly ill, actively treated (including the original Russian remedy - a hot bath with diving into the snow), took care of his nephew, wrote letters, received guests, often visited The Church of the Resurrection closely followed how the Russian army in Europe finished off Napoleon, responding to these events in a very exotic way.
Here is what Lopukhin wrote in one of his letters: “Here, on the banks of the pond, two large wild stones are placed on the sides of the tree. One is in a place of rest, in the form of armchairs, with the inscription: “Paris was taken on March 19, 1814”; and the other is completely unfinished and, as it were, laid on a grave, with the inscription: “and the memory of the enemy perish with a noise.” The path from them leads to a monument, quite huge for a village, made of several large granite stones, with the inscription: “To the piety of Alexander I and the Glory of the valor of Russians in 1812””. It was actually the first monument to Russia's victory over Napoleon.
Ivan Vladimirovich Lopukhin died on June 22, 1816, having barely crossed the 60-year mark. The senator was buried next to the Resurrection Church in the village of Retyazhi, built by his father-general.

Criminal community. - The liberal-masonic underground operates. - Growth of Masonic lodges. - Secret coordination of all anti-Russian forces. - Creation of the Supreme Council of Russian Freemasons. - Subversive, inflammatory role of international Freemasonry. - Freemasons seek power.

The bloc of anti-Russian forces, created at the Paris meeting of the opposition and revolutionary parties, by the end of 1905 turned into a huge criminal community. The core and coordinating center of this community was the liberal Masonic underground, which by that time had concentrated mainly in the Cadet Party, whose leadership was purely Masonic. This, of course, did not mean that there were no members of Masonic lodges in other parties. The leadership of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party was predominantly Masonic. Some of Lenin's associates (Skvortsov-Stepanov, Lunacharsky and others) also belonged to Freemasonry. The coordination of anti-Russian forces was carried out at the non-party level of a purely Masonic conspiracy. As later admitted the wife of one of the founders of the "Union of Liberation" freemason Prokopovich E.D. Kuskov:

“The goal of Freemasonry is political, to work underground for the liberation of Russia (more precisely, for its destruction - O.P.) ... Why was this chosen? To capture the highest and even court circles ... There were many princes and counts ... This movement was huge. Everywhere there were "their people". Such societies as free-economic, technical were captured entirely. It's the same in the zemstvos…”

The work of Masonic organizations was conducted in strict secrecy. The lower ones in the Masonic hierarchy did not know the secrets of the higher ones. Ordinary Freemasons, carrying out orders, did not know from whom they came. There were no written records or minutes of the meetings. For violation of discipline, many members of the Masonic lodges were subjected to the procedure of radiation (exclusion) with the obligation to maintain secrecy under pain of death.

The conduct of Masonic intrigue was worked out at the meetings in every detail, with the adoption of all possible precautions so that the political forces among which the Masons conducted their work did not suspect that they were a means of secret political manipulation.

The admission of new members was carried out very legibly, they were looking for them exclusively among their own kind haters of historical Russia, deprived of Russian national identity. A certain member of the lodge was instructed to collect all the necessary information about the candidate, they were comprehensively discussed at a meeting of the Masonic lodge, and after a detailed check, the candidate was offered to join a certain society pursuing "noble" political goals. If the candidate agreed, then he was invited to preliminary negotiations, interrogated according to a certain scheme, and only after all this was a ritual ceremony of initiation into Masons. The newcomer swore to observe secrecy and obey Masonic discipline. In 1905-1906, special emissaries of the French lodge Grand Orient de France are engaged in initiation into Masons. The emissaries, who acted under the pseudonym of Senchol and Boulay, in fact, in those days led Russian Freemasonry, attracting the elements of dubious decency and promiscuity they needed for themselves. One of the future leaders of Russian Freemasonry M.S. French emissaries consecrated Margulies immediately to a high Masonic degree of 18 degrees in the St. Petersburg prison "Crosses", where he was imprisoned for political crimes and links with terrorist groups. However, decent people sometimes came across in Masonic networks, most often for a short time. According to the stories of the writer V.V. Veresaev (Smidovich), the author of good books, in 1905 (or in 1906?) he was accepted as a Freemason in Moscow (Nikitskaya, Merzlyakovsky corner, 15). He was received by a prominent Masonic conspirator Prince S.D. Urusov ("Notes of the Governor"). He also brought in the future editor of Izvestia, the well-known Bolshevik functionary Skvortsov-Stepanov. Another writer, I.I. Popov. The Grand Orient of France granted special rights to the lodges established in Russia - they could open new lodges without asking the sanction of Paris. By virtue of this right, in 1908-1909, lodges were opened in Nizhny Novgorod (the “Iron Ring”, the venerable master Kilvein), Kyiv (the venerable master Baron Steingel) and in four other places. All these lodges were financed by Count Orlov-Davydov, who was "famous" for his immoral lifestyle. As “brother” Kandaurov writes, the “scandal” that happened to Orlov-Davydov (a lawsuit against him by the actress Poiret for the recognition of an illegitimate child), to which many members of the Northern Star lodge were somehow touched and called as witnesses, severely damaged peace of mind of the organization.

“In organizational terms, each lodge had a chairman of Venerable, an orator and two overseers, a senior and a junior, of whom the younger acted as secretary. (…)

All meetings were opened by Venerable, who presided over them. After the opening of the meeting, everyone sat in a semicircle; Venerable asked the traditional questions: "Is the door closed?" and etc.

The speaker's functions were reduced to monitoring the observance of the charter; he also kept the charter, delivered welcoming speeches to new members ...

All members of the lodge paid membership dues, they were accepted by Venerable and transferred to the secretary of the Supreme Council.

The conspiracy and organization was sustained consistently and strictly. The members of one lodge did not know any of the other lodges. The Masonic sign, by which Masons in other countries identify each other, did not exist in Russia. All relations between the lodges and other cells of the organization took place through one chairman of the lodge - Venerable. The members of the lodge, who had previously been members of various revolutionary organizations, were struck by the consistency and consistency of the conspiracy. Later, when I was secretary of the Supreme Council and knew from my position almost all the members of the lodges, it used to be almost ridiculous for me to see how sometimes members of different lodges agitated me in the spirit of the latest decision of the Supreme Council, not guessing with whom they were dealing.

The newcomer to the lodge received the title of apprentice upon admission. After some time, usually after a year, he was elevated to the degree of master. The right to decide when exactly such an increase should be made belonged to the lodge. But sometimes an increase in degree was made at the initiative of the Supreme Council. In these latter cases, they usually acted on the basis of political and organizational considerations, i.e. The Supreme Council considered it useful this or that person, whom he cherished, to move forward on the ladder of the Masonic hierarchy.

The governing body of Russian Freemasonry, the Supreme Council, controlled all the work of Masonic lodges. Elections to the Supreme Soviet were secret. The names of the persons included in the Supreme Council were not known to anyone. Instructions and orders from the Supreme Council to the Masonic lodges came through a certain person, and only through the same person did the Masonic lodges contact the Supreme Council.

Initially, this Supreme Council did not exist as an independent organization, but as a meeting of representatives of Russian lodges affiliated with the Grand Orient of France. In 1907-1909 the Supreme Council consisted of five people. Chairman Prince S.D. Urusov, two deputies - F.A. Golovin (Chairman of the Second State Duma) and M.S. Margulies (cadet). Treasurer - Count Orlov-Davydov. Secretary - Prince D.O. Bebutov, a swindler who at one time was an informer for the Ministry of the Interior, and a future German spy.

Russian Freemasons were in constant contact with the political formations of the revolutionary parties and even invited their representatives to provide "moral" support for their terrorist activities. So, at the beginning of 1905, a representative of the left wing of the liberals from the Union of Liberation, connected, in particular, with the Freemason Margulies, came to Nice to the head of the militant bandit organization of the Socialist-Revolutionaries Gotsu in Nice. According to the police agent Azef, “this representative, hiding under the surname Afanasyev, arrived with a proposal that the Socialist-Revolutionary Party provide moral assistance to the large intelligentsia circle formed in St. Petersburg (15 ... 18 people) in terrorist enterprises directed against His Majesty and certain persons ... consists of writers, lawyers and other persons of intelligent professions (this is also the so-called left wing of the liberals from the Liberation). The circle has money, Afanasiev said - 20,000 rubles, and people to perform. Afanasiev only asked that S.R. rendered moral assistance, i.e. preached these acts.

Masonic organizations provided all kinds of support to representatives of revolutionary gangs who fell into the hands of justice. Masons provide free legal assistance to Socialist-Revolutionary and Bolshevik terrorists. Mason P.N. Malyantovich, for example, defended the Bolsheviks V. Vorovsky and P. Zalomov, the freemason M.L. Mandelstam - the political bandit of the Socialist-Revolutionary I. Kalyaev and the Bolshevik N. Bauman, the Freemason N.K. Muraviev - (already later) a number of Bolsheviks guilty of state crimes and conspiracy against the Tsar.

Around the secret Masonic lodges there were a number of illegal organizations operating under the control of the Masons. Often these were spiritualist and theosophical organizations.

In 1906 there was a circle of "Spiritualists-Dogmatists". The magazines "Spiritualist" and "Voice of Universal Love", as well as the daily newspaper "From there" were published. The publisher of these journals was an honorary citizen Vladimir Bykov, who, according to the police, held the degree of master chair of one of the Masonic lodges, maintaining relations with the "correct" Masonic organizations in St. Petersburg and Chernigov. He also headed the circle of "Spiritualists-Dogmatists" in Moscow, choosing from among its members "the most worthy" for initiation into Freemasonry. As the police established, this Bykov was a big swindler, selling among some mystically inclined Moscow merchants various magical devices for all kinds of ailments, and also for a fee of 300 rubles, dedicating everyone to the ritual of the "Order of the Rosicrucians."

Pyotr Aleksandrovich Chistyakov, publisher of the Russian Frank-Mason magazine, was also a match for him. According to the police (November 1908), he was in the rank of Grand Master of the Astrea Grand Lodge (existing in Moscow almost since 1827), Tira Sokolovskaya was the secretary of the lodge. The lodge was in Moscow.

In January 1906, Freemasons study public opinion in relation to their organization. Otherwise, it is difficult to evaluate an open announcement published in some Moscow newspapers, which offered to join the resurgent society of Freemasons. The invitation stated that the society arises by virtue of the rights granted to the Russian population by the Manifesto of October 17 to the extent that it existed in the 18th century. “All honest and moral” people without distinction of religion were invited to join the society. Answers about consent to become members of the society were to be sent to the 17th post office to the bearer of the stamp "VM". When such announcements are received from 500 wishing to join the society, a general meeting will be announced. The announcement was immediately taken over by the police. Despite the wide publication, there were very few people who wanted to join Freemasons among the Russian people.

However, speaking of the Freemasons, one cannot but mention a group of people from the intelligentsia, who were not formally members of the lodges, but who supported the Masonic ideology in everything and took part in the political activities of the “Freemasons”.

As N. Berberova, who is initiated into many Masonic secrets, admits, apart from the Freemasons themselves, in the political world of Russia there was a significant layer of people “not initiated into secrets, but who knew about the secrets, were silent about them, creating some invisible, but tangible protection of trust and friendship. Some kind of sympathetic "rearguard".

Berberova gives a list of sympathizers:

Heiden P.A., 1840 - 1907, count, leader of the nobility, chairman of the Free Economic Society. Together with Shipov and Guchkov, the founder of the Octobrist Party;

Dmitryukov II, 1872-?, member of the State Duma, Octobrist, Deputy Minister of Agriculture;

Ignatiev P.N., 1870 - 1926, count, minister of public education;

Krivoshein A.V., 1857 - 1920, Minister of Agriculture, initiator of the "progressive bloc";

Krupensky P.N., 1863 - 192?, Octobrist, member of the State Duma, chairman of the center of the IV Duma;

Pokrovsky N.N., Minister of Foreign Affairs, Deputy Chairman of the Military Industrial Committee;

Sablin E.V., counselor of the Russian embassy in England, personal friend of one of the most senior Masons Margulies;

Savich N.N., Octobrist, member of the State Duma, active figure in military-industrial committees;

Shipov D.N., member of the State Council, at one time chairman of the Octobrist Party. On October 29-30, 1905, at his apartment in St. Petersburg, the position on elections to the State Duma was discussed (at least half of the 14 invited were Freemasons). A close friend of the famous Masons Muromtsev, G.E. Lvov, Golovin, Guchkov;

Shcherbatov N., Prince, Minister of Foreign Affairs, at private meetings with Polivanov and Krivoshein discussed measures to combat the Chairman of the Council of Ministers Goremykin, i.e. intrigued against the Tsar.

Studying the international relations of the Russian liberal Masonic underground, one can speak with full confidence about the initiation and support of many Russian anti-government forces from the international, and above all French Freemasonry.

International Freemasonry has unconditionally recognized the bloody revolutionary demonism and the personal participation of Freemasons in the war against the Russian government. In the appeals of foreign Masonic lodges to their brethren in Russia, protests were expressed against the right of the Russian state to defend itself against the actions of subversive anti-Russian forces. So, for example, at a meeting of the Milan lodge "Reason" regarding the events in Russia in 1905, the following decision was made:

“The Lodge “Reason”, sending fraternal greetings to the new Russian Masonic family, which courageously begins its existence at a sad moment for the country and in the midst of an increasingly violent reaction, expresses the wish that the new Masonic force, which has come out of the people and stands for the people, will soon got the opportunity to hoist her green banner over the liberated fatherland and nobly repay the countless victims of the theocratic reaction.

Similar appeals are sent by other Masonic lodges, expressing their readiness to help the Russian Masons in the struggle against the legitimate government, for the overthrow of the existing state system.

The French Freemasons called the Russian government "the shame of the civilized world" and incited the citizens of Russia to rebel against it. The revolutionary demonism of 1905 was for the Freemasons a struggle for "progress and enlightenment." When in 1906 the Tsar dissolved the State Duma, whose members flagrantly violated the laws of Russia, the French freemason Baro-Formière (the “Work and Perfection” lodge) supported the enemies of the Tsar, calling them martyrs and heroes of Russian independent thought.

At the reception of the Deputy of the First State Duma Kedrin by the Grand Orient of France on September 7, 1906, the Grand Orator of this lodge stated: “We are charged with the duty not only to encourage Russians who suffer from oppressive tyranny, but also to provide them with the means to defeat despotism…”. And they delivered! On May 7, 1907, Freemason Leitner gave an account in the Justice Lodge of his visit to the Committee for Assistance to Russian Revolutionaries. The report of Russian intelligence rightly notes that "the Great East in one way or another helps the Russian revolutionary movement."

“The radical majority of the Great East,” the report says, “is being replaced by a socialist majority at the present time, and that at some socialist congresses (for example, 1906) a demand was put forward that all socialist masons in all matters discussed in the lodges should have first of all in the highest interests of international socialism, then in the near future we can expect from the Grand Orient of France the broadest assistance to the anti-government plans of Russian revolutionary elements. As for the present time, according to many signs, the Great East has already taken this path, keeping all its decisions and actions in the strictest secrecy.

How much importance the French Freemasons attached to keeping the secret of their anti-Russian activities is evidenced by the fact that all correspondence concerning Russia and Russian Freemasons was personally kept by the Chief Secretary of the Great East, Narcissus Amedeus Vadekar.

I try to use the initiatives of general disarmament and peaceful coexistence of states, put forward by Nicholas II, for my own purposes.

The Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia Lamzdorf in a letter to the Minister of the Interior P.N. Durnovo dated December 14, 1905 notes:

“I could not but pay attention to the growing influence of Freemasonry in the West, which, by the way, is clearly trying to pervert the basic idea underlying the first Peace Conference and give the peace movement the character of propaganda of internationalism.

The research undertaken in these types, although not yet complete and very difficult by the deep secret that covers the actions of the central Masonic organization, however, allows us to come to the conclusion that Freemasonry is actively striving to overthrow the existing political and social system of European states, to eradicate the principles in them. nationality and the Christian religion, as well as to the destruction of national armies.

Lamzdorf asks Durnovo to collect detailed information about the Masonic movement in Russia with the help of the Ministry of the Interior. However, in response, he receives an evasive reply, indirectly confirming persistent rumors about Durnovo's patronage of the Masonic organization. Instead of investigating the question, Durnovo replies that "the study of the activities of the Masonic organization and the alleged spread of Masonic teachings in the Empire is connected under the present circumstances with significant difficulties, which do not allow one to expect successful results from measures that can be taken in this direction." Durnovo, of course, was cunning, because by that time the Russian police already had certain material on the subversive activities of Masonic lodges.

If Durnovo himself was not connected with the Freemasons, then, giving such an evasive answer, he may have followed the instructions of Witte, who did not want to oppose Freemasonry. An experienced politician, besides being friends with many individuals whose affiliation to Freemasonry is beyond doubt, Witte understood perfectly well where the forces of the anti-government opposition were coordinated and regulated.

Until now, the myth continues to be maintained that the liberal Masonic circles, and above all the Cadets that grew out of the underground Masonic "Union of Liberation", after the Manifesto of October 17, ceased to oppose the Tsar and began to cooperate with him. This myth was created by the Bolsheviks, who sought to downplay the role of the Cadets in the destruction of Tsarist power and exaggerate their own. Historical facts irrefutably testify to something completely different.

The Tsar at that time did not have a more consistent and organized enemy than the Cadet, or rather the liberal-Masonic opposition. It was in liberal circles that the idea of ​​the physical destruction of the Tsar was hatched at that time. A personal friend of one of the founders of Russian Freemasonry and the Union of Liberation, M.M. Kovalevsky Prince D.O. Bebutov, in whose mansion the Cadet Club met, tells in his memoirs how he gave the leaders of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party 12,000 rubles for the assassination of Nicholas II.

Another attempt on the Tsar with the participation of Masons was being prepared by the Socialist-Revolutionaries in 1906. Plans were made, which included the acquisition of a submarine to attack Nicholas II during the summer holidays. At the same time, Freemason N.V. To organize this assassination, Tchaikovsky handed over a drawing of a special aircraft, from which they were going to carry out the murder. In 1907, the Socialist-Revolutionary Party conducted experiments in the field of aircraft construction in Munich. However, the subsequent exposure of E. Azef, who was in charge of this case, destroyed the plans of the Socialist-Revolutionary and Masonic conspirators.

The liberal-Masonic underground approved and secretly supported the revolutionary terror. When preparing an armed uprising in Moscow, the authorities seized documents from which the conclusion was irrefutable that the revolutionaries and liberals had a criminal connection and that the latter financially supported the unrest in Russia.

After the appearance of the Manifesto on October 17, the liberal-Masonic underground, whose legal representatives were the Cadet Party, the Bureau of Zemstvo Congresses and some other public organizations, felt themselves master of the situation and raised the question of seizing power. Moreover, they were no longer satisfied with Witte's proposal to take a number of important ministerial posts in the new government (except for finance, foreign affairs, military and naval). Such representatives of the “progressive public” as A.I. Guchkov, M.A. Stakhovich, E.N. Trubetskoy, S.D. Urusov and D.N. Shipov.

The Bureau of Zemstvo Congresses, where Witte addressed with his proposal, answered him through his delegation, which required the convocation of the Constituent Assembly to develop a new constitution.

At the congress of "Russian Zemstvo people", held on November 6 ... 13, 1905 in the house of the Mason Count Orlov-Davydov, the "Zemstvo people" declared themselves a representative body and demanded that they be granted almost the rights of the Constituent Assembly.

The core and leadership of the congress consisted mainly of Masons. The chairman of the congress was a freemason I.I. Petrunkevich, his deputies - A.A. Saveliev, Freemason F.A. Golovin, N.N. Shchepkin, secretaries Mason N.I. Astrov, T.I. Polner and Freemason V.A. Rosenberg.

All the leaders of the liberal-Masonic opposition were represented here - Prince Dolgorukov, Prince Golitsyn, Princes Trubetskoy, D.N. Shipov, F.A. Golovin, Count Heiden, S.A. Muromtsev, Stakhovichi, R.I. Rodichev, V.D. Kuzmin-Karavaev, Prince G.E. Lvov, P. Milyukov. As one of the participants in the liberal Masonic underground later admitted, these people did not want to stoop to work together with the tsarist government, but agreed to be only the masters of Russia.

“If the constitutionalist-democrats, the liberals, had come to my aid then,” Witte told Bernstein, a correspondent for the New York Jewish newspaper Den, “we would now have a real constitutional system in Russia. If only the leaders of the Kadet Party—Professor Pavel Milyukov, Gessen, and others—had supported me, we would now have a completely different Russia. Unfortunately, they were so carried away by their enthusiasm that they reasoned like a child. At that time they did not want the form of government that exists in France now, but they wanted to establish in Russia in one leap the French Republic of the distant future.

Of course, it was not about the "childish" reasoning of the Cadets, they simply did not believe in the Russian people, they considered him a faceless extra who obediently goes in the direction where the behind-the-scenes director tells him to go.

The liberal-Masonic underground believed in the effectiveness of the armed uprising and anti-Russian terror, which were started throughout Russia. And finally, the underground believed in the support of international freemasonry, which, as we have seen, was quite real.

From the standpoint of today's historical knowledge, one can draw an irrefutable conclusion that if the liberal-Masonic underground wanted to stop the bloodshed at the end of 1905, they could do it. But it did not want this and, moreover, deliberately provoked a protracted state crisis, hoping to overthrow the Tsar and seize power.

The Secret History of Freemasonry...

Orel gave the world many great Russian writers, poets and other cultural figures. Few know that such famous writers as Fet, Turgenev, Leskov and many others were born in this glorious region, and the Oryol writers themselves treat their homeland with awe and love.

The biography of the Oryol writer Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev begins in 1818. Memories of childhood left a deep imprint on the writer's work. Even at an early age, sympathy for others, and hostility to serfdom, arose in him.

Turgenev studied in St. Petersburg, Moscow and abroad. In 1842 he received the title of Master of Philosophy. Acquaintance with V. G. Belinsky changed his life: Turgenev dedicated it to literature.

In 1847, the first issue of the Sovremennik magazine was published with the story Khor and Kalinich, which would later be included in the cycle of the now known Hunter's Notes. In view of the anti-serfdom sentiments that oozed democratically minded author's stories, the writer was arrested and exiled to Spasskoe-Lutovinovo.

After a long stay in exile, Turgenev returns to St. Petersburg. In the 1850s, the most significant works of the writer from the Oryol region were published: Mumu, Asya, Rudin, Noble Nest. It was these stories that brought the author fame.

In the 60s, revolutionary sentiments intensified in the country, which led to the writer's break with Sovremennik, but democratic ideas can still be traced in his work. A striking example of this are the novels "Fathers and Sons" and "On the Eve", around which heated debates arose. Turgenev was forced to live abroad until the 1970s.

Despite the stormy activity, the writer yearns for his homeland. In 1876 he returned and worked on the novel Nov. Turgenev understands that he wants to stop wandering and live out his life in his native land.

In 1882, Ivan Sergeevich fell ill, and a year later he died in France from spinal sarcoma.

The writer's work is saturated with love for the Oryol region. Now a monument has been created in Orel, as well as a museum of the Orel writer Turgenev. In addition, the Spasskoe-Lutovinovo Museum-Reserve of I. S. Turgenev is located in the Mtsensk District.

Nikolay Leskov

The list of Oryol writers is replenished by the talented prose writer Nikolai Semenovich Leskov. The writer is known for such works as "Lefty", "Nowhere", "On the Knives", "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District", "Cathedrals", "Spender".

Leskov was born in 1831 on February 4 in the village of Gorokhovo, Oryol district. The writer of the Oryol Territory was the eldest son among four more children. At the age of 10, Nikolai was sent to study at the Oryol provincial gymnasium.

In the service of a private agent at Schcott and Wilkins, Leskov spent 3 years traveling around Russia: it was these travels that inspired him to write.

In 1860, he was already published in the "Economic Index", "Modern Medicine" and "Saint Petersburg Vedomosti". At the beginning of his career as a writer, Nikolai worked under the pseudonym M. Stebnitsky, and also used many other names.

A year later, Leskov moved to St. Petersburg, where he began to publish his notes and articles in local magazines.

Leskov died in 1895 of an asthma attack that plagued him for the last few years of his life.

Oryol remembers the Oryol writer: a monument to Nikolai Leskov is erected here, and the writer's house-museum is also open.

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was brought up at home until the age of 11, and in 1881 he went to the Yelets district gymnasium, but after the winter holidays in the 4th grade, he announced to his parents that he did not want to return. He tries to write his first poems already at the age of 8, and by the age of 17 he writes more serious works and is published in printed editions.

Ivan Alekseevich is not a famous Orlovian writer. He was born in Voronezh. However, the great writer spent at least three years in Orel, about which he spoke warmly in his memoirs. Oryol writers and poets, as well as local nature, largely influenced the writer's work.

In 1920 Bunin emigrated to France. All these years, the writer has been keeping a diary called "Cursed Days", in which he poured out all his hatred for the Bolsheviks. In France, Ivan gives lectures and publishes journalism. Bunin leads an active social life and tries with all his might to help writers and Russian emigrants. Ivan Alekseevich is engaged in a stormy literary activity, which made him one of the main figures of the Russian diaspora. Ivan Bunin received many literary and socially significant awards in his life.

The writer died in Paris in 1953.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev occupies an honorable place in the list of Oryol writers and poets. Born in 1803 in the village of Ovstug, Bryansk district, Oryol province, he spent all his childhood in these parts.

While studying at Moscow University, Tyutchev belonged to the circle of S. E. Raich, which was characterized by a combination of the academic school of literature with a manifestation of interest in the political life of the country. The pre-Decembrist moods turned out to be close to the young Tyutchev. The poet begins to publish in Northern Lira and Galatea.

In the spring of 1822, Fyodor was appointed supernumerary secretary of the Russian mission in Munich. During this period, the question of the meaning of being comes through in the poet's poems: the writer is confused and confused, a keen sense of the tragedy of human life breaks the poet's soul, prompting reflections on the meaning of the individual on the scale of the universe. In addition, Tyutchev's thoughts are directed towards the fate of the Motherland, which also worries him a lot.

After spending 22 years in Italy and Germany, Fedor Ivanovich returns to Russia, to St. Petersburg. Every summer the poet visits his native Ovstug, who has not left his heart even after so many years. In 1855, stung by the sight of impoverished Russian villages, he wrote a heartbreaking poem "These Poor Villages", which was soon heard throughout the country.

In his small homeland, in Ovstug, the poet wrote the works “The Enchantress in Winter”, “There is in the original autumn” and many others. The poet himself never aspired to popularity and did not take to heart the literary role of his poems. Only in 1854, yielding to the persuasion of I. S. Turgenev, Fyodor Tyutchev chooses several of his works for a separate publication, which later will bring great fame to the poet.

Orlovsky writer and poet died in 1873 in St. Petersburg, where he was buried.

The writer of the Oryol region Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet was born in the village of Novoselki, Mtsensk district, in 1820. His love for poetry manifested itself quite early: Athanasius from childhood tried to compose, translating nursery rhymes from German.

At the end of the boarding school, Fet enters the verbal department at Moscow University. Soon he began to publish his poems in the magazines Moskvityanin, Domestic Notes and Library for Reading. The poet's talent was recognized even by the great critic and writer V. G. Belinsky, and already in 1840 the poet published his collection "Lyrical Pantheon".

This period saw the flowering of Afanasy Afanasyevich's creativity. He writes love and landscape lyrics: “Wonderful Picture”, “Bacchante”, “Sad Birch”, “Don’t wake her up at dawn” and many others.

In the 50s, Fet became close to Sovremennik, his poems often appeared on the pages of the magazine. Fet's new collections have been released, highly appreciated in the literary environment.

In 1860, Fet bought a plot in the Mtsensk district and became a landowner. In 1863, the poet published the collection Poems and was silent for a long time. The next collection "Evening Lights" appears only in 1883. But by that time, the poet’s talent had not dried up at all: Fet again sang of beauty and love, and also raised important philosophical questions.

Afanasy Fet died in 1892 in Moscow.

The list of compatriot writers who lived in included Count Fyodor Vasilyevich Rostopchin, who was born in 1763 in the village of Livny. Rostopchin is known as a statesman and literary figure. Having received an excellent home education, at the age of 10 he was enrolled in the Preobrazhensky Regiment. The next years he builds his military career until he receives the rank of lieutenant commander of the Life Guards in 1789. The following years, Rostopchin takes part in many wars, as a result of which in 1799 he was elevated to the rank of count of the Russian Empire for numerous merits.

Two years later, Rostopchin retires. Fedor spends a long period of his life in his own estate Voronov, where he begins his literary activity, adding to the number of writers born in the Oryol province.

As a result of his work, in 1807, the book “Thoughts aloud on the Red Porch ...” was published, with the help of which he won great fame. In the same period of time, the story “Oh, the French!” Was born, as well as a couple of comedies, the most famous was “News, or the Killed Alive”.

After the events of 1812, the glory of the initiator of the Moscow fire is assigned to Fedor Vasilyevich, but he publicly refuses this version, reinforcing his words with his own work, The Truth About the Fire of Moscow.

In 1814, Alexander I dismissed Rostopchin from the post of Moscow commander in chief. Since 1823, Fedor has been living in Moscow, being retired due to illness. Rostopchin died in 1826.

Among the Oryol writers, they also name Alexei Nikolaevich Apukhtin, who was born in 1840 in the city of Bolkhov in the Oryol province.

The first poems of the poet appear in the publication "Russian Disabled" - this is the work "Epaminoid", dedicated to the hero of Sevastopol, Admiral Kornilov, as well as the poem "Imitation of Arabic". At the school, Alexey writes a lot and with pleasure: in his work of this period, the influence of the poetry of A. Pushkin, E. Baratynsky and M. Lermontov can be traced. Sadness began to be read in the poems, reflections on death and the meaning of life are not uncommon. The theme of disappointment grows stronger, becoming the hallmark of the author.

In 1858, Apukhtin heeded Turgenev's advice and moved away from sad themes in his work and wrote the poem "The Village of Kolotovka", but never finished it. In this work, the poet reproduces the Oryol fortress village - the motive of the poems in many respects has something in common with Turgenev's "Notes of a Hunter".

In the early 60s, Apukhtin decides to move away from civilian topics and calls himself the creator of "pure art" in his poem "Modern Vitiyam". Apukhtin foresees the gathering darkness in the near future, which is reflected in his works “A joyless dream has exhausted me”, “Autumn Leaves”, “Flies”, “I defeated her, fatal love”, “Meeting”. But such creativity did not find a response from readers and critics, and Apukhtin's works cease to be printed.

By 1864, he returns to St. Petersburg, the almost forgotten name of the poet regains popularity with his new poems, which begin to be published in local literary magazines. In 1886, the poet decides to publish the first collection of poems, which later will gain great popularity.

Alexey invents his own genre - a poem-confession. It included "A Year in the Monastery", written in the village of Oryol, as well as "Before the operation", "With a courier train", "Crazy" and "From the papers of the prosecutor".

Of no less interest are prose works: "The Archive of Countess D.", "The Diary of Pavlik Dolsky", "Between Life and Death". The stories continue the theme of personal narrative, typical of his poetry, now expressed in the form of a monologue, letters, diaries.

Work on prose was the last literary work of the writer: since 1893, Alexei could no longer get out of bed. Apukhtin died in the same year in St. Petersburg.

Pavel Yakushin

Pavel Ivanovich Yakushin - Orlovets writer, was born in the village of Saburovo, Maloarkhangelsky district, Oryol province in 1822. He is a researcher of folk art. Even in his gymnasium years, Pavel stood out for his giftedness and willfulness. Being in the fourth year of the mathematical faculty of Moscow University, Yakushin made acquaintance with P. K. Kireevsky and parted with science on his advice, setting off on wanderings around the Volga cities. Before him, no one in Russia had collected the treasures of folk poetry in this way. Pavel Ivanovich made several campaigns, as a result of which he recorded many historical, ritual and lyrical songs from his native Oryol region.

Kireevsky ordered Pavel to publish the collected songs, which Yakushin did in the 50s. The folk songs of P. I. Yakushin were published in 1860 and 1865, and his folklore notes were included in the well-known collection of A. N. Afanasyev “Russian Folk Tales”.

In 1860, letters were published in the Sovremennik magazine in which Yakushin describes the creation of a fortress at the confluence of the Orlik and Oka rivers, and also retells folk legends about Peter the Great and Ivan the Terrible.

Yakushin did a lot for folk literature and the preservation of cultural heritage. Pavel died in a Samara hospital.

Leonid Andreev

Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev was born in Orel in 1871. At the age of 20, he entered St. Petersburg University, from where he was expelled two years later. After that, he entered Moscow University and was educated as a lawyer.

He began writing as a student. At the end of his studies, he publishes court reports and feuilletons, as well as some stories and essays. In 1901 he published his book "Stories", which soon brought him fame.

Early literary works contained many ideas that originated in the author’s head back in Orel: in the plots of the stories “Hotel”, “Buyanikha”, “Angel”, “Bargamot and Garaska”, the destitute Oryol Pushkarnaya was easily recognized. Oryol's realities are also inspired by Andreev's stories such as "Spring", "He, she and vodka", "Spring Promises", "On the River". All these works are permeated with disappointment in the world, acute despair and compassion for human pain.

Leonid Andreev warmly treated the Social Democrats and periodically provided his room for underground meetings of members of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, for which he was subsequently arrested. In the Taganka prison he writes about the revolution with great inspiration. During this period, “In Memory of Vladimir Mazurin”, “To the Stars”, “From a Story That Will Never Be Finished”, “The Story of the Seven Hanged Men” and “The Governor” appear.

Soon Andreev is overtaken by a spiritual crisis, which leads to pessimistic works in which a person's life becomes like a meaningless run on the spot. Among these stories is Red Laughter, which was a reaction to the Russo-Japanese War. The story made a huge impression on readers, and subsequently began to be translated into other languages.

A distinctive feature of the author's work was bright expressiveness, which began to manifest itself in the stories "The Life of Vasily of Thebes", "Laughter", "Nabat" and "Lie". Andreev also creates a number of expressionist works, such as "Tsar Hunger", "The Life of a Man" and "Anatema".

Until the end of his life, the writer did not break his connection with his native Eagle. He often came to his homeland, arranging various social and cultural events, supporting literary activities and young authors. The Oryol theme often sounds in the work of Leonid: the novel "Sashka Zhegulev", the play "Youth" and many others.

During the revolution, Andreev found himself outside his native country, to which he was no longer destined to return: he died two years later.

The house of Leonid Andreev became a museum of the Orel writer: he spent many years there in his childhood and youth.

Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin was born in 1873 in the village of Khrushchevo, Yelets district, Oryol province.

In 1902, Prishvin graduated, after which he worked as an agronomist for a long time, collaborating with agronomic journals. Then he wrote a series of works on the topic of agriculture.

In his first works “Behind the Magic Kolobok” and “In the Land of Frightened Birds”, Prishvin describes his northern travels. In these essays, the author admires the immense beauty of Russian nature and the talent of the common people, who managed to maintain faith in goodness in the difficult conditions of political oppression.

Prishvin's subsequent travels were also reflected in his works: "Adam and Eve", "Lake Krutoyaroe", "Black Arab", "At the Walls of the Invisible City". In them, he describes ordinary Russian people whom he met on his way.

In 1912-1914, a three-volume collection of the author was published by the Znanie publishing house: all works are united by the socio-philosophical idea of ​​the eternal search for happiness.

During the First World War, the writer writes front-line correspondence in the publications Rech, Birzhevye Vedomosti, and Russkiye Vedomosti.

Shortly after the Great October Revolution, Mikhail Prishvin lived for a period in the Oryol Territory, where he worked on research and taught.

In 1923, he publishes essays called "Shoes", which raises the issue of revolution and art. The book “Springs of Berendey” led to a new stage in the development of the writer’s work, in the center of the plot of which is the Earth. Also in the 1920s, Mikhail began work on the autobiographical novel Kashcheev's Chain, which he worked on until the end of his life.

In the 1930s, Prishvin again went on a journey. Based on the materials collected during his travels, he writes the books “Undressed Spring”, “Berendeev Thicket”, “Caucasian Stories”, as well as poems in prose “Phacelia” and “Forest Drop”. The pinnacle of the literary works of Mikhail Prishvin was the poem "Ginseng".

Prishvin wrote a lot for children: his collections "Zhurka", "The Beast Chipmunk", "Golden Meadow", "Grandfather's Boots" and "Pantry of the Sun" remain popular to this day.

In the early days of the World War, he wrote the story "The Blue Dragonfly", which expresses the author's confidence in victory over the enemy. By 1943, “Stories about Leningrad Children” were published, where he praised the mothers of besieged Leningrad. A year later, he writes "The Tale of Our Time", also dedicated to sad events.

Mikhail dedicates his old age to diaries, intending to publish them in a separate book. He also finishes work on the novel-tale "The Sovereign's Road" and finishes the story-tale "Ship Thicket". The last written works were the result of Prishvin's creative searches.

Mikhail Mikhailovich died in Moscow in 1854.

How many talented authors the city of Oryol has given birth to: Oryol writers, to whom so many museums in the city are dedicated, are a real legend of these parts. Just as famous authors remembered their homeland, so it still keeps the memory of the great minds born on these lands. Some of the writers deserve a separate museum, but the Orel Writers' Museum in Orel also carefully preserves the history, which forever fixed the memory of their talented fellow countrymen.

OREL REGION - the subject of the Russian Fe-de-ra-tion.

Ras-lo-same-on in the center of the European part of Russia. It enters the Central Fe-de-ral ok-rug. The area is 24.7 thousand km2. The population is 775.8 thousand people (2013; 929.0 thousand people in 1959; 890.6 thousand people in 1989). The administrative center is the city of Oryol. Administrative-territorial division: 24 districts, 7 cities, 13 urban-type settlements.

Government departments

Sis-te-ma or-ga-nov of state power ob-las-ti op-re-de-la-et-sya Kon-sti-tu-qi-ee of the Russian Federation and Us-ta-vom (Os-nov -ny za-ko-nom) Or-lov-sky ob-las-ti (1996). State power in the region of osu-sche-st-in-la-yut: for-co-but-dative (representative) body of state power, the highest must-no-st -noe person of the region, the highest executive body of state power, other bodies of executive power in co-ot-rep-st- Wii with for-ko-nom ob-las-ti. The highest and only st. people's de-pu-ta-tov. It consists of 50 de-pu-ta-tov, from-bi-rae-my on-se-le-ni-em for 5 years on the basis of all-generally equal- but-go and direct from-bi-ratelny right-va with a secret go-lo-co-va-nii; at the same time, 25 de-puta-ts from-bi-ra-yut-sya according to one-but-man-dat-ok-ru-gam (1 ok-rug - 1 de-pu-tat) and 25 de-pu -ta-tov - according to a single from-bi-rational ok-ru-gu pro-por-tsio-nal-but the number of go-lo-owls from-bi-ra-te-lei, according to lu-chen-nyh ka-zh-smoke from the lists of can-di-da-tov, you-two-well-tyh from bi-rational associations-ed-not-niya-mi. De-pu-ta-you about-la-st-no-go -ve. Q-wh-che-st-vo de-pu-ta-tov, ra-bo-melting on a professional one-hundred-yan-noy os-no-ve, op-re-de-la-et-sya for-ko-nom about-las-ti. Gu-ber-na-tor - the highest neck should be the face of the region. From-bi-ra-et-sya citizen-da-na-mi of the Russian Federation, pro-zhi-va-yu-schi-mi on the territory of the Oryol region. In a row-dock pro-ve-de-niya you-bo-ditch and tre-bo-va-niya to can-di-da-there us-ta-nov-le-ny Fe-de-ral-nym for -ko-nom (2012) and us-ta-vom ob-las-ti. The governor is yav-la-et-sya before-se-da-te-lem about-la-st-no-go-pra-vi-tel-st-va - the highest o-r-ga-on is- full power of the region. Or-ga-ny of the executive power for-mi-ru-yut-sya pra-vi-tel-st-vom.

Nature

Relief. The Oryol region is located in the central part of the Middle Russian height and beyond the northern part of the Or-lov-sko-Kur-sko- th pla something. Height up to 282 m (on the se-ve-ro-east-to-ke) - the largest in the region. The surface represents a strong but hilly equal equal-no-well, dis-membered to-whether-on-my rivers. Shi-ro-ko raz-vi-you ov-razh-no-ba-loch-nye forms of rel-e-fa, the area of ​​​​something for-ni-ma-et 15% ter-ri -to-rii of the Oryol region and continues to increase-li-chi-va-sya. The most-bo-lea in-ra-zhe-us ov-ra-ha-mi central districts of the region. Slides-not-new forms of rel-e-fa meet-cha-yut-sya in places close to-th-for-le-ga-niya to the daytime top-no-sti water-to - resistant clays. In the north-eastern and eastern parts, in the areas of races-pro-countries from vest-nyakov and mer-ge-lei, developed karst forms , representing-stav-len-nye thicket of everything in-ron-ka-mi and in-no-ra-mi.

Geo-lo-gi-che-structure and useful is-ko-pae-mye. The territory of the Oryol region is located on the northern slope of the Vo-ro-nezh-an-tek-li-zy of the Russian plate of the ancient Vostoch-no- European platform-for-we. Deep-be-on-for-le-ga-nia ar-hey-sko-run-not-pro-te-ro-zoy-sko-go-cri-steel-personal fun-da-men-ta less than 1 km . Wasp-daughter-ch-hol is composed of upper-not-de-won-ski-mi and lower-not-ka-men-no-coal-ny-mi-ter-ri-gen-no-kar-bo- nat-us-mi from-lo-zhe-ni-mi, medium-non-yur-ski-mi and shi-ro-ko ras-pro-country-nyon-ny-mi me-lo-you-mi, the main way kar-bo-nat-ny-mi, in-ro-da-mi (writing chalk, from-west-nya-ki, mer-ge-li), eo-tse-no-you-mi and neo -ge-no-you-mi ter-ri-gen-ny-mi siege-ka-mi (in the south-east-to-ke and south-west-pa-de). Cover of loose four-vertical-nyh from-lo-same-ny on the top-of-time-de-lah represented-len elu-vi-al-but-de-lu-vi-al -us-mi about-ra-zo-va-niya-mi, in the valleys of the rivers - al-lu-vi-al-ny-mi na-no-sa-mi. In the northern part of the time, you are ice-no-know and water-but-ice-no-know from-the-same-middle-not-play-one-hundred-tse-but-in- th Dnieper-ditch-ko-go ole-de-non-nia.

The non-dra of the Oryol region is poor in-lez-we-mi is-ko-pae-we-mi. The southwestern part of the region-ty races-on-lo-the-same-on in the pre-de-lah zhe-le-zo-rud-no-go bass-this-on Kur-skaya magnetic-nit-naya ano- ma-lia, the most-important place-sto-ro-zh-de-nie - But-in-yal-tin-skoe, per-spec-tiv-us-mi yav-la-yut-sya Vo-ro-nets-something and Or-lov-skoe me-sto-ro-zh-de-niya. There are places of tu-go-melting clays (Ma-lo-ar-khan-gel II), mineral paints (Bu-tyr- skoe), cement from vests and clay rocks (Za-re-chenskoe, Kru-toy Verkh), building stones (Kar-pov- skoe, Ryb-nits-koe, Mu-zhi-kov-skoe, etc.), car-bo-nat-nye rocks for the development of soils (Bol-khovskoe, Pis- ka-ryo-vo-Ka-ra-sev-skoe, Khal-chev-skoe), kar-bo-nat-nyh species for the production of building materials (Li-venskoe I , Li-venskoe II, Cha-pa-evskoe), construction sands, keram-zi-to-vyh clays, raw materials for the production of mineral wool, kir -pich-no-che-re-pich-no-th raw materials, underground fresh and mineral waters. On the territory of the Oryol region, us-ta-nov-le-ny pro-yav-le-niya al-ma-zov, ti-tan-tsir-ko-ni-vyh sands, phosphate -ny breeds, tse-o-lit-so-der-zha-shchy and tse-le-sti-new-types, etc.

Climate. On the territory of the Oryol region, the climate is moderate but con-ti-nen-tal-ny with a warm summer and a moderate but cold winter . The average temperatures of Jan-War are from -8.7 ° C in the south-west of the pas to -10.2 ° C in the se-ve-ro-east-to-ke (in su-ro-winter- we can drop the temperature to -44 ° C, the city of Mtsensk, 1940), in July from 18.6 ° C in the se-ve-ro-pas-de to 19.0 ° C in south-east-ke. Go-to-vaya total precipitation in the se-ve-re is 600 mm, in the south-east - 500 mm. In the summer pe-ri-od, you-pa-yes-et 70% of their go-to-howl amount. Us-toy-chi-vy snow-cover us-ta-nav-li-va-et-sya in na-cha-le de-kab-rya and lasts an average of 125 days, its maximum height 70 cm. The duration of the vegetation period is 175-185 days.

Inland waters. In the pre-de-lahs of the Oryol region, the races-in-lo-the-same-we-to-times-de-la of the three major rivers of Eastern Europe - the Volga, the Dne-p-ra and the Do- on the. The basin-sei-nu of the Oka River (tributary of the Volga) abuts 1377 rivers and streams, of which the largest tributaries are Zu-sha, Op -tu-ha, Ryb-ni-tsa, Nugr, No-lod, Or-lik, Tson, Kro-ma; bass-sei-nu Do-na (river So-sna and its pri-to-ki) - 529, bass-sei-nu Des-na - tributary of the Dnepr-ra (rivers Na-vlya, Ne-ru -sa and their rivers) - 195. -high stock in the autumn period. On the rivers, pro-the-repenting in places of significant races-pro-country-non-niya kar-sta, ob-observe-yes-is-decreasing-to-whether by -up-but-st-no-go and increase-li-che-to-whether under-earth-but-one hundred.

Soil-you, ra-ti-tel-ny and living world. Ter-ri-to-ria of the Oryol region is located in the forest-steppe zone. Soils - re-walking from sod-in-under-gold-leaf in the western part to black-no-ze-mam in the south-east, from-whether -cha-yut-sya big-shoy-st-ro-toy. Sod-but-in-under-gold-leafy soils (1.6% of the total area) are attached to the zan-d-ro-ym dogs-cha- equal to us, gray forest soils (46.3%) for-ni-ma-yut in-to-different-del-spaces of the countries of the western and central part those about-las-ti. You-shche-lo-chen-nye and pod-zo-lena-nye black-no-ze-we (42.2%) times-you-you in the southeastern part, frag-men-tar-no meeting in the central regions. They are from-li-cha-yut-sya with a great power of gu-mu-so-in-go-go-ri-zon-ta (up to 120 cm) and you-with-kim so-der -ni-eat gu-mu-sa up to 6%. Also, races-pro-countries-not-us lu-go-in-black-but-earth-nye and al-lu-vi-al-soils-you, for-no-may-shchy over-sing- small ter-ra-sy and flood-we of the rivers Oka, Zu-sha, So-sleep.

Le-sa (9% ter-ri-to-ri) is represented by-le-na, mostly oak-ra-wa-mi, clear-no-ka-mi, lip-nya-ka-mi. On the banks of the rivers pro-from-ra-sta-yut ol-sha-ni-ki. Es-the-st-vein-naya steppe ras-ti-tel-nost co-preserved frag-men-tar-but on ter-ri-to-ri-yah, not-at-a-year- nyh for pa-ho-you and you-pa-sa (steep slopes of ba-lok and ov-ra-gov), and pre-becoming-le-on chab-re-tsom, ko-you-lyom , especially low-koy, paw-chat-koy Don-skoy, as-t-roy ro-mash-ko-howl, etc. The modern flora of the Oryol region counts about 1200 ve -dov color-to-y and spo-ro-y races. More than 20 rare and most famous species outside the se-na in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.

In the Oryol region, 64 species of mammals are found, about 200 species of nesting birds, 11 species of terrestrial-aquatic, about 300 types of demons-of-the-night animals. Fau-na-ha-rak-te-ri-zu-et-xa-she-ni-em ti-pich-but forest-nyh (deep-khar, squirrel-ka, forest-naya ku-ni-tsa, elk , you-dra, ko-su-la, ka-ban, etc.), ti-pich-but step-nyh (speck-cha-ty sus-lik, on the left-howl zha-vo-ro-nok, tush-kan-chik, steppe polecat, etc.) and migrating animals, using both forest and steppe places -ta-niya. In the Red Book of the Russian Federation, out-of-se-na, many pre-hundred-vi-te-whether or-no-fau-na - eagle-ber-kut, eagle-snake-poison, black cor- shun, so-kol-ba-la-ban, fi-lin, gray non-owl, etc.

The state of standing and oh-ra-on the environment. The main eco-logical problem of the Orel region is-la-et-sya for-dirt-non-at-mo-spheres-no-air-du-ha of the cities of Oryol, Mtsensk, Livny, urban-type settlement Dol-goe. The total volume of emissions of polluting substances in the at-mo-sphere is 95.9 thousand tons, including from the station nar-nyh sources - 22.8 thousand tons, from auto-mo-bil-no-go transport - 73.1 thousand tons (2010). A significant number of you-throw-owls about-is-ho-dit in the electric-tro-energy-ge-ti-ke and housing-no-com-mu-nal-ho- zyay-st-ve due to increase-li-che-niya co-li-che-st-va szhi-gae-mo-go that-p-li-va. In the general pollution of the natural waters of the Oka River, a significant role belongs to the sewage waters of the city of Oryol; the main polluting things - oil-te-pro-duk-you, chlo-ri-dy, sulfa-you, etc. About 1/3 of all pollutants -things in-stu-pa-et with ter-ri-to-riy sa-ni-tar-but-not-bla-go-us-t-ro-en-nyh on-se-lyon-nyh places, agricultural facilities and lands that you-zy-va-et seasonal deterioration in the quality of drinking-e-howling water. In the last de-sya-ti-le-tia from-me-che-on a sharp de-gu-mi-fi-ka-tion of fertile soils, as well as take -the same nutritional elements in them - potassium and phos-fo-ra.

On the territory of the Oryol region - the national park Or-lov-skoe Po-les-siye, 25 especially-bo-oh-ra-nyai-my natural ter-ri-to-riy re-gio -nal-no-th value and 6 - me-st-no-th value.

Population

96.1% of the population of the Oryol region are Russians; pro-zhi-va-yut also uk-ra-in-tsy (1%) and others (2010, re-writing).

The number of people in the village is co-beautiful (for 1995-2013, almost 130 thousand people), mainly due to natural decline. The de-mo-graphic situation is worse than the average for the Russian Federation: ha-rak-ter-na not-you-so-ro-g-dae-bridge (10.5 per 1000 inhabitants, 2011) with an increased level of mortality (16.3 per 1000 inhabitants); infant mortality is 7.7 per 1000 live-in-ro-well-days. In the 1990s, an influx of mi-gran-tov was observed (31 per 10 thousand inhabitants in 1995), mainly from the republics of the former USSR, however, he did not -pen-si-ro-val eu-natural decline in-se-le-niya. In the 2000s, the influx of mi-grants changed from-someone to-se-le-niya, mainly from the peri-feriary districts of the ob-las- ty. The share of women is 54.9%. In the age-ra-t-noy structure-tu-re on-se-le-niya to-la persons mo-lo-same labor-to-spo-own-no-go age-ra-ta (up to 16 years old) 14.9%, older work-before-spo-of-the-age 26.1%. The average life expectancy in May is 69.5 years (men - 63.2, women - 75.8 years). The average population density is 31.8 people/km2. The share of the urban population is 65.8% (2013; 61.9% in 1989). The largest city is Orel (318.1 thousand people, 2013; 41% of the population of the region); other large cities (thousand people) - Liv-ny (49.3), Mtsensk (40.7).

Religion

Pain-shin-st-in believing - right-in-glorious. For-re-gi-st-ri-ro-va-no (as of November 1, 2013) 155 right-in-glorious religious organizations, above-le-zha -shchy Or-lov-sky and Li-ven-sky diocese (ob-ra-zo-va-na in 1788 as Or-lov-skaya and Sev-skaya; in 1945-1994 Or-lov-skaya and Bryansk, modern name since 1994) ROC. Among them, there are 7 mo-na-sta-rei: 3 men's [including Us-pen-sky (os-no-van in the 2nd half of the 17th century) in Or-le and Svyato-Du -khov (os-no-van in the 18th century) in the village of Za-dush-noe of the No-vo-sil-sky district] and 4 women's [including Vve-den-sky (os-no-van in 1686) in Or-le and Tro-its-kiy Ro-zh-de-st-va Bo-go-ro-di-tsy Op-tin (os-no-van in the 15th century) near the city of Bol-khov ]. In the Oryol region, there are 25 pro-Tess-Tant organizations of various de-no-mi-nations ti-de-syat-ni-ki, ad-ven-ti-stay of the seventh day, pre-swe-te-ria-ne, evangelical christian-stia-ne (evan-ge-li -sty), lu-te-ra-ne, me-to-di-sty], 3 iu-dai-st-skie, 3 mu-sulman or-ga-ni-za-tsii, 1 ca-to-personal or-ga-ni-za-tion, 1 org-ga-ni-za-tion svi-de-te-lei Ie-go-you.

Is-to-ri-che-sky essay

The oldest ar-heo-logic pa-myat-ni-ki on the ter-ri-to-rii of the Oryol region from no-syat-sya to the upper pa-leo-li-tu. Me-zo-lit is represented by the Ie-Neva cul-tu-swarm; non-olith - des-nin-sky kul-tu-swarm, pa-myat-ni-ka-mi kru-ha yamoch-no-gre-ben-cha-toy ke-ra-mi-ki cul-tur-no -is-to-ri-che-community, middle-not-ok-sky kul-tu-swarm (kha-rak-ter-na-kol-cha-taya and kol-cha-to- gre-ben-cha-taya or-na-men-ta-tion ke-ra-mi-ki) and others. pro-from-in-dya-shche-ho-zyay-st-va in re-gio-not connected with the race-se-le-ni-em but-si-te-lei shnu-ro- howl of ke-ra-mi-ki cul-tour-no-is-to-ri-che-community: from-the-west-nai-bo-more-precise-memories-ni- ki of the middle-not-Dnepr-rov-sky cul-tu-ra (its change-ni-la co-snits-kai cul-tu-ra), some-something-rye on-walk-ki near fat -I-new-sky cul-tu-re. To the armored-zo-in-ve-ku from-no-syat-sya also on-hod-ki ke-ra-mi-ki, close to ka-ta-comb-noy kul-tu-re, log-house cul-tu-re, aba-shev-skoy cul-tu-re.

Pa-myat-ni-ki ran-not-go-lez-no-go-ve-ka on the se-ve-ro-for-pa-de ter-ri-to-rii of the Oryol region from-no-syat to the top -not-Ok-kul-tu-re, along a row in-ka-behind-the-lei near the Dnieper-ro-Dvin-skaya kul-tu-re and Yukh-novskaya kul-tu- re. The southern part of the r-gio-na lies above the circle of influence of the Scythian ar-heo-lo-gi-che-cult-tu-ry. In the 1st century A.D. e. on the se-ve-ro-for-pa-de-regio-na-yav-la-yut-sya pa-mint-ni-ki ti-pa Po-chep, someone in the 3rd century replaced yut pa-myat-ni-ki ti-pa Mo-schi-no, for-no-mayu-shchie on the territory of the Oryol region, north-ver and se-ve-ro-west. In the south-east of the region, by the middle of the 3rd - beginning of the 5th centuries, from-but-syat-sya pa-myat-ni-ki of the ki-ev-kul-tu-ry or black-nya-khov -skoy cul-tu-ry. The further fate of this-on-se-le-niya is not-clear-on, as is the cultural affiliation of the uni-kal-noy-on-hod-ki from Por -shi-no (village of Krug-li-tsa, Uritsky district) of the middle of the 5th century [sword, pair of ob-lo-female gold fol-goy fi-bul with insert-ka-mi , finger-wall].

At the end of the 1st millennium A.D. e. ter-ri-to-riya of the Oryol region enters-di-la into the are-al ro-men-kul-tu-ry, connected-zy-vae-my with groups of East Slavic tribes, here - mainly with the southern groups-pa-mi vya-ti-chey. In the western part of the modern Oryol region, there were-ho-di-lis-se-le-niya se-ve-ryans. In the X-XI centuries, the earth-whether vya-ty-whose would be under-chi-not-us Kie-woo, although they are not-one-but-times-but-oka-zy-va-whether not-by -vi-no-ve-nie, you-well-give-the-neck of the ki-ev-sky princes to co-ver-sat in re-gi-he ka-ra-tel-nye-ho-dy. The last major move was osu-shche-st-vil pe-re-yas-lav-sky prince Vla-di-mir All-in-lo-do-vich Mo-no-mah in 1096 , go to the tribe-men-no-go center-tra ya-ti-whose Kord-no (before-lo-zhi-tel-but on-ho-dil-sya on ter-ri-to-rii modern Ho-ty-nets-ko-th district of the Oryol region). At the beginning of the XII century, there was an active race-pro-country of christi-an-st-va. The activity of the mis-sio-ne-ditch would have been co-spun with danger, for example, in 1113, the monk of Kie-vo-Pe-cher-sko-go Monastery of Io-Ann Kuk-sha was killed by vya-ti-cha-mi not-da-le-ko from modern Mtsen-ska. In the XII century, re-gi-he entered the composition of the Cher-ni-gov-sky-prince-same-st-va. To the ancient-shim ancient Russian cities from-no-syat-sya Bol-dyzh (the first mention in 1146; -ro-di-shchem near the village. schem near the village of Go-ro-di-shche of the Bol-hov-sky district), Mtsensk (1147), Spash (Spas; 1147; connection with the go-ro-di-shche near the village Spasskoe Or-lov-sko-th district), Kro-we (1147, mention-me-well-you in Vos-kre-sen-sky le-to-pi-si), But-in-strength. According to I.K. Fro-lo-va, ancient Vo-ro-tynsk (first mention in 1155), perhaps, ras-la-gal-sya on the territory to-rii of the Oryol region (a complex of pa-myat-nik-kov near the village of Vo-ro-tyn-tse-vo of the No-vo-sil-sko-go district). Many cities (Bol-dyzh, Do-ma-goshch, Spash, etc.) would have been ra-zo-re-na during mon-go-lo-ta-tar-sko-go on -she-st-via.

In the 2nd half of the 13th - early 16th centuries, most of the modern Oryol region was included in the composition of the Verkhov princedoms, which became the object of the struggle between -du by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (ON) and the Grand Duchy of Moscow. In 1423, the territory of the modern Oryol region was ra-zo-re-na khanom Ba-ra-kom. Sto-yan-nye on-run and war-we-whether re-gi-he to de-launch, turning it into a part of the so-called. Di-ko-ho-la. According to Mo-s-kov-sko-mu per-re-my-riy of 1503, most of the region became part of the Russian state, becoming its southern border. Through the ter-ri-to-riyu of the modern Oryol region, pro-ho-di-li do-ro-gi (shlya-khi) (the main ones are Mu-rav-sky, Pakh-nut-tsev, Kal-mi -us-sky), according to some-eye wasp-shche-st-in-la-lis of the Crimean khans on-be-gi. In 1521, the howl-ska of kha-na Mu-ham-med-Gi-rei I passed through it to Mo-sk-va. the village of Sud-bi-shche No-vo-de-re-ven-kov-sko-th district) was a major battle, in some rum the Russian troops under which I.V. She-re-me-te-va Bol-sho-go times-bi-whether the howl-sko of the Crimea-sko-go ha-na Dev-let-Gi-ray I, one-on-ko in the ho-de na- be-ga ta-ta-ry raz-gra-bi-li se-le-niya along the Zu-sha river. In 1570, the Crimean ta-ta-ry ra-zo-ri-li No-vo-sil and its ok-re-st-no-sti, in 1571 the military of Dev-let-Gi-rey I about -went through the Or-lov-sky lands to Mo-sk-va, in 1595 they went on the run to Liv-ny. For the protection of the borders, new ones were built, they were renewed, they were re-established and they were re-established with the fortresses, including Bol -khov (1556), Orel (1566), Liv-ny (1586), Kro-my (1593).

In the Time of Troubles, the city-ro-da re-gio-on the eye-for-support of False Dmitry I and False Dmitry II. During the Bo-lot-ni-ko-wa resurrection of 1606-1607, Mrs. Or-la, Li-wen, Krom you-st-pi-li on a hundred-ro- not resurrected. Significant damage to the lands of the modern Oryol region on-nes-la Re-chi Po-is-that in-ter-ven-tion on-cha-la of the 17th century. In 1615, under Or-scrap, pro-iso-sh-lo battle from-a-row-yes, Prince D.M. In a hot way with the Polish howls under the command of A.I. Li-owl-th. The further economic development of the elk began from the middle of the 17th century, when the territory of the modern Oryol region was for-se-le-to serve ly-mi people, raz-vi-va-lis re-mes-len-nye and tor-go-th slo-bo-dy, for-mi-ro-va-las ag-rar-naya eco-but -mic specialty-li-for-tion of re-gio-on. In 1708-1727, ter-ri-to-riya re-gio-na-di-la was part of the Kiev province, in 1727-1778 - Bel-go-rod-sky gu-ber-nii. In 1778-1928, the ter-ri-to-ria of the modern Oryol region was composed of la-la Or-lov-skuyu province (until 1796 Or-lov-skoe on-me-st-ni-che -st-in; with the exception of the No-in-strong-county, entering the div-she-go into the Tula province). In 1928-1937, ter-ri-to-riya re-gio-na was-la times-de-le-on the me-zh-du Central-but-black-but-earth-noy ob-la-stu (1928-1934) and you-de-liv-shi-mi-sya from it in the Kur-region (1934-1937) and the Vo-ro-nezh-region (1934- 1937), as well as the Western Region (1929-1937).

The Oryol region was formed on September 27, 1937, it included 25 districts of the Kursk region, 5 districts of the Vo-ro-Nezh region and 29 districts Western region. In the Great Patriotic War, from October 1941 to August 1943, the territory of the Oryol region (with the exception of Za-don-sko-go and Kras-nin-sko-go districts) would-la ok-ku-pi-ro-va-on the German howl-ska-mi, host-st-vu and cul-tu-re-re-gio-na-not-sen-know- significant damage. In December 1941, during the Moscow battle of 1941-1942, in the course of the Yelets operation , Iz-mal-kov-sky, Kor-sa-kov-sky, Kras-no-zo-ren-sky, No-vo-de-re-ven-kov-sky and Stanov-lyan-sky paradise they, the cities of Yelets, Liv-ny and No-in-strength. In February-ra-le - March 1942, fierce battles were fought near Bol-ho-vom, in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe village of Kriv-tso-vo. Okon-cha-tel-no Oryol region was-la-os-bo-zh-de-na in rezul-ta-te Or-lov-sky on-advance operation (12.7-18.8 . 1943), a part of the Battle of Kursk in 1943, when there would be os-in-bo-zh-de-ny Ma-lo-ar-khan-gelsk (18 July), Mtsensk (July 20), Zmi-yov-ka and Gla-zu-nov-ka (July 24-25), Bol-khov (July 29), Oryol (Av-5 gu-hundred), etc. In various districts of the Oryol region, active-but-de-st-in-va-li par-ti-zan-skie from-rya-dy and sub-pol-shchi-ki.

In 1944, from the composition of the Orel region, you de-le-to the Bryansk region, a number of districts were transferred to the composition of the Ka-luzh-skaya and Kur-skaya regions -tei, in 1954, in the newly-re-ra-zo-van-nuyu Li-pec-kuyu region, re-re-yes-but 9 districts. Restoration of industry and agriculture over the top of the elk by the beginning of the 1950s. In the 2nd half of the 20th century, large-scale metal-lurgy enterprises were created (Or-lov-sky steel-le-pro-kat-ny plant, Mtsensky for - waters of aluminum-mi-nie-vo-go-casting, Mtsensky plant of non-ferrous metals and alloys), objects of ma-shi-no-structure ( production of technological equipment for tech-style, footwear, glass, food industry, agriculture, etc.). The Oryol region is one of the leading places in Russia for the production of grain crops; we-de-us into exploitation of large animals-here-but-vodka-owners-st-va. In April 1986, the ter-ri-to-ria of the Oryol region was subjected to radio-activated-no-mu pollution in the result of an accident on Cher- but byl-sky nuclear power plant.

Ho-zyay-st-vo

The Oryol region is included in the Central eco-no-mic region, yav-la-et-sya in-du-st-ri-al-no-ag-rar-nym region. The volume of industrial production (about -production and distribution of electricity, gas and water) is more than twice the volume of agricultural production ( 2011). At the share of the region, about 1/5 of the Russian volume of production of cent-beige na-so-owls, one-but-kov-sho-vy fronts - tal-ny sa-mo-walk-nyh-load-chi-kov, ke-ra-mic-eye-ro-van-nyh tiles for internal walls; The Oryol region is also you-de-la-et-sya volume of production of machines for urban and communal-no-ho-zyay-st-va, dairy condensed products.

GRP structure by type of eco-no-mic activity (2010, %): about-ra-ba-you-vayu-schee-pro-from-water-st-va 20, 4, wholesale and retail trading, various household services 16.5, transport and communications 15.1, rural and forestry economy 12.7, public administration and provision of military security, obligatory so-qi-al-noe support 8.8, ar-ra-zo-va-tion 6.5, operations with non-moving property, rent and maintenance -lu-gi 5.2, builder-st-in 4.1, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 4.3 , health-in-protection and so-qi-al-nye us-lu-gi 4.1, other types of activity 2.3. Co-from-no-she-enterprises according to the forms of own-st-ven-no-sti (by the number of or-ga-ni-za-tsy,%): part-st-naya 72.0; ,1, other forms of self-st-ven-no-sti 3.6.

Eco-no-mi-che-ski active population of 407.0 thousand people (2011), of which 96.5% are for-nya-you in eco-no-mi-ke. Struk-tu-ra for-nya-to-sti on-se-le-nia by type of eco-no-mic activity (%): trading-la, various household services 17.7, agriculture and forestry 17.6, about-ra-ba-you-vayu-shchi pro-from-water-st-va 15.5, about-ra-zo-va-nie 9.6, health-protection and so-qi-al-ny us-lu-gi 6, 6, transport and communications 6.6, construction 5.8, operations with immovable property 5.0, other com -mu-nal-nye, so-qi-al-nye and per-so-nal-nye us-lu-gi 4.0, production and distribution of electricity gia, gas and water 2.5, other types of activities 9.1. The level without-ra-bo-ti-tsy is 6.3%. Monthly income per capita 14.8 thousand rubles per month (2011; 71.4% of the average for the Russian Federation); 14.5% of the population of the Oryol region has to-ho-dy no-same pro-zh-exact-no-go mi-ni-mu-ma.

Industry. The volume of industrial production is 80.3 billion rubles (2011); of these, 82.75% come from the production and production of water, 17.0% - for production and dis-pre-de -le-tion of electricity, gas and water, 0.25% - for the production of useful fields. From-race-le-va-tu-ra-ra-ba-you-vau-ing pro-products (%): food industry 32.2, machine-building production 32.0, metal-lurgy production, metal-lo-ob-ra-bot-ka 16.8, construction-ma-te-ria-lov production 10.5, lay down -kaya 2.1, chemical industry 1.9, other industries 4.5.

The largest producer of electricity from the region is the Orlovskaya CHPP (fi-li-al of the Kvad-ra company; us-ta-new-len-power of 330 MW) provides about 40% of the region’s demand for electricity and about 70 % of the demand of the city of Oryol in te-p-lo-howl energy.

The main specialty of metal-lurgy enterprises is the re-re-ra-bot-ka of non-ferrous metals, the production of pro-ka-ta, me-ti-call, sva-roch-nyh ma-te-ria-lov. Leading enterprises: in Mtsensk - a foundry plant (mainly aluminum and iron casting for the needs of auto-mo -bi-le-construction plants, enterprises of the Russian Railways company, artistic cast iron casting), metallurgical company niya "La-tu-ni" (in the co-hundred-veh-din-ga "Vtor-met"; re-working of secondary raw materials of non-ferrous metal fishing, production of foundry la-tu-ni and bronze), "Mtsen-sk-pro-kat" (foundry production, pro-kat from de-liy from color -ny metals and alloys on their bases), "Mtsensk Vtor-color-met" (re-re-ra-bot-ka of secondary raw materials non-ferrous metals), "Mezh-gos-me-tiz-Mtsensk" (in cooperation with the American company "Lin-coln Electric"; welding ma-te- ria-ly: general-purpose and special-purpose electro-trodes, welding wires, including copper-none, non-rust-veyu- shchaya); in Or-le - structural sub-divisions of de-le-tion of the company "Se-ver-steel-me-tiz" for the release of cre-pezh-ny products, sva-roch-nyh ma-te-ria-lov, from de-liy from pro-vo-lo-ki, as well as the industrial company “Set-cha-tye from de-lia”.

The main production of machine-no-building is road-rozh-but-building-tel-naya, communal-naya and pro-ti-in-hot-tech-ni -ka, industrial equipment-ru-do-va-nie, na-so-sy. Leading enterprises: in the city of Orel - a number of factories for the production of road-building, agricultural equipment, various industrial, di-ag-but -stic equipment-ru-do-va-tion, electrical-tro-tech-no-che-sky, electronic production; in the city of Mtsensk - the plant of communal-no-go ma-shi-no-building "Kom-mash" (large pro-from-in-di-tel com-mu-nal -royal tech-no-ki); in the city of Liv-ny - "HMS Na-so-sy" (former "Liv-gi-dro-mash"; na-so-sy and na-sos-noe ob-ru-do-va-nie for oil-te -to-be-vayu-schey, oil-the-chemical, food-howling industry, electric-tro-energy-ge-ti-ki and other from-races-lei-ho-zyay-st-va) and “Liv-ny-na-sos” (electric-tro-na-sos-nye ag-re-ga-you with a loaded electric-tro-dvi-ga-te-lem) (both in co -sta-ve di-vi-zio-on "Pro-mice-len-nye-so-sy" "HMS Groups"), pro-ti-vo-in-hot-no-go ma -shi-no-building (fire-but-technical production, including auto-cis-ter-ny on the ZIL chassis, pumping equipment-ru-do -va-nie), "Av-to-ag-re-gat" (large-scale production of filters-ditch and filter-ru-ing elements-ochi-st-ki mas-la, then-p -li-va and air-du-ha for auto-and mo-that-tech-no-ki).

Somehow, the same way, the production of construction-ma-te-ria-lovs (mainly ceramic tiles, iron-concrete con-st-ruc-tions, kir-pich), on-is-these-le-new-pipes, re-zi-no-technical from-de-liy (medical, sa-ni-tar-no-gi-hyenical and technical-na-zna -changing), production of pharmaceutical (in-su-lin) and light industry (chu-loch-but-but-juicy, three-ko-tazh-nye- de-lia, women's clothing) (most of the production capacities are in the city of Oryol), as well as the production of folk art productions from de-liy mys-loving (factories in Li-vensky, Mtsensk, No-in-silsky and Or-lovsky districts). Dei-st-vu-et enterprise for the o-ran-ke al-ma-zov (structural sub-division of the ALROSA company in the city of Oryol).

In the food industry, the most important value is sa-har-naya, mu-ko-mol-naya, milky sub-from-races. Large enterprises: for the production of sa-kha-ra - com-bi-nat in the village of Ot-ra-din-skoye Mtsensky district (in the co-hundred group of " Raz-gu-lay"), for-dy in the city of Liv-ny, in the villages of the urban type of Kolp-na, For-le-goshch; mu-ki - com-bi-on-you in the cities of Orel, Liv-ny, Bol-khov; milk production - com-bi-nat of the group-py company "Da-no-ne", plant of the company "Mi-li-ni" (both - in the city of Oryol), a dairy-but-con-serving plant in the urban-type settlement of Ver-ho-vie, a complex for the production of mo-lo-ka "Sa-bu-ro- in "in the Or-lovsky district, a cheese-del-ny factory in the city of Liv-ny. Leading pro-from-in-di-te-li-ke-ro-in-daughter-production - plant "Or-lov-sky Crystal", Mtsensky spirit-in-daughter-com-bi-nat "Or-lov-sky fortress", enterprise "Eta-nol" (the city of Liv-ny); without-al-ko-goal-nyh on-pit-kov - fi-li-al of the Ko-ka-Ko-la HBC Ev-ra-ziya company in the city of Oryol.

Large industrial centers: Orel, Liv-ny, Mtsensk.

The external turnover of the Oryol region is 465.5 million US dollars (2011), including the export of 117.3 million dollars. Ex-port-ti-ru-yut-sya (% of cost-mo-sti): machines, ob-ru-to-va-nie (55.0), pro-to-vol-st- vie and agricultural raw materials (35.9), metals and de-li from them (8.4). Imported (% of cost) machines, equipment, equipment and transport media (44.1), production of the chemical industry (26.4), food and agricultural raw materials (18.9), metallurgy production (8, 4).

Agriculture. The cost of agricultural production is 36.6 billion rubles (2011); Agricultural land makes up about 71.0% of the territory of the region, of which arable land is 82.6%. You-ra-shchi-va-yut (% of the sowing area) grain (70.6), fodder (13.4), technical cultural tu-ry (12.6; sa-har-naya beet-la, gre-chi-ha, rapeseed), potatoes and vegetables (3.4). Life-here-but-vod-stvo sp-tsia-li-zi-ru-et-sya on me-so-mo-loch-something-water-st-ve, swine-no-water-st- ve, bird-water-st-ve; times-in-dyat also lo-sha-day, sheep and goats. Most of the agricultural land (over 80%) belongs to the lands of agricultural organizations, about 15% to the lands of the farmer-mer- ski (kre-st-yan-sky) farms, about 5% of the land on-ho-dit-sya in the personal use of gra-zh-dan. Pre-ob-la-giving part of the grain (about 82%, 2011), practically all se-me-on under the sun-nech-no, about 60% mo-lo -ka pro-from-to-dyat-sya by agricultural organizations, about 85% of car-to-fe-la and vegetables - in households-st-wahs on-se -le-nia.

Services sector. The region of races-on-la-ga-et you-so-kim in-ten-tsial-crowd for the development of a cultural-tour-but-in-cognitive tour-riz-ma. Among-di to-with-that-at-me-cha-tel-no-stey - State. percussion me-ri-al-ny and natural mu-zey-for-po-ved-nik I.S. Tur-ge-ne-va "Spas-skoe-Lu-to-vi-no-vo" (Mtsensk district, the village of Spas-skoe-Lu-to-vi-no-vo), Or-lov-vo National Park skoe Po-lesie (on the territory of the Zna-men-sko-go and Ho-ty-net-ko-go districts; includes, among other things, the Literary and Regional Studies Mu -zey "Tur-gene-nev-skoe Po-le-siye" in the village of Il-in-skoe, zoo-vol-er complex in the village of Zhu-der-sky, go-ro-di-shche Ho -timl-Kuz-myon-ko-in the XI-XII centuries), a number of architectural memorials in the cities of Liv-ny, Mtsensk, Bol-khov. Raz-ra-bo-tan a number of tu-ri-istic routes: Orel - national park Or-lovskoe Po-le-siye; Eagle - Mtsensk - Spas-skoe-Lu-to-vi-no-vo; Eagle - Bol-khov.

Transport. The length of the railways is 596 km (2011). The main railway line Mo-sk-va - Tu-la - Orel - Kursk - Bel-go-rod - Kharkov (Uk-rai-na) - Sim-fe-ro-pol; dei-st-woo-et a number of one-but-way non-electric-tri-fi-zi-lines, including Orel - Bryansk, Orel - Yelets (Lipetsk region) from -branch-le-ni-em to the city of Liv-ny and the urban-type settlement of Dol-goe. The length of the auto-to-horn with solid smoke on the roof is 5.8 thousand km. On the ter-ri-to-rii ob-las-ti pro-ho-dit ucha-stok of the fe-de-ral-noy auto-route-sy "Crimea" (Mo-sk-va - Tu-la - Oryol - Kursk - Bel-go-rod - border with Uk-rai-noy). Through the Oryol region, the ma-gi-st-ral-ny oil-te-wire "Druzh-ba", gas-wire-water Uren-goy (Yama-lo-Ne-nets -kii av-to-nom-ny district) - Po-ma-ry (Res-pub-li-ka Mari El) - Uzh-go-rod (Uk-rai-na). Air-ro-port Oryol-Yuzh-ny (for-con-ser-vi-ro-van, 2013).

Health-in-security

In the Oryol region, for 10 thousand inhabitants, there are 35.6 doctors, and 102.8 persons of an average medical per-so-on-la (2009). Medical assistance is provided by 62 le-cheb-but-pro-fi-lak-tic uch-re-zh-de-niya (including 45 - stationary), 461 feld- sher-sko-aku-sher-sky point (dov-ra-cheb-nuyu help of rural-mu on-se-le-niyu), 1 ambulance station of the city of Oryol and 20 from-de-le-niy, included in the composition of the central district hospitals (2009). In the system of OMS, 53 le-cheb-but-pro-fi-lak-tic uch-re-zh-de-nia (2009) are working. The total for-bo-le-vae-bridge of an adult-lo-on-se-le-niya per 1 thousand inhabitants is 1552.3 cases; for-bo-le-vae-bridge to-ber-ku-le-zom - 56.1, HIV-in-fek-qi-ey - 12.9, al-ko-go-lys-mom - 1619.3 per 100 thousand inhabitants (2009). The most-pro-country-not-we are more-les-ni sys-the-we-we-c-o-o-ra-shcheniya - 19.4% (2009). The total mortality rate is 16.6 cases per 1 thousand inhabitants (because of the blood system - 63.8% , evil-quality novelties - 13.8%, non-accidental cases, injuries and injuries - 9, 9%, bo-lez-ni or-ga-nov pi-shche-va-re-niya - 4.3%; or-ga-nov dy-ha-nia - 3.7%) (2009). Sa-na-to-riy "Oak-ra-va".

Education

Uch-re-zh-de-niya of science and culture-tu-ry. In the field of functions-tsio-ni-ru-yut (2013) 215 pre-school uch-re-zh-de-ny (30.1 thousand vos-pi-tan-ni-kov) , 489 general educational educational institutions (71.6 thousand students), 20 educational institutions at the beginning of the vocational -ra-zo-va-nia (7.9 thousand students), 22 educational institutions of secondary vocational education (12 thousand students), 7 universities call (43.2 thousand students), 16 mu-ze-ev (including fi-lia-ly), 400 biblio-tech. The main universities, scientific educational institutions, biblio-te-ki and museums are located in Or-le. Dey-st-vu-yut is the same: All-Russian Research Institute of grain-bo-bo-vy and kru-pya-nyh crops of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Streletsky village), All-Russian Research Institute of fruit breeding out cultural tour of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (village of Zhi-li-na), branches of the State University - educational-but-at-uch-no-pro-from-water-st-ven-no-go complex-sa in Mtsensk and Liv-nah. Local Vedic Museum named after G.F. So-lov-yo-va (1919), Art Gallery (1999) - in Mtsensk, Museum of Regional Studies (1918) in Liv-nah. Is-to-riko-eth-no-graphic museum in the city of Dmitrovsk, in the village of Spas-skoe-Lu-to-vi-no-vo - State me-mo-ri-al-ny and at -native mu-zey-for-by-ved-nick I.S. Tur-ge-ne-va (1922).

Mass media

Old-rei-shay ga-ze-ta ob-las-ti - "Or-lov-sky vest-nik" (the city of Orel; from yes-va-las in 1873-1918, in 1889-1892 in ha -ze-te ra-bo-tal I.A. Bu-nin; in 1991, in-goiter-nov-le-na, you-go-dit 1 time in non-de-lu, circulation of 6 thousand copies ). The leading ob-la-st-noe iz-da-nie - the newspaper "Or-lov-skaya pravda" (the city of Oryol; since 1917, 4 times in non-de-lu, 10 thousand copies) . District and city newspapers: “Na-she vre-mya” (Ver-khovsky district; since 1931, every-day-not-del-but, 4.3 thousand copies), “Pri-ok -skaya ni-va ”(Gla-zu-nov-sky district; since 1934, daily, no-del-but, 2.6 thousand copies), Avangard” (Dmitrovsky district; since 1918 of the year, every-day-not-del-but, 2 thousand copies), “Zna-mya labor-yes” (Dol-zhansky district; since 1931, daily-not-del-but, 3.6 thousand copies), “Ma-yak” (Za-le-go-shchensky district; since 1935, 1 time in 2 no-de-li, 3.3 thousand copies), “For iso-bi-lie” (Kolp-nyan -sky district; since 1932, daily-not-del-but, 4 thousand copies), Vos-hod (Kor-sa-kov-sky district; since 1935, daily-not-del-but, 1, 3 thousand copies), "Stars" (Ma-lo-ar-khan-gel district; since 1918, every week, 2.2 thousand copies), "Mtsensk Territory" ( the city of Mtsensk and the Mtsensky district; since 1917, 3 times in 2 weeks, 8.1 thousand copies), “Vpered” (Sos-kovsky district; since 1935, every week but, 1.7 thousand copies), "Rural Zo-ri" (Tros-nyansky district; since 1935 year, every-day-not-del-but, 2.4 thousand copies), “Three-bu-on-bread-bo-ro-ba” (Kho-ty-nets-ky district; since 1940, every-day-not-del-but, 1.7 thousand copies), “Sha-b-ly-kin-sky vest-nik” (Shab-ly-kin-sky district; since 1932, every -del-no, 1.6 thousand copies) and others. Radio from the 1920s, te-le-vie-de-nie from 1959. Trans-la-tsu te-le- and radio-pe-re-dacha osu-sche-st-in-la-yut GTRK "Eagle", te-le-ra-dio-com-pa-nii "Is -to-ki”, “Ze-nit”, etc.

Ar-khi-tek-tu-ra and iso-bra-zi-tel-noe art-kus-st-vo

The oldest pro-of-ve-de-tion of art on the ter-ri-to-rii of the Oryol region - or-na-men-ti-ro-van-naya ke-ra-mi-ka (with no- oli-ta), small clay-nya-naya pla-sti-ka, a series of de-liy from bones, metal-loving (mainly uk-ra-she-nia) from bron-zovo -th century to the early-not-th Middle-not-ve-ko-vya, including things around the vos-toch-no-ev-ro-pei-sky you-eat-cha-tyh ema-lei, a pair of chrome fi-bules of the East German circle of the 5th century from Por-shi-no, etc. With the inclusion of re-gio-na in co- becoming the Old Russian state (Cher-ni-gov principality) and on-cha-scrap of the right-in-glorious mission, head-of-len-noy in 1113, mo-on-hom Kie-vo -of the Pe-cher-sky monastery by the holy martyr John an-n. naya icon of Ii-su-sa Christ from the city-ro-di-scha in the village of Slo-bod-ka of the Shab-ly-kin-sky district, mid-12th - early 13th centuries, Or-lovsky local history museum). So-preserved-li-wa-ly go-ro-dishch (from the early-not-th-iron-lez-no-th-ve-ka to Sred-ne-ve-ko-vya), race-by-lo- women mainly on the banks of the rivers Oka, Tson, Ne-polod, Zu-sha, Nugr; fragments of the defensive line of Kro-we - Liv-ny (XVI century). Since the 16th century, ak-ti-vi-zi-ro-va-elk mo-on-styr-skoe and temple construction. Est-ve-de-na de-raven Tro-its-ky cathedral in Liv-ny (1586, co-burned in 1618), Us-pensky cathedral in Kromakh (1594, rel in 1605). After the Time of Troubles, the os-no-va-ny new and in-goiter-new-le-na old obi-te-li (including the Krom-sky Tro- it’s monastery, founded around 1629, up-divided by the middle of the 18th century; Ni-ko-la-ev-sky convent in Liv-ny, up-divided in 1766), from-build-to-wooden 20-tower fortress in Mtsensk (raz-ru-she-on in the middle of the 17th century). Among the not-so-preserved-niv-shih-sya wooden-buildings is the female Il-in-sky monastery in No-in-si-le (according to one of the versions, os-no-van in the 2nd half of the 12th century, the widow of Prince Yuri Dol-go-ru-ko-go of the Greek tsar Ol-goy Kom-ni-noy, up-divided in 1764) .

The first stone churches in the last third of the 17th - early 18th centuries from-ra-zha-yut striving for pat-ri-ar-ha Ni-ko-na to the - vra-tu 5-chapter: 4-pillar 2-light Trinity Cathedral (1668-1688) ho-ve (os-no-van in the 15th century, closed in 1923; voz-ro-zh-den in 2001), demon-pillars - Us-pen church (os-vya-shche -on in 1667, re-building-on with adding-le-ni-em elements on-rysh-kin-sky baroque at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries; now-not the Holy-Ser-gi-ev-sky cathedral) of the former Holy-Us-pen-th Ser-gi-ev-th male monastery in Liv-ny ( upo-mi-na-et-sya since 1592; about-ra-shchen in the parish in 1766), the Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul with 2 rows ko-kosh-ni-kov (1670s; from 1694 Vve-den church) and Intercession Cathedral (1695 - 1700s; fragments of walls and 3 ap -si-dy) of the former Pe-tro-pav-lov-th male monastery in Mtsensk (os-no-van at the beginning of the 16th century, closed in 1923), Tro-its- which church with you-ra-female-ver-ti-ka-liz-mom four-ve-ri-ka and de-ko-rum in the style of rysh-kin-sko-go bar-rock-co in Bol- ho-ve (1708). According to the “eight-me-rik on a four-ve-ri-ke” scheme, in order: the church of Ro-zh-de-st-va Khristo-va (end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries) of the former Khri -hundred-ro-zh-de-st-ven-sky convent in Bol-kho-ve (os-no-van in the 16th century, up-divided in 1764), Voz- non-sen-sky church in the spirit of rysh-kin-sko-go ba-rok-ko (1695 - about 1704; the top was destroyed in 1938) of the former Voz-not-sen-sko- of the convent in Mtsensk (os-no-van in 1662, closed in 1764), Bo-go-yav-lena church in Or-la (beginning of the 18th century). At the beginning of the 18th century, it was also raised-ve-de-na: Vve-den-skaya church (1703-1708, ra-zo-bra-na in the early 1960s) of the monastery in Or-le (os-no-van in 1686, re-re-not-sen to the modern place after the heat of 1843), demon-pillar one-but - the main church of St. Dimitri So-lun-sko-go with 16 de-kora-tiv-ny-mi for-ko-ma-ra-mi in the village of Mo-re-vo (1703-1711) ). The earliest of the so-preserved-niv-shih-sya on the territory of the Oryol region above the gate churches - Aleksiya Mi-tro-po-li-ta Christ -ro-zh-de-st-Viennese-th monastery in Bol-kho-ve (1701, re-building at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries), 3-tier church kov-ko-lo-kol-nya in honor of the Tikh-Vinskaya icon of God-mother Ma-te-ri of the Holy Us-Pen-Ser-gi-ev-sky monastery in Liv-nah (1731-1734, in-zob-nov-le-na after the heat of 1753).

The influence of the Ukrainian bar-rock-co is felt-ti-mo in the re-roof-that eight-me-ri-com church of St. 1723-1725). Under the influence of a hundred-person-no-go baroque in the 1740s, churches were built in the 1740s: Woz-not-sen-sky (1740, sne-se- on in 1956) and Ge-or-gi-ev-skaya in Bol-kho-ve (1741-1746), Zna-men-skaya in the village of Dom-ni-no (about 1742, raz-ru-she -on in 1969), 2-tiered pe-re-roofed eight-me-ri-com Tro-it-kaya in Or-la (1743-1751). In the 1760s-1770s, there were over 10 churches-way of the ti-pa “eight-me-rick on a four-ve-ri-ke” - from simple ones with non-ras-member-nyon -our planes of the walls (in the village of Pen-shi-no), including those completed in a semi-circle-mi (in the village of Kras-noe, Voz- non-sen-sky with 2 ap-si-da-mi in the village of Ma-li-no-vo; Us-pen-sky in the village of Shei-no, 1764; Bo-go-yav-len-sky in the village of Bed- ko-vo, 1769), to uk-ra-shen-nyh pi-la-st-ro-you-mi port-ti-ka-mi (in syo-lah Ki-se-le-vo, 1764, Vos- kre-se-nov-ka, 1766-1769). The baroque Trinity Cathedral (1754-1775) of the Holy-Du-ho-va male monastery in the village of Za -soul-noe near No-in-si-la (upo-mi-na-et-sya since 1637 ode). The wooden churches-vi-ti-pa “eight-me-rik on the four-ve-ri-ke” were not preserved (St. Ni-ko-lai in the village of Do-b-ryn, 1760s years, and Ro-zh-de-st-va Bo-go-ro-di-tsy in the village of Vol-konsk, 1769, ra-zo-bra-ny in the 1980s). Under the influence of the An-d-re-ev church in Kiev, the 5-domed Resurrection Church in the former estate of V.I. Lo-pu-hi-na in the village of Re-tya-zhi (1765). For the ar-hi-tech-tu-ra of the Oryol region of the 3rd quarter of the 18th century, kha-rak-ter-nas are cross-shaped-different in terms of baroque churches, in which then-ryh re-pass to the eight-me-ri-ku os-sche-st-in-la-et-sya with the help of trom-pov: Woz-not-sen-sky in the village of Bol- Shoe Tyo-p-loe, Tro-its-kie in the village of Ano-khi-no (Shchu-chye) and the village of Sha-ti-lo-vo (all 1760-1770s), St. Io-an-na Pred -te-chi at the Kre-sti-tel-sky cemetery in Or-le (1774-1777). According to a more simple scheme “four-ve-rick with a som-well vault”, other baroque churches were built: Zna-men-skaya in the village of Zna- men-skoe (Zna-men-ka; 1763), Tro-its-kaya in the village of Lgov (1765), Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-khai-la in the village of Pi-rozh-ko-vo (1767), Kazanskaya in the village of Zmie-vo (1768), on the row Ni-ko-lo-Kos-mo-da-mi-an-skaya in Bol-ho-ve (1768-1774, snow- se-on in 1955).

In the style, re-walking from bar-rock-co to class-si-cis-mu, v-de-na church-vi: Tro-it-kaya in Mtsensk (1770- 1777; round barking in terms of a ko-lo-kol-nya, 1841, and a tra-pez-naya, both - architect D. Vis-kon-ti), Ro-de-st-va Bo- go-ro-di-tsy in the village of Sto-ro-zhe-voe (1797); with a deaf 5-head-vi-em on a somk-well-that svo-de - in honor of the Akh-tyr-sky icon of God-mother Ma-te-ri (1773-1786; 4th tier -naya class-si-ci-stic ko-lo-kol-nya, 1819-1823) and Ni-ko-lo-Pes-kovskaya (Il-in-skaya, 1775-1790) in Or-la . According to the “eight-me-rik on a four-ve-ri-ke” type, but in the style of class-sicism, the churches are built in the order: Kazan in the village of Pod-cher- no-vo (1799), Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-khai-la in the village of Kon-shi-no (beginning of the 19th century), Ro-zh-de-st-va Khristo-va in the village of Pu- ti-metz (1803), St. John-an-na Bo-go-slov-va in the village of Pla-to-no-vo (1804), St. Nicholas in the village of Na-ves-noe (1805), Ge-or-gi-ev-skaya in the village of Ko-ro-tysh (1806). Church-vi according to the type-poo “Three-ve-rik with a som-well-ty-house”: 5-chapter Ni-ko-la Ryb-no-go in Or-la (1797, ra-zo- bra-on in the 1930s), Spa-sa Ne-ru-ko-tvor-no-go in the village of Shu-mo-vo (1809; baroque decor), Us-pen-skaya with square ap-si-doi in the village of Bob-ri-ki (beginning of the 19th century). To the rare temples for the Oryol region, one can from-not-sti cross-stand-about-different in terms of the 4-pillar Vve-den church in Bol-ho-ve (1792 -1800 years), ba-zi-li-kal-nuyu 3-ne-fnuyu Il-in-skuyu church with a narrow you-so-kim ba-ra-ba-nom over al-ta-rem in the village of Bo -go-rod-skoe (1803). Among the early class-si-ci-istic temples is the only-st-vein-naya in the Oryol region, the 2-ko-lo-ko-len-naya Nikolskaya church in the estate of M. Z. Du-ra-so-wa in the village of Bre-di-hi-no (1791-1796). From the bottom-ki-mi ba-ra-ba-na-mi in the order of the church-vi: Po-krov-skie in the estate-be She-re-me-te-vyh in the village of Gla-zu-no- in (late XVIII - early XIX centuries) and in the village of Bolshaya Ku-li-kov-ka (1808), Tro-its-kaya in Or-la (1823-1828), Ar-khan-ge-la Mi -khai-la in the village of Gra-chev-ka (1827-1828). From the end of the 18th century, active-but-in-dya-tsya-hundred-shaped-different in terms of church-vi with ku-po-la-mi on you-so-ki-ba-ra- ba-nah: Us-pen-skaya with a 3-tiered ko-lo-kol-ney in the village of Solntse-vo (1797-1798); Kre-sto-voz-dvi-zhen-skaya in Or-le (1797-1836, vz-rva-na in 1933), Peter-pav-lov-sky so-boron with 6-ko-lon- nym ionic port-ti-com in Or-la (1797-1843, blown up in 1940), the church of Ro-g-de-st-va of Christ in Or-la (1800 -1822, ra-zo-bra-na in the 1930s), St. Alek-san-dr Svir-go in the village of Alek-san-d-rov-ka (1801-1814, por- tee-ki was built in 1826, architect V. A. Ba-ka-rev; not preserved), Us-pen-skaya in Or-la (1801-1817), Tro-its-kiy cathedral in Dmitrov-sk (1800s - 1821) and Nikolsky so- boron in Mtsensk (1810-1841, both explosions in the 1930s), Tikh-Vinskaya Church in the village of Ku-ta-fi-no (1816-1826). Since the beginning of the 19th century, the same way, the race-pro-country-not-the-country churches are rectangular in plan with ku-po-la-mi on you-so- kikh ba-ra-ba-nah: uk-ra-shen-nye pi-la-st-ra-mi - Kazanskaya in the village of Spesh-ne-vo Bol-hov-sky district (1821-1829 years) and Bla-go-ve-shchen-skaya in the village of Al-shan (1844); with po-lu-ko-lon-na-mi - Kazanskaya in the village of Pa-slo-vo (1820), Ge-or-gi-ev-skaya in Mtsensk (1825), Ro-zh- de-st-va Bo-go-ro-di-tsy in the village of Rov-nets (2nd quarter of the 19th century) and in the village of Kazar (1838), All Saints in Liv-ny (1840-1848 years, ar-hi-tech-to-ry by I. Shar-le-magne, L. Vis-con-ti; raz-ru-she-on in the 1960s-1970s); with port-ti-ka-mi - Us-Pensky so-boron in Kro-makh (1800s - 1822, blown up in 1940), Tro-its-ky so-boron in Liv-ny ( 1809 - 1820s), Trinity Church (1823-1856, both destroyed in 1950-1960s) and the Church of St. Nicholas (1838-1856) in Kromakh, Spa-so-Pre-ob-ra-women's church in Mtsensk (1835-1845, architect D. Vis-con-ti), church of Ro-de-st-va Bo -go-ro-di-tsy in the village of Ro-zh-de-st-Viennese (1840-1848, preserved in ruins); with an-to-you-mi por-ti-ka-mi-lodzhiya-mi - Kre-sto-voz-dvi-women's (Ni-kit-skaya) church in Mtsensk, Bo-go- Yav-Lena Church in the village of Star-ro-gol-skoe (1825). Less-ra-pro-countries-not-us ro-ton-distant churches: cross-shaped Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-khai-la in the village of Svo-bod- naya Dub-ra-va (end of the 18th century) and Kazanskaya in the village of Kis-li-no (1825), Tro-its-kaya in the village of Mo-ho-vitsa (1810-1812, raz- ru-she-na in 1943), Po-krovskaya in the village of Ar-kha-ro-vo (2nd quarter of the 19th century). A variant of the Moscow am-pi-ra is represented by the church of Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-khai-la with fa-sa-da-mi in the form of massive arches in the village of No -vo-mi-hi-lov-ka (1831, architect Do-me-ni-ko Zhi-lyar-di). Since the 1820s, the type of 4-pillar cross-sto-in-ku-pol-churches has been rising: the 5-headed Church of the Three Holy lei mo-s-kov-skikh Peter, Alexis and Io-na in the village of Alek-se-ev-ka (1820-1826, architect V.A. Ba-ka-rev), square- in the plan, the church of Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-khai-la in the village of Va-sil-ev-ka (1824), the Resurrection-kre-sen-skaya church in Or-la (1840-1865, times -ru-she-na in the late 1930s-1940s). Set-up-ly-n-y-yut-xia forms-we-hundred-about-different in the plan of churches: ka-mi in the village of Gub-ki-no, Ni-kol-skaya in the village of Bo-ri-lo-vo with a plan in the form of an equal-but-no-no-no-th cross (1843) , Po-krov-skaya in the village of Ver-ho-so-se-nye with ap-si-doy, uk-ra-shen-noy 6 on-lu-ko-lon-na-mi. At some of the cross-shaped-of-different churches in the corners-of-pi-lo-nah mouths-rai-va-yut-sya pro-ho-dy: in honor of Tolg- the icon of Bo-zhi-she Ma-te-ri in the village of Bash-ka-to-vo (1844), Tro-its-kaya in the village of Sha-ho-vo (1845), Ob-nov-le-nia temple of the Lord-under-nya in Ie-ru-sa-li-me in the village of Khar-la-no-vo (1846), etc.

Among the early ones mustache-deb-no-par-ko-vyh an-samb-lei: the estate would be Kan-te-mir-ditch - Without-bo-rod-ko in Dmit-rov-sk (dvor- the rec of 1726 burned down in the 1840s; oh-ra-yes with the corner of the towers and in-ro-ta-mi, about 1782), Count M.F. Ka-men-sko-go “Sa-bu-rov-fortress” in the village of Sa-bu-ro-vo (Church Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-khai-la, 1755; walls and bash -ni with element-ta-mi neo-go-ti-ki, 1790s), Shen-shi-nykh in the village of Vol-ko-vo (main house - 2nd half of the 18th and middle of the 19th centuries) , prince-zey Go-li-tsy-nykh in the village of Go-lun (Po-krovskoe; horse yard, 1785-1787; ruins of the main house, ar-khi-tek-to-ry Jo-van-ni and Do-me-ni-ko Zhi-lyar-di according to the project of 1810 by architect A.N. Vo-ro-ni-khi-na; 2 fli-ge-la, park) , “Pre-ob-ra-female” Ku-ra-ki-nykh in the village of Ku-ra-kin-sky (ba-zi-li-kal-naya Kazan church, about 1800; 2 do-ma of the middle of the 19th century; ro-ton-dal-naya Pre-ob-ra-women's church, 1789-1791, vz-rva-on in 1943), the village of Vo-in 1st (Warriors; be-sed-ka and fli-ge-li of the late 18th - early 19th centuries; main house of the early 20th century; ro-di-on someone-po-zi-to-ditch brothers Ka-lin-ni-ko-vykh), Mer-ku-lo-vykh in the village of Voy-no-vo Kor-sa-kov-sko-go district (residential house of the early 19th century; Bo-go-yav -Lena Church, 179 6-1805), Vo-lo-de-mi-ro-vy in the village of Tech-ni-ku-mov-sky (the main house with 2 fl-ge-la-mi and a service cor-pu- catfish, ko-nyush-ni building of 1790), Count P.V. Mi-lo-ra-do-vi-cha in the village of Upo-roy (main house - 1810-1820s), Mat-vee-vyh in the village of Voy-no-vo Bol-khov-sko-go district (main house of the 1st half of the 19th century), Tur-ge-ne-vyh in the village of Spas-skoe-Lu-to-vi-no-vo, Lo-ba-no-vyh-Rostov-skikh in the village of Dol-ben -ki-no (Church of Ob-nov-le-niya of the Church of the Resurrection-se-niya of the Lord, 1804-1805; 2 fliers of the beginning of the 19th century, the main house of the middle of the 19th century; in 1898-1917, under-over-le-zha-la to Grand Duke Sergei Alek-san-d-ro-vi-chu and Eli-za-ve-te Fe-do-rov-ne; since 2010, wives -sky monastery of blessed Xenia of St. Petersburg), T.N. Gra-nov-sko-go in the village of Po-go-re-lets (wooden house - 1816-1818), in the village of Go-lo-vin-ka (Progress village; main house - 1830-1840- years), Sha-ti-lo-vyh in the village of Mo-kho-voe (Kazan Church, 1777-1783; built in the middle of the 19th century) and in the village of Pan-ko-vo (the main a house and an equestrian factory with a kor-pu-sa-mi, a-ra-zuyu-shchi-mi castle-well-tho-ka-re, the middle of the 19th century). Predominantly only par-ki were preserved from the estates of Po-khvis-ne-vy in the village of Ka-menets, N.V. Ki-re-ev-sko-go in the village of Shab-ly-ki-no (1820-1830s), D. V. Yes-you-do-va in the village of Da-you-do-vo (1842), Te-p-lo-vy in the village of Mo-lo-do-voe, etc.

Approval of new re-gu-lyar master plans of Or-la, Bol-kho-va, Mtsen-ska, Li-ven, Krom, Ma-lo-ar-khan- gel-ska in the years 1779-1784 s-so-st-in-va-lo development of class-si-cis-ma in these cities. Building Tor-go-vye rows with ar-ka-da-mi ha-le-rey (in Or-le, 1782, re-building; Mtsensk, early 19th century) , buildings of Pr-sut-st-ven-ny places (in Or-la, about 1783-1785, not preserved; the village of Krom-my, the middle of the 19th century) and other public buildings (Mo-s -kov-skie in-ro-ta in Or-la, 1786, ra-zo-bra-ny in 1927; Ka-det-sky cor-pus M.P. Bakh-ti-na in Or-la, 1837 -1843, blown up by the Germans-tsa-mi in 1943), en-samb-li ty-rem (in Mtsensk, Liv-nah, Kromakh; all late XVIII - 1st third of the XIX centuries), living houses. Many buildings are rising-ve-de-na along the pro-ek-there of the gu-Bern ar-hi-tech-to-ditch A. Kle-ve-ra, I.O. and F.I. Pe-ton-di (spiritual se-mi-na-ria in Or-le, 1824-1826), I.F. Ti-bo-Brin-o-la (Alek-san-d-rov-skoe re-al-noe school in Or-le, 1874-1875). In the spirit of the late class-si-tsiz-ma voz-ve-de-na Po-krov-skaya church in the village of Khal-ze-vo (1866-1874, architect I.P. Lu-to -khin), Us-pensky so-bor in No-in-si-le (1882-93, not preserved). From Ser. 19th century race-pro-country-ni-lis decomp. is-the-ri-che-sky styles. In the Russian-Vi-Zan-Tiy-style in order, 5-chapter Spa-so-Pre-ob-ra-women's cathedral in Bol-ho-ve (1841- 1844, architect P.A. Ma-la-khov; class-si-ci-stic ko-lo-kol-nya - 1833), Tikh-vin-sky cathedral Tro-its-ko-go Op-ti - on the monastery (1852-1856, blown up in the late 1920s - 1930s), the Resurrection Church in Liv-ny (1855-1878, ti-po-voi project K.A. To-na; sne-se-na in 1940), Intercession Church in Or-le (1853-1890, voz-rva-on in 1948), church in honor of Smo -Lena icon of God-she Ma-te-ri in Or-la (1857-1889), Tro-its-kiy-boron at the Ar-khie-rei-sky house in Or- le (1860-1879, blown up in the 1930s; all - architect N.T. Efimov); one-headed Intercession Church in Dmitrov-sk (1863-1871; -kre-sen-sky in the village of Ple-shche-vo (1879, architect Efi-mov; not preserved), ok-ta-go-nal-naya in the plan of St. Ni-ko-lai in the village of Upa-loe 2 -e (1896), Spa-so-pre-ob-ra-female in the village of Chek-ryak (1896-1903, built on the old-ra-niya-mi of St. George Kos- co-va; sne-sen in the 1930s). Church-vi in ​​the style of neo-ba-rock-co - Po-krovskaya in the village of Na-gib-noe (Vya-zo-vaya Oak-ra-va; project - 1867; not preserved), Spa -co-Pre-ob-ra-female in Or-le (1872-1880, voz-rva-on in 1965); in the Russian style - No-vo-Skor-bya-schen-skaya in Liv-ny (circa 1881-1906, sleep-se-na in 1959), shat-ro-vaya Po-krov-skaya in the village of Po-krov-ka 1st (end of the 19th century), 9-chapter in honor of the Iberian icon of God Ma-te-ri in Or-la (1899-1902, architect N. I. Orlov); predominantly in the neo-Ovi-Zan-Ti style - 6-pillar 5-domed cathedral of St. Mary Magda-li-na (1884-1886, architect A. A. Cui) Ma-rie-Ma-gda-li-nin-sko-go nunnery in the village of Ni-kolskoe Dol-zhan-sko-go district (since 1884, closed in 1918 year, restored in 1995), the 5-headed cross-shaped church in the plan of the Intercession Church in the village of Upper Skvor-chee (1891-1894 years, architect N.V. Sul-ta-nov; voz-rvana in 1945); in the spirit of ek-lek-tiz-ma - the Intercession Church in the estate of Shen-shi-nykh in the village of Kley-meno-vo (1890, architect A.A. Khimets; in the basement -te - the crypt of the Fetov family). In the 2nd half of the 19th century, the formations of ko-lo-ko-len were formed: with 2 eight-me-ri-ka-mi (in the village of Ka-men-ka, 1880s years), with shat-ro-vym behind the top-she-ni-em (in the villages of Verb-nik, 1855, Su-ho-ti-nov-ka, the end of the 19th century, Baran-chik, 1895 ).

In the 2nd half of the 19th century, ak-ti-vi-zi-ru-et-sya mo-na-styr-skoe architecture: the former Bo-go-ro-wild All-holy convent in Bol-kho-ve (community since 1850, mo-na-stir since 1875, closed in 1923; 5-chapter Ri-zo-po-lo-zhen -skaya church in the Russian-Vi-Zan-Tiy style, 1859-1897, demolished in the 1930s) with race-la-women 3 km from the non-th Eka-te-ri-nin-sky ski-tom (1894, closed in the 1920s); ex. female Krom-skaya Pred-te-chen-skaya community in the village of Po-sosh-ki (now not the village of Krasnaya Zarya; since 1879, closed in the 1920s years; so-boron 1879-1887, blown up in the 1970s). Among the co-preserved-niv-shih-sya wooden churches: St. Elijah Pro-ro-ka in the village of Ho-ty-nets (before-lo-zhi-tel-but the end of the 18th century; not -re-not-se-na from the village of Il-in-skoe in 1936), Spa-so-Pre-ob-ra-female with an 8-sided top in the village of Lav-ro-vo ( 1874). Pre-st-vi-te-whether other religions and denominations build almost-is-key-chi-tel-but in Or-le: kir-ha (1859-1862, sne-se-na in the 1930s), ka-to-personal kos-body Ne-po-roch-no-go for-cha-tia De-you Ma-rii (1860-1864), si-na -go-ha (1909-1911, architect F.V. Gav-ri-lov).

From the mustache-deb-no-go builder of the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, the estates were preserved: G.E. Shvartsa in the village of Be-lyi Ko-lo-des 1st (church-kov-mav-zo-lei, residential and economic buildings-pu-sa, in-kzal pre-la-gav -she-sya narrow-ko-ko-ley-iron-iron do-ro-gi, wine factory; all - 3rd quarter of the 19th century), Mi-lo-ra-do-vi -whose in the village of Upo-roy (residential house - 1865), Su-ma-ro-ko-vyh in the village of Upper Alyab-e-vo (the main house in the spirit of the late-not-th class -tsiz-ma, 2 fli-ge-la, ruins of the church-vi, all 1870-1890s), Su-ho-ti-nyh in the village of Ko-che-you (os-tat-ki do- ma, ko-nyush-nya, etc., 2nd half of the 19th century), Tyut-che-vyh in the village of Khot-ko-vo (main house, 1886; ko-nyush-nya), Tin-ko-vykh in the village of Bash-ka-to-vo (a residential building, a church in honor of the Tolga icon of God-her Ma-te-ri), Ple-shche-vyh in the village of Bolshaya Chern (fly-gel , 2 buildings of co-nu-shen and others, 1896-1903), bo-ta-ni-ka V.N. Hit-ro-vo in the village of Mu-ra-to-vo (residential house of the beginning of the 20th century), etc.; only par-ki were saved from the mustache-deb of A.A. Fe-ta in the place of Ste-pa-nov-ka (pri-ob-re-te-no pi-sa-te-lem in 1860) and Count N.D. Os-ten-Sa-ke-na in the village of Star-tse-vo.

In the spirit of neo-go-ti-ki in order: the building of sa-har-no-go for-yes V.P. Okhot-ni-ko-va in the village of Yakov-ka (So-snov-ka; the so-called Okhot-ni-kov za-mok, 1864), V.N. Te-le-gi-na in the village of Kru-toe (1872-1882), house of F.F. Po-hva-lin-sko-go in Or-le (1893-1895, architect S.N. Popov, raz-bran in 1944). Among pa-myat-nik-kov industrial arch-hi-tek-tu-ra: railway station in Mtsensk (1868), 5-storey mu-ko-mol-naya mill-ni-tsa merchants of Ada-mo-vyh in the village of Us-pen-skoe (1873); windmill in the village of Les-ki (late 19th - early 20th centuries, raz-bra-na in the 1990s-2000s). In the Art Nouveau style, the se-lek-tsi-on-ny and the meteo-ro-logical building of the agricultural station were built in the aftermath of Sha-ti-lo-vo ( 1896-1900, architect P.L. Levin), the building of the Northern Bank (architect A.A. Khimets), mansion L.I. Pushchi-na (1911, blown up in 2007; both - in Or-le). In the non-Russian style - the estate of V.N. and N.V. Te-le-gi-nyh “So-fi-ev-ka” in the village of Zlyn with the main house (1911, architect A.A. Khi-mets) and the horse behind the house (4 building -sa ko-nu-shen, vet-le-cheb-ni-tsa, ip-po-drome, 8-sided tower-nya-ko-lo-dets, all 1903-1911; now not Zlyn- sky ko-not-for-waters).

After 1917, in the style of con-st-ruk-ti-vis-ma in Or-le in order: the Tek-Mash club for-a-vo-da (1928-1930, architect L. D. Lukyanov), House of Commune on Pro-mysh-len-naya Square (1932, not preserved); in 1931, for-lo-zhen Or-lovsky city House of culture (architect A.S. To-do-rov; re-re-built in 1954-1958, architect V.V. Ov-chin-ni-kov). In the style of the Soviet no-oklas-si-cis-ma: the ensemble of the Pri-Vok-zal-naya square with the buildings of the railway station (1949-1955, architect S.A. Mkhi -ta-ryan), Communications House (1950-1951, ar-hi-tech-to-ry A.A. Zu-bin, S.S. Ozhe-gov, A.S. Murav-yov ) and others in construction in Or-le. Among the buildings of the 1970-1980s is the Dramatic aca-de-mic theater named after I.S. Tur-ge-ne-va in Or-le (1975, ar-hi-tech-to-ry B.E. Me-zen-tsev, M. Ma-de-ra-Ga-lan and others), House So-ve-tov in Mtsensk (1981, architect Yu.V. Ko-zy-rev).

In the 1930s-1980s, many pa-myat-ni-ki of ar-khi-tek-tu-ry, especially of the church, were destroyed; in Bol-ho-ve dream-se-but more-lo-vin-na churches-way, in Liv-nah - about 70%, in Dmit-rov-sk and Kro-makh - everything except one in each city-ro-de. Since the 1990s, there has been a hundred-nav-li-va-yut-sya mo-na-sta-ri: Us-pen-sky male in Or-la (os-no-van in 1680; up- divided in 1819, revived in 1996; Church of the Assumption, 1999-2002, architect M.B. Sko-ro-bo-ha-tov), ​​Vve-den- female in Or-le (os-no-van in 1686, closed in 1923, revived in 1995). New churches were built: St. Niko-lai in the village of Ho-ty-nets (1995-1998), Us-pen-skaya in the village of Us-pen-skoe (1995-2000) , Vos-kre-sen-skaya in Or-la (1997-2001), the Holy Apostles Peter and Pavel in the village of Kolp-on, St. Pan-the-lei-mo-on in the village of Ple-shche-vo (2003-2007, all - architect Sko-ro-bo-ga-tov), ​​Kazanskaya in the village of Ot-ra-din-skoe (2003-2009), in honor of the icon of Bo-zhi-she Ma-te-ri “Spo-ri-tel-ni-tsa bread-bov” in the village of Alyosh-nya (2004-2008), Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-khai- la in Ma-lo-ar-khan-gel-sk (2005), Po-krov-skaya in the village of Po-krov-skoe, Voz-ne-sen-skaya in the village of Zmi-yov-ka, Bo-go-yav -lenskaya in the village of Za-le-goshch (2nd half of the 2000s), Tro-its-kaya in the village of Novo-dmit-rov-ka (2007-2009, architect G.F. Sen -chuk), Kazanskaya in the village of Yakov-le-vo (2007-2012), etc.; wooden tents in the village of Stre-lets-kiy (2006-2009), in the village of Kor-sun (2007). Since 2009, a skete has been built in the name of the holy martyr Io-an-na Kuk-shi in the village of Fro-lov-ka (Vos-kre-sen-skaya church, 2009-2012).

The fine arts on the territory of the Oryol region were influenced by the neighboring regions. From the 17th-18th centuries, a wooden carving developed (an example of Ni-ko-la Mo-zhai-sko-go from the Ni-ko-lo-Gon-char church in Bol- ho-ve, XVII-XVIII centuries, Or-lovsky Regional Vedic Museum), in the XIX century, a place of iko-no-pi-sa-nie (mas-ter-ska at the ar-khie-rey-sky house in Or-le, the artist is ie-ro-mo-nah Iri-narkh Or-lovsky). In the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, the ra-bo-ta-li zhi-vo-pis-tsy V.G. Schwartz, A.D. Li-tov-chen-ko, G.G. Meat-co-foods, R.K. Zhukovsky, S.A. Vi-no-grad-dov, in the 1st half of the 20th century - N.I. String-ni-kov, K.S. An-d-ro-sov, N.N. Mo-rev-sky, stage-no-count V.A. Shes-ta-kov; since the 1950s - V.A. Dud-chen-ko, L.I. Kur-na-kov (pa-min-nick "Big pi-ra-mi-da" in the village of Kriv-tso-vo, 1970), A.I. Kur-na-kov (dio-ra-ma in the Or-lov-sky on-stu-pa-tel-naya opera-tion museum in Or-le, 1983). Among the khu-dozh-ni-kov of the 1960s-1970s - M.S. Khab-len-ko, K.V. and L.N. By-lin-ko, I.G. Ste-pa-nov, stage-no-graphs A.G. No-vi-kov, M.A. Rokhlin, sculptor V.P. Ba-sa-roar, also V.V. Ani-si-mov, N.A. Bo-ro-din, E.I. Galak-tio-nov, S.Ya. De-min, G.D. Kal-ma-khelid-ze, N.I. Rym-shin, N.Ya. Si-la-ev, M.A. Shu-ra-ev. Raz-vi-something kru-zhev-niz-te-nie (ma-nu-fak-tu-ra Pro-ta-so-howl near Mtsensk, 19th century; princess lace school A.D. Te-ni-she-howl, opened in 1899), embroidery-ka (factory in the village of Dom-ni-no), wool production no-thief-so-ditch (factory-ri-ka in the village of Zo-lo-ta-re-vo).

Music

The basis of the musical folk-lo-ra of the Oryol region is western-but-, central-but-and southern-Russian traditions. Among the leading folk-lore groups-lek-ti-vs: Spas-sko-Lu-to-vin-nov-sky folk choir (1950), ensemble of the village of Chi-chi-ri- but Za-le-go-shchen-sko-go district (1957), "Li-ven-skie gar-mosh-ki" (Liv-ny, 1964), "Ka-li-no-vyy garden-doc" ( the village of Il-in-skoye, Ho-ty-nets-ko-go district, 1991), ensemble of the village of Za-dush-noe No-vo-sil-ko-go district (2000), ensemble of Russian song "Mtsensk Zo-ri" (Mtsensk).

In a part of the public te-at-re of Count S.M. Ka-men-sko-go in Or-le (opened in 1815), along with dramatic spec-so-la-mi, operas and ba-le-you. Since the beginning of the 1860s, in the Oryol province, there has been an active musical and concert life, its centers were created in 1861 year in Or-le music store V.F. Gen-che-la and Fi-lar-monicheskoe society (pre-she-st-ven-nick of modern Fi-lar-mo-nii). In 1877-1917, the ra-bo-ta-lo Or-lovsky branch of the IRMO; in Or-le, Liv-nah ha-st-ro-li-ro-va-li N.G. Rub-bin-shtein and other mu-zy-kan-you from Mo-sk-you and St. Peter-ter-burg-ha. Opened in 1877, the music classes (school) of the Or-lov-sko-go from de-le-tion of the IRMO - one of the oldest musical educational institutions-ve-de- ny Russian pro-vin-tion. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, in Or-le, organ-gan-concerts were held in the Lu-te-ran-church-vi (the organ of the Walcker company was us-ta-nov-len in 1891; has not been preserved) and kos-te-le (the organ has not been preserved). A significant contribution to the development of the musical culture of the Oryol region in the late XIX - early XX centuries outside the violinist A.F. Arends, pianist A.I. Gal-li, vio-lon-che-list and di-ri-zher N.N. Ked-rin, organizer A.F. Mo-ro-call. In 1898, would you open the music classes of A.B. Gav-ron-sko-th. From the beginning of the 1900s until 1921, in Or-le ra-bo-ta-lo, many Czech musicians were played, among them - violinist F.V. Zee-ka; you-stepped a stringed quar-tet.

In 1919, the former musical classes of the IRMS in Or-le were pre-ob-ra-zo-va-ny in the Pro-le-tar cons., then in the music. teh-no-kum, someone in 1932 once de-lilled on teh-no-kum (since 1944 the Regional Music School, since 2007 college; with him - Museum of the History of Musical Culture of the Or-lov-sky region, 2002) and school (we are not music school No. 1 named after Vas.S. Ka-lin-ni- ko-va, with her - the Ka-lin-ni-ko-va Museum, 1966). Concert life, since 1920 under-chi-nyon-naya So-ra-bi-su (So-yuz ra-bot-ni-kov arts), in the 1920-1930s was ori-en-ti-ro-va-na for the development of musical sa-mo-deya-tel-no-sti. In 1933, in Or-le-pro-ve-de-ny, the city musical ra-bo-tea conference, the city "con-course mo-lo-breath yes-ro-va-ny." In 1939, os-no-va-na Ob-la-st-naya fi-lar-mo-niya.

We-not func-tsio-ni-ru-yut (everything is in Or-le): Gu-ber-na-tor-sky sym-phonic orchestra (modern status and name since 2001), Gu -ber-on-tor-sky chamber choir "LIK" (first-on-chal-but the choir of the church of St. Nicholas in the village of Kro-we, re-re-ve-den in Oryol , since 1997 mu-ni-qi-pal-ny; modern name since 2004), String quar-tet; Or-lovsky Russian folk choir of the trade-union-call (1961), Choir of the ob-la-st-no-go Center for folk art-che-st-va (since 1970 at the ob-la-st-nom Ho-ro-vom society, modern name since 1992). In Or-le, there is a pro-ho-dit Open re-gio-nal competition of pianists (since 1997) and vo-ka-listov (since 2005) named after you. WITH. Ka-lin-ni-ko-va (since 2010, inter-du-na-rod-ny). Fes-ti-va-li: in Or-le - “Ro-zh-de-st-Viennese musical ve-che-ra” (ob-la-st-noy, annual since 1999) , “Orlovskaya musical autumn” (re-gio-nal-ny, since 2003, annual), international folk-re-moving “Ja-zo-vaya pro-vin-tion” (2011); in the village of Zhud-ryo, Ho-ty-nets-ko-go district - “Tro-it-kie ho-ro-vo-dy in Or-lovsky Po-le-siye” (since 1999; first at the beginning, but about-la-st-noy, we-not me-zh-du-na-native).

Theatre

Te-at-ral-naya life co-medium-to-that-che-on in the regional-la-st-centre. The oldest on the ter-ri-to-rii ob-las-ti Or-lovsky drama theater leads its history from the cre-po-st-troupe py Count S.M. Ka-men-sko-go. Theater opened in 1815. Here is the game-ra-la ta-lant-li-vaya cre-po-st-naya ak-tri-sa S. Kuz-mi-na, whose fate is in the service of -no-howl in weight A.I. Ger-tse-na "So-ro-ka-vo-ditch-ka". Na-chi-naya since 1843 in the city-ro-de ra-bo-ta-li various en-tre-pre-neo-ry. In 1862, you-built-but-a-men-noe the-at-ral-noe building. On stage-not te-at-ra ra-bo-ta-li and gas-st-ro-li-ro-va-li: M.S. Shchepkin, P.S. Mo-cha-lov, N.Kh. Ry-ba-kov (see Ry-ba-ko-you), P.A. Stre-pe-to-va, M.G. Sa-vi-na, M.N. Er-mo-lo-va, G.N. Fe-do-to-wa, M.M. Tar-khanov, A.I. Yuzhin-Sum-ba-tov, P.N. Or-le-nev; de-bu-ti-ro-va-li V.N. Da-vy-dov and S.L. Kuz-not-tsov. Since 1936, the corpse-pa has become-la in a hundred-yan-noy, since 1949, the theater has been named after I.S. Tur-ge-ne-va, since 1996 aka-de-mi-che-sky. In 1992, the unique Museum of the history of the Orlov stage was opened with the re-creation in the mi-nia-tyu-re te-at-rum gra- fa S.M. Ka-men-sko-go. Ak-te-ry and re-zhis-se-ry (in different years): O.A. Karin-skaya, E.A. Kar-po-va, T.D. Ku-che-ren-ko-Emel-ya-no-va, E.V. Velskaya, S.I. Popov, T.E. By-by-va, B.A. Bo-ri-sov, S.P. Kozlov, L.Yu. Moi-se-ev, P.S. Vo-rob-yov, V.V. Ko-va-len-ko, V.A. Frolov, M.N. Ko-le-so-va, L.N. Ma-ka-ro-va, A.N. Ma-ka-rov, A.A. My-see-va, N.V. Alek-see-va, A.V. Mak-si-mov, V.V. Mi-ro-nov, E.E. Shi-ba-ev, B.N. Go-lu-bits-kiy (artistic director in 1987-2012).

Additional literature:

Pya-sets-kiy G.M. History of the Orlov diocese and description of churches, parishes and mo-na-stations. Eagle, 1899;

Is-to-ri-che-description of churches, parishes and monasteries of the Oryol diocese. Eagle, 1905. Vol. 1;

Nikolskaya T.N. Kul-tu-ra of the tribes of the bass-sei-on the Upper Oka in I you-sya-che-let-tii n. e. M., 1959;

she is. Earth-la vya-ti-whose. M., 1981;

she is. Go-ro-di-sche Slo-bod-ka XII-XIII centuries. M., 1987;

Oryol Region. Is-to-ri-ko-eco-no-mi-che essay. 2nd ed. Tu-la, 1977;

Pluzh-ni-kov V.I. Volumetric com-po-zi-tions of cultural constructions of the Or-lov-sky region-ty // Pa-myat-ni-ki of the Russian ar-hi-tech- tu-ry and mo-well-men-tal-no-go is-kus-st-va. M., 1980;

Fe-do-rov S.I. Ar-hi-tech-tour-nye ob-ra-zy Or-lov-schi-ny. Tu-la, 1982;

he is. For-pis-ki ar-khi-tek-to-ra. Tu-la, 1987;

Oryol Region. Ka-ta-log pa-myat-ni-kov ar-khi-tek-tu-ry. M., 1985;

Ar-heo-lo-gi-che-sky map of Russia. Oryol Region. M., 1992;

My Lu-ko-mo-rye: Kul-tu-ra and art-st-vo Or-lov-skoy ob-las-ti. Eagle, 1997;

Natural riches of the Or-lov-sky region. Eagle, 1997;

Ro-ma-shov V.M., Ne-de-lin V.M. Ar-hi-tech-tour-nye antiquities Or-lov-schi-ny. Eagle, 1998-2009. Book. 1-2;

Geo-graphics of the Or-lov-sky ob-las-ti. Eagle, 1999; At-las Or-lov-sky ob-las-ty. M., 2000;

Ti-khy V.I. Eco-no-mi-che-sky and so-qi-al-naya geo-graphy of the Or-lov-sky region-ti. Eagle, 2000;

Not de ling V.M. Mon-nar-khi-che-sky pa-myat-ni-ki of the Or-lov-sky land // Ar-khiv na-sled-diya - 2000. M., 2001;

he is. Eagle from the beginning, XVI-XVIII centuries. Eagle, 2001;

he is. Bol-khov in the second swarm in-lo-vi-not of the 16th - on-cha-le of the 20th centuries. // Ar-hi-tech-tour-on-trace-st-in. M., 2010. Issue. 53;

Or-lov-sky hu-doge-ni-ki on the ru-be-same centuries: 1939-1999. Album. Eagle, 2001;

Ho-lo-do-wa E.V. The architect of the Kursk region of the XVII-XXI centuries. Kursk, 2003;

The state of standing and oh-ra-on the environment of the Or-lov-sky region in 2003. Dok-lad. Eagle, 2004;

Ko-mo-va M.A. Official church painting and icon painting de-lo in Or-le in the 19th century on the basis of written sources // Or-lovsky state. university. Academic notes. 2005. Vol. 3. Issue. 3;

Vlasov V.A. Or-lov-skie es-ki-zy. Eagle, 2006;

Kras-no-sche-ko-va S.D., Kras-nits-kiy L.N. Ar-heo-logia Or-lov-sky region-ti. Eagle, 2006.

Decree on the establishment of the Oryol gukernia ( 1778 .)

We, considering it to be a good thing to re-establish the Oryol province, most mercifully ordered our general, Prince Repnin, this province, without wasting time, to go round and, according to the approximate schedule given by us, to 12 districts on the spot, to examine them conveniently and, both about this and what new cities for attributing counties to them will need to be appointed, we personally present it.

Catherine II

The starting point of the history of the Oryol province can be considered the foundation of the city of Orel in 1566 by Tsar Ivan the Terrible and the formation of the Oryol district.

In 1708, the first provinces were formed in Russia - the Orlovsky district, together with Volkhov, Bryansk, Livensky, Mtsensk, Novosilsky and others, became part of the Kiev province.

Already in 1719, the Oryol province appeared as part of the Kiev province and united the county towns of Volkhov, Belev, Mtsensk, Novosil and Chern.

Having retained its borders, the Oryol province in 1727 became part of the Belgorod province, and under these conditions, the life of the Oryol people proceeded calmly until 1778.

And on September 5, Catherine II issued a decree on the formation of the Oryol vicegerency from thirteen counties: Arkhangelsk, Volkhov, Bryansk, Deshkinsky, Yelets, Karachevsky, Kromsky, Livensky, Lugansk, Mtsensk, Orlovsky, Sevsky and Trubchevsky. The territory of the Oryol governorship occupied 41,040 square miles, and its population was 968,300 people.

Until 1796, the governor-general ruled the Oryol, Belgorod and Smolensk governorships. And in 1796 the general governments were liquidated. The name "governorship" was abolished, and the territory of the Oryol Territory began to be referred to only as the Oryol province.

The cities and villages of the Oryol region were transformed. The villages of Deshkino, Lugan, Arkhangelskoye were transformed into cities with the latter being renamed Maloarkhangelsk.

Novosilsky district was assigned to the Tula governorship.

In 1782, the district center from the village of Lugani was transferred to the village of Dmitrovka, renamed the city of Dmitrovsk.

Deshkinsky uyezd existed until 1798, then it was divided between Volkhov and Mtsensk uyezds. The city of Deshkin was abolished (now the village of Deshkino, Mtsensk District). In the same year, the cities of Dmitrovsk and Maloarkhangelsk were abolished, in 1802 they were restored again and became the centers of county towns again. Finally, from the above year, the Oryol province was finally formed, and its administrative-territorial division was preserved until 1920.

In total, in the 19th century there were twelve counties: Volkhovsky, Dmitrovsky, Bryansky, Yelets, Karachevsky, Kromsky, Livensky, Maloarkhangelsky, Mtsensk, Orlovsky, Sevsky and Trubchevsky.

The territory of the province occupied 46.7 thousand square kilometers, the population according to the 1897 census was 2,033,798 people.