Emotional processes and states (LD)

(lecture abstracts)

Motivation

"Our emotions are inversely proportional to our knowledge: the less we know, the more inflamed"

Bertrand Russell

Psychologists conducted an experiment in which people were given a physiologically neutral solution as a "medicine", accompanied by various instructions. In one case, they were told that this "medicine" would cause them a state of euphoria, in the other - a state of anger. After taking the “medicine”, after some time, when it should begin to act according to the instructions, the subjects were asked what they felt. It turned out that the emotional experiences they were talking about corresponded to the expected instructions given to them.

Let's try to understand: what are emotions? How and why do they arise? Can a person direct and control them? What are negative emotional states and what to do with them?

A person's emotions depend not only (and not so much) on bodily changes, as on his perception and assessment of the situation, his past experience, interests, needs.

Emotions- mental phenomena that reflect in the form of experiences personal significance and assessment of external and internal situations for human life. Emotions serve to reflect the subjective attitude of a person to himself and to the world around him.

Emotions- this is a mental process of reflecting the attitude of the subject to the phenomena of the inner and outer world.

V. A. Ganzen considers emotion to be a form of mental regulation, although it is carried out on the basis of reflection.

The most essential feature of emotions is subjectivity. Emotions are also characterized by orientation (positive or negative), the degree of tension and the level of generalization.

K. Izard singles out emotional expression as the main component. S. L. Rubinshtein, A. N. Leontiev see the essence of emotions in subjective experience.

Three aspects of a holistic definition of emotions:

a) inner experience;

b) physiological activation (processes taking place in the nervous, endocrine and other systems of the body);

c) observable expressive complexes of emotions (external expression in behavior).

Emotions perform the following functions:

reflective-evaluative;

switching;

reinforcing;

compensatory (replacing);

incentive;

function of "emergency" resolution of situations;

disorganizing;

anticipating;

heuristic;

the function of the synthesizing basis of the image, the integrity of the reflection;

the function of activation and mobilization of the body;

expressive.

Classification of emotional phenomena (Granovskaya):

1) Affect is the most powerful emotional reaction. Distinctive features of affect: situational, generalized, high intensity, short duration.

2) Emotions proper are longer states. They can be a reaction not only to past events, but also to probable or remembered ones.

3) Feelings are even more stable mental states that have a clearly expressed objective character. In Soviet psychology, the assertion is widespread that feelings reflect the social nature of a person and take shape as significant relationships to the world around.

4) Mood is the longest emotional state that colors all human behavior.

5) Stress - an emotional state caused by an unexpected and tense situation. According to G. Selye, "stress is an integral part of human life, it cannot be avoided. For each person there is an optimal level of stress at which the greatest efficiency of activity is achieved."

Izard "10 basic emotions":

· Positive: joy, interest;

· Neutral: surprise;

· Negative: grief, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt.

Based on the results of thirty years of research, Paul Ekman identified six basic emotions: happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, anger and disgust. At the same time, he notes that, perhaps, the face conveys other emotions - shame or excitement. But they have not yet been recognized as emotions.

Rubinstein classification:

1) Emotions associated with the satisfaction / dissatisfaction of organic needs;

2) A higher level corresponding to the objective feeling (intellectual, aesthetic);

3) Generalized feelings, an analogue of abstract thinking.

V. N. Myasishchev offers the following classification of emotions:

1) Emotional reactions, which are response experiences to the stimuli that caused them;

2) Emotional states, which are characterized by a change in the neuropsychological tone;

3) Emotional relationships (feelings), which are characterized by emotional selectivity or the connection of specific emotions with certain persons, objects or processes.

Factors of the emergence of emotions (Simonov):

1) Need;

2) The probability of satisfaction of the need (Low probability of satisfaction of the need leads to the emergence of negative emotions).

According to the influence that emotions have on life processes in the body and on human activity, active, or sthenic, and passive, or asthenic emotions are distinguished.

Stenic emotions increase the vital activity of the body; asthenic emotions, on the contrary, oppress and suppress all vital processes in an organism.

An example of sthenic emotions can be a feeling of joy. In a person experiencing joy, a significant expansion of small blood vessels occurs, in connection with which the nutrition of all vital organs, especially the brain, improves and intensifies. Such a person does not feel tired, on the contrary, he feels a strong need for actions and movements. In a state of joy, a person usually gestures a lot, jumps, dances, beats his hands, makes joyful cries, laughs loudly, and makes other fast and energetic movements. Increased motor activity is associated with a feeling of strength, he feels light, cheerful. The flow of blood to the brain facilitates his mental and physical activity: he talks a lot and animatedly, thinks quickly, works productively, original thoughts and vivid images arise in his mind. The blood flow to the peripheral organs also increases - the skin turns red, becomes smooth and shiny, the body temperature rises, the eyes shine, the face becomes lively, radiant: at the same time, the activity of the external secretion organs increases - tears appear in the eyes, saliva secretion increases in the mouth. The activity of the organs of nutrition is significantly improved: a person who systematically experiences a feeling of joy becomes fatter, becomes well-fed, acquires an energetic, young, flourishing appearance.

An example of an asthenic emotion can be a feeling of sadness opposite to joy. In a state of sadness, due to the activity of the vasomotor apparatus, the blood vessels contract and a well-known anemia of the skin, internal organs and, most importantly, the brain occurs. The face becomes pale, lengthens, stretches, loses its fullness, acquires pronounced pointed features, skin temperature decreases, a feeling of cold and even chills appears. Due to the slowing of blood circulation, shortness of breath, shortness of breath occurs. Reduced nutrition of the brain causes a decrease in the activity of the voluntary motor apparatus: movements become slow, lethargic, are performed with difficulty and reluctantly, as a result of which the productivity of work decreases; the gait becomes slow, the person does not walk, but, as it were, “weaves”. Muscle tone sharply decreases: a person feels lethargic, relaxed, his back is bent, his head and arms are lowered, the lower jaw sometimes sags; the voice becomes weak, soundless; there is a feeling of severe fatigue, the inability to stay on one's feet, the desire to lean on something. Anemia of the brain leads to a decrease in mental performance, thinking becomes lethargic, inhibited (“immovable”), a person experiences a strong dislike for mental activity. A prolonged, systematic feeling of sadness leads to a decrease in all vital processes in the body, to malnutrition of internal organs and skin: a person loses weight, his skin wrinkles, his hair quickly turns gray, he looks prematurely aged beyond his age.

Sthenic and asthenic emotions play a big role in sports activities. The first are observed with proper training, and especially if the athlete has a "sports uniform". Thanks to them, the athlete experiences the rise of all vitality, the desire to win, to overcome obstacles, a feeling of emotional excitement, which has received the characteristic name of "sports anger".

Asthenic emotions arise during overtraining, when an athlete feels lethargy, loss of strength, unwillingness to train, and sometimes dissatisfaction with this sport. If these asthenic emotions become persistent, they lead the athlete to give up sports activities. This indicates the need to carefully consider emotional states in the process of sports activities, to take the necessary measures in a timely manner to create such training conditions that would support sthenic emotions.

Depending on the influence on the activity of activity, emotions and feelings are divided into sthenic and asthenic.

Sthenic feelings encourage active activity, mobilize the strength of a person (feelings of joy, inspiration, interest, etc.). Asthenic feelings relax and paralyze forces (a feeling of depression, a feeling of humiliation, etc.).

The emotional tone of the sensation is our attitude to the quality of the sensation (we like the smell of flowers, the sound of the sea, the color of the sky during sunset, but the sharp smell of acetic acid, the grinding of brakes, etc.) are unpleasant. A painful disgust arises for individual stimuli - idiosyncrasy (for example, to the sounds obtained as a result of the movement of a metal object on glass, for someone - to the smell of gasoline, etc.)

Emotional response - an operational emotional reaction to current changes in the subject environment (they saw a beautiful landscape - admired). Emotional response is determined by the emotional excitability of a person. Syntony is one of the types of emotional response. Synthonia is the ability to harmoniously respond to the states of other people and, in general, the phenomena of the surrounding world (to be in harmony with nature, with oneself, “feel” another person). This is an emotional consonance.

Mood

Mood is the longest emotional state that colors human behavior. Mood determines the general tone of a person's life. The mood depends on those influences that affect the personal aspects of the subject, his core values. The reason for this or that mood is not always realized, but it is always there. Mood, like all other emotional states, can be positive and negative, have a certain intensity, severity, tension, stability. The highest level of mental activity is called inspiration, the lowest - apathy. A slight disorganization of mental activity caused by negative influences leads to a state of frustration.

If a person knows the techniques of self-regulation, then he can block a bad mood, consciously make it better. Low mood can be caused even by the simplest biochemical processes in our body, adverse atmospheric phenomena, etc.

The emotional stability of a person in various situations is manifested in the stability of his behavior. Resistance to difficulties, tolerance for the behavior of other people is called tolerance. Depending on the predominance of positive or negative emotions in a person's experience, the corresponding mood becomes stable, characteristic of him. Good mood can be cultivated.

Emotion and motivation

Along with motivation (such as hunger or sex), emotions (such as joy or anger) are among the basic human feelings. Emotions can cause behavioral responses like motivation, or they can accompany motivation (Sex is not only a pronounced motivation, but also a potential source of joy). The difference between motivation and emotions is that motivation is activated by processes inside the body and is aimed at eliminating the internal imbalance that has arisen, while emotions are a response to information from outside and are directed to the source of this information.

Question. Fundamentals of planning and financing costs.

Article 69.1. Budget allocations for the provision of state (municipal) services

Budget appropriations for the provision of state (municipal) services include appropriations for:

Ensuring the performance of the functions of budgetary institutions;

Providing subsidies to autonomous institutions, including subsidies for reimbursement of standard costs for their provision of state (municipal) services to individuals and (or) legal entities;

Providing subsidies to non-profit organizations that are not budgetary and autonomous institutions, including in accordance with contracts (agreements) for the provision of state (municipal) services by these organizations to individuals and (or) legal entities;

Procurement of goods, works and services for state (municipal) needs (with the exception of budget allocations to ensure the performance of the functions of a budgetary institution), including for the purposes of:

Provision of state (municipal) services to individuals and legal entities;

Implementation of budget investments in objects of state (municipal) property (with the exception of state (municipal) unitary enterprises);

Development, purchase and repair of weapons, military and special equipment, industrial and technical products and property within the framework of the state defense order;

Purchases of goods to the state material reserve.

Budget expenditures are carried out through budget financing. This is the allocation of funds to enterprises, institutions and organizations for the purposes provided for by the budget.

Budget financing is based on the following basic principles:

Irrevocability of budget allocations (provision of funds without the condition of their mandatory return)

Gratuitousness of budget allocations;

Provision of budgetary funds under certain conditions (accounting for the use of previously allocated appropriations, the fulfillment of certain indicators - the maximum size of the budget deficit);

Getting the maximum effect at a minimum cost;

Target nature of the use of budgetary appropriations.

Provision of funds from the budgets is carried out in the following forms:

- allocations for the maintenance of budgetary institutions;

- funds to pay for goods, works, services purchased in accordance with the state or municipal order;

-transfers to the population in the form of payments established by law;

- appropriations for the implementation of state powers transferred to other levels of government;

-budget loans to legal entities;

-subventions and subsidies to individuals and legal entities;

- investments in the authorized capital of legal entities;

- budgetary loans, grants, subventions to budgets of other levels;

- loans to foreign countries; funds for servicing and repayment of debt obligations, including state or municipal guarantees.

Methods for planning budget expenditures:

When planning budget expenditures, the following methods are used:

1 Normative method. Taking into account the established norms and standards, the need for budget allocations is determined. The standards are the basis for budgeting budgetary institutions. A budgetary institution is not entitled to use funds for purposes not provided for by the estimate. The estimated costs of budgetary institutions include the following costs:

Remuneration of employees;

Payroll charges;

Acquisition of supplies and consumables;

Travel expenses;

Payment of utilities, etc.

All these expenses are carried out according to the established norms of expenses.

Norms can be in the form of a monetary expression of natural indicators that satisfy social needs. For example, the standard for the nutrition of one child in a preschool education institution per day.

Another type of standards are the norms of individual payments. The third group of standards are the rates of expenditure and consumption of the relevant services in the form of physical indicators. Energy consumption limits, water consumption limits, etc.

On the basis of physical indicators and financial standards, budget estimates of expenditures are compiled. Each budgetary institution has an estimate of income and expenses. Forms of estimates for all types of budgetary institutions are determined by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. The estimate is valid during the budget period, i.e. from January 1 to December 31, signed by the chief accountant and head of the budgetary institution. Estimates are approved by the chief manager of loans, that is, the heads of higher authorities (for example, in the field of education, estimates of educational institutions are approved by the Department of Education)

At the level of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, state authorities can establish, in accordance with federal regulations, regional norms and standards, which are used both for calculating the costs of regional budgets and for determining benchmarks for municipal budgets in order to determine the amount of financial assistance to municipal budgets.

2 Program-target method of budget planning consists in systematic planning of the allocation of budgetary funds for the implementation of targeted programs approved by law or regulation.

target program- a comprehensive document, the purpose of which is to solve a priority task for a given period. Depending on the complexity of the tasks, financial, organizational and technical capabilities, programs are accepted for a period of 2 to 5-8 years. As a rule, for 3-5 years.

The program-target method of spending planning contributes to the observance of a unified approach to the rational use of funds both for solving the most acute problems of the state, region, municipality, and is a tool for leveling the economic development of individual territories.

Target programs are divided into: industry development programs, for example, the Federal Target Program for the Modernization of the Transport System of Russia 2002-2012; Federal Target Program for the Development of Education for 2006-2010”; regional development programs, for example, the federal programs "South of Russia", "Development of the Kuriles and Sakhalin"; programs for solving social problems- federal program "Older generation", "Youth of Russia".

Target programs as a document contain a set of sections, including goals and objectives, expected results from implementation, the customer of the program, performers, activities and measures by years of implementation and the amount of funding in general and by years.

Specific amounts of funding for each year for each program are established by the relevant budget law.

3 Calculation and analytical method. Based on the analysis of the achieved value of the financial indicator taken as a base and the index of its change in the planning period, this indicator is calculated in the planning period.

4 Balance method. He + P \u003d R + Ok

Balance at the beginning of the planning period

Receipt of funds to the fund;

Spending the funds of the fund;

Fund balance at the end of the period.

5 Economic and mathematical modeling. Quantitative expression of the relationship between financial indicators and their determining factors. This relationship is expressed through an economic-mathematical model, a mathematical description of the economic process using mathematical symbols, equations, tables, graphs.

The application of one or another of the considered methods of planning budget expenditures is determined by the specifics of the tasks facing the appropriate level of management.

To plan current expenses, the standard method is used, and to solve emerging problems, the resolution of which is possible in a certain period of time, the program-target method is preferable.

Emotions can also be considered in terms of whether they cause an active or passive state. From this point of view, emotions are divided into two groups, sthenic and asthenic. asthenic - increase activity, energy, cause rise, vivacity, excitement. Asthenic emotions - reduce activity, inhibit vital activity.

Emotions such as grief and fear can appear in both sthenic and asthenic forms, depending on the individual characteristics of a person, on the type of his nervous system. Fear can paralyze one person, weaken his spiritual strength, while in another, fear mobilizes physical and mental strength, makes him resourceful and quick-witted.

Individual differences in the manifestation of emotions also depend on volitional qualities. A strong-willed person always strives to master his emotions, does not relax under their influence.

with) Intensity and persistence of emotions.

Depending on the strength and duration, stability of emotions, their separate types are distinguished: moods and affects.

MOOD- this is a relatively weak expressed emotional state, capturing the whole personality for some time and affecting the activity, behavior of a person

Each person has a so-called general, characteristic only. About one they say: “A cheerful person”, although he can sometimes be in a sad or depressed state, the other is perceived as gloomy, dissatisfied, although sometimes he can be joyful. And lively. We are talking about the decisive predominance of this or that mood in a given person. The mood always has a reason, but sometimes we cannot explain why we have this or that mood, since the mood is not objective, but personally and it is not a special experience dedicated to some event, it is a developed general state (S.L. Rubinshtein). Let's remember K. Balmont:

Why am I so stuffy?

Why am I so bored?

I'm completely out of my dream.

My days are even

My life is the same

I froze at the last line.

The mood is often long, stable, can last for days, weeks, months, and sometimes capture a whole period of a person's life. It, like all emotions in general, can be sthenic and asthenic.

Cheerful mood (sthenic) stimulates human activity, has a positive effect on others, increases interest in activities, improves susceptibility, memorization of material.

In a bad mood, learning is difficult and uninteresting, the material is hard to digest, quickly forgotten.

Mood can and should be controlled. A person must be the master of his mood. Bad mood can be overcome with willpower. It is especially important for a teacher to be able to overcome a bad mood.

AFFECT- a short-term, violently flowing emotional reaction, which is in the nature of an emotional explosion, completely capturing the human psyche and predetermining a single reaction to the situation as a whole.

Affect- these are pronounced, short-term, involuntary (and uncontrolled) protective reactions of the body in a situation of life danger (in a vital situation);

Affects are usually accompanied by motor overexcitation, but, on the contrary, can cause numbness, speech inhibition and complete indifference. Affects are invoked strong irritants(words, actions of other people).

Affect is a fleeting state. It doesn't make sense to interrupt it. It must be expressed in full (both negative and positive).

The affect arises towards the end of the action and reflect the final assessment of the situation, in contrast to emotions, which are shifted to the beginning of the action and anticipate the result.

Signs of affect: extreme situation; impulsiveness of action (automatism without reflection); narrowing of consciousness (loss of episodes from action, sensitivity to pain disappears); bodily manifestations: motor overexcitation, or vice versa, numbness, speech retardation, complete indifference.

Phases of the flow of affect.: preparatory, explosion phase, initial (final).

1. Preparatory phase: consciousness is preserved in all cases.

• There is a tension of emotions and a concentration of ideas on a certain focus of attention.
• Perception in this phase is not disturbed abruptly, but the ability to observe and be aware of ongoing mental processes and experiences is upset .
• Characterized by a poor, greatly narrowed circle of ideas, which is sharply affectively colored.
• Mental activity manifests itself one-sidedly and manifests itself in the desire to fulfill one's intention. The rest of the person ceases to exist.

2. Explosion phase: from a biological point of view, it is a process of reacting. This phase is characterized by:

• A complex of the strongest sensual tone, requiring immediate response.
• Volitional disorders: an increasing impulse prevails over the inhibitory apparatus, which is manifested in the loss of self-control
• . The clarity of the field of consciousness is lost, its threshold is reduced. Behavior becomes either aggressive or passive.

3. The final phase, which is characterized by:

• depletion of mental and physical strength.
• memories of events are disturbed.

Features of affect- lack of a preliminary plan, the use of what comes to hand, amnesia.

The basis of affect are: prolonged affective tension or temporary neuropsychic exhaustion in mentally healthy people.

Representatives of an unbalanced type of nervous system with a predominance of excitation are more prone to affects.

Most often, affective reactions are the result of a lack of education of weak waves, inability to control oneself, control one's behavior. Often this kind of reaction is observed in children and adolescents, tk. their inhibition processes are not sufficiently expressed,

PASSION- Feelings rather than emotions

Passion is a long, stable and deep feeling that has become a characteristic of a person. Passion is associated with any aspirations, interests, activities, all thoughts and actions of a person are directed. Passion can be positive or negative in direction. The manifestation of passion can be observed already in childhood, although in this case it is more correct to speak of increases.

Stress (from eng. Words stress - stress) - an emotional state that occurs in case of danger, great physical, mental overload, that is, in an unusual, difficult situation. It is experienced with great inner tension. Often such experiences arise when it is necessary to make quick and responsible decisions, etc. Extreme life experiences - resentment, threats, disappointments. Treason, unexpected danger, catastrophes require a person to mobilize his neuropsychic forces. The experience of these situations causes an acute form of emotional state, i.e. stress. Stressors can be not only strong real mental and physical stimuli, but also imagined, imaginary, reminiscent of grief, threat, fear, passion, and other emotional states.

The most destructive stressor is recognized mental stress, resulting in neurotic states. Their main source is an information deficit, a situation of uncertainty, an inability to find a way out of a critical situation, an internal conflict, a feeling of guilt, attributing responsibility to oneself even for those actions that did not depend on a person and that he performed.

To remove the state of tension requires a thorough analysis of all components of the stressful situation, shifting attention to external circumstances. Accepting the situation as a fait accompli.

Psychological stress began to be distinguished, and in this regard, they distinguish:

Emotional stress (the limit of tension beyond which emotions interfere with normal activities);

operational stress (such a level of tension that is optimal and even necessary for the performance of activities). (Petukhov).

Stress leads to various physiological changes and behavioral disorders (increased heart rate and breathing, increased blood pressure; uncoordinated movements, uncoordinated speech). Under stress, disturbances in perception, memory and thinking are possible. However, with weak, moderate stress, violations are not only not observed, but general physical composure and organization appear. Moderate stress can even be beneficial, for example, for athletes before important competitions, for artists before a premiere, for students before an exam. A person gradually gets used to repetitive stresses, adapts. Adaptation occurs faster in people with a strong type of nervous system, as well as strong-willed personality traits.

Stress is useful when it gives a person strength and courage. When stress causes unpleasant feelings, too strong nervous tension, then it has a harmful effect on the psyche and mental health of a person. Most often, the meaning of "stress" is used in its negative sense.

Typically, stress is divided into three phases:

1. Alarm reaction (the body functions with great stress. By the end of this phase, efficiency and resistance to a specific traumatic stressor increase).

2. Stabilization phase (all parameters taken out of equilibrium in the first phase are stabilized and fixed at a new level, the body begins to work in a relatively normal mode).

3. Phase of exhaustion (if stress continues for a long time, then due to the limited reserves of the body, the third phase - exhaustion - becomes inevitable).

The last phase may not come if there are enough adaptive reserves.

The specificity of a person's response to stress:

1) high resistance to stress;

2) low, while in some the activity improves, in others it worsens up to a breakdown.

It depends both on the situation and on the subject himself. Therefore, when assessing tension, performance indicators are used: the nature of shifts in performance (deterioration or improvement).

Tension is characterized by two signs:

1. The nature of violations in activity (inhibitory form - slow performance of intellectual operations, impulsive - an increase in the number of erroneous actions, generalized - strong excitement, a sharp deterioration in performance, motor discoordination, etc., a complete breakdown of activity).

2. The strength, persistence of these violations (insignificant, tension quickly disappears; long-term and noticeably affects the process of activity; long-term, pronounced and practically does not disappear, despite preventive measures).

Physiological changes and performance indicators are important indicators of psychological tension

empathy- this is the ability to get used to the mental state of another, to understand his emotional state, this is empathy, emotional intelligence.

Types of empathy

FRUSTRATION

The term frustration in translation from Latin means deceit, vain expectation. Frustration is experienced as tension, anxiety, despair, anger, which cover a person when, on the way to achieving a goal, he encounters unexpected obstacles that interfere with the satisfaction of a need. FRUSTRATION- a mental state caused by objectively insurmountable (or subjectively perceived) difficulties on the way to solving problems that are significant for a person (Rosenzweig) Rosenzweig identified 3 types of situations - frustrators: 1 situation. deprivation, that is, the lack of means to achieve a goal or satisfy a need (external deprivation : a person is hungry, but cannot get food; internal deprivation - a person loves a woman, but realizes that he is so unattractive that he cannot count on reciprocity); 2 - losses (the house burned down); 3- conflict (a person who loves a woman who has remained faithful to her husband. He would like to seduce her, but ..).

EMOTIONAL SHOCK- a kind of shock, often expressed in a short-term disorganization of behavior (with a sudden fright. An outburst of anger).

VOLTAGE- occurs in real and imaginary danger. It manifests itself in a special shifting of attention, in stiffness of movements. The transition from a state of tension to its resolution is pleasant.

EXCITATION- occurs when waiting for some significant event (the first lesson, the first appearance on the stage).

DEPRESSION- pathologically reduced mood in the range of sadness and sadness to hopelessness and sadness and deep melancholy.

Types of depression:

1. Subdepression- mild depression.

2. Camouflage depression - disguised as a "visible disease" of the internal organs

somatic depression, the cause of which may be a chronic disease.

Organic depression, it can be caused by a viral form of influenza.

3. Reactive or psychogenic depression - caused by life circumstances. All thoughts are focused on these circumstances (for example, conflict) and they begin to determine the entire behavior of the child.

If depression continues for a long time (stable depression), then it leads to thoughts of suicide

Types of suicide: 1.completed. 2 Unfinished.

Suicidal depression more often occurs in women, but completed suicide is more often observed in men (3-4 times more often).

In schoolchildren, suicidal depression is more often demonstrative (they want to achieve something from adults in this way)

QUESTION #5 TYPES OF FEELINGS

Higher feelings are inherent only to man. They are closely connected with his personality, with his attitude to life. To people. To beliefs and attitudes. There are three types of such feelings: moral, intellectual and aesthetic. The value of these feelings depends on their content, on what attitude and to what object they are experienced. The content of higher feelings, their orientation are determined by the worldview of a person, the rules of moral behavior and aesthetic assessments.

Higher feelings arise in a person on the basis of satisfaction or dissatisfaction of his higher spiritual needs (as opposed to lower feelings associated with the satisfaction of organic needs for food, warmth).

moral feelings in the form of experiences they express the attitude of a person to people, to society, to his duties, to himself. Humanity is the main value of moral feelings. It is no coincidence that B. L. Pasternak wrote "The violator of love for one's neighbor is the first of people to betray himself."

Moral feelings include: love, comradeship, patriotism, a sense of duty, sympathy, antipathy, affection, respect, contempt, gratitude.

S.L. Rubinstein wrote: “A moral attitude towards a person is a loving attitude towards him… Only through his attitude towards another person does a person exist as a person”

Each of the moral feelings is the most complex unity of experiences and reflections. Here, for example, how M. Prishvin subtly defined the feeling of conscience: if you judge yourself, you will always judge with prejudice: either more towards guilt, or towards justification. This inevitable vacillation in one direction or another is called conscience.

A sense of duty is based on a person's awareness of the public interests of his people. An example of the manifestation of a sense of duty is the exploits of thousands of Soviet people during the Great Patriotic War.

A sense of duty can manifest itself in everyday life. A sense of duty makes the student refuse to watch an interesting program and sit down for lessons. Work causes a special joy associated with the consciousness of its social significance. A person's assessment of his actions (self-esteem) is associated with the experience of such a feeling as conscience. A calm conscience is associated with experiences of great moral satisfaction and joy; it gives a person strength and confidence in the correctness of his actions.

Intellectual Feelings associated with the mental, cognitive activity of a person, and constantly accompany it. Intellectual feelings express a person's attitude to his thoughts, the process and result of intellectual activity.

Intellectual feelings are: thirst for knowledge, desire for something new, curiosity, joy of discovery, a sense of surprise, doubt, confidence in judgments, etc. These feelings activate mental processes, making them faster and more intense. .

Intellectual feelings also include sense of comic (consists in the fact that a sharp discrepancy is found between what actually represents any vital phenomenon and what it pretends to be, what it claims to be), humor (malice-mocking attitude towards something or someone), irony (subtle mockery, expressed in a hidden form), sarcasm (caustic mockery, angry irony) ..

The feeling of surprise arises when a person encounters something new, unusual, unknown. The ability to be surprised is a very important quality, a stimulus for cognitive activity. A feeling of doubt arises when hypotheses and proposals do not correspond to certain facts and considerations. It is a necessary condition for successful cognitive activity, because encourages careful verification of the data received IP Pavlov emphasized that for a fruitful life-thought, one must constantly doubt and check oneself. The feeling of confidence is born from the consciousness of the truth and persuasiveness of the facts, proposals and hypotheses that have become clear as a result of checking them. Productive work creates a feeling of satisfaction. For example: a carefully completed educational task, a cleverly solved task, causes the student to feel satisfaction and joy.

They occupy an important place in a person's life aesthetic feelings.

They manifest themselves when a person perceives and creates beauty, this is love for beauty. Their source is nature, works of art, people. Source of aesthetic feelings: works of art: music, painting, sculpture, literature, the beauty of human relationships.

Aesthetic feelings are manifested in aesthetic assessments and tastes, which depend on aesthetic preferences: some like light, others serious music, etc. A developed aesthetic sense allows you to know the aesthetic quality of works of art and the surrounding world, nature and people - their beauty. Experience the aesthetic sense of beauty.

QUESTION №6 Emotions and personality.

We judge a person not only by thoughts, actions and deeds, but also by emotions and feelings, which are always directed towards something. There are large individual differences here. First of all, the properties of the personality, its worldview, views and beliefs determine the direction of emotions and feelings. A person who does not have constancy of beliefs, is internally contradictory, is characterized by emotional dispersion. In such a person, emotions and feelings arise for random reasons, reflecting the instability of his inner, the inconstancy of his principles and beliefs.

Depending on the moral stamina and the development of volitional qualities: difficulties and failures cause different feelings. For some, this is a feeling of dissatisfaction with oneself, activity, cheerfulness, combat excitement, while others have a feeling of helplessness and annoyance, despondency and apathy.

Human experiences can be both deep and superficial. Deep feelings are associated with the aspirations of the individual, desires. In other words, a person deeply experiences only that without which he can neither live nor exist, which is the goal of his life, the main essence of his interests. In close unity with the depth of experience is the stability of feelings. A deep feeling is stable and durable, it is not affected by secondary and insignificant circumstances.

Literature

1. Krutetsky V.A. Psychology. – M.: Enlightenment, 1986.

2. General psychology (course of lectures for the first stage of pedagogical education)

comp. Rogov E.I. – M.: Vlados, 1995.

3. Petrovsky A.V. Introduction to psychology. -M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 1996.

4. Stolyarenko L.D. Fundamentals of psychology. 6th ed. revised and expanded

(a series of textbooks, study guide) - Rostov-on-Don: "Phoenix", 2003.

5. Dubrovina I.V. Psychology: Textbook for students. ped. textbook institutions / I.V. Dubrovina, E.E. Danilova, A.M. parishioners; Ed. I.V. Dubrovina. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2002.

Asthenic emotions (English asthenic emotions; from Greek a - negative particle + sthenos - strength)- stained negative. emotional tone of feelings of depression, despondency, sadness, passive fear, etc. When experiencing A. e. a person stoops, breathing becomes slower than usual, eyes grow dim.

The predominance of asthenic emotions as a characterological feature determines, according to the classification of E. Kretschmer, the so-called. asthenic type, for which, in a load situation, a refusal to deal with difficulties is characteristic (see Character, Emotions, Feelings, sthenic emotions).

Conflict Dictionary. Antsupov A.Ya., Shipilov A.I.

Asthenic emotions (from Greek asthenes - weak)- a form of negative emotions, expressed in depression, despondency, sadness, non-localized fear. They indicate a refusal to deal with difficulties in a situation of increased emotional stress, incl. in a conflict situation. The experience of asthenic emotions by a person can be judged by external signs, for example. he slouches, his breathing slows down, his eyes dim.

Dictionary of psychiatric terms. V.M. Bleikher, I.V. Crook

Neurology. Complete explanatory dictionary. Nikiforov A.S.

there is no meaning and interpretation of the word

If a preliminary (evaluative) analysis of the situation, which is already undertaken at the subconscious level, shows that the value of the initial resources of the body for this purpose is extremely insufficient and the mobilization of resources in this situation is practically useless, then in the subconscious in the first 60-80 ms a program is formed that includes asthenic negative emotion - a state of horror, longing, fear.

Thus, ASOE arises as a kind of protective reaction in an emergency, the response to which requires resources that far exceed any capabilities of the organism. It manifests itself in numbness, immobility, inhibition of behavioral reactions. A person's will and intellect are suppressed; this is the result of inhibition of the possibility of reactions.

Sometimes fear depresses only the mental sphere, stimulating motor activity, then a person distraught with fear performs unnecessary, useless actions with great energy (panic); or there is oppression of only the motor sphere, then a person paralyzed by fear, fully aware of the danger, is unable to make a single movement to avoid it.

The initial form of fear (fear) is often the first (impulsive) reaction to an emergency situation that occurs before consciousness is connected to it, allowing you to assess the situation more deeply and comprehensively.

The connection of consciousness is accompanied by the mobilization of huge information resources of the central nervous system. This creates conditions for rethinking the situation that has arisen. The magnitude of the deficit of information resources when the consciousness is connected decreases, and the fear that appeared at the subconscious level may disappear.

Fear either passes, or, to some extent, persists, is no longer accompanied by oppression, but by the mobilization of the body's resources. If at the same time they still turn out to be insufficient, then fear can turn into fear, that is, into a persistent ASOE. In this case, however, consciousness and will can overcome the state of fear, helping to act contrary to it.

A coward differs from a brave man not in that the brave man does not experience fear, but in that the latter, by an effort of will, is able to suppress the reactions caused by fear.

"Preventive Cardiology",
edited by G.I. Kositsky