What is "high style"? What is the correct spelling of this word. Concept and interpretation.
High style (calm, syllable) originally represented the stylistic unity of the theme, content, genre and certain language means - with a color of elation, solemnity (with the widespread use of Slavicisms, book vocabulary, images of ancient mythology, "magnificent" metaphor). It was represented by the genres of ode, heroic poem, tragedy. It was distinguished by a sublime, rhetorical, solemn tone of expression, which was achieved in addition to the indicated means by the complexity of constructing structures, the frequent use of rhetorical questions, exclamations, and the use of inversions. All this created an emotional mood, "rising to an important magnificence." A typical example of V. s. are odes to M.V. Lomonosov, who developed the Theory of Three Styles (see). As a result of "perestroika" Rus. lit. language and its style system already at the beginning of the 19th century. and finally to ser. 19th century in connection with the collapse of the system of three styles of V. with. how a strictly defined variety of linguistic usage ceases to exist. However, V.'s nomination with. remains applied to individual (mostly stylized) works: a solemn speech (on the occasion of relevant significant events), anniversary congratulations, and some. etc., or in parts of the text (artistic, journalistic) to emphasize the significance of the content of a particular context by referring to an elevated tone of presentation. The presence of an appropriate stylistic coloring in individual language units of the modern. lit. language is noted in explanatory dictionaries (marked "high", "book", "rhetoric"). For example, retribution, reject, dare, trust, intend, etc. In these cases, there are preserved linguistic and stylistic signs of V. s., noted above. Vivid examples of the outgoing V. with. (as integral works) in the first third of the 19th century. there were poems "The Prophet" by A.S. Pushkin, "The Dying Gladiator" M.Yu. Lermontov. However, since the middle of the XIX century. V.'s means of page. begin to be used in combination with "reduced" (colloquial, colloquial) in works of a satirical and humorous nature (see, for example, Works by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin); this line continues into the 20th century. (for example, M.M. Zoshchenko). Thus, in modern Russian lit. language nomination "B. with." is used to denote an emphatically bookish, solemn, periphrastic manner of expression (which is often emphasized by the reservations "speaking in a high style", etc.) in its opposition to everyday colloquialism. or "neutral" speech. In modern newspaper journalism appeal to "high" words and phraseological units of V. with. widely presented as a means of creating irony (especially in connection with the reassessment of the values of the pre-perestroika period). For example, "The leader ... will get a profitable path - management of the city order"; "The chosen ones fight for their privileges" (examples of V.N. Vinogradova). See also Style model is traditional. Lit .: Efimov A.I. The language of satire by Saltykov-Shchedrin. - M., 1953; Akhmanova O.S. Essays on general and Russian lexicology. - M., 1957; Vinokur T.G. Patterns of stylistic use of language units. - M., 1980; Petrishcheva E.F. Stylistically colored vocabulary of the Russian language. - M., 1984; Belchikov Yu.A. Lexical stylistics: problems of studying and teaching. - M., 1988; Vinogradova V.N. On some changes in the style of the Russian language, "Stylistyka - VII". - Opole, 1998. M.N. Kozhina
In the section on the question, tell me, please, what does high-style vocabulary mean? given by the author push through the best answer is Well, was it difficult to get into Google? I quote:
The basis of the vocabulary of the language is stylistically neutral (interstyle) vocabulary (bed, sleep, big, fun, if, because of). These are words that are not assigned to any particular style and can be used in any situation. Neutral vocabulary is the starting point, relative to which the attribution of some words to the “high” style is determined (cf .: bed - bed, sleep - rest, big - titanic), and some - to “low” (cf .: sleep - sleep , if - if) .
The "high style" includes words that are used mainly in writing and in special situations that require the creation of an unusual, solemn atmosphere. High vocabulary includes bookish, high and official vocabulary. High vocabulary is characterized by solemnity, poetry, it is used mainly in oratory and poetic speech (titanic, chosen one, creator, death). Book words are words that are not assigned to any kind of written speech (unprecedented, view, declare, extremely). The official vocabulary includes words used in clerical and administrative documents (certify, complicity, as a result). The words "high style" belong to the literary language and are placed in explanatory dictionaries marked high, book or official.
To vocabulary writing include words that are used mainly in written varieties of the literary language: in scientific articles, textbooks, in official documents, in business papers, and are not used in casual conversations, in everyday everyday speech.
The language of fiction (prose, poetry, drama) does not belong to specifically written varieties of speech (as well as to specifically oral types of speech).
The vocabulary of fiction, based on neutral words, can include words of both oral and written speech (as well as, along with them, all varieties of popular vocabulary: dialectisms, professionalisms, jargonisms).
There are two types of written vocabulary:
1) Book vocabulary;
2) Vocabulary is high (poetic, solemn).
The functional-stylistic stratification of book vocabulary is noted:
1) Official business;
2) Scientific;
3) Newspaper and journalistic.
Official business vocabulary is used in government documents of the following types:
1) Laws;
2) Resolutions;
3) Charters;
4) Instructions;
5) Stationery and administrative papers;
6) Business letters;
7) Contracts;
8) Legal business documents;
9) International agreements;
10) Communiqué;
11) Diplomatic notes, etc. This vocabulary is characterized by:
a) isolation (there are no other-style inclusions in it);
b) semantic clarity;
c) maximum uniqueness;
d) the presence of clichés, stereotypes, clichés. The main lexical groups of business style:
1) Names of business papers: application, instruction, explanatory, memorandum, note, certificate, petition;
2) Names of documents: diploma, passport, certificate, charter;
3) Business and production and technical terminology: cargo turnover, carrying capacity, supply, recyclables, medical staff, overalls, financial department;
4) Nomenclature names (names of various institutions, officials and their posts): general directorate, ministry, engineer, inspector. In the modern business style, abbreviations are widely used: KB - design bureau; UKS - capital construction management, etc.
For scientific vocabulary other-style inclusions are also not characteristic. In the scientific style, words with abstract semantics are used. In the lexical system of the scientific style, first of all, general scientific vocabulary can be distinguished: abstraction, argumentation, research, classification, method, methodology, object, systematization, etc.
The obligatory presence of terms belongs to the peculiarities of the vocabulary of the scientific style. Term- this is a word or phrase used for the most accurate name of special concepts in the field of production, science, art.
The set of terms of a certain area or branch of knowledge forms a terminological system (terminology), called metalanguage of this science.
Each science necessarily has its own terminology (metal-language). Linguistics can serve as an example of a developed terminological sphere (developed meta-language): Morpheme, sentence, prefix, phrase, suffix, inflection, etc.
main function newspaper and journalistic style is a function of influence, because the main feature of journalism is political sharpness, citizenship, polemical intensity.
Newspaper and journalistic vocabulary is most commonly used in newspaper and magazine reviews, in socio-political and literary-critical articles, in pamphlets, feuilletons, essays, proclamations, and so on, for example: humanism, unity, neutrality, autonomy, patriotism, propaganda, event, progressive etc.
Unlike book vocabulary, which accurately names abstract concepts, but is somewhat dry (that is, minimally emotional), vocabulary high characterized by elation, often - solemnity and poetry. High vocabulary words belong to four parts of speech:
1) Nouns: Daring, chosen one, fatherland, accomplishment, creator;
2) Adjectives: Sovereign, daring, radiant, irrevocable;
3) Adverbs: Forever, from now on;
4) Verbs: hoist, erect, predestinate, accomplish.
High vocabulary gives speech a solemn, upbeat or poetic sound. It is used when it comes to significant events in the life of the country and the people, when the author's feelings are high and festive.
L. Leonov substantiated the need to use lofty words in this way: “Just as, according to Belinsky, it is a shame to speak about Pushkin in humble prose, the name of Tolstoy today requires a festive verbal frame.”
For example, recalling the first meeting with L.N. Tolstoy, V.A. Gilyarovsky wrote: “This meeting with the great Lev Nikolayevich is unforgettable, this is the best minute of my life.” In this passage, the word unforgettable sounds more lofty than unforgettable.
Vocabulary of fiction (poetry, prose, drama), which may include:
1) Neutral words;
2) Words of oral and written speech;
3) Non-national vocabulary.
) originally represented the stylistic unity of the theme, content, genre and certain linguistic means - with a color of elation, solemnity (with the widespread use of Slavicisms, book vocabulary, images of ancient mythology, "magnificent" metaphor). It was represented by the genres of ode, heroic poem, tragedy. It was distinguished by a sublime, rhetorical, solemn tone of expression, which was achieved in addition to the indicated means by the complexity of constructing structures, the frequent use of rhetorical questions, exclamations, and the use of inversions. All this created an emotional mood, "rising to an important magnificence." A typical example of V. s. are odes to M.V. Lomonosov, who developed Three styles theory(cm).
Lit.: Efimov A.I. The language of satire by Saltykov-Shchedrin. - M., 1953; Akhmanova O.S. Essays on general and Russian lexicology. - M., 1957; Vinokur T.G. Patterns of stylistic use of language units. - M., 1980; Petrishcheva E.F. Stylistically colored vocabulary of the Russian language. - M., 1984; Belchikov Yu.A. Lexical stylistics: problems of studying and teaching. - M., 1988; Vinogradova V.N. On some changes in the style of the Russian language, "Stylistyka - VII". – Opole, 1998.
M.N. Kozhina
Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .
See what "High style" is in other dictionaries:
High style- noun, number of synonyms: 2 pathos (4) pathos (30) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
tall- adj., use very often Morphology: high, high, high and high, high and high; higher; nar. high 1. High is an object that has a large length from bottom to top. High wall, mountain. | We have the highest TV tower in the world. 2.… … Dictionary of Dmitriev
High Syllable- High Speech variant: High Speech, High Style The official normative language of Gilead in the world of Roland, distinguishing the speaker as a person of noble birth. High Speech. For a moment, his mind refused to perceive it. Years have passed... ... The Dark Tower by Stephen King. Explanatory dictionary for the book.
style- [manner] n., m., use. often Morphology: (no) what? style for what? style, (see) what? style what? style about what? about style; pl. what? styles, (no) what? styles for what? styles, (see) what? styles than? styles about what? about styles 1. Style is called ... ... Dictionary of Dmitriev
style- I, m., STALM i, m. style m., gol.stylus, German. Style lat. stylus syllable letter.1. A set of features that characterize the art of a certain time and direction in terms of ideological content and artistic form. BASS 1. Style, calm,… … Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
Lermontov's style- Lermontov's STYLE, perhaps the most difficult, but at the same time a promising problem of the modern. Lermontov studies. Attempts to define the style of L. either as romantic, or as realistic with elements of romance (see Romanticism and Realism), then as ... ... Lermontov Encyclopedia
Style (in literature and art)- Style in literature and art, stable integrity or commonality of the figurative system, means of artistic expression, figurative techniques that characterize a work of art or a set of works. S. is also called the system ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
style- 1. STYLE, I; m. [French. style] 1. A set of features, features that create a holistic image of art of a certain time, direction, individual manner of the artist in relation to the ideological content and artistic form. Romantic s. in… … encyclopedic Dictionary
Style- (from Latin stilus, stylus a pointed stick for writing, writing style) in linguistics, a kind of language, fixed in a given society by tradition for one of the most common areas of social life and partially different from others ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary
High Beach Park Hotel- (Rostov-on-Don, Russia) Hotel category: 4 star hotel Address: Levoberezhnaya st. 27 … Hotel catalog
Books
- High taste / Haute taste,. The album presents the works of 27 Belarusian artists of different generations and creative priorities. Each of them has its own face, its own style and its own manner of performance. The publication includes about 140…
Every time you write a text or just communicate with other people, you choose the style of speech that is most relevant to the moment. There are five styles in total, but the success of your dialogue, both with the interlocutor and with the reader, depends entirely on the correct choice of each of them. For the reader, the style of your presentation is even more important, because when reading, a person does not have non-verbal information about you, such as facial expressions, gestures, breathing rate, gaze, etc. So, today we will look at what text styles exist, what features they have, and, of course, we will look at examples of these styles.
Five Basic Speech Styles
So, as mentioned above, any text that you create can be attributed to one of the five styles of speech. Here they are:
- scientific style
- Journalistic style
- Art style
- Formal business style
- Conversational style
Please note that different types of text usually refer to different styles, although they may describe the same object. Let's look at an example. Suppose you need to write a text about a washing machine. How can you write it:
- You write a review with key features (scientific style)
- You write a sales text (conversational style)
- You are writing an SEO article for a blog (journalistic style)
- You are writing hypnotic text (art style)
- You are writing a commercial proposal (formal business style)
However, for greater objectivity, today we will not dwell on the washing machine, but simply consider all five styles of speech with various examples.
1. Scientific style of speech
The scientific style is characterized by strict writing requirements, which are described in more detail in the article "". In this article, the scientific style example will be more concise, but if you are interested in a detailed version, then you can find it at.
The scientific style is used among scientists as well as in the educational environment. A distinctive feature of the scientific style lies in its objectivity and a comprehensive approach to the issue under consideration. Theses, hypotheses, axioms, conclusions, monotonous coloring and patterns - this is what characterizes the scientific style.
An example of a scientific style of speech
Based on the results of the experiment, it can be concluded that the object has a soft homogeneous structure, freely transmits light and can change a number of its parameters when exposed to a potential difference in the range from 5 to 33,000 V. The studies also showed that the object irreversibly changes its molecular structure. structure under the influence of temperatures above 300 K. Under mechanical action on the object with a force of up to 1000 N, no visible changes in the structure are observed.
2. Journalistic style of speech
Unlike the scientific style, the journalistic style is more controversial and ambiguous. Its main feature is that it is used for "brainwashing" in the media, and, therefore, it is initially biased and contains the author's assessment of ongoing events, phenomena or objects. Publicistic style is widely used for manipulation. Let's look at examples.
For example, in the village of Experimentalovo, a local resident, Uncle Vanya, conducted a series of tests of a new chemical preparation on a chicken, as a result of which it began to lay golden eggs. Now let's see how the journalistic style can convey this information to us:
An example of a journalistic style of speech No. 1
Incredible discovery! A resident of a remote village, Experimentalovo, has invented a new drug that makes chickens lay golden eggs! The secret, over which the greatest alchemists of the world fought for centuries, is finally revealed by our compatriot! So far, no comments have been received from the inventor, he is currently on a heavy drinking binge, but we can definitely say that the discoveries of such patriots will definitely stabilize the economy of our country and strengthen its position on the world stage as a leader in gold mining and production gold items for decades to come.
An example of a journalistic style of speech No. 2
An act of unprecedented cruelty and inhuman treatment of animals was shown by a resident of the village of Experimentalovo, who, for his own selfish purposes, with particular cynicism, used the unfortunate chickens to create his "philosopher's stone". The gold was obtained, but this did not stop the flayer, and, as an absolutely immoral type, he went into the deepest binge, not even trying to help the poor creatures who fell victim to his egregious experiments. It is difficult to say what such a discovery is fraught with, however, given the trends in the behavior of the "scientist", we can conclude that he is clearly plotting to seize power over the world.
3. Artistic style of speech
When you are overtired by the dryness of the scientific style or the duplicity of the journalistic style, when you want to breathe in the lightness of something beautiful, bright and rich, overflowing with images and an unforgettable range of emotional shades, then the artistic style comes to your aid.
So, the art style is "watercolor" for the writer. It is characterized by images, colors, emotions and sensuality.
An example of an artistic style of speech
Sidorovich did not sleep well at night, every now and then, waking up to thunder and flashing lightning. It was one of those terrible nights when you want to wrap yourself up under the covers, sticking your nose out for air, and imagine that you are in a hut in the wild steppe hundreds of kilometers from the nearest city.
Suddenly, out of nowhere, the palm of his wife, who was sleeping next to him, passed over Sidorovich's ear:
“Sleep already, you fucking traveler,” she groaned, smacking her tongue sleepily.
Sidorovich turned away offendedly, pouting. He was thinking about Taiga...
4. Official business style of speech
The main characteristics of the business style are accuracy, pedantry to details, and imperativeness. This style focuses on the transfer of information, does not allow ambiguity and, unlike the scientific style, may contain first and second person pronouns.
Business Speech Example
I, Ivanov Ivan Ivanovich, express my sincere gratitude to the employees of the company LLC "Primer", in particular, Sidorov S.S. and Pupkov V.V. for the high level of service quality and the prompt settlement of all disputes right on the spot and I ask you to encourage them in accordance with the terms of the collective agreement of LLC "Primer".
5. Conversational style of speech
Conversational style is most characteristic of the modern Internet. With the mass appearance of blogs, it has become dominant on the Web and leaves its mark not only in web journalism, but also in sales texts, slogans, etc.
Conversational style, in fact, blurs the boundaries between the author and the reader. It is characterized by naturalness, looseness, emotionality, its own specific vocabulary and adjustment to the recipient of information.
Example of conversational style of speech No. 1
Yo, dude! If you are reading this text, then you get the idea. Energy, drive and speed - that's what defines my life. I love extreme, I love thrills, I love when adrenaline goes off scale and blows my head off. I can't do without it, man, and I know that you understand me. I'm deeply in the drum: skateboard or parkour, rollerblading or bike, as long as I have something to challenge. And it's cool!
Example of conversational style of speech No. 2
Have you ever thought about what would happen if the Earth switched places with Jupiter? I'm serious! Would New Vasyuki appear on his rings? Of course not! They're made of gas! Have you ever bought into such blatant nonsense for a minute? I don't believe in my life! And if the moon fell into the Pacific Ocean, how much would its level rise? You probably think that I am a rare bore, but if I do not ask these questions, then who will?
findings
So, today we looked at examples of speech styles in all their diversity, if not rich. For different situations, different directions will be optimal, but, most importantly, what you should pay attention to when creating a text is the language of your audience and the style that is convenient for it. The emphasis on these two parameters allows your texts to be read in one breath, and, therefore, increases your chances of successfully completing the task assigned to the text.
