“I don’t want to speak properly. I want to talk like a lady,” these words belong to Eliza Doolittle, the heroine of Bernard Shaw’s famous play Pygmalion.
Eliza may not have wanted to learn to speak literately, but without grammar she would not have been able to speak at all. We are now talking about grammar as a system of words and syntactic constructions inherent in a particular language. Grammar in this sense is “our main asset,” emphasized Eliza’s mentor, Professor Henry Higgins.
But this is not the only definition of grammar. The systematic study and description of a language or group of languages is also a grammar, a descriptive grammar. Professor Higgins was mainly concerned with just one aspect of it, phonetics, or the study of the sounds of speech. The language of the common people Henry Higgins recorded in his notebook is a very accurate picture of what a descriptive grammar is.
And yet, for the majority, “talking like a lady” means speaking correctly, as prescribed, speaking in accordance with the language norm. The importance of prescriptive grammar was stated by Bernard Shaw when he wrote in the preface to Pygmalion: "The English do not respect their native language and stubbornly refuse to teach children to speak it." It is about the need for a prescriptive approach and the remark of Rex Harrison, who played the role of Professor Higgins in the musical “My Fair Lady”: “And there are places where our language has already been reduced to nothing. In America, it has not been used for God knows how many years!
Why do we need to learn English grammar?
Grammar is a tool that can be used to describe any language. Grammar gives names to words (words) and phrases (word groups), which form sentences (sentences). Already in early childhood, we learn to make sentences - the grammar of the native language is subject to everyone. When studying English at school, university, with a tutor or at home, we are faced with the need to once again walk this path on our own and consciously. And here already we need to have an idea about the types of words and phrases and how they add up to sentences.
Literate people are more likely to succeed in relationships with the opposite sex
According to an online survey of 1,700 people, 43% of users on dating sites consider low literacy as a big disadvantage to attractiveness.
More than a third (35%) say that literacy is sexy. The survey also showed that women are more demanding of partner literacy than men (Michael Sebastian, “43 Percent of Singles Say Bad Grammar Is a Turnoff”).
Parts of speech in English grammar
Depending on the function in the sentence, words are assigned to one or another part of speech (part of speech). There are 8 parts of speech in English. Just by learning their names, you certainly won't become an English grammar professor. But you will have a basic understanding of the English language and will be ready to start reading other articles on our site - and these articles will help you make significant progress in learning English grammar.
Remember: if the sentence consists of one word, only an interjection (interjection) can act as this word.
Other parts of speech - nouns (nouns), pronouns (pronouns), verbs (verbs), adjectives (adjectives), adverbs (adverbs), prepositions (prepositions) and conjunctions (conjunctions) - appear in combinations. To understand which part of speech a word belongs to, we must look not only at the word itself, but also at its meaning, place and role in the sentence.
Consider three suggestions:
- Jim showed up for work two hours late. (Jim showed up for work two hours late).
Here, work is what Jim came to work for. - He will have to work overtime. (He will have to work overtime).
And here work is the action that Jim will perform. - His work permit expires in March. (His work permit expires in March).
Finally, here work denotes the sign of the noun permit.
In the first sentence, work is used as a noun, in the second as a verb, and in the third as an adjective.
We hope you are not confused yet? Let's see what functions the 8 parts of speech perform in English.
|
Part of speech |
main function |
|
|
noun |
names an animated object, place or thing |
pirate, caribbean, ship |
|
pronoun |
replaces a noun |
I, you, he, she, it, ours, them, who |
|
expresses an action or state |
sing, dance, believe, be |
|
|
adjective |
denotes a noun |
hot, lazy, funny |
|
denotes a sign of a verb, adjective |
softly, lazily, often |
|
|
shows the relationship between a noun (pronoun) and other words in a sentence |
up, over, against, for |
|
|
connects words, parts of a complex sentence and |
and, but, or, yet |
|
|
interjection |
expresses emotions |
ah, whoops, ouch |
NB! Articles (the, a/an) were once considered a separate part of speech. Now they are more often classified as defining words or determinants (determiners).
What do we build proposals from?
TOP 18 grammar terms with movie examples
Refresh your English grammar with catchy quotes from your favorite movies and show off your knowledge in a job interview or exam! We have compiled a "dossier" on 18 of the most common grammatical terms with rather unusual examples:
1. Valid (active) voice - Active Voice
A form of a verb that denotes an action performed by the subject (that is, the main character of the sentence, expressed by the subject, subject). In other words, we are talking about how someone does something, produces, accomplishes, that is, acts actively.
This construction is opposite to the passive (passive) voice (see below).
|
“We buy things we don't need, with money we don't have, to impress people we don't like.” |
We buy things we don't need with money we don't have to impress people we don't like. |
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Friends, every language has its own basic rules for grammar, spelling, syntax, etc. English is no exception. On the pages of our site you can find a detailed description of each section of the grammar, reading rules, syntactic rules, speech turns in the English language.
In this article, we will not dwell on each section of the language in detail.
Our material today is intended specifically for beginners in learning the language, for those who have taken up English from scratch. We want to present you with the most basic, most important and necessary rules of the English language, which you will encounter everywhere, mastering this language. If you are ready, then 15 basic rules are waiting for you!
You need to know these rules!
So, dear readers, now you will get acquainted with the basic rules of English from different sections of the language. They concern grammar, speech, syntax and much more. All you need to do is read the rules carefully and thoughtfully, pay attention to the examples and, of course, memorize! If you wish, you can copy this information into your English notebook or notepad. Thus, you can always remind yourself what you need in a particular exercise.
Rule #1
After modal verbs particle to not used. We are speaking:
- Imust learn Englishmodalverbs. — I have to learn English modal verbs.
- You should listen to your parents. “You should listen to your parents.
- May I take yournotebooktillSunday? — Can I borrow your laptop until Sunday?
And we never say: must learn; should to listen; may to take etc.
Rule #2
You can not use the definite / indefinite article with the pronoun:
- I love my mother. - II loveminemom.
- Where is your friend now? - Wherenowyourfriend?
- Yesterday I met Tom and his wife. Yesterday I met Tom and his wife.
You can't say: my mother or my mother; your friend or your friend. You can immediately see how absurd it looks, and even more so, it sounds. Direct hearing cuts!
Rule #3
Adverbs of the English language (to the question "how?") are formed according to the scheme: adjective + ending ly:
- perfect - perfect ly- great, great, great
- Quick - quick ly- quickly, nimbly
- Rapid—rapid ly- fast
- Quiet-quiet ly- quiet
- nice - nice ly- nicely
- Easy - easy ly- easily
- beautiful-beautiful ly- nice
- He entered the room quietly. - Hequiethas enteredinroom.
- Tom did his homework perfectly fine! - Volumemademyhomeexcellent work (incredibly good)!
- Suelooksbeautifully today. Sue looks beautiful today.
Rule #4
Use presentSimple, after unions if,assoonas,before,when,till,until,after,incase in sentences of time and conditions relating to the future:
- When I finish school, I will go to my grandparents in the countryside. - WhenIfinishschool, II will gotominegrandfatherandgrandmotherinvillage.
- After you study your family tree, you will find out where you descend from. - AfterTogo, asyoustudygenealogicaltreeyourfamilies, youfind out, fromwhomyougoing on.
- Your elder brother will certainly help you if you ask- Yourseniorbrothernecessarilywill helpyou, ifyouhisask.
Rule #5
The word order in an English sentence is:
Subject + predicate + direct object + indirect object + circumstance
Subject + predicate + direct object + indirect object + adverbal modifier
- Isentyoualetterlastweek. I sent you a letter last week.
- I saw Mike in the club. - IsawT-shirtinclub.
- It was sunny yesterday. - YesterdayIt wassunny.
In a Russian sentence, liberties are allowed, and there is no certain word order in it, everything depends on the emotion invested in it. In the English sentence, everything is clear and strict.
Rule #6
Phrasal verbs (verb + preposition) of the English language have their own separate meaning and their own translation. For example:
To look- look; to look for- search
To put- put, put; to put on- put on
Compare:
- Put the plates on the table, please. - Putdisheson thetable, please.
- It is cold outside; put on your coat. - On thestreetcold, put oncoat.
Rule #7
The most general rule for the definite and indefinite articles of the English language: the indefinite article is placed where nothing is known about the subject; The definite article is used when something is known about a subject.
- I see a The girl walking down the street is very beautiful. - Iseegirl. The girl walking down the street is very beautiful.
Rule #8
The ending - ed characteristic of the past tenses of regular verbs only. Irregular verbs have their own form for each past tense. For example:
look-looked BUT! bring-brought-brought
Rule #9
There are 4 types of questions in English:
We go to the theater every Saturday. - Wewe gointheatreeverySaturday.
- General(general): Do we go to the theater every Saturday? —Wewe gointheatreeverySaturday?
- Special(special): Where do we go every Saturday? —Wherewewe goeverySaturday?
- Alternative(alternative): Do we go to the theater every Saturday or every Sunday? —Wewe gointheatreeverySaturdayoreachSunday?
- Disjunctive(separating): We go to the theater every Saturday, don't we? —Wewe gointheatreeverySaturday, notSowhether?
Rule #10
To make an impersonal sentence, you need a pronoun It:
- It is cold today. - Todaycold.
- It is morning. - Morning.
- It is difficult to translate this text. - Thistextcomplicatedtranslate.
rule № 11
After unions asif,asthough(as if, as if, as if, as if) in the conditional mood, verb tobe in the 3rd person singular takes the form were:
- She speaks so proudlyas if she wasn't guilty. She speaks so proudly, as if it were not her fault.
- Tom looks as thought he was rich. - VolumelooksSoas ifis herich.
Rule #12
Conditional incentive sentences in the 1st and 3rd person are formed using the word Let:
- Let I have a look at these pictures. Let me take a look at these photographs.
- Let him sleep, he is tired. - Givehimsleep, is hetired.
Rule #13
Everyone knows what the word many is used with countable nouns, and the word much- with uncountable. But, if suddenly, you find it difficult, doubt, forget the rule or do not understand what noun is in front of you, feel free to use a combination of words alotof. It applies to both kinds of nouns.
- Many birds - a lot of birds
- Much sugar- a lot of sugar
Rule No.14
Many English words are polysemic, that is, they can have several meanings. It depends on the context and meaning of the sentence. To better understand the translation, you should refer to the dictionary and clarify the context in which the word is used.
- Toshoot- filming; toshoot- fire
- Country- the country; country- village, village
Rule #15
Verb do can replace the main verb in a sentence. For example.
We present you the first article in the series "English Grammar for Beginners". In this series of materials, we decided to state all the rules briefly and in simple words, so that beginners from scratch or those who do not remember the basics of English well can independently understand the grammar, understand it and apply it in practice.
Plural in English
In English, as in Russian, all words are divided into countable and uncountable. This is important to understand when forming the plural of a word. Countable nouns denote those items that can be counted, for example: table (table), book (book), apple (apple). Uncountable nouns are abstract concepts, liquids, products, etc., that is, something that cannot be counted. For example: knowledge (knowledge), water (water), meat (meat), flour (flour). These words do not have a plural or singular.
Countable nouns can be used in singular and plural. A singular noun denotes one object, this is the form of the word that is indicated in the dictionary: apple - apple. The plural noun denotes several objects: apples - apples.
How the plural of nouns is formed:
Usually the plural of nouns is formed by adding the ending -s to the word: book - books (book - books). However, there are several spelling peculiarities:
- If the word ends in -o, -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, then add the ending -es: hero - heroes (hero - heroes), bus - buses (bus - buses).
Exceptions: photo - photos (photo - photographs), video - videos (video recording - video recordings), radio - radios (radio - several radios), rhino - rhinos (rhinoceros - rhinos), piano - pianos (piano - several pianos), hippo - hippos (behemoth - hippos).
- If the word ends in -f, -fe, then change the ending to -ves: knife - knives (knife - knives), leaf - leaves (leaf - leaves), wife - wives (wife - wives).
Exceptions: roof - roofs (roof - roofs), giraffe - giraffes (giraffe - giraffes), cliff - cliffs (cliff - cliffs).
- If the word ends in -y, which is preceded by a consonant, then we change -y to -ies: body - bodies (body - bodies).
- If the word ends in -y, which is preceded by a vowel, then add the ending -s: boy - boys (boy - boys).
In English there is exception words, which form the plural not according to the rules. You just need to learn such words by heart, fortunately, there are not very many of them.
| Singular | Plural |
|---|---|
| man - a man | men - men |
| woman - woman | women - women |
| child - child | children - children |
| person - person | people - people |
| foot - foot | feet - feet |
| mouse | mice |
| tooth - tooth | teeth - teeth |
| sheep - sheep | sheep - sheep |
Try our quiz to see how well you've learned the material.
English Plural Noun Test
Articles in English
There are two types of article in English: definite and indefinite. They are not translated into Russian. In the overwhelming majority of cases, one of these articles must be placed before a noun in the singular.
The indefinite article a/an is used only with singular countable nouns: a girl (girl), a pen (pen). If the word begins with a consonant, we write the article a (a girl), and if the word begins with a vowel, we write the article an (an apple).
The indefinite article a/an is used in the following cases:
- We call any, some kind of indefinite object, and we have one, which is why we use the article a, which comes from the word one (one):
It is a book. - This is a book.
- We first mention the subject in a speech:
I see a shop. - I see (some, one of the many) store.
- We talk about a person’s profession or indicate his belonging to a certain group:
He is a teacher. - He is a teacher.
She is a student. - She is a student.
We put the definite article the when we are talking about a specific subject familiar to us. This article can appear before a noun in the singular or plural.
The definite article the is used in the following cases:
- We have already mentioned the subject earlier in our speech:
I see a shop. The shop is big. - I see a store. (This) Store is big.
It is believed that the definite article comes from the word that (that), therefore it is intended to point to some specific object familiar to the interlocutors.
- We are talking about an object that in this context is one of a kind, it cannot be confused with something else:
Honey, I'm washing the car. - Honey, I'm washing the car. (the family has one car, so we are talking about a specific subject)
look at the girl in the red dress. - Look at the girl in the red dress. (we point to a specific girl in a specific dress) - We are talking about a one-of-a-kind object, there is no other like it: the sun, the moon, the world, the President of France, etc.:
The earth is our home. - Earth is our home.
verb to be
There is always a verb in an English sentence. And if in Russian we can say “I am a doctor”, “Mary is beautiful”, “We are in the hospital”, then in English this is unacceptable: in all these cases, the subject must be followed by the verb to be. Therefore, you can remember a simple rule: if there are no ordinary verbs in the sentence, then the verb to be is needed.
The verb to be has three forms:
- Am is added to the pronoun I when we talk about ourselves:
I am beautiful. - I'm beautiful.
- Is put after the pronouns he, she, it:
She is beautiful. - She's beautiful.
- Are is used after you, we, they:
You are beautiful. - You are handsome.
The verb to be in English is most often used in the following cases:
- We inform you by whom is a person (name, profession, etc.):
I am a doctor. - I'm a doctor.
- We inform you what a person or object possesses a quality:
Mary is beautiful. - Mary is beautiful.
- We inform you where there is a person or object:
We are at the hospital. - We're in the hospital.
Sentences with the verb to be in the present tense are constructed as follows:
| affirmative sentences | Negative sentences | Interrogative sentences |
|---|---|---|
| The principle of education | ||
| I + am | I + am not ('m not) | Am + I |
| He/She/It + is | He/She/It + is not (isn't) | Is + he/she/it |
| We/You/They + are | We/You/They + are not (aren't) | Are + we/you/they |
| Examples | ||
| I am a manager. - I'm a manager. | I am not a manager. - I'm not a manager. | Am I a manager? - I'm a manager? |
| He is awesome. - He's great. | He is not awesome. - He's not great. | Is he awesome? - He's great? |
| She is a doctor. - She is a doctor. | She isn't a doctor. - She's not a doctor. | Is she a doctor? - She is a doctor? |
| It (ball) is red. - It (the ball) is red. | It (ball) isn't red. - It (the ball) is not red. | Is it (ball) red? - Is it (the ball) red? |
| We are the champions. - We are champions. | We aren't the champions. - We are not champions. | Are we the champions? - We are champions? |
| You are ill. - You are sick. | You are not ill. - You are not sick. | Are you ill? - You are sick? |
| They are at home. - They are at home. | They aren't at home. - They're not at home. | Are they at home? - They are at home? |
We think you are now ready to take the test and test your knowledge.
Test for the use of the verb to be
Present Continuous Tense - present continuous tense
Present Continuous Tense most often shows that the action is happening at the moment.
Every English sentence has a subject and a predicate. In Present Continuous, the predicate consists of the auxiliary verb to be in the required form (am, is, are) and the main verb without the particle to, to which we add the ending -ing (playing, reading).
She is playing tennis now. - She is now plays to tennis.
I am reading a novel at the moment. - I am currently I read novel.
The verb to be in this tense is an auxiliary verb, that is, it is a word that comes before the main verb (playing, reading) and helps to form tense. You will meet auxiliary verbs in other tenses, this kind of verbs include to be (am, is, are), do/does, have/has, will.
Pay attention to the following words-indicators of time Present Continuous: now (now), at the moment (at the moment), today (today), tonight (tonight), these days (these days), nowadays (these days), at present (currently), still (still).
Affirmative sentences in Present Continuous tense are formed as follows:
Usually at this time, you just need to add the ending -ing to the main verb: walk - walking (walk), look - looking (look). But some verbs change like this:
- If the verb ends in -e, we remove -e and add -ing: write - writing (write), dance - dancing (dance).
Exception: see - seeing (see).
- If the verb ends in -ie, we change -ie to -y and add -ing: lie - lying (to lie), die - dying (to die).
- If the verb ends in a stressed syllable with a short vowel that stands between two consonants, the final consonant is doubled when -ing is added: begin - beginning (to begin), swim - swimming (to swim).
In negative sentences in the Present Continuous, you just need to insert the particle not between to be and the main verb.
She isn't cooking at the moment. - She is currently doesn't cook.
You are not listening to me now. - You don't listen me now.
In interrogative sentences in Present Continuous, you need to put the verb to be in the first place, and after it put the subject and the main verb.
Is she cooking at the moment? - She is trains At the moment?
Are you listening to me now? - You got me now listening?
And now we offer to take a test on the use of Present Continuous time.
Test for the use of Present Continuous
We have presented you the first 5 basic topics of the English language. Now your task is to thoroughly understand them and work them out as productively as possible with the help of exercises. In order not to immediately load you with a large amount of grammar, we will release the next article in this series in a few weeks. Subscribe to our newsletter, then you will definitely not miss important information. We wish you success in learning English!
Imagine that you need to start something completely new for you right now. For example, get behind the wheel of a car, bake pies for the first time, bathe a newborn in a bath. What will you start with? Options:
1. I'll take it and do it, what's the problem.
2. I read first on the Internet or in books how this is done.
3. Call a friend experienced in this matter.
4. Help from the hall (I will ask another).
5. Learn from a professional.
6. I won't do it.
The option you choose characterizes you very clearly. If we are talking about English grammar, then depending on which method you prefer above, the following is expected:
1. Bugaga (the teachers and the English laugh, who heard you speak in English).
2. Adding patience and time to this, you yourself will learn all the rules.
3. Add to this the patience of a friend and his time, you will learn all the rules under his guidance.
4. You will not learn anything, but you will listen to how others do it.
5. Adding money to this, you will learn all the rules.
6. You can go skiing, meet friends in a cafe, sleep, eat - in general, life is good.
As you can see, in order to understand English grammar, in theory, you need only three things: a source of rules, time and patience. The first one is offered to you in these articles, but you will have to cope with the other two components on your own.
Thus, we give you a fishing rod, and you will catch the fish yourself. What is the beauty of our fishing rod? It is lightweight, comfortable and easy to use. We will not load you with terrible grammar terms, torment you with long lists, flickering arrows, diagrams on an A4 spread and other tricks that some English teachers scare.
There is nothing particularly difficult in English grammar, unlike many other European languages (not to mention Oriental and African). You can simply read these articles like a fiction book. Even if you master the minimum, at the finish line you will find that you own most of the rules that previously seemed unbearable.
As an example, let's do something already in the introductory part. What does speech consist of? From phrases. What is a phrase? From suggestions. What does the offer consist of? Stop! Let's clarify: what does the ENGLISH sentence consist of? Subject and predicate. Usually this is a noun and a verb (just don't say that you don't remember these words anymore): the dog is running, the passerby is screaming, the dog is barking, the owner is yelling. True, a noun can be successfully replaced by a pronoun: she runs, you scream, she barks, I yell.
You have just listened to a roundup lecture on parts of speech. What do you remember? At least the words "noun" and "verb" for you are already associated with grammar, and not cooking or construction work. And more is not needed. Are you ready to continue in the same rhythm?
Follow me (follow me).
Parts of speech:
1. Numerals(The Numeral)
1.1 Cardinal and ordinal numbers
2. Pronouns(The Pronoun)
2.1 Personal and possessive pronouns
2.2 Demonstrative and negative pronouns
2.3 Indefinite and reflexive pronouns
5. Adjective(The Adjective)
5.1 Comparisons of adjectives
7. Noun(The noun)
7.1 Noun in English. Noun classification
8. Verb(The verb)
8.1 Verbs in English. General information about verbs
8.2 Regular and irregular English verbs
8.3 Semantic and auxiliary verbs
8.4 Modal and linking verbs
English grammar for beginners seems to be something unbearable. Articles, pronouns, verbs - the English language has a huge number of rules that are not so easy to transfer to Russian. This raises doubts, but is it worth starting at all? Is it worth it to dive into English grammar without a certain certainty that you can master it? No, with such an attitude, you definitely won’t be able to sail far in the study. Therefore, it is important to discard all doubts and stereotypes. Believe me, English grammar can be learned on your own and in the shortest possible time. All that is required of you is constancy and perseverance, and we will help you with everything else.
First, let's figure out what the grammar of this language is. The English grammar or English grammar is a set of all rules that relate to prepositions, prefixes, parts of speech, types of English verbs and their tenses, sentence members, and so on.
In simple words, everything that is in the English language is its grammar. Accordingly, a frequent question about how to learn grammar , has a very simple answer: to learn English grammar, you just need to learn the language. Of course, it will not be possible to analyze all the nuances in one article. Why, even books in which they promise to show you the entire grammar of the English language from scratch with exercises, in fact, they will never tell you about all the grammar. Therefore, we have collected only the most basic rules that are best suited for beginners.
How can you learn English grammar without even knowing the rules of pronunciation. Let's start with them. The rules for reading letters in English is a rather extensive topic, since with a certain combination their pronunciation may change. However, let's not go too deep and consider the standard pronunciation of letters, which, by the way, are 26 in English. When mastering the topic of pronunciation, special attention is paid to transcription, which, as a rule, is indicated in square brackets:
| № | Letter | Transcription | Pronunciation |
| 1 | A a | hey | |
| 2 | Bb | bi | |
| 3 | c c | si | |
| 4 | D d | di | |
| 5 | e e | and | |
| 6 | F f | ef | |
| 7 | G g | ji | |
| 8 | H h | h | |
| 9 | I i | ah | |
| 10 | Jj | jay | |
| 11 | Kk | kay | |
| 12 | l l | ||
| 13 | M m | Em | |
| 14 | N n | [ɛn] | en |
| 15 | O o | [əʊ] | OU |
| 16 | Pp | pi | |
| 17 | Q q | cue | |
| 18 | R r | [ɑː] | a |
| 19 | S s | es | |
| 20 | T t | ti | |
| 21 | U u | Yu | |
| 22 | Vv | in and | |
| 23 | W w | [‘dʌbljuː] | double |
| 24 | X x | the ex | |
| 25 | Y y | wye | |
| 26 | Zz | zed |
English Grammar: Articles
When studying English grammar, there can be a lot of confusion with, since they have no analogues in Russian. Articles are usually used with nouns to show whether the reference is to a specific object (that bag) or an indefinite one ((some) person). In total, there are 3 types of articles:
- Zero article or its absence:
- The indefinite article a / an, which is used when you are not paying attention to a specific thing, but simply talking about the subject as a whole. The indefinite article is also used when you first mention something to someone:
Note that if the noun or adjective that describes it begins with a consonant, the article "a" is used, and if with a vowel, "an".
- The definite article the, expressing specific objects:
In speech, they are constantly encountered, so be sure to remember.
Nouns in English Grammar
English grammar from scratch very often starts with nouns. Perhaps this is because English nouns have a lot in common with Russian ones. For example:
- they are also divided into own and common nouns:
- can change in numbers, forming the plural with the ending -s (-es):
- have cases, although their number is limited to only two:
- perform the roles of all members of the proposal, examples:
The difference lies in the fact that, unlike the Russian language, English nouns do not change by gender. Only pronouns have it.
English Grammar: Pronouns
Pronouns in English are divided into 9 subgroups, but the most popular are rightfully personal pronouns. They change in cases, tenses and numbers:
English Grammar: Verbs
The verb in English is perhaps the most important part of speech. It can be personal or impersonal. Personal verbs include those verbs that are used with all persons and at all times. They can be used in both active and passive voices:
Impersonal include gerund, infinitive and participle:
Both regular and irregular verbs have 3 forms. The correct ones are formed as follows:
Incorrect ones have 3 individual forms that need to be memorized, for example:
It is necessary to know all these forms, since with the help of them the formation of tense verb forms takes place.
In addition, verbs have three moods:
Particular attention should be paid to modal verbs. Modal verbs are verbs that are not used on their own. They are necessary to show the attitude of the speaker to some action. Some of the most used modal verbs are:
| should (should) | You should stop drinking alcohol. (You need to stop drinking.) |
| can (can) | Every person can achieve everything he dreams about. (Everyone can achieve anything they dream of.) |
| must (should) | The pupils must wear uniforms here. (Here, students are required to wear a uniform.) |
| have to (must / have to) | I have to wake up early because of work. (I have to get up early because of work.) |
| need (need) | I need you like no one else. (I need you like no one else.) |
| used to (before) | I used to watch this cartoon when I was a child. ((Before) I watched this cartoon when I was a kid.) |
English Grammar: Adjectives
An adjective in English denotes a sign of an object and answers the questions “what?” and "whose?". In simple terms, it is used to describe objects and persons. According to their structure, adjectives are divided into 3 groups:
These and other adjectives can be used in 3 degrees of comparison:
English Grammar: Adverbs
The descriptive function is also characteristic of adverbs, which are responsible for the expression of the sign of action. It is of several types:
They can also have degrees of comparison:
English grammar: numerals
Numerals, as in Russian, are quantitative and ordinal:
Except for the first 3 digits, the rest of the ordinal numbers are formed with -th (-eth). In English ordinal numbers can be written using a number and the last two letters of the ending: second - 2nd, ninth - 9th, sixteenth - 16th and so on.
English Grammar: Interjections
It is impossible not to note the independent part of speech, the use of which helps to convey emotions and feelings, namely interjections. They can be divided into 3 groups:
Service parts of speech
The service parts of speech of English grammar are used quite often. Let's consider some of them:
- Unions connect members of a sentence, as well as simple sentences as part of a complex one. By structure, they are divided into:
According to their functions, they are divided into coordinating and subordinating:
- Prepositions are used at least as often as conjunctions. According to their structure, they are divided into exactly the same groups:
In addition to their main purpose, prepositions are always used with the following verbs:
- Particles are another service part of speech. There are 5 types of particles in English:
English grammar: word order in a sentence
Sentences in English are affirmative, negative and interrogative. They are built as follows:
According to these tables, offers are made at any time.
English Grammar: Tenses
There are 12 temporary forms in English. They are formed using 3 tenses and 4 temporary types:
| Times / Species | Simple (Simple) | Continuous (long) | Perfect (perfect) | Perfect Continuous (Perfect Continuous) |
| Past (past) |
V2 | to be (past) + V-ing | had + V3 | had + been + v-ing |
| Present (present) | V1 | to be (in the present) + V-ing | have / has + V3 | have / has + been + v-ing |
| Future (future) |
will + V1 | will be + v-ing | will + have + V3 | will + have + been + v-ing |
Knowing these forms, you can form any sentences.
English grammar: types of sentences
By the way, about the proposals. As in Russian, English sentences are divided into simple and complex. Complex ones are subdivided into compound and complex.
It is worth noting that, despite the fact that most sentences in English are complete, the use of incomplete sentences is also acceptable. As a rule, this option is used in colloquial speech, so this is rather a practical grammar of the English language:
These were the basic rules of grammar. Of course, it is impossible to fit all the material here, alas. However, knowing at least the mentioned rules of the English language, you will already feel quite confident during the conversation. As for conversations. A collection of English exercises or another version of descriptive information is, of course, good. However, believe me, the practical grammar of the English language is incomparable in its effectiveness. By communicating, language learners can learn much more than by sitting at a book. Therefore, do not hesitate to communicate with native speakers.
