The rivers of Eurasia and their importance in the economy

1.5 Economic use of the rivers of the Atlantic Ocean basin

The Rhine and Danube are the most important transport routes connecting many countries of foreign Europe located along their banks. The significance of these water systems increased even more after the reconstruction of the Danube-Main navigable canal. At present, not only large river vessels, but also river-sea vessels are moving up the Danube to Vienna.

The Don is also navigable for 1590 km up from the mouth to Voronezh.

The Dnieper is very important for the transport and economy of Ukraine: all reservoirs are equipped with large locks that allow ships up to 270x18 meters in size to have access to the port of Kyiv, and this creates an excellent transport corridor. The river is also used by passenger ships: Danube and Dnieper cruises have been generating increasing revenues in recent decades. Above Kyiv, the Pripyat flows into the Dnieper. This navigable river connects with the Dnieper-Bug Canal and is connected with the Western Bug. Communication with Western European waterways is theoretically possible, but a dam without locks near the city of Brest interrupts an important international waterway. And near the urban village of Loev, the Sozh River flows into the Dnieper. Earlier, there was a regular passenger service Gomel - Kyiv on these rivers by motor ships such as "Rocket", "Belarus", and now only border boats go along this section of the Dnieper. The Dnieper is also famous for its dams. The most famous one is the DneproGES in Zaporozhye, built in 1927-1932 and had a capacity of 558 MW. During the Second World War, the station was partially destroyed by the retreating Soviet troops, by 1950 it was restored; in 1969-1975, the second stage of the station was commissioned: DneproGES-2. Kakhovskaya HPP was built second in 1950-1956, followed by Kremenchugskaya in 1954-1960, Kyiv in 1960-1964, Dneprodzerzhinskaya in 1956-1964, and in 1963-1975 Kanevskaya HPP completed the Dnieper cascade dams. In the middle and lower reaches (from the mouth of the Pripyat to Novaya Kakhovka) there is a cascade of reservoirs of hydroelectric power stations formed during the construction of the cascade of the Dnieper hydroelectric power stations.

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Minerals of the World Ocean

The extraction of solid minerals of the World Ocean largely depends on the development and formation of marine geology and marine mining. Until now, it has been concentrated in the shelf zone at a depth of up to 200 m, i.e. ...

Land surveying project for the Rosa Khutor and Yuryev Khutor complexes

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The rivers of Eurasia and their importance in the economy

The rivers of Eurasia and their importance in the economy

The Yenisei is the most important waterway of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Regular navigation - from Sayanogorsk to the mouth (3013 km). The main cargo flows go from Krasnoyarsk to Dudinka. Main ports and marinas: Abakan, Krasnoyarsk, Strelka, Maklakovo, Yeniseisk...

The rivers of Eurasia and their importance in the economy

The Yangtze is China's main shipping artery. Ocean vessels go up the river to Wuhan, river vessels reach Yibin in the Sichuan Basin. The waters of the river and the fertile silt are widely used for irrigation and fertilization of fields...

The rivers of Eurasia and their importance in the economy

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The rivers of Eurasia and their importance in the economy

The rivers of Eurasia and their importance in the economy

The Volga flows through the territory of 15 subjects of the Russian Federation. The Volga is connected to the Baltic Sea by the Volga-Baltic Waterway...

The relief of the bottom of the oceans

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The relief of the bottom of the oceans

The bed of the World Ocean includes, as geomorphological elements, oceanic basins and various elevations, expressed both as extended ridges and as individual rises of a rounded or irregular shape...

The relief of the bottom of the seas and oceans

The most extensive geomorphological element of the ocean floor. Its most ancient parts are of proven Late Jurassic age. The bed occupies approximately 60% of the area of ​​the oceans (about 200 million km 2) and is located at depths from 3500 to 6000 m ...

Formation of the structure of the water management complex on the existing reservoir of the Don River

The surface of the river basin is intensively used by agriculture and various industries. With the commissioning of the Tsimlyansk reservoir and the structures of the Volga-Don shipping canal in 1952, the water resources of the...

The Atlantic Ocean is located mainly in the Western Hemisphere. From north to south, it stretches for 16 thousand km. In the northern and southern parts, the ocean expands, and in the equatorial latitudes it narrows to 2900 km.

Atlantic Ocean- the second largest among the oceans. The coastline of the ocean in the Northern Hemisphere is heavily dissected by peninsulas and bays. The continents in the ocean have many islands, inland and marginal seas.

Bottom relief

The Mid-Ocean Ridge stretches across the entire ocean at approximately equal distance from the coasts of the continents. The relative height of the ridge is 2 km. In the axial part of the ridge there is a rift valley 6 to 30 km wide and up to 2 km deep. Transverse faults divide the ridge into separate segments. The rifts and faults of the Mid-Ocean Spine are associated with underwater active volcanoes, as well as those of Iceland and the Azores. The ocean has the greatest depth within the Puerto Rico trench - 8742 m. The shelf area of ​​the Atlantic Ocean is quite large - more than in the Pacific Ocean.

Climate

The Atlantic Ocean is located in all climatic zones of the Earth, so its climates are very diverse. Most of the ocean (between 40°N and 42°S) is located in the subtropical, tropical, subequatorial, and equatorial climatic zones. The southern parts of the ocean are characterized by a strict climate, the northern regions are somewhat less cold.

Water properties and ocean currents

The zonality of water masses in the ocean is very complicated by the influence of land and sea currents, and is manifested primarily in the temperature distribution of surface waters. The northern half of the ocean is warmer than the southern one, the temperature difference reaches 6 ° C. The average surface water temperature is +16.5 ° C.

The salinity of surface waters in the Atlantic Ocean is high. Many large rivers flow into the ocean and its seas (Amazon, Koigo, Mississippi, Nile, Danube, Parana, etc.). In desalinated bays and seas of subpolar and temperate latitudes, ice forms near the eastern shores in winter. A feature of the ocean is the numerous icebergs and floating sea ice brought here from the Arctic Ocean and from the coast of Antarctica.

Due to the strong elongation of the Atlantic Ocean from north to south, meridional ocean currents are more developed in it than latitudinal ones. Two systems of surface currents are formed in the Atlantic. In the Northern Hemisphere, it looks like a figure eight - the Northern Trade Wind, Gulf Stream, North Atlantic and Ka-Nar currents form the movement of waters clockwise in temperate and tropical latitudes. In the northern part, the North Atlantic Current sends the waters of the Atlantic into the Arctic Ocean counterclockwise. As cold currents, they return to the Atlantic Ocean in the northeastern part. In the Southern Hemisphere, the South Tradewind, Brazilian, West Winds and Benguela currents form the movement of waters counterclockwise in the form of a single ring.

organic world

The Atlantic Ocean compared to the Pacific Ocean had a poorer species composition of living organisms. However, in terms of quantity and total biomass, the Atlantic Ocean is rich in organisms. This is primarily due to the wide distribution of the shelf, on which many demersal and demersal fish (cod, perch, flounder, etc.) live.

Natural complexes

In the Atlantic Ocean, all zonal complexes are distinguished - natural belts, except for the northern polar one. The waters of the northern subpolar belt are rich in various types of living organisms - especially on the shelf near the berets of Greenland and Labrador. The temperate zone is characterized by intense interaction of cold and warm waters, a large number of living organisms. These are the most fishy areas of the Atlantic. Large expanses of warm waters of the subtropical, tropical and equatorial zones are less productive than the waters of the northern temperate zone. In the northern subtropical zone, a special natural water complex of the Sargas Sea is distinguished. It is characterized by increased water salinity - up to 37.5% w and low productivity.

In the temperate zone of the Southern Hemisphere, complexes are distinguished (as in the northern one), where waters with different temperatures and densities mix. The complexes of the subantarctic and antarctic belts are characterized by the seasonal distribution of floating ice and icebergs.

Economic use

All types of maritime activities are represented in the Atlantic Ocean, among which the most important is marine, transport, underwater oil and gas production, and only then - the use of biological resources.

Atlantic Ocean- the main sea route of the world, an area of ​​intensive shipping. More than 70 coastal countries with a population of more than 1300,000,000 people are located on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean.

The mineral resources of the ocean include placer deposits of rare metals, diamonds, and gold. In the bowels of the shelf, reserves of iron ore and sulfur are concentrated, large deposits of oil and gas have been discovered, which are exploited by many countries (the North Sea, etc.). Some areas of the shelf are rich in coal. Ocean energy is used in the operation of tidal power plants (for example, at the mouth of the Rance River in northern France).

Many of the Atlantic countries extract from the ocean and its seas such mineral wealth as table salt, magnesium, bromine, and uranium. Desalination plants operate in arid regions.

The biological resources of the ocean are also intensively used. The Atlantic Ocean is the largest per unit area, but its biological resources are depleted in some areas.

In connection with intensive economic activity in many seas in the open ocean, environmental conditions are deteriorating - water and air pollution, a decrease in stocks of valuable commercial fish and other animals. Recreational conditions on the ocean shores are deteriorating.

Geographical position.The Atlantic Ocean stretches from north to south for 16 thousand km from subarctic to antarctic latitudes. The ocean is wide in the northern and southern parts, narrowing in equatorial latitudes to 2900 km. In the north it communicates with the Arctic Ocean, and in the south it is widely connected with the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is bounded by the shores of North and South America - in the west, Europe and Africa - in the east and Antarctica - in the south.

The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean in the world. The coastline of the ocean in the northern hemisphere is heavily dissected by numerous peninsulas and bays. There are many islands, inland and marginal seas near the continents. The Atlantic consists of 13 seas, which occupy 11% of its area.

Bottom relief. Through the entire ocean (approximately at an equal distance from the coasts of the continents) passes Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The relative height of the ridge is about 2 km. Transverse faults divide it into separate segments. In the axial part of the ridge there is a giant rift valley 6 to 30 km wide and up to 2 km deep. Both underwater active volcanoes and volcanoes of Iceland and the Azores are confined to the rift and faults of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. On both sides of the ridge there are basins with a relatively flat bottom, separated by elevated uplifts. The shelf area in the Atlantic Ocean is larger than in the Pacific.

Mineral resources. Oil and gas reserves have been discovered on the shelf of the North Sea, in the Gulf of Mexico, Guinea and Biscay. Phosphorite deposits have been discovered in the area of ​​deep water rise off the coast of North Africa in tropical latitudes. Placer deposits of tin off the coast of Great Britain and Florida, as well as diamond deposits off the coast of South-West Africa, have been found on the shelf in the sediments of ancient and modern rivers. Ferromanganese nodules have been found in bottom basins off the coasts of Florida and Newfoundland.

Climate.The Atlantic Ocean is located in all climatic zones of the Earth. The main part of the ocean area is between 40°N. and 42° S - is located in subtropical, tropical, subequatorial and equatorial climatic zones. There are high positive air temperatures all year round. The most severe climate is in the subantarctic and antarctic latitudes, and to a lesser extent in the subpolar, northern latitudes.

currents.In the Atlantic, as in the Pacific Ocean, two rings of surface currents are formed.. In the northern hemisphere, the North Equatorial Current, the Gulf Stream, the North Atlantic and Canary Currents form the movement of waters in a clockwise direction. In the southern hemisphere, the South Trade Winds, the Brazilian, the West Winds and the Benguela move the waters counterclockwise. Due to the significant length of the Atlantic Ocean from north to south, meridional water flows are more developed in it than latitudinal ones.

Water properties. The zonality of water masses in the ocean is complicated by the influence of land and sea currents. This is manifested primarily in the temperature distribution of surface waters. In many areas of the ocean, the isotherms near the coast deviate sharply from the latitudinal direction.

The northern half of the ocean is warmer than the southern, the temperature difference reaches 6°C. The average surface water temperature (16.5°C) is slightly lower than in the Pacific Ocean. The cooling effect is exerted by the waters and ices of the Arctic and Antarctic. Salinity of surface waters in the Atlantic Ocean is high. One of the reasons for increased salinity is that a significant part of the moisture evaporating from the water area does not return to the ocean again, but is transferred to neighboring continents (due to the relative narrowness of the ocean).

Many large rivers flow into the Atlantic Ocean and its seas: the Amazon, Congo, Mississippi, Nile, Danube, La Plata, etc. They carry huge masses of fresh water, suspended material and pollutants into the ocean. In desalinated bays and seas of subpolar and temperate latitudes, ice forms near the western shores of the ocean in winter. Numerous icebergs and floating sea ice hinder navigation in the North Atlantic Ocean.

organic world. The Atlantic Ocean is poorer in species in the composition of flora and fauna than the Pacific. One of the reasons for this is its relative geological youth and a noticeable cooling in the Quaternary period during the glaciation of the northern hemisphere. However, in quantitative terms, the ocean is rich in organisms - it is the most productive per unit area.. This is primarily due to the wide development of shelves and shallow banks, which are inhabited by many demersal and bottom fish (cod, flounder, perch, etc.). The biological resources of the Atlantic Ocean are depleted in many areas. The share of the ocean in world fisheries has declined significantly in recent years.

natural complexes.In the Atlantic Ocean, all zonal complexes are distinguished - natural belts, except for the north polar. Water northern subpolar belt rich in life. It is especially developed on the shelves off the coasts of Iceland, Greenland and the Labrador Peninsula. Temperate zone characterized by intense interaction of cold and warm waters, its waters are the most productive areas of the Atlantic. Vast expanses of warm waters subtropical, two tropical and equatorial belts less productive than the waters of the northern temperate zone.

In the northern subtropical zone stands out a special natural aquatic complex of the Sargasso Sea. It is characterized by high water salinity (up to 37.5 ppm) and low bioproductivity. In clear water, pure blue colors grow brown algae - sargasso, which gave the name of the water area.

In the temperate zone of the southern hemisphere, as in the north, natural complexes are rich in life in areas where waters with different temperatures and water densities mix. In the subantarctic and antarctic belts the manifestation of seasonal and permanent ice phenomena, which are reflected in the composition of the fauna (krill, cetaceans, notothenia fish), is characteristic.

Economic use. All types of human economic activity in marine areas are represented in the Atlantic Ocean. Among them, maritime transport is of the greatest importance, followed by underwater oil and gas production, and only then is the capture and use of biological resources.

More than 70 coastal countries with a population of over 1.3 billion people are located on the shores of the Atlantic. Many transoceanic routes pass through the ocean with large volumes of freight and passenger traffic. On the coasts of the ocean and its seas, the most significant ports of the world in terms of cargo turnover are located.

The already explored mineral resources of the ocean are significant (examples are given above). However, oil and gas fields are currently being intensively developed on the shelf of the North and Caribbean Seas, in the Bay of Biscay. Many countries that previously did not have significant reserves of these types of mineral raw materials are now experiencing an economic upsurge due to their extraction (England, Norway, the Netherlands, Mexico, etc.).

biological resources oceans have long been intensively used. However, due to the overfishing of a number of valuable commercial fish species, in recent years the Atlantic has yielded to the Pacific Ocean in terms of fish and seafood.

Intensive human economic activity in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and its seas causes a noticeable deterioration of the natural environment - both in the ocean (water and air pollution, a decrease in the stocks of commercial fish species) and on the coasts. In particular, recreational conditions on the ocean coast are deteriorating. In order to prevent further and reduce the existing pollution of the natural environment of the Atlantic Ocean, scientific recommendations are being developed and international agreements are being concluded on the rational use of ocean resources.

1. What influence does its geographical position and size have on the nature of the Atlantic Ocean?

The meridional extent of the Atlantic Ocean determines the difference in its nature in latitude. The north of the ocean is strongly influenced by the Arctic, and the south by the Antarctic; the ocean lies in almost all climatic zones. The differences in longitude are not so great, since, unlike the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean is much narrower. Sea currents, especially the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic, have a strong influence on the nature and climate of the ocean coasts.

2. Select natural complexes in the ocean, in which latitudinal zonality is manifested, and complexes formed under the influence of land. Explain their features. Separate natural complexes in the ocean can be identified, taking as a basis the boundary of climatic zones. The seas of the Atlantic Ocean are distinguished into separate natural complexes, the most interesting of which is the natural complex of the Sargasso Sea.

3. Write a description of the nature of the Mediterranean Sea.

On a contour map, mark all the seas of the Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean Sea. Using the maps of the school atlas, determine the features of their geographical location, climatic characteristics, forms of economic use by man and other features of nature and economy.

4. What parts of the Atlantic Ocean are especially polluted? Why?

Pollution of the waters of the Atlantic contributes to economic activity. The degree of pollution depends on the intensity of the use of the natural resources of the ocean. The coastal waters of the ocean are the most polluted. Severe water pollution is observed in areas through which sea transport routes pass.

• write a description of the nature of the mediterranean sea
• what parts of the atlantic ocean are especially polluted why
• what influence on the nature of the Atlantic Ocean do its geographical position and size
• what impact on the nature of the atlantic ocean do it
• description of the nature of the Mediterranean Sea

Atlantic Ocean is the second largest in the world, while about half the size of the Pacific Ocean.

It is bounded to the north by Greenland and Iceland, to the east by Africa and Europe, to the west by North and South America, and to the south by Antarctica.

It is easy to see that the ocean washes the shores of almost all continents, and has a noticeably elongated shape.

Characteristics of the Atlantic Ocean

The area of ​​the Atlantic Ocean exceeds 91 million km2, and this is a lot.

HELP!business activities in the Atlantic Ocean

Its depth is also impressive: the maximum is 8742 meters, and the average is about 3600 meters. Due to this, the volume of its waters is very large - 329.6 million km3. This is a quarter of the world's oceans.

Brief information:

• The bottom of the Atlantic Ocean is very uneven, and has many faults, depressions and small mountains.

  And from north to south, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge runs along the central part of the ocean floor, it divides the ocean into western and eastern parts (they are almost equal to each other). Earthquakes and underwater volcanic eruptions are observed in the region of the ridge.

• — Seas, bays and straits occupy about 16% of the area of ​​the Atlantic Ocean (14.7 million km2).
• There are relatively few islands in the ocean, about a thousand.
• - Due to the large extent of the reservoir, as well as atmospheric circulation and ocean currents, the Atlantic Ocean includes all the climatic zones of the planet.

  In general, the average temperature in its open spaces in summer is 20 °C, and in winter - from 0 to 10 °C. As you move north from the equator, the temperature drops noticeably.

• - The salinity of the waters ranges from 34‰ (at the equator) to 39‰ (in the Mediterranean Sea). Although in areas where rivers flow into the ocean, this figure can be halved.
• - Floating ice on the surface of the ocean is formed only in its northern and southern parts, since they are close to the poles of the planet.
• - The diversity of flora and fauna of the Atlantic Ocean is very large, but it can also boast of the number of living organisms.

  Thanks to this, the ocean feeds a huge number of people. But this leads to a noticeable reduction in the representatives of the animal world. That is why a limit on fishing has been set, as well as other similar restrictions.

• - In the Atlantic Ocean, minerals are mined (oil, gas, iron ore, sulfur, and many others). This leads to gradual pollution of its waters.

• - The Atlantic Ocean got its name from the ancient Greek myth about Atlanta - a mighty titan who holds the vault of heaven on his shoulders.
• The famous Bermuda Triangle is located in the Atlantic Ocean.

  In that area, many ships and planes really disappeared, but there are scientific justifications for these incidents. However, what actually happened, no one knows for sure.

Atlantic Ocean: biogeocenosis and environmental problems regular and random resets; on the second: their chemical composition and physical state. Every year, up to 1.5 million tons of oil and oil products, a huge amount of various acids and salts, millions of tons of solids (packaging, paper, glass, plastic, polyethylene, etc.) enter the Atlantic Ocean and its seas. At the bottom, radioactive waste is buried in special containers. The thermal pollution of the Atlantic (especially its northern part) is also significant due to the discharge of hot and warm water from industrial wastewater and thermal power plants. In addition, there is indirect pollution of the ocean, which occurs during the construction of dams and reservoirs. At the same time, the volume of river runoff changes, the solid runoff of rivers changes, and the chemical and mechanical composition of suspensions entering the ocean waters changes. one). In connection with the current situation, a number of scientists from Europe and North America are engaged in the study and development of maximum permissible pollution standards, the concentration of certain substances. The creation of regulations and the development of technical systems for wastewater treatment leads to certain positive results. In the United States, Canada, France and Great Britain, special services have been created and are operating to deal with the consequences of accidental oil spills. An oil slick is localized along the perimeter with special floating barriers, and then either scooped out or contributes to the settling of oil lumps and the bottom with the help of chemicals. These measures are necessary, as in the Atlantic Ocean the largest tanker load is 38% of all oil transportation (Indian Ocean - 34%, Pacific Ocean - 28%). Most of the oil transportation is on international routes off the coast of Western and Southern Europe. For example, the concentration of oil in the North Sea is 0.1-0.5 mg/l, the Gulf Stream zone is up to 1 mg/l. In 1972, the UN Conference on Environmental Problems was held, at which it was decided to conduct research on the study of oil pollution, the World Ocean, including the Atlantic Ocean. From 175 to 1978, the International Oceanographic Commission and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) organized expeditions by scientists from 25 countries. More than 100 thousand visual observations were made, more than 5 thousand samples were taken. water and soil samples. The conclusion was as follows: that in all areas in a meter layer there is oil in a dispersed form. The problems of ocean protection were also touched upon in the report of the International Commission on the Environment (ICED) in 1987 "Our Common Future". In recent years, international organizations have initiated the creation of aquatic protected areas: national parks, reserves, nature reserves. The creation and expansion of national protected areas contributes to the formation and development of public structures for the protection of aquatic objects. So far, there are few of them, but the prospects are encouraging, since the need to establish a special regime for the protection of individual water areas is based on the conscious attitude of people to the riches of the ocean. The main criteria for the creation of protected aquatic areas are: the nature and main purpose of the mode of use of this object (absolute withdrawal from economic exploitation in the interests of science and culture) or partial use for recreation, reproduction of natural resources; the degree of complexity of the protected object (the natural complex as a whole or any of the natural resources); duration of the established restrictive regime. Currently in the Atlantic Ocean are known; Everglades Marine National Park (Florida), Jefferson Marine Park, Buck Island Rior National Park, where coral flora and fauna are protected. A number of territories in the Mediterranean are being prepared, in particular, the island of Media (Spain), and the Cote d'Azur of France is being protected. The creation of aquatic reserves in the UK and Denmark is envisaged. For more than 25 years there has been a national coast of Assate Island, where the barrier reef and its inhabitants are protected. The Cahuanta reef has been declared a natural monument in Costa Rica. In the countries of South America, they are just starting to create marine and underwater reserves. In Venezuela, it is planned to establish 5 coastal national parks and 18 reserves. Since 1940, there have been 4 reserves for the protection of lobsters off the coast of South Africa (in the Stolovaya Bay near Cape Town). Reserves are being created near Robben Island and in St. Helens Bay. References: 1. Zirgoffer A Atlantic Ocean and its Seas Moscow, 1975 2. Atlantic Ocean (Nature and Natural Resources of the World Ocean series) M., 77 3. Atlantic Ocean (geography of the World Ocean series) L., 84 4. Gorsky N.N. Economic activity in the Atlantic Ocean Secrets of the ocean. M., 1968. Atlantic Ocean: biogeocenosis and environmental problems RESURS.KZ site moderator

Economic use of the Atlantic Ocean

Among them, maritime transport is of the greatest importance, followed by underwater oil and gas production, and only then is the capture and use of biological resources.

More than 70 coastal countries with a population of over 1.3 billion people are located on the shores of the Atlantic. Many transoceanic routes pass through the ocean with large volumes of freight and passenger traffic.

On the coasts of the ocean and its seas, the most significant ports of the world in terms of cargo turnover are located.

The already explored mineral resources of the ocean are significant (examples are given above). However, oil and gas fields are currently being intensively developed on the shelf of the North and Caribbean Seas, in the Bay of Biscay. Many countries that previously did not have significant reserves of these types of mineral raw materials are now experiencing an economic upsurge due to their extraction (England, Norway, the Netherlands, Mexico, etc.).

The biological resources of the ocean have long been intensively used.

However, due to the overfishing of a number of valuable commercial fish species, in recent years the Atlantic has yielded to the Pacific Ocean in terms of fish and seafood.

Intensive human economic activity in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and its seas causes a noticeable deterioration of the natural environment - both in the ocean (water and air pollution, a decrease in the stocks of commercial fish species) and on the coasts.

Economic use of the Atlantic Ocean wikipedia
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HELP!business activities in the Atlantic Ocean

Answers:

All types of human economic activity in marine areas are represented in the Atlantic Ocean.

Among them, maritime transport is the most important, followed by underwater oil and gas production, and only then is the capture and use of biological resources. More than 70 coastal countries with a population of over 1.3 billion people are located on the shores of the Atlantic. Many transoceanic routes pass through the ocean with large volumes of freight and passenger traffic. On the coasts of the ocean and its seas, the most significant ports of the world in terms of cargo turnover are located. The already explored mineral resources of the ocean are significant (examples are given above).

However, oil and gas fields are currently being intensively developed on the shelf of the North and Caribbean Seas, in the Bay of Biscay.

Question: HELP! economic activities in the Atlantic Ocean

Many countries that previously did not have significant reserves of these types of mineral raw materials are now experiencing an economic upswing due to their extraction (England, Norway, the Netherlands, Mexico, etc.). The biological resources of the ocean have long been intensively used.

However, due to the overfishing of a number of valuable commercial fish species, in recent years the Atlantic has yielded to the Pacific Ocean in terms of fish and seafood. Intensive human economic activity in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and its seas causes a noticeable deterioration of the natural environment - both in the ocean (water and air pollution, a decrease in the stocks of commercial fish species) and on the coasts.

In particular, recreational conditions on the ocean coast are deteriorating. In order to prevent further and reduce the existing pollution of the natural environment of the Atlantic Ocean, scientific recommendations are being developed and international agreements are being concluded on the rational use of ocean resources.