Visual diagnostics of 16 personality types. visual

Visual diagnostic methods are an important source of information about the state of the internal organs of the animal; often, without their use, the final diagnosis is not possible.

Making a diagnosis in veterinary medicine is not an easy and very time-consuming process. At the first signs of illness in a pet, attentive owners immediately turn to veterinary specialists.

At the appointment, the doctor asks the owners in detail about the signs of the disease, conducts a complete examination of the patient and takes blood, urine and feces tests. All these studies provide very valuable information about the patient's condition, based on which the veterinarian makes a preliminary diagnosis. To clarify the diagnosis, additional methods of visual diagnostics play an important role:

ultrasound diagnostics,

ECHO-kg (echocardiogram),

ECG (electrocardiography),

X-ray diagnostics,

CT diagnostics and MRI diagnostics,

Endoscopic diagnostic methods.

ultrasound diagnostics

Ultrasound diagnostics is used to assess the state of internal organs and tissues, identify pathological changes in them, and circulatory disorders. Using this method, all the internal organs of the animal, their structure, size, anatomy can be examined.

They also produce ultrasound of the heart, joints, structures of the eye, blood vessels and tendons. The advantage of this methodology is its technical simplicity and safety for animal health; this method can be applied even to debilitated and pregnant animals.

With the help of ultrasound, we can examine all organs of the abdominal and pelvic cavities (stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, ovaries, uterus, prostate and bladder). This is very useful in the differential diagnosis of abdominal diseases.

Separately, it is worth mentioning the use of ultrasound to diagnose pregnancy in dogs and cats. Given the low invasiveness and high diagnostic reliability of this research method, it can be repeatedly used both to detect pregnancy and to manage it.

ECHO-kg

Echocardiography is a type of ultrasound examination in which the structure of the heart muscle and valvular apparatus is examined. With the help of this study, a veterinarian cardiologist can detect the presence of defects in the heart muscle (HCM - hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, DKMP - dilated myopathy), valvular apparatus (mitral valve insufficiency, aortic valve, pulmonary artery and atrioventricular orifice stricture).

This study is a mandatory component of a complete cardiac examination, in cats ECHO-kg is used for screening before surgery.

ECG

ECG (electrocardiography) is a diagnostic study aimed at assessing the electrical activity of the heart muscle. It is used in the diagnosis of cardiac pathologies in dogs and cats. It is electrocardiography that makes it possible to detect the presence of disturbances in the conduction system of this unique organ. The heart consists of striated muscles, its work is based, like any muscle tissue, on electrical impulses, but unlike other muscle organs regulated by the central nervous system, the heart muscle has an independent electrical activity.

Many heart diseases in dogs and cats can be both a consequence of a violation of its electrical activity, and their cause. An ECG is the most informative method for diagnosing electrical heart problems. Without this study, a comprehensive examination of the function of the heart and the appointment of the correct treatment are not possible.

X-ray diagnostics

X-ray examination is a universal diagnostic tool in veterinary therapy and surgery. Thanks to x-rays, it is possible to detect violations of the bone structures of both the limbs and the skull with the spine. In addition, X-rays are used to diagnose cardiac pathologies, diseases of the lungs, trachea, and internal organs.

Of particular importance in veterinary diagnostics are x-ray studies with a contrast agent (foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract, contrast urography, contrast myelography, etc.).

Computed tomography (CT), MRI diagnostics

Non-invasive methods for diagnosing diseases of the musculoskeletal system and internal organs, allowing for fine layer-by-layer diagnostics of internal organs. Unlike an X-ray study, CT and MRI require mandatory sedation (introduction into drug-induced sleep) of the animal, which significantly reduces the frequency of using these methods, but does not reduce their diagnostic value, often this is the only way to diagnose brain pathologies.

Endoscopic diagnostic methods

Endoscopy is often used for both diagnosis and treatment. The essence of endoscopic technique is the introduction of endoscopic equipment for diagnostics and/or treatment into the natural internal cavities of the body. This allows, without extensive surgical interventions, to gain access to very inaccessible areas of the body of dogs and cats.

Access to the stomach is made through the oral cavity and esophagus, bronchi and trachea can be examined when the endoscope is inserted through the oropharynx, the bladder is accessible when the endoscope is inserted through the urethra. Separately, the laparoscopy technique is used - an invasive method of revision of the abdominal organs without causing extensive surgical wounds.

In the veterinary city polyclinic "VetState" we are pleased to offer you a full range of ultrasound diagnostics:

Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity of dogs and cats,

kidney ultrasound,

liver ultrasound,

bowel ultrasound,

prostate ultrasound,

Ultrasound of the uterus and ovaries

ECHO hearts,

As well as ECG, measurement of blood pressure in dogs and cats. Reception is by appointment.

Object of social perception(observation object) is the author of the message that the observer (subject) receives and interprets. Social psychologists have long explored the characteristics of appearance and behavior that are most important in terms of perception and understanding.

At the moment of perception, a person is observable for the subject of observation of a certain set of socially significant features, due to which psychological properties and states are traditionally transmitted in a certain culture. These signs, which are sometimes called "perceptual hooks", are a certain social font for a given person. The perception of the appearance of a person, the expression of his emotions causes a response of emotional experiences and reactions in people. The ability to read expressive movements involves a subtle understanding of all shades and nuances in the facial expression, gesture, posture and body movements of another person. It is possible to recognize the individual psychological characteristics of a person by facial expressions, pantomime, physiological reactions that accompany emotions - vascular, respiratory, secretory; according to the structural features of the body, facial features, drawings on the hands, fingers and other natural and biological features.

Visual psychodiagnostics explores all external manifestations of the type and behavior of a person in order to study its personal meaning. Visual psychodiagnostics (the term was introduced by the Ukrainian psychologist V. shchiki him in 1989) is a purely applied knowledge, which is especially necessary for specialists working with people to diagnose their personal, individually-typical and professionally important qualities.

The practical orientation and relative accessibility of visual psychodiagnostics, the need for a wide implementation of applied psychology in various areas of social activity provides for the possibility of conducting individual examinations by persons without special psychological training: teachers, doctors, managers of various levels, personnel specialists, etc.

Physiognomy, phrenology, palmistry, astrology, graphology are areas of knowledge that tried to discover its psychological essence by the external signs of certain parts of the body, expressive movements and other features of human behavior.

Physiognomy (from the Greek. Physis - nature, gnomon - knowing) developed a system of correspondence between the features of a person, the properties of his character, abilities and talents. Physiognomy originated in ancient times. The founder is considered to be Pythagoras, Aristotle was engaged in it. Already Aristotle and Plato proposed to determine the character of a person, looking for features of similarity with some animal in his appearance, and then identifying its character, as in the eastern horoscope, with the character of this animal. So, according to Aristotle, a nose as thick as a bull's meant laziness, a wide nose with large nostrils, like a pig's, meant stupidity; nose like a lion's - importance; thin hair, like the wool of goats, sheep and hares - fearfulness, hard hair, like that of lions and wild boars - courage.

The most famous was the physiognomic system of Bad Kasper Lavater, who considered the study of the structure of the head, the configuration of the skull, facial expressions, etc., to be the main way of knowing a person.

Austrian doctor F.I. Gal created Phrenology - a theory in which he tried to systematize and develop further knowledge about the connection between a person's mental characteristics and the external shape of her skull. The results of studying various expressive movements were reflected in the works of Ch. Darwin ("On the Expression of Feelings", 1872), V. Bekhterev ("Objective Psychology", 1910), who argued that psychology should study not only the phenomena of consciousness and the unconscious, but also external manifestations of human activity, since they are an expression of his psyche.

In the depths of millennia lie the sources of palmistry - the doctrine of the connection between the structure of the hand, the shape of the fingers, bulges and cavities, lines and grooves in the palm of the hand with the inner essence of man, his past and future. Palmistry was known in ancient China and India, as well as in Greece and Rome long before our era. Now there is even a modern name - dermatoglyphics, which studies the patterns on the human palm. its data are used in forensics, medicine, genetics, psychology, psychogenetics, etc.

In 1965, under the guidance of Academician B. Ananiev, a comprehensive study of applicants was carried out at Leningrad University. Along with body measurements of young people, including body weight, height, head and hand sizes, etc., the pattern of the palm and fingers was recorded. Naturally, applicants, like any normal person, when they are offered to take fingerprints, the question arose: will this be used to harm? The researchers, of course, reassured the most suspicious, explaining that this had nothing to do with the fact of admission to the university, but was of scientific interest. But even a simple observation of psychologists by applicants at the time of "taking skin readings" showed differences in their behavior. Some led calmly, did not fuss, they did not have a broken hand, their pupils did not dilate. Others showed marked anxiety, to the point of refusing to be fingerprinted. As a result of observing the behavior of applicants at the time of taking fingerprints and simultaneously fixing the skin patterns of the fingers, the researchers saw a connection between these seemingly distant features of a person. Indeed, what could be the connection between resistance to stress and the type of skin pattern on the fingers?!

About a year later (in 1966.), when the data processing came to an end, the TI book appeared. Gladkova "Skin patterns of the palms and feet of monkeys and humans". It presents a fairly large statistical material on the characteristic features of finger patterns among the peoples of all parts of the world. For example, among the Bushmen, the finger pattern predominates, which is very rare in other peoples. What's the matter? To answer this question, consider typical finger patterns.

The most common pattern is a finger pattern in the form of "loops". A little less often - "spirals". Less often - a pattern, called an "arc".

When the research data were processed, it turned out that in individuals with a strong balanced nervous system, loops dominate, and strong, but not unusual, spirals. The arc was observed only in owners of a weak nervous system.

In percentage terms, it looks like this: the choleric has more than 50 percent of the spirals (the rest are loops); sanguine - more than 50 loops (the rest are spirals); phlegmatic - all loops; melancholic - at least one arc, and the more of them, the weaker the nervous system, and therefore the lower the person's working capacity.

A relationship has also been established between the angle formed in the palm of the hand by three triradii and the mental abilities of a person. One triradius - "a" - is located at the base of the palm, and "b" and "c" - at the base of the index finger and little finger (see figure).

If the angle formed by the triradius "b" - "a" - "c" is in the range from 33 ° to 57 °, then you can not worry about your mental abilities. But if the angle is less or more than this range, then the intellect must be developed. True, this is one hundred percent, while it is difficult to say, because psychogenetics is only developing.

No less ancient history has astrology, which developed the planetary and zodiac typology of a person, as well as graphology, which was looking for regular connections between the handwriting and the character of the individual. The study of the relationship between the external features of a person and his psychological characteristics in the history of the development of knowledge was carried out in two directions: the first direction aimed to identify the psychological essence on the basis of external signs, the second - on the basis of internal properties (in particular psychological) to identify personality types that differ in external characteristics.

Physiognomy, phrenology, palmistry, astrology, graphology - these are areas of knowledge that tried to reveal Her psychological essence by the external signs of certain parts of the body, expressive movements and other features of human behavior.

At the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. under the influence of anthropologists, who drew attention to differences in body structure, as well as psychiatrists, who saw individual differences in susceptibility to mental illness, the concept of a relationship between physique and typological features of a person was further developed, in particular by the French physician Claude Ciro, who, depending on the predominance in the body of one of the main systems (respiratory, digestive, muscular or brain) singled out the physiques corresponding to them. These views have had a significant impact on the formation of modern constitutional theories that have become widespread in the psychology of individual differences.

The perception of the appearance of a person, the expression of his emotions causes a response of emotional experiences and reactions in people. The ability to read expressive movements involves a subtle understanding of all shades and nuances in the facial expression, gesture, posture and body movements of another person. It is possible to recognize the individual psychological characteristics of a person by facial expressions, pantomime, physiological reactions that accompany emotions - vascular, respiratory, secretory; according to the structural features of the body, facial features, drawings of the hand, fingers and other natural and biological features.

The study and systematization of data on the characteristic differences in the appearance of people and personality, their expressive movements has a long history. Since ancient times, for example, various moral and psychological characteristics have been attributed to a certain type of physique. On the basis of this, scientists have created quite a few typologies based on the characteristics of a person's physique. The most systematized one of these typologies is presented in Eugene Ledot's "Treatise on the Human Physiognomy" (1815), which describes the five main body types and gives their psychological characteristics. This typology is based on the assertion that the structure of the human body mainly corresponds to five geometric shapes: a quadrangle, a stake, an oval, a triangle, a cone. According to E. Ledo, each type includes hidden abilities, instincts and emotions that are activated or remain inactive depending on the development of the individual, her life path. So, the discrepancy between the type and temperament gives rise to internal conflicts, because of which contradictions appear in feelings, wishes, actions, manifested in the eccentricities of character.

The constitutional typology of personality was proposed by Kretschmer on the basis of the allocation of four main types of body constitution (physique).

1st body type - asthenic - a person of fragile physique, with a flat chest, narrow shoulders, elongated and thin limbs, an elongated face, but a highly developed nervous system, brain;

2nd body type - a picnic - a person of small or medium height, with pronounced adipose tissue, a convex chest, a large belly, a round head on a short neck;

3rd body type - athletic - a person with pronounced muscles, proportional to a strong physique, a wide shoulder girdle;

4th type of staturi - diplastic - a person with an irregular physique.

Kretschmer correlated certain types of personality to the distinguished types of body structure.

Asthenik - he is closed, prone to reflection, to abstraction, hard to adapt to the environment, sensitive, vulnerable, "people who feel subtly", idealistic dreamers, cold domineering natures and egoists, crackers and weak-willed, they fluctuate between sensitivity and coldness, between aggravation and dullness of feeling (“offends another and at the same time offends himself”), persistent, consistent, unpretentious, hardy. The reverse side of these advantages is the lack of benevolence, pleasant natural philanthropy, they can be divided into the following groups: 1) pure idealists and moralists; 2) despots and fanatics; 3) people of cold calculation.

Picnic - his emotions fluctuate between joy and sadness, he is sociable, frank, good-natured, realistic in his views, "cheerful talkers", calm humorists, sentimental quiet, careless lovers of life, active practitioners. Among them, the following types of historical leaders can be distinguished: 1) brave fighters, folk heroes; 2) living organizers of a large scale; 3) conciliatory politicians.

Athletics - they are of two types: energetic, sharp, self-confident, aggressive or indifferent, with restrained gestures and facial expressions, low flexibility of thinking.

There are fewer absolutely "pure" body types than mixed ones. Each of the personality types identified in the above classifications can also be fixed on the basis of morphological features. The classification of psychological types by K. Jung was the basis of socionics. Visually, according to socionics, mentality-irrationality is better observed in the face profile.

Rational profiles are sharper defined, more angular, distinguished by individual details or their combination (nose line, nasolabial wrinkles, chin, superciliary arches, etc.); "irrational" - have softer and smoother lines of the face profile.

Intuitive types tend to have a high forehead, weakly defined, or a slight triangular chin; their faces resemble an oval rather than a circle.

Sensory types are chubby, the chin is elastic, and the forehead, if high, is sloping back.

The mental and emotional types differ in the activity of the upper and lower parts of the face. The first one manipulates more the upper part (wrinkles the forehead, opens and squints the eyes), and the second one manipulates the lower part (smile, teeth, cheeks). The mental types are more "bony", in the emotional types the bryoshin and the lower chest prevail, in the sensory types - the muscle mass of the body (the best bodybuilders, weightlifters, wrestlers, as a rule, belong to the sensory type). Intuitive types have long legs among all, they are also morphologically more characteristic of long fingers and a long neck.

Equally important in the visual communication of the masses is a specific sign system, which is studied by the science of kinesics. The Swedish researcher K. Birdwistle proposed to single out a unit of human body movements - con (Greek Kipeta - movement), or kinema (similar to a phoneme in linguistics). With kiniv, kinemor-fi (something like phrases) are formed, which are perceived in a communication situation. On the basis of Birdwhistle's proposals, a kind of "dictionary" of body movements was created, and even works appeared on the number of kinivs in different national cultures. In order to determine the "grid" of the main areas of the human face, body, hands, etc. Birdwhistle divided the entire human body into 8 zones: face, head, right arm, left arm, right leg, left leg, upper body, lower body.

The meaning of building a dictionary is that the units - kins - are tied to certain areas of the body and then they will be recorded in body movements. A similar option was proposed for recording facial expressions, facial expressions. More than 20,000 facial expression descriptions have been identified in the literature. To classify them, researcher P. Ekman proposed a technique called FAST - Facial Affect Scoring Technique. The principle is the same: the face is conditionally divided into three zones by horizontal lines (eyes and forehead, nose and nose area, mouth and chin). Further, six main emotions are distinguished, which are most often expressed using facial expressions: joy, anger, surprise, disgust, fear, sadness. Fixing the emotion of the corresponding "zone" allows you to determine more or less correctly mimic movements. This technique is common in medical (pathopsychological) practice.

Knowledge of the external features of a person, their connection with other personality traits is very necessary for a psychologist, doctor, manager, actor, in general, for every specialist whose activity is related to communication with people. Recognition of individual psychological characteristics of a person through direct visual perception, as already noted, is of great importance in non-verbal communication. Therefore, it is not surprising that modern science also shows great interest in the study of "body language".

So, the modern Russian researcher I. Sternin gives a system of the most typical postures and gestures, indicating the attention or inattention of your interlocutor (audience).

You can talk about attention to the speaker if:

the eyes of the listeners are directed to the one who speaks;

body position - the body is tilted towards the speaker; the listener moved to the edge of the chair to be closer to him;

tilting the head to the side is a sign of interest. The following is evidence of inattention:

the listener's gaze is directed to the side;

The body is tense, the landing is straight, the legs are brought together and stand evenly on the floor (this position often imitates attention)

The head is not tilted, the listener keeps it straight, the spine is straightened;

The listener makes such movements: the chairman straightens up, his shoulders rise, then fall, his eyes begin to wander around - this indicates a loss of thought, a loss of attention;

The body acquires a posture directed towards the exit;

Legs extended forward and crossed, body thrown back, head bowed forward (often signifies disagreement)

The chair is supported by the whole palm;

Automatic tapping with limbs (fingers, feet) or some object (pen cap, etc.) on the floor or table surface; this is an expression of impatience, and the faster the rate of tapping, the more impatience;

drawing foreign objects on paper;

frozen eyes, unblinking gaze (imitation of attention)

light stroking of the nose;

tightly clasped hands;

stroking the neck (in men);

corrections of hairstyles, leg swings, searches for something in a purse (in women);

the hand touches the ear and goes down; or - lips and goes down (hidden desire to object, interrupt)

buttoning a jacket (for men).

When interpreting a particular gesture, many factors should be taken into account: national and cultural traditions, a person's age, physiological state, and the like. But if non-verbal moments contradict what a person says, then it is worth believing them, and not words.

So, 80% of success in communication is provided by well-developed psychological observation. For effective communication, it is necessary to be well versed in roles, states, and personality traits. The source of information about this is the appearance of the communication partner, his speech, behavior, and especially non-verbal behavior.

Creating a correct image of another person requires long repeated contacts and significant efforts of the intellect, intuition and feelings. With short-term contacts, one should usually be based on established standards of perception. By identifying the interlocutor with a certain standard on the basis of some common features between them, we simultaneously attribute to him many other qualities, which, in our experience, certainly happen in people of this type. Here you need to use a whole system for correcting your grades.

The publication was prepared jointly with the IPR MEDIA Publishing Center ( www.iprmedia.ru)
- a teacher-psychologist, has extensive experience in conducting psychological diagnostics, professional psychological selection, advising adults and schoolchildren on career guidance and personal growth, organizing and conducting research work on socio-psychological aspects. He has a number of published scientific and practical materials, a participant in various seminars and conferences.

Introduction

At present, psychology has a large arsenal of tools that make it possible to determine the stable individual psychological characteristics of a person. Traditionally, for psychodiagnostic purposes, methods such as questionnaires, conversations, tests, and personality questionnaires are used. However, there are certain limitations associated with the use of such methods. This is not a very high reliability of the results, associated with the conscious control of a person’s answers, and a long examination procedure, and a wary attitude of the subject. The test results give, in fact, an idea of the "role mask" of the personality, formed under the influence of social experience and not always accurately reflecting its essence. Therefore, the question arises of using new approaches that are able to provide objective information about a person, are operational in time and are anonymous for the test person. Such opportunities are provided by visual psychodiagnostics, based on direct observation and interpretation of a person's external appearance and his non-verbal behavior.
Non-verbal behavior, according to V.A. Labunskaya, is an external form of existence and manifestation of the mental world of the individual. Non-verbal behavior is diverse both in its composition (it includes body movements, gestures, facial expressions and many other components), and in its functions. The study of the non-verbal behavior of a communication partner allows you to understand his characteristics, draw up his psychological portrait, and correctly build your interaction with him.
There are various techniques and methods of visual psychodiagnostics that allow, based on external signs, to draw a conclusion about the internal properties and qualities of a person. As the main object of visual diagnostics, we propose to consider a person's face. In the conditions of everyday communication, a person's face is the most accessible for observation and the most informative element of appearance. In addition, a person's face carries the largest number of identifying features that make it possible to form a psychological portrait of a person - morphological (facial features) and functional (facial expression).
This manual presents a methodology for identifying a person by signs of appearance (facial features). It was developed on the basis of C. Jung's system of psychological types using the Myers-Briggs typological questionnaire. The technique is a visual determination of a person's predispositions (extroversion or introversion, sensory or intuition, thinking or feeling, judgment or perception), which form the psychological type of a person, according to their morphological manifestations (facial features). The basis of the methodology is the data obtained in a psychological study - identified statistically significant associations and external signs (facial features), which are identifying, acting as "benchmarks". Visual determination of the psychological type of a person allows you to successfully solve many everyday and professional tasks.
The study of individual psychological characteristics of a person can also be carried out using other non-verbal testing methods, such as assessing constitutional features, analyzing color and geometric preferences, analyzing preferred clothing, graphological examination, interpreting drawings, etc. It is advisable to use the methods of visual psychodiagnostics comprehensively. Analysis of a person's face, interpretation of his gestures, statements and behavioral reactions complement and confirm each other, making it possible to form a holistic psychological portrait.

Section 1. Features of identification of a person by signs of appearance

1.1. Visual psychodiagnostics as a method of studying individual personality traits

1.1.1. The concept of visual psychodiagnostics

1.1.2. An excursion into the history of the study of personality on the basis of appearance

The existence of the relationship between the body and soul of a person has been known for a very long time. Hermes Trismegistus wrote about this 5,000 years ago: “What is inside, then outside, what is outside, then inside.”
Since ancient times, people have sought, on the basis of visible external signs, to draw a conclusion about the internal state of a person. According to Heraclitus, the morality of a person is his destiny, with which he is born, and the manifestation of character is expressed not only in words and deeds, but also in appearance.
Much attention in antiquity was given to the study of temperaments. Scientists tried to find external manifestations of personality traits and temperament, looking for a relationship between morphological and psychological characteristics of representatives of a particular temperament. Various theories of temperament were developed: humoral (Hippocrates, Kant), morphological (Kretschmer, Sheldon) and others.
The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (5th century BC) is considered the creator of the doctrine of temperaments. In his treatise On the Nature of Man, he pointed out that temperament is associated with the predominance of one of the “vital juices” in the body: blood (sanguine temperament), red-yellow bile (choleric), phlegm or phlegm (phlegmatic) and black bile (melancholic temperament). temperament). In the future, the humoral doctrine of temperament was developed by Galen.
I. Bourdon distinguished the following types of temperament depending on the appearance of their owners: multi-blooded (or sanguine), nervous (or melancholic), bilious (or choleric), lymphatic (or phlegmatic). At the same time, he believed that pure types of human constitution are rare.
AT constitutional typologies temperament properties were understood as hereditary or congenital and associated with individual differences in physique. The authors of constitutional theories E. Kretschmer and W. Sheldon made a connection between the type of physique and the character of a person, his temperament, spheres of feelings, desires, thinking.
In his work “Body Structure and Character”, E. Kretschmer highlights the following body types: asthenic, picnic and athletic (see Table 1).

Table 1.Body types according to Kretschmer

In addition to the named types, E. Kretschmer singled out more dysplastic type, which is characterized by a shapeless structure and various body deformities (for example, excessive growth). Absolutely “pure” body types are rare, mixed types are more often observed (pyknic-asthenic, pyknic-athletic, asthenic-athletic). According to the distinguished body types, E. Kretschmer distinguished three types of temperament: schizothymic (asthenic build), cyclothymic (picnic build) and ixothymic (athletic build).
The author of another constitutional typology, W. Sheldon, singled out endomorphic, mesomorphic, ectomorphic body types (see Table 2).

Table 2.Body types according to Sheldon

It can be seen that the body types of W. Sheldon correspond to the constitutional types of E. Kretschmer: endomorphic - picnic, mesomorphic - athletics and ectomorphic - asthenics. According to W. Sheldon, the types of physiques identified by him correspond to certain types of temperaments, named by him depending on the functions of certain organs of the body: visicetronia (lat. viscera - “insides”), somatonia (Greek soma - “body”) and cerebrotonia (lat. cerebrum - "brain").
The most famous and widespread theory of temperament is a theory based on the teachings of I.P. Pavlova about typological properties of the nervous system. The scientist argued that such properties of nervous processes as the strength of excitation and inhibition, their balance and mobility form the so-called type of nervous system, or type of higher nervous activity . I.P. Pavlov singled out four types of nervous system which according to their main characteristics correspond to the four classical types of temperament. A strong, balanced, mobile type of the nervous system corresponds to a sanguine temperament, a strong, balanced, inert type to a phlegmatic temperament; a strong, unbalanced type with a predominance of excitation - choleric temperament, a weak type of nervous system is characteristic of a melancholic temperament.
According to I.P. Pavlova, temperament is a manifestation of the type of the human nervous system and is detected by a number of external signs: general activity of mental activity and behavior, motor, or motor, general activity, emotional activity (sensitivity, lability). People with pronounced features of a certain temperament are not so common, usually a mixed temperament is found.
I.P. Pavlov also singled out specific human types - artistic, mental, average. Each type is characterized by distinctive external signs and its psychological characteristics. Artistic type - emotional, impressionable, leading in his behavior are feelings, not reason. Thinking type - rational, less emotional, more prone to abstraction and mathematical reasoning.
Since ancient times, differences in the types of body structure have also been noticed. Over time, various psychological characteristics began to be attributed to a certain type of physique. So quite a lot of typologies based on the characteristics of the human physique were created.
The typology of Eugene Ledot is based on the assertion that the structure of the human body corresponds to five geometric shapes: a quadrangle, a circle, an oval, a triangle and a cone. Each type is characterized by its hidden abilities, instincts and passions, which are activated or remain inactive depending on the development of the individual, her life path. Disagreement between type and temperament leads to internal conflicts, contradictions in feelings, desires, actions, oddities of character. In his work, E. Ledo described the five main body types and presented their psychological characteristics.
In the twenties of the last century, the French physician Claude Sigot created a typology based on the idea that the human body and its disorders depend on the environment and innate predispositions. According to K. Seago, in accordance with the general shape of the body, people are divided into four categories: muscular types (with a predominance of the muscular system), cerebral types (with a predominance of the nervous system), digital types (with a predominance of the digestive system), respiratory types (with a predominance of the respiratory systems). The ideas of C. Seago formed the basis of psychomorphology and had a great influence on the formation of modern constitutional theories.
Many researchers later turned to the search for new links between the morphological and individual psychological characteristics of a person.

1.1.3. Modern approaches to personality diagnostics based on appearance

In modern psychology, the consideration of the problem of the relationship between the external and the internal proceeds simultaneously from different sides.
Most of the work of scientists is devoted to the phenomenon of social perception .
O.G. Kukosyan identifies three areas of research in this area:
- the formation of the first impression about a person;
- perception of his appearance and behavior;
- the formation of the concept of another person as a person.
In the course of research on social perception, factors that influence the process of perceiving a person by a person and the formation of a concept of another person as a person are considered, typical mistakes that a person makes when evaluating the people around him are revealed. In the works of V.N. Kunitsyna, V.M. Senchenko, G.G. Finikova, V.F. Bagrunova, O.G. Kukosyan, A.M. Zimichev and other domestic scientists provide data on the influence of age, gender, and professional characteristics of a perceiving person. Many works of foreign researchers (Bruner, Allport, Secord, Permuter, Wyer, etc.) are devoted to the consideration of mechanisms for attributing certain qualities to a cognizable personality.
Features of the perception of the physical appearance are considered in detail in the studies of A.A. Bodaleva, G.G. Guseva, A.M. Kolesova, V.N. Panferova, E.E. Smirnova, A.M. Zinina, I.F. Vinichenko, V.F. Shendrik and others. In the physical appearance, scientists especially distinguish the face and some of its elements.
The problem of the first impression of another person in Russian psychology was dealt with by such scientists as A.A. Bodalev, A.A. Leontiev, V.N. Kunitsyna, V.N. Panferov, G.M. Biryukova, I.A. Urklin, G.V. Dyakonov and others. Features of the first impression of another person were traced depending on a wide range of factors such as gender, age, education, occupation and marital status of adults. Similar studies in foreign psychology were carried out by S. Ash, G. Kelly, D. Bruner, R. Tagiuri, G. Allport, T. Newcomb and others.
In recent years, much attention has been paid to non-verbal communication research , because it became clear that this component of human social behavior plays a more important role in the life of society than previously thought.
Such scientists as V. Reich, D. Efron, R. Birdwistell, G. Allport, E. Hall, P. Ekman and others dealt with non-verbal behavior issues. The names of G.M. Andreeva, L.I. Antsyferova, A.G. Asmolova, E.A. Ermolaeva, V.N. Kunitsyna, V.A. Labunskaya, A.A. Leontiev, B.D. Parygin, V.N. Panferova, E.V. Rudensky, V.P. Trusov and many other scientists. General problems of non-verbal communication, ethno-psychological and ethno-pedagogical aspects of non-verbal means of communication, issues of decoding received non-verbal information and other aspects of non-verbal communication are investigated. Specific methods of "reading" non-verbal behavior are described in the works of A. Pisa, D. Nirenberg, G. Calero and others. Research in the field of applied psychology is devoted to such components of non-verbal communication as postures, facial expressions, gestures, gaze, breathing, etc.
Another group of psychological studies is devoted to clarification of existing constitutional typologies.
Soviet scientists B.G. Ananiev and N.N. The convoys were supplemented by the previously developed constitutional typologies of E. Kretschmer and W. Sheldon. Researchers have found that performance, mobility or rigidity of behavior largely depend on the type of addition. N.N. Obozov also suggested three-component typology of behavior, according to which such types of behavior as a thinker, interlocutor, practitioner are distinguished. Each type is characterized by peculiar external manifestations (features of walking, posture, gestures, facial expressions), as well as certain preferences in choosing the sphere of professional activity.
A.G. Safronov, along with an analysis of the constitutional type, also proposes to consider type of human energy distribution. He proceeds from the fact that a person is an energy being, and his physical structure is a reflection of his energy alignment. According to the method of energy distribution, he distinguishes such pronounced types as schizoid, hysterical, rigid, "collapsed", oral. These are pure types, but in a real type these pure types are mixed in certain proportions.
A great contribution to the study of temperament was made by the works of B.M. Teplova, V.S. Merlina, I.M. Paley, L.B. Ermolaeva-Tomina and many others.
IN AND. Kulikov developed modern morphology of traditional types of temperament , which can be used in visual psychodiagnostics. For each type of temperament, certain external signs correspond (characteristics of individual elements of the face and head as a whole). In his work, V. I. Kulikov describes the morphological and psychological features of the asthenoid and pycnic types of the human constitution. Psychological types of I.P. Pavlova in the studies of V.I. Kulikov are represented by limb and body types of the human constitution (opposite), each of which has its own distinctive morphological features and psychological characteristics.
E.V. Rudensky suggested considering such behavioral signs for express diagnostics of personality psychotype (epileptoid, hyperthyma, psychasthenic, etc.) as appearance, demeanor, features of communication with other people.
Thus, modern visual diagnostics includes various scientific directions and methods. Techniques of psychological observation are being developed that take into account the psychological patterns of people's perception and understanding of each other and are used to study and evaluate the characteristics of people.

1.1.4. Appearance features that act as identification signs

Information about the individual psychological characteristics of a person can be obtained on the basis of various external signs.
According to I.M. Sechenov, facial contours and general body silhouette are the most important identifying features of a person for those who perceive him. As some modern studies show, the role of supporting signs for most people is played by height, eyes (color), hair (color), facial expressions, nose, and body features. According to other sources, the eyes, lips, hands, legs (feet) are among the most informative parts of the body. At the same time, most people in their appearance quickly notice features that are a deviation from the samples taken by these people as the norm (characteristic features). These are the so-called special signs.
In the literature on social perception accepted to distinguish (see Table 3):
- static features - anatomical features that make up the physical appearance of a person;
- dynamic features - functional features that characterize expressive behavior;
- medium-resistant signs (complementing, clarifying).

Table 3External parameters of personality research

All these external signs are used to identify a person and draw up a psychological portrait.

1.2. Formation of a psychological portrait of a person on the basis of appearance

1.2.1. Peculiarities of perception and understanding by people of each other

Ttheme №1-2 Visual psychodiagnostics as a component

psychodiagnostics.

Subject, tasks and methods of visual psychodiagnostics.

Structure and state of modern visual psychodiagnostics.

The emergence and stages of development of visual psychodiagnostics.

The relationship of visual psychodiagnostics with modern sciences.

Wherever you find yourself, everywhere any person makes an initial judgment about another person according to external signs, according to his face. Hardly anyone will deny this. When you first meet a person, you make an intuitive judgment instantly. Subsequently, you can correct or change this judgment. However, it is essential that on the basis of the appearance of a person you are able to judge his character.

In the modern world of globalization, the space between people is rapidly shrinking, we often have to communicate with a variety of people, both in character and in value orientations. (How to determine who is in front of us? What are his intentions? Which style of relationship to choose?)

Since ancient times, people have sought by the appearance and actions of a person to determine the character, feelings and abilities.

However, many still underestimate the importance of the ability to "read" and understand human psychology, not only in business, but also in personal life. But such a skill is one of the main indicators of the general culture of a person.

Confucius said: "Don't worry about people not know you, and worry that you don't know people."

Visual psychodiagnostics - is a branch of psychology

studying the relationship of external physiological signs and the internal content of the personality.

At the core contains systems of knowledge adapted for a modern person in physiognomy, palmistry, graphology, analysis of body features, the shape of hands, fingers, facial expressions, gestures, etc.

Visual psychodiagnostics is based on the study of external characteristics and appearance of a person for penetration into the inner

psychological content of personality.

Thanks to these methods are studied: temperament, character, orientations, inclinations and physique, injuries and deviations, painful predispositions, sexual inclinations, psychological defenses, susceptibility to influences, obsessions, features, etc.

visual psychodiagnostics in addition to general cultural significance, it also has a purely recursive character, as a branch of psychology personnel management, which develops methods of studying personnel for the purpose of its rational selection, placement and efficient use.

Acting as an introductory part of the psychology of working with people, visual psychodiagnostics introduces specialists to various, including non-traditional methods of studying people.

How in the most general form is employment and selection personnel?

First, the manager or HR worker familiarizes himself with the applicant's personal materials (personal record sheet, autobiography, education documents, photographs, etc.)

Then, with a positive impression of the submitted documents a conversation is being held with a job candidate.

In organizing this conversation, an important place is given to observing the behavior and appearance of the interlocutor.

What underlies the general scheme of perception by one person another? What is the first thing that attracts attention when meeting with another person?

Obviously three the main features of its external appearance (except for

clothes of course) gender, age and body type.

Then smaller details come into view - the configuration of the head, posture, gait, gestures, the shape of the hands, fingers and etc.thus, the schema of human perception, is based on principle knowledge from general to particular, from larger to smaller, from the whole to its components.

The daily application of this knowledge can be extremely fruitful. In many cases, this is a two-way, receiving - transmitting channel. The seller can evaluate a potential buyer, and the buyer, in turn, the seller. The employer can analyze the qualities of the future employee and the employee can do the same in relation to the employer. Lovers can mutually study each other. Cautious people will be able to protect themselves by identifying individuals with deviant behavior or an adventurous - fraudulent warehouse. In other situations, this knowledge works like a one-sided lens. Well, in an election year, voters will be able to better judge the character of candidates by examining their faces on TV screens. Parents will be able to better understand the subtleties of the character and characteristics of their children, which means that they can build the educational process in a more correct way.

In order to master the methods of visual psychodiagnostics it is necessary to develop such qualities as: observation, objectivity, criticality in assessments, moral purity, caution in using the results obtained, competence.

It is especially important to remember that the knowledge of a person through the methods of visual psychodiagnostics allows only to compile the most general of his psychological characteristics.

visual psychodiagnostics - new and relatively independent industry psychology of personnel management, task which consists of studying"external" characteristics of behavior and human form (such as gender, age, body type, facial expressions, gestures, etc.) in order to penetrate into"internal" psychological content of personality and optimization use of the possibilities of each person.

What does the term "psychology" mean?

In its most general form, psychodiagnostics is the science and practice of making a psychological diagnosis.

This term, which was widely used in psychiatry after the publication of G. Rorschach's book "Psychodiagnostics", soon went beyond medicine and spread to the field of psychology.

Psychodiagnostic tasks are solved in various ways, the main of which are special psychodiagnostic techniques used not only in the field of counseling and psychotherapy, but also in all cases when it is necessary to assess one or another psychological characteristic of a particular individual or group.

Principles for the development of psychodiagnostic tools and their specific implementation in diagnostic methods, including their methodological and theoretical justification, are included in the general

psychodiagnostics.

The subject of visual psychodiagnostics is the development

basic principles for the construction of psychodiagnostic methods based on the use of various visual means

(direct observation, video recording, study of documents, study of handwriting, etc.).

Taskvisual psychodiagnostics - consists in the development of specific methods for recognizing individually - psychological characteristics of a person through direct visual perception.

This problem can be solved in different ways. Chief among them - observation - provides very valuable information about the subject. There are other methods of visual psychodiagnostics that allow you to collect psychological information in a relatively short time, give qualitative comparisons of one individual with others, predict communication, the effectiveness of a particular human activity.

Psychological diagnostics is one of the most difficult areas of practical psychology. Correct diagnosis based on scientific interpretation of the survey data, the results of a comprehensive study of a person within the framework of personal approach, a deep analysis of the content of the information obtained in the diagnostic examination - can only be provided by high-quality specialists who require deep knowledge in the field of theoretical psychodiagnostics, psychometry, the theory of psychological measurements, and variational statistics.

The practical orientation and relative accessibility of visual psychodiagnostics, provides for the possibility

the patterns identified by these scientists were established back in 1865 by the Czech scientist G. Mendel. The name "genetics" was proposed in 1906 by I. Betson). To date, more than 1000 human genes have been studied in some detail. In fact, human genetics is the basis of human biology. Advances in genetics are of practical importance for visual psychodiagnostics, since the role of genetic factors is very significant in shaping the appearance of a person, his intellectual abilities and in general in human behavior, which must be taken into account when diagnosing by visual methods.

Anthropology can serve as a source of essential data for visual psychodiagnostics, through which the answers to many of its questions can be brought to a degree of accuracy and scientific certainty (as you know, the oldest people appeared at the beginning of the Quaternary period, several million years ago). Then, in the process of anthropogenesis, a qualitative leap, unprecedented in the history of the organic world, was made from the biological sphere of development to the social one.

Anthropological data allow us to characterize not only morphological transformations of a person ( changes in the structure of our immediate ancestors, but also the deepest qualitative changes in behavior and the establishment of fundamentally new relationships to the world around us.

For a more complete understanding of the conditions for the emergence and formation of modern man, his racial, gender and national characteristics, which are always manifested in appearance and behavior, it is necessary to widely use the data of historical and geographical sciences, as well as sociolinguistics - which studies the patterns of formation and development of verbal and non-verbal interactions of people.

conducting individual examinations by persons without special psychological training: teachers, doctors, managers of various levels, specialists in working with personnel.

Perception of the external appearance of a person, his expression emotions excites reciprocal emotional experiences and reactions at people and plays an important role in human communication.

Recognize individually - psychological characteristics can be facial expressions- expressive movements of the muscles of the face; on pantomime- expressive body movements; according to physiognomic reactions accompanying emotions - vascular, respiratory, secretory; according to the structural features of the body, facial features, drawings of the hands, fingers and other natural and biological features.

The study and systematization of data on the characteristic differences in the appearance of people and the features of their expressive movements, are content visual psychodiagnostics as a scientific - practical direction of the psychology of working with people.

Thus, visual psychodiagnosticsstudies all appearance Che loveka, i.e. face, figure, position and pattern of hands, movement and the position of the eyes, the color of the face, the activity of various glands, facial expressions and pantomime.

Well-known Russian psychologist XX century AND. Sikorsky, who considered physiognomy as "a voluntary and involuntary reflection of a person's internal state on his appearance (face, torso, eyes, hands, etc.)".

Scientific psychology is unthinkable without physiognomy. According to its methods, rich content and fruitful conclusions, physiognomy deserves to be singled out as a special science or branch of science related to psychology.

The main methods of visual psychodiagnostics are:

observation;

biographical and psychographic methods;

physiognomic and graphological analyses;

psychogeometric and color tests;

morphological and chronological analyses;

serological tests;

"bodily" and other visual tests.

Thus, visual psychodiagnostics is- independent scientific and practical direction of the psychology of work with people, having a subject, tasks, content, structure and methods. Historical roots of visual psychodiagnostics.

Physiognomy, phrenology, palmistry, astrology, graphology are ancient sciences that, by external signs of various parts of the body, expressive movements and other features of human behavior, tried to reveal its inner psychological entity. Physiognomy developed a system of correspondence between the features of a person's face and the main properties of his character, abilities and talents. The first physiognomic treatise that has survived to this day was attributed to Aristotle (although according to historians, Pythagoras, who is considered its founder, was engaged in physiognomy even earlier).

A lot of empirical material on physiognomy is contained in Quintilian's Instructions to the Orator (1st century), and the Roman physician Galen (2nd century) regarded physiognomic knowledge as "possible and useful." The Swiss I. Lavater - the author of the book "Physiognomic Moments" (1775 - 1778) - remained in the history of this science as an observant and subtle psychologist.

His follower was the Austrian doctor F. Gal, the creator phrenology

teachings about the connection between the mental characteristics of a person and the external

the shape of his skull. Physiognomy and the results of studying various expressive movements are reflected in the works of P. Camper about front corner, C. Bell "Anatomy and philosophy of expression" (1806),

Ch. Darwin "The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals" (1872); N. Belova "physiology of types" (1924); V. Bekhterev "Objective psychology" (1910).

V. Bekhterev argued: “that psychology should not be limited to the study of the phenomena of consciousness, but should also study unconscious mental phenomena, and at the same time it should also study external manifestations in the activity of the organism, since they are

expression of his mental life.

In the depths of millennia, the origins of palmistry teaching about the connection between the structure of the hand, the shape of the fingers, bulges and cavities, lines and grooves in the palm of the hand with the inner essence of man, his past and future are lost. Palmistry was known in ancient China and India long before our era, as well as in ancient Greece and Rome. Historians of that time testify that Pythagoras and Galen, Sulla and Caesar believed in it. Has an ancient history astrology,developed the planetary and zodiac typology of man, and graphology - which was looking for regular connections between handwriting and the character of the individual.

In the history of European linguistics, interest in gesture has been known since ancient times. AT the present time learning sign language intensified through research in semiotics, sociolinguistics and communication theory. Gesture and facial expressions are closely related to the word. The famous director K. Stanislavsky constantly reminded the actors: “In verbal communication, speak not so much to the ear as to the eye,” paying attention not to the role of gesture in communication.

"Every movement of the soul has its natural expression in voice, gesture, facial expressions." Movements must correspond to the dialogue and the meaning of the words, wrote Cicero.

The relationship of visual psychodiagnostics with modern sciences.

The study of man from dialectical positions comes from the fact that man is a unity of biological and social,

organism and personality, which develops in a certain natural

geographic environment.

On the formation and development of the individual simultaneously affect hereditary, climatic, social and other factors that

determine, on the one hand, the uniqueness of each individual, and on the other hand, the presence of common features among representatives of the respective groups (gender, age, national-racial, constitutional, etc.). all this makes it necessary to study a person in line with an interdisciplinary approach, where an important place is occupied by philosophy and psychology, geography and history, medicine and genetics, anthropology and linguistics.

For the knowledge of the interaction of social and biological in man defining the historical method matters. Science has established that I decide cabbage soup mi factors in biological evolution of organisms are heredity, variability and natural selection; proved the indissoluble genetic link between man and the animal world. Socialization human biology permeates his entire life, since a person lives in a world of social needs that form his mental life, which is qualitatively different from the psyche of animals. In this regard, the study of man at the intersection of biological and social sciences is one of the important tasks modern scientific knowledge. A special role in solving this problem belongs to psychology, genetics and anthropology.

Genetics as a science of heredity and variability of organisms originated at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Her official date of birth

1900 is considered when three scientists from different countries (German K. Korrens, E. Cermak from Australia and X. Friz from Holland) independently discovered in their studies that there are certain patterns in the transmission of individual traits from parents to offspring (however, the study of literary sources showed that Thus, modern visual psychodia Gnostics based on practical foundation of ancient teachings about man and being an industry applied psychology, finds further development in relationship.with various areas of modern knowledge, considering Chel sheep like multifaceted object of interdisciplinary study.

Subject: Methods for studying the external manifestations of a person.

Plan.

Observation as the main method of studying the external manifestations of personality.

Physiognomic method, graphological method.

Observation referstoone of the mainempirical methodspsychological research.

Composed observation in p intentional and purposeful perception mental phenomena in order to find the meaning of these phenomena, which not given directly.

There are various methods and techniques for observing the behavioral reactions of a person, allowing an experienced observer to penetrate into the inner meaning of certain external manifestations.

At the same time, the art of fully understanding the "wordless" messages of the interlocutor is acquired in the process of learning and * constant training. (Therefore, it is recommended that every HR manager devote at least 10 minutes daily to the cognitive "reading" of other people's gestures). To do this, you can use social and business meetings, as well as television: try to understand what is happening on the screen, watching only the image, turning on the sound every 5 minutes to compare speech messages and gestures you “read”.

In visual psychodiagnostics method of observation (also called planned perception), useatstudying the personality of employees, the nature of relationships in the production team, its social psychological climate and solving other problems.

The results of observation can be presented in the form of diary entries or according to a specially developed scheme, as well as recorded in a special protocol. Even more reliable will be the data recorded on a video recorder, and then collectively analyzed by the participants in the study.

The main advantage of the method of observation is that it provides data on the real, natural behavior and activities of the individual, and not their opinion about it.

indirect observation- differs from the usual one in that the observer observes not the behavioral reactions of a person, but only individual objects of the design of his external appearance or his usual environment.

The subjects of such observation can be: a personal car, preferred colors, pets, and other “indirect features” of the psychological portrait of the observed. (For example, some of the psychological characteristics of their owners can give out their pet dogs).

Visual psychodiagnostics: a practical guide

Tatyana Ivanovna Eremina

Eremina Tatyana Ivanovna
Visual psychodiagnostics. Practical guide

The publication was prepared jointly with the IPR MEDIA Publishing Center ( www.iprmedia.ru)
- a teacher-psychologist, has extensive experience in conducting psychological diagnostics, professional psychological selection, advising adults and schoolchildren on career guidance and personal growth, organizing and conducting research work on socio-psychological aspects. He has a number of published scientific and practical materials, a participant in various seminars and conferences.

Introduction

Section 1. Features of identification of a person by signs of appearance

1.1. Visual psychodiagnostics as a method of studying individual personality traits

1.1.1. The concept of visual psychodiagnostics

1.1.2. An excursion into the history of the study of personality on the basis of appearance

Table 1.Body types according to Kretschmer

Table 2.Body types according to Sheldon

1.1.3. Modern approaches to personality diagnostics based on appearance

1.1.4. Appearance features that act as identification signs

Table 3External parameters of personality research

All these external signs are used to identify a person and draw up a psychological portrait.

1.2. Formation of a psychological portrait of a person on the basis of appearance

1.2.1. Peculiarities of perception and understanding by people of each other

The perception of man by man- this is a direct, visual-figurative reflection by one person of another, as a result of which the concept of a particular person is formed. The process of perception of a person by a person is an important step in building interpersonal communication.
The process of reflecting the external appearance includes two levels of knowledge:
- concrete-sensory (perception);
– abstract-logical (interpretation).
The reflection of the appearance as a whole or its individual elements from an aesthetic point of view causes a not always conscious attitude (positive or negative) from the perceiver to the communication partner. And if the appearance itself acts as an objective source of information about another person, then the attitude towards appearance plays the role of a subjective background against which the process of cognition takes place. The resulting attitude determines the general direction of the socio-psychological interpretation of personality.
The level of logical knowledge of a person by a person expressed in judgments about each other, the content of which is the definition of abilities, character, temperament, needs, social status, type of activity and behavior. In the course of the perception of a person by a person, a certain set of personal characteristics is attributed to the perceived, based on the particular details of his appearance and behavior, noticed by the perceiver.
Certain laws of perception of a person by a person.
Studies show that the formation of the image of another person, the nature of the psychological interpretation of his appearance depends on such characteristics of the perceiving person , as:
- age, gender, professional and social affiliation;
– individual life experience;
- individual psychological characteristics (needs, interests, life goals, motives, self-esteem, self-confidence, etc.);
- a system of concepts formed in a person (the experience of knowing people in general);
- the nature of the relationship between the perceiver and the perceived.
All information coming from the outside world is interpreted depending on the characteristics of the perceiving person. Therefore, the objectively perceived features of the physical appearance of another person can significantly change and even be distorted.
Exist uheffects that distort the perception of a person by a person :
- primacy effect (the opinion formed at the beginning very often determines the attitude towards a person or event for a long time);
- halo effect (means the influence of the general impression of a person on the perception and evaluation of the particular properties of his personality: if the general impression is favorable, then the positive qualities of a person are overestimated, and the negative ones are either obscured or somehow justified);
- sequence effect (consists in the fact that the judgment about a stranger is most influenced by the information that is presented in the first place, and if it concerns a familiar person, then the latest information about him);
- projection effect (an unconscious tendency to transfer qualities and properties that are undesirable for oneself to another person);
- condescending effect (excessive uncriticality in assessing another person);
– effect of preliminary information (preliminary information automatically forms an attitude to search, perception in external data and human behavior of what confirms the available information received from other persons or from documents);
- boomerang effect( people usually subconsciously resist any strong pressure from outside).
These effects must be taken into account when organizing interaction with communication partners.
In communication, it is recommended to adhere to certain rules .
1.The rule of putting yourself in the place of the interlocutor (reflection). It is recommended to consciously perceive the interlocutor, try to look at the situation through his eyes. This allows you to penetrate into the inner world of a partner, to determine his condition, intentions, motives, thoughts and feelings.
2.Interlocutor typing rule. Observation is recommended to begin with the definition of the types of communication partners according to well-known psychological typologies. For example, people belonging to different age, social, professional groups, to different temperaments have a certain typology.
3.individualization rule. Based on the typological features of the interlocutor, one should not be limited to general features, but to specify the collected psychological information in the future, to consider the main personal qualities of a person (social, professional, individual).
4.Motor play rule. It is recommended to repeat some components of the partner's behavior: take the same posture, facial expression, join the dynamics of movement, manner and content of speech, etc. Reflection of the non-verbal behavior of the interlocutor can greatly facilitate understanding of his personality.
5.The rule of resistance to socio-psychological effects that reduce the reliability of psychological observation. The observer should try to be objective, independent, not succumb to first impressions, not to judge a person only by directly observed facts. It is important to evaluate the interlocutor not by one detail, but by a complex of psychological signs (facial expressions, gestures, intonation, pace of movements, etc.); study the interlocutor at different moments, in different situations, change the conditions of observation. It is advisable to double-check your impressions, compare the results of observation with what was previously known about a person, take into account the influence of national traditions, upbringing, environment, and physical health in order to avoid errors in interpreting non-verbal behavior.
6.The rule of fixing the elements of the appearance and behavior of the interlocutor. Fixing the results of observations allows you to better study them in the future. There are three main ways of fixing the observed signs: fixing the results of observation in the process of communication, if possible, imperceptibly for the subject of study; the use of technical means (video and sound recordings) in the course of communication; recording the results of observation immediately after communication.

1.2.2. First impression phenomenon

First impression is a complex psychological phenomenon that includes several components: sensory, emotional and logical (value judgments).
Researches of the Russian scientist A.A. Bodalev showed that the first impression is formed during the first 2-3 minutes and then subconsciously influences the person. At the same time, the share of non-verbal signals during the first 12 seconds of communication when meeting people accounts for approximately 92% of the total amount of information received. At the first impression, the assessment of the psychological qualities of a person occurs without a comprehensive analysis of its features, depending on the emotional and aesthetic attitude to the appearance of the perceived person.
First impressions are influenced by the following factors:
- characteristics of the perceived person
- characteristics of the perceiver
- social background of communication
The creation of the first impression of a person is influenced by such characteristics of the perceived person, as appearance design (clothing style, hairstyle), human expression (emotional states, posture, look, smile), demonstrated behavior, communication features. Other things being equal, the majority of people in appearance quickly notice features that are a deviation from the patterns of appearance taken by these people as the norm. In this regard, we can talk about the most expressive external types that attract the attention of most people. To better understand a communication partner, you need to consider how he tries to present himself. By showing various emotions, showing a state of depression, restraint, or, conversely, optimism, carelessness, a person often seeks to disguise his actual mental state at the moment and his attitude to the current situation. Sometimes people deliberately play certain roles.
The formation of the first impression of a partner is influenced by characteristics of the perceiver. Very often, the projection mechanism is involved in creating an impression of another person, when the perceiver can attribute to another person features that are actually inherent in himself, and not in the person being evaluated. For example, self-confident people are more likely to view others as benevolent and likable, while insecure people are more likely to view others as cold and unloving. At the same time, the projection mechanism manifests itself not only at the level of states, but also at the level of projection of personal qualities, when a person can see in a communication partner those negative features that characterize him as a personality.
Negative communication experiences also significantly reduce the effectiveness of the communication process. Those communication errors that at one time led to unpleasant consequences for a person seem to accumulate in his subconscious and, when the situation repeats, make it difficult to communicate with a current partner. This may be a demeanor, and gestures, and speech, and an external resemblance to the partner with whom the person had a negative experience of communication.
The formation of the first impression is influenced by conditions, in which communication takes place, or social background on which the process of communication and knowledge of another person takes place. For example, a tall person against the background of short people seems even taller, and a calm face against the background of laughing faces attracts more attention.
The significance of the social background in shaping the impression of a person is clearly seen in experiments . So, in one experiment, a man with an inconspicuous appearance was introduced to two groups of strangers, who then had to tell about the impression that this person made on them. At the same time, a man was invited to one of the named groups together with a woman with a bright attractive appearance, and to another he was accompanied by an ugly and sloppyly dressed woman. As a result, the first group of experts rated the positive qualities of the man much higher than the second group, and the general attitude towards the man on the part of the first group also turned out to be more favorable.
Thus, the first impression is very important for further interaction. Therefore, each person needs to be able to “present himself” in the best possible way, highlight his undoubted advantages and smooth out shortcomings. Given the basic patterns of people's perception of each other, you can consciously form your image, consciously influencing the other person.

1.2.3. Standards and stereotypes of personality interpretation by appearance

As a result of the perception of a person, personality identification occurs, that is, the formation of an idea of a person’s personality, the formation of his psychological portrait by referring to a class, type.
Personal identification mechanism can be represented as follows. When communicating with a person, we form his image (image of perception), on the basis of which a certain attitude towards a person (emotionally-evaluative) is formed. An attempt to describe this attitude (verbalizing it) leads us to descriptive characteristics (elements of a psychological portrait). Judgments about the emerging image-representation depend on the characteristics of the perceivers themselves. The prevailing idea of a person as a person determines the nature and content of our expectations associated with this person, acting as an attitude. The central link of this whole process is the standards and stereotypes that are involved (in this case, the standards and stereotypes of the interpretation of a person by appearance).
Updated during communication appearance standards , as well as their content, stored in memory as a communication experience. Standards embody the requirements of a person to other people and differ in varying degrees of generalization. They play the role of a “measurement” that a person “applies” to the personality of another, evaluating it. It can be either the image of a specific person - the bearer of a certain set of qualities, or a more generalized image of a "good boy", "leader", "hero". The structure of these standards is a synthesis of the anatomical and expressive properties of the external appearance of a person. Appearance standards play the role of a kind of "trigger" of the process of interpreting human properties.
Degree of generalization of standards , used by a person in assessing the behavior and mental qualities of a person, increases with the formation of the personality of the person himself, from preschool childhood to old age. So, for a first grader who has little communication experience and a small stock of knowledge about people, the content of the standards is very narrow, elementary and specific. Later, the student meets new people with different physical appearance, but doing the same things and, conversely, outwardly similar, but behaving differently. He accumulates knowledge about the assessments that are given by adults who are significant for him to the behavior and personality traits of these people, as a result of which there is a gradual increase in the generalization of standards. An increase in the number of standards also occurs with frequent communication with different categories of people differing in gender, age, professional affiliation, etc. Thus, a person accumulates an unequal supply of impressions in the course of life.
In addition to the standards that make it possible to attribute a partner to any class in the system of “types” formed by the perceiver, there are also “sets of qualities” that a person ascribes to those persons whose “class”, as it seems to him, is established by him. This phenomenon of "attribution" is called stereotyping, and the sets of attributed qualities are evaluative stereotypes.
Stereotyping mechanism looks like this: having found certain (characteristic) features in the behavior and appearance of another person, the perceiver refers him to the corresponding category of people and endows him with all the properties inherent in these people.
V.N. Parfenov singles out 3 classes of standards and stereotypes interpretations of personality in appearance: anthropological, social, emotional and aesthetic.
1. Anthropological standards and stereotypes - the most common, established in the practice of communication. This is a reflection of constitutional features in the concepts of “national type of appearance”, “age type of appearance”, “anatomically similar to a familiar person type of appearance”. Noticing in the external appearance of a person (for example, a face) a trait of an anthropological type, the perceiver ascribes to the partner the personality traits of the corresponding nationality, gender, age or familiar person (“soft gentle face - like my mother, very feminine character, gentle, faithful” ).
2. With the social method of interpretation, the cognizer proceeds from the standards of external appearance as signs of the social status and role functions of the perceived person. Finding signs in appearance social standard , people classify each other as a specific social category of people and characterize the personality of the other in accordance with ideas about this category (for example, judgments like “officer”, “sportsman”, “teacher” imply a certain set of personal qualities). At the same time, attention is paid to the design of the appearance with clothes and cosmetics. It is noted that in social standards and stereotypes there is a more adequate reflection of the personal essence of a person in comparison with anthropological ones.
3. Emotional and aesthetic standards determine the general attitude towards a person, while taking into account the physical beauty, attractiveness and expression of the face, and the psychological qualities, as it were, “come out” of this relationship, are conditioned by it. The emotional path of interpretation can go both from the attitude towards the face as a whole (emotionally-integrative path), and from the aesthetic assessment of its individual features (primarily lips, eyes, nose, less often - chin, forehead, cheekbones) (emotional-analytical path) . Examples of judgments: “a sweet smile is quiet, modest”, “a haughty facial expression is an arrogant person”. Most often there is an emotional-integrative way of interpretation, based on facial expression as a whole.
As a result of people's perception and knowledge of each other, a psychological portrait of a communication partner is formed.

1.2.4. Verbalization, verbal reconstruction of a psychological portrait

Psychological picture- this is a description of a person, which includes a complex of personal characteristics. The set of characteristics is determined depending on the specific task (professional selection, career guidance, psychological counseling, etc.)
When compiling a psychological portrait of a person, a whole complex of personality parameters, such as:
- biopsychic properties (temperament, gender and age characteristics, health status);
- mental properties and processes (features of the intellectual, cognitive and emotional-volitional spheres of the personality);
- characterological qualities expressing various attitudes: attitude towards other people (sociability, dominance, tact, friendliness, willingness to compromise); attitude to business (responsibility, diligence); attitude towards oneself (modesty, self-satisfaction, insecurity, pride); attitude to property (generosity or greed, accuracy or carelessness) and others;
- orientation of the personality (needs, motives, life plans, value orientations, attitudes);
- mental education (knowledge, skills, habits, life and professional experience, stereotypes of behavior);
- socio-psychological characteristics of behavior (social and interpersonal status; lifestyle and work, communication style).
Such a set of parameters can only be obtained as a result of a comprehensive psychodiagnostic study using tests. However, to solve many problems, you can use another a way of drawing up a psychological portrait of a person - according to external signs.
To draw up a psychological portrait on the basis of appearance, it is advisable to consider the following external manifestations of personality :
- facial expressions, gestures, tempo-intonational features of speech (indicate the temperament of a person);
- vocabulary and nature of statements (indicate professional affiliation);
- the content of statements (talks about motives, value orientations);
- pronunciation (speaks of nationality, places of permanent or long-term residence);
- gestures, manner of wearing clothes (help to judge age, experience and status).
Objectivity of the psychological portrait can be achieved only as a result of identifying and evaluating the entire complex of external signs of a person’s states and properties.
When compiling a psychological portrait of a communication partner, a different language of description is used, which is associated with the characteristics of the perceiver himself. It is noted that in psychological portraits compiled on the basis of external signs, two types of judgments:
- emotional-evaluative judgments (they depend on the impressions and perception of the perceiver, as well as on his attitudes and ideas, and are determined by sympathy or antipathy for a person);
- descriptive characteristics (they refer to the perceived person and are determined by his personal characteristics).
Value judgments are subdivided into evaluative and evaluative-interpretative ones. Actually value judgments are the most general and least informative statements, especially if they are not well-reasoned (for example, “positive girl”), so it is better not to use them in communication. Evaluative-interpretative judgments (“good”, “evil”) can also be reasoned or unreasoned (“a person is self-confident and stupid”). It is best to use descriptive characteristics that recreate the psychological appearance of a person - these are personality traits, associations, emotional and evaluative characteristics, and features of appearance.
The most interesting is the consideration possibilities of figurative generalization . A figurative generalization is especially closely connected with a person's personality, it has a stronger effect on feelings than a conceptual generalization, and most fully reflects reality, since it includes what is not realized, but is directly experienced, felt, felt. Therefore, the use of images and associations provides a person with new opportunities.
When identifying a person by signs of appearance by recreating the image-representation of a person a psychological portrait is drawn up with the help of reference points - benchmarks, which make it possible to give personality typification based on the most general characteristics (such as the ability to “designate” a person in one word, giving him a figurative description). Figurative characteristics give a more complete and vivid picture of a person than just a list of personal characteristics. The use of visual and well-known characteristics allows in some cases to "guess" various details of behavior, habits, zodiac sign and other individual characteristics, which is inaccessible to ordinary logic.
According to the obtained experimental data, when recreating the psychological appearance, the following terms can be used:
- generally accepted personality characteristics ("serious");
- integral definitions of personality ("modern", "survived a lot", "interesting", "blur", "gray personality");
- figurative characteristics ("Tatiana Larina");
– associations;
- terms that psychologically interpret expressive behavior (“gloomy face”);
- physiognomic concepts (reflecting the connection between the features of appearance and character: “smart forehead”, “strong-willed chin”).
Images can be used:
- names of animals ("owl", "chanterelle", "pig");
- names of plants ("weeping willow", "tiger lily");
- characters of literary works ("kolobok", "Pierrot", "dwarf");
- ideas about any social category, role ("teacher", "warrior", "nurse", "soul of the company");
- inanimate objects ("cold star", "toy").
Of course, such terms are not expressed in the process of interaction, but are “meaning” when analyzing the individual characteristics of a communication partner, when mentally recreating his psychological appearance.

1.3. Non-verbal personality behavior

1.3.1. The concept of non-verbal behavior

Communication as a process of social communication has two sides - verbal (speech) and non-verbal (without words).
The data of scientists speak of the great importance of non-verbal information. Studies have found that verbal communication in a conversation takes less than 35%, and more than 65% of information is transmitted using non-verbal means of communication. Non-verbal communication can either complement and enhance verbal communication, or contradict and weaken it. Non-verbal communications can perform all the basic functions of linguistic signs, that is, in fact, replace the text.
Non-verbal and verbal communication complement each other and are in a complex interaction. Most researchers share the opinion that the verbal channel is used to convey information, and the non-verbal channel is used to convey feelings, interpersonal relationships. Thus, each person in the process of communication receives and transmits two types of information: textual (what he wants to say) and personalized (which expresses the person's attitude to a partner, to the subject of discussion, etc.).
Non-verbal behavior is more informative than verbal, due to the fact that in its structure involuntary movements prevail over voluntary ones. Non-verbal language is also international: all the basic emotions of many peoples are expressed and perceived in almost the same way.
The foundations of the study of non-verbal behavior are laid down in the works of the outstanding Russian scientist I.M. Sechenov. An important contribution to the study of the problem of body language was made by Charles Darwin's book "The Expression of Emotions in Humans and Animals", published in 1872.
The works of modern scientists use different terminology: "non-verbal language" and "non-verbal communication" (I.N. Gorelov, V. Engalychev, V.P. Morozov), "non-verbal communication" (G.M. Andreeva, G.A. Kovalev and others), "non-verbal human behavior” (V.A. Labunskaya), “external characteristics of human behavior and appearance” (G.V. Shchekin), “body language” (A. Lowen and others).
Non-verbal communication is understood as the exchange of messages using non-linguistic means, including body movements (gestures), facial expressions, eye contact, position in the environment, sound and tactile communication.
concept non-verbal communication even wider. Non-verbal communication is understood as a type of communication that is characterized by the use of non-verbal behavior and non-verbal communication as the main means of transmitting information, organizing interaction, forming an image and concept of a partner, and exercising influence on another person.
We will focus on the concept non-verbal behavior. V.A. Labunskaya defines the non-verbal behavior of a person as a socially and biologically conditioned way of organizing the non-verbal means of communication learned by the individual, transformed into an individual, concretely sensory form of action and deeds. The elements of non-verbal behavior include all body movements, intonational, rhythmic, pitch characteristics of the voice, its temporal and spatial organization.
V.A. Labunskaya in the article "Non-verbal behavior: structure and functions" examines in detail the multifaceted structural diagram of a person's non-verbal behavior, which consists of:
– leading systems of reflection of non-verbal human behavior;
– structures;
– substructures;
– components;
– individual elements.
Main non-verbal behavior reflection systems are:
– acoustic (auditory perception);
– optical (visual perception);
- tactile-kinesthetic (touch);
- olfactory (perception of smells).
Aurally we can perceive such characteristics of speech as timbre, tempo, pitch and loudness, as well as note the features of intonation, pauses, coughs, laughter, crying. Visually we can notice expressive movements (posture, gesture, facial expressions, gait, eye contact) and physiognomic characteristics (features of the structure of the body and face). Tactile reflection system provides a person with information about the features of a handshake, touch, kiss. Perception of smells body and the perfumes and cosmetics used by a person supplement non-verbal information about him.
Non-verbal behavior of a person, according to V.N. Kunitsyna, N.V. Kazarinova and V.M. Take it easy, does the following main functions :
1) gives information about the following personal characteristics of the interlocutor:
- about the temperament of a person;
- about the emotional state in this situation;
- about "I" - the image and self-esteem;
- about personal properties and qualities;
- about the communicative competence of a person (the way he enters into interpersonal contact, maintains it and leaves it);
- about social status;
- about belonging to a certain group or subculture;
2) shows the features of the relationship of communication participants to each other:
– desired level of communication (social and emotional closeness or distance);
- the nature or type of relationship (dominance - dependence, location - aversion);
- the dynamics of relationships (the desire to maintain communication, stop it, “sort things out”, etc.);
3) provides information about the attitude of the communication participants to the situation itself, allowing them to regulate the interaction, as well as about their involvement in this situation (comfort, calmness, interest) or the desire to get out of it (nervousness, impatience).
Non-verbal behavior allows:
- to convey information about the signs of racial (national), social and socio-demographic affiliation of a person;
- to determine the emotional attitude of a person to something, someone, the degree of impact on a person of certain events, activities, circumstances, etc.;
- enhance the emotional richness of what was said;
- receive confirmation, addition, explanation or refutation of verbal messages;
- to judge the truth or falsity of the information reported by the interlocutor;
- to form a desired image for a person in the eyes of others by controlling their non-verbal language.
V.A. Labunskaya also points out that non-verbal behavior is an external form of existence and manifestation of the mental world of the individual. Non-verbal behavior carries information about the mental world of a person: about her actions, states, relationships, about her status and social role, and also reveals the properties and qualities of a person. The main aspect in the study of non-verbal behavior is the process of identifying non-verbal behavior, that is, the psychological interpretation of the "meanings" of non-verbal behavior - actions, mental states, relationships and personality traits.
Interpreting non-verbal behavior is difficult , because it is necessary to take into account many different factors, such as the general situation of communication, the behavior of this particular person, gender, age, the degree of importance of partners for each other, cultural and ethnic norms for expressing individual personality traits. The interpretation of non-verbal behavior requires participants to be observant, interested, and attentive to people.
Of particular importance is the interpretation of non-verbal behavior for representatives of professions such as "person-to-person" (teachers, psychologists, psychotherapists, journalists, managers, lawyers, investigators, doctors, politicians, businessmen). Specialists working with people should be able to objectively assess the qualities of the client, abstracting from the emotional and evaluative attitude towards him. Social intelligence is a professionally important quality and a necessary component of professional competence for them.
social intelligence- this is the ability of a person to understand and predict the behavior of other people in different everyday situations, to recognize the feelings, intentions and emotional states of the interlocutor by verbal and non-verbal expression. In fact, this is a system of intellectual abilities that determine the adequacy of understanding people's behavior and are necessary for effective interpersonal interaction and successful social adaptation. Performing a regulatory function in interpersonal communication, social intelligence ensures the social adaptation of the individual, "smoothness in relations with people." A low level of social intelligence can be compensated to a certain extent by other psychological characteristics (for example, developed empathy, some character traits, communication style, communication skills), and can also be corrected in the course of active socio-psychological training. You can determine the level of development of social intelligence using a special test.
Thus, knowledge about the components of non-verbal behavior is necessary for the success of interpersonal communication. Understanding the non-verbal signals of the communicators helps to correctly interpret the words and actions of the communication partner, as well as make the necessary adjustments to further interaction.

1.3.2. Non-verbal means of communication

There are the following forms of non-verbal communication:
- kinesthetic expressions (posture, body movements);
– proxemics (spatial organization of communication);
- para- and extra-linguistic components, which include non-linguistic sounds (shouts, groans, groans) and such signs as the pitch and intensity of the sound, the timbre of speech, as well as hesitations, reservations, pauses and silence;
- takeshika (touching, shaking hands);
- expressive movements (gestures, facial expressions);
- eye movements, gaze.
Non-behavioral non-verbal communication includes other sources of messages and signals that are not directly related to human behavior: preferred clothing, the type of architectural buildings in which a person lives and works, and the appearance (cosmetics, perfumes) of a person. Such non-behavioral moments in the course of communication carry the same information as speech and non-verbal behavior.
Let's take a closer look at some components of non-verbal communication.
1. Kinesics. concept kinesics often used in specialized literature when describing body language. Body language plays an important role in creating an impression of a person. Usually people have better control over their face, so it is the body that is able to tell about the true experiences of the individual.
Kinesics are expressive movements manifested in posture, place, gait.
Pose is the static position of the human body. The posture informs about the general energy and psychological state of a person, about his attitude to the environment. The posture clearly shows how this person perceives his status in relation to the status of other persons present. During a conversation, a posture can mean an interest in a conversation, subordination, a desire for joint activities, etc. Important information is provided by a change in posture in the process of communication: this may indicate a change in the relationship between the interlocutors or a change in attitude to the conversation, its content. A frequently repeated posture indicates stable personality traits.
Postures are divided into open and closed. Open postures (sitting without crossing arms and legs) are perceived as postures of trust, consent, goodwill, and psychological comfort. Closed postures (crossed arms, legs, back tilt) are perceived as postures of distrust, disagreement, opposition, criticism. Most people like a confident, straight, back-shouldered, head-up posture (see Table 4).

End of introductory segment.

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Notes

See: Labunskaya V.A. Non-verbal behavior: structure and functions // http://www.vuzlib.net/beta3/html/1/25714/25773/.

See: Jung K.G. Psychological types. – M.: Alfavit, 1992.

Bourdon I. Questions of practical psychodiagnostics and counseling at the university / Ed. N.N. Obozova. - L., 1984.

Konovalenko M.Yu. Formation of the first impression // http://b-tr.narod.ru/new/31-2.htm.

Aminov I.I. Psychotechnics of studying a communication partner // http://www.elitarium.ru/2005/08/30/psikhotekhnika_izuchenija_partnera_po_obshheniju.html.

See: Bodalev A.A. Perception and understanding of man by man. - M .: Publishing House of Moscow. un-ta, 1982.

Panferov V.N. Cognitive standards and stereotypes of mutual knowledge of people // Questions of psychology.1982. No. 5.

Konovalenko M.Yu. Perception of the distinctive features of a person // http://b-tr.narod.ru/new/34-4.htm.

Shalaeva T.I. Identification of the personality of the unemployed on the grounds of appearance - Method. recommendations. - Saratov: Volga Publishing House. Phil. Ros. educational center, 1996.
Shalaeva T.I. Using the methodology of social intelligence research in vocational counseling. - Saratov: Volga Publishing House. interregional textbook center, 2000.

Portal for the student. Self-training

ultrasound diagnostics

ECHO-kg

ECG

X-ray diagnostics

Computed tomography (CT), MRI diagnostics

Endoscopic diagnostic methods

Introduction

Section 1. Features of identification of a person by signs of appearance

1.1. Visual psychodiagnostics as a method of studying individual personality traits

1.1.1. The concept of visual psychodiagnostics

1.1.2. An excursion into the history of the study of personality on the basis of appearance

Table 1.Body types according to Kretschmer

Table 2.Body types according to Sheldon

1.1.3. Modern approaches to personality diagnostics based on appearance

1.1.4. Appearance features that act as identification signs

Table 3External parameters of personality research

1.2. Formation of a psychological portrait of a person on the basis of appearance

1.2.1. Peculiarities of perception and understanding by people of each other

Visual psychodiagnostics: a practical guide

Tatyana Ivanovna Eremina

Eremina Tatyana Ivanovna Visual psychodiagnostics. Practical guide

Introduction

Section 1. Features of identification of a person by signs of appearance

1.1. Visual psychodiagnostics as a method of studying individual personality traits

1.1.1. The concept of visual psychodiagnostics

1.1.2. An excursion into the history of the study of personality on the basis of appearance

Table 1.Body types according to Kretschmer

Table 2.Body types according to Sheldon

1.1.3. Modern approaches to personality diagnostics based on appearance

1.1.4. Appearance features that act as identification signs

Table 3External parameters of personality research

1.2. Formation of a psychological portrait of a person on the basis of appearance

1.2.1. Peculiarities of perception and understanding by people of each other

1.2.2. First impression phenomenon

1.2.3. Standards and stereotypes of personality interpretation by appearance

1.2.4. Verbalization, verbal reconstruction of a psychological portrait

1.3. Non-verbal personality behavior

1.3.1. The concept of non-verbal behavior

1.3.2. Non-verbal means of communication

End of introductory segment.

Notes

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