Be extremely careful, apparently we are destined to live in an unusual period of time associated with the inversion of the Earth's magnetic field, and a complex of inversions of all objects in the solar system. A necessary process that ensures the existence of life on Earth, the process of stimulating the evolution of the entire biosphere. All information resources intentionally provide deliberately false information about this process and by all means hide the algorithm of the inversions of the solar system's precession cycle relative to the Zodiac during the period of the Plotonic year. The chronology systems were deliberately distorted, many dates of the "end of the world" were deliberately promoted to create a skeptical opinion of the majority on this topic. A negative image of the "end of the world" was intentionally created for this process, which is extremely necessary for the existence of the biosphere. The global scenario of the third world war with the use of local nuclear strikes is intentionally unfolded, thereby providing the following legend, the future concealment of the main cause of the displacement of the magnetic poles with their future location along the line of the modern equator, with the coordinates of the first post-reversal second Z 1.3 gr. N. W. 58.87 gr. Z. D, N 1.3 gr. Yu. Sh. 121.13 gr. VD Since the entry of the solar system into the era of Aquarius, there has been a 90-degree inversion of the geomagnetic field relative to the initial coordinates of the poles of the previous inversion. The transition to the previous two eras was accompanied by 30 degree inversions, the next two eras of Capricorn and Sagittarius will also be accompanied by 30 degree inversions, the next era of Scorpio again by 90 degree inversion. With each inversion, the poles describe sinusoidal trajectories of one full period to future coordinates within one day. Thus, there are four 90-degree inversions and eight 30-degree inversions in the precession cycle in the period of the Platonic year. Accordingly, each of them is accompanied by global events and global changes in both climate and landscape, as well as changes in the physical world and its properties, which actually provokes the disappearance of previous civilizations and the emergence of new ones. Ninety-degree inversions are accompanied by an equally important event as the crossing of the solar equator of one of the planets of the solar system, the existence of which is also deliberately hidden by the media and official natural sciences. The only planet that has the ability to cross the solar equator "Nibiru, aka Charon, aka Anubis" crosses the equatorial structure of the Sun into the visible range, which actually lies its secret of appearance and disappearance in the sky. And this is only a small part of the hidden and distorted information. The model of the solar system is also deliberately distorted, in fact it does not have a disk-shaped shape, but an hourglass shape where the center is the Sun, its equatorial structure is located perpendicular to the conical orbits of the planets of both its northern and southern hemispheres of its own magnetosphere. Accordingly, on the other side of the solar equator there is a similar planetary system with inversely proportional rotation cycles and all ongoing processes. And one planet directly in the equatorial structure of the Sun, where the actual equatorial structure performs the function of delimiting the range visible to humans. It was the function of delimiting the visible range of the solar equator that provided the natural sciences with the opportunity to hide and distort such significant information. An equally important process is taking place today with the Earth's magnetosphere, associated with a decrease in the intensity of all components of the magnetic field and their tendency to zero, a sure sign of a close inversion. The principle of pre-inversion zeroing is necessary for the revival of the next post-inversion impulse of all constituent quantities of the magnetosphere. Zeroing the values is necessary to create conditions of harmony that do not allow the values to resonate. The second condition is the emergence of a new impulse of hyperlow frequency with new characteristics of its components again providing the conditions for the existence of the biosphere for the period of the next era. Introducing all sorts of adjustments to the physical world, a new climate, new continents, ocean currents, calderas, mountain and river systems, wind roses and other natural changes that stimulate all living things to a new round of evolution. Accordingly, this process will be accompanied by a mass of destructive consequences associated primarily with the reshaping of the geoid of the Earth's body, with the shift of tectonic plates and the change in the sea level of many landscapes, accompanied by giant tsunamis and storms. The trajectories of the movement of the poles to the new points of coordinates will instantly freeze, as well as the territories of the newly formed polar systems. It is for this reason that animal bodies have been repeatedly found in permafrost. Many representatives of tropical flora and fauna turned out to be frozen into polar glaciers. Paleontologists constantly find the remains of ancient animals and plants perfectly preserved in the permafrost - mammoths, saber-toothed tigers, palm trees with green leaves and ripe fruits, etc.
It was the impact of giant tsunamis 90-degree inversions long as the world's oceans that formed coal basins, sweeping away everything in its path and burying everything swept away in the valleys with a thickness of mud of sand and silt. Also, such quick burials provided the conditions for the formation and preservation of fossils of representatives of flora and fauna, and other artifacts of previous eras. It is known that all living beings that have died in our day are decomposing. Sleeping fish floats to the surface of the water and begins to gradually succumb to decomposition processes. The corpses of animals that die on land are either eaten by predators or quickly decompose. Dead plants are also destroyed in relatively short periods of time. How did fossils form in the past? The most logical explanation is that living beings were quickly buried as a result of tidal activity, massive land shifts, and volcanic eruptions on a global scale. Very high temperature and pressure were important factors in the subsequent fossilization processes. Sedimentary layers were thus formed not gradually, over millions of years, but could be the result of a cataclysm. The fossil record is full of examples to support this assumption. As mentioned above, fossil accumulations in different parts of the planet indicate that living organisms once died suddenly. To develop this idea, let's look at some examples. Fossilized remains of fish Well-preserved accumulations of fish of a wide variety of species have been discovered by scientists in many parts of the world. How did the fish end up in areas where there is no water today, for example, high in the mountains?
Such tsunamis are able to penetrate deep into the continents, the main reason for their occurrence will be the newly formed equator, and the rebuilding of the geoid of the planet's body into a new sphere. It is for this reason that the fracture of the lithospheric plates gives rise to mountain ranges where giant blocks of lithospheric plates rise almost vertically, forming rocky canopies of young mountain systems. Due to the algorithm for passing inversions, all mountain systems are diverse in terms of the time of their occurrence, there are more ancient ones like the Urals, there are relatively young ones like the Alps. But they all arose in a very short period of time, almost in a few days, and this is absolutely obvious. In the process of rebuilding the geoid of the Earth's body of previous inversions, many artifacts found themselves under the water column of newly formed seas and oceans, ancient cities and various structures of technogenic origin of previous civilizations. The most important property of inversions is their passage at the moments of equinoxes and solstices, where the mixing of the polar and equatorial structures of the Earth's magnetosphere generates the property of shifting the seasons necessary for this period for all life forms to ensure maximum conditions for their survival, where the new emerging pulse of hyperlow frequency with the maximum amplitude of all components of the magnitudes of the magnetosphere.
Undoubtedly, the official natural sciences will provide this information with a lot of counterarguments based on generally accepted theories, but we must not forget that these are just theories, for the most part, they are argued only by the facts of mathematical fitting, and no more.
But even despite the mass of counter-arguments from the official natural sciences, they can be discredited by obvious facts directly related to the Solar-Lunar cycle, contrary to the official theories and explanations of this process. Most of our contemporaries personally observed the natural phenomenon of a lunar eclipse on a full moon, a gradually emerging and fading crescent shape of a uniformly illuminated lunar surface until it is completely obscured by the sphere of the Earth, and a newly growing crescent shape until the lunar surface is completely illuminated, until a visible full moon. Please pay attention to the fact that in this process we can see only crescent-shaped irregular shapes for the most part, and not exactly half of the lunar surface delimited by an even straight line, similar to the picture of the end of the first lunar phase. An even bigger question is the illumination by the moon of the surface of the second phase of the moon, regarding the generally accepted theory of shading the lunar sphere by the sphere of the Earth, namely, the visible illuminated part of more than half of the moon's surface is inversely crescent-shaped. The scale of the brazen outright lie is striking, even taking into account the attempts of official natural sciences to rehabilitate themselves in this puncture, and to come up with an even more ridiculous theory of explaining the visible lunar cycle, crescent-shaped hemispheres and reverse crescent-shaped forms, by the fact that the Lunar sphere makes one revolution around the Earth in 29.5 days (by the way, the average statistical value) and we are provided with a picture of the illumination of the Lunar sphere from different viewing angles during one cycle. Every artist and most ordinary people know that at any angle you do not illuminate the sphere, you will always see an unevenly illuminated spot in most cases of irregular shape, and never evenly illuminated crescent-shaped hemispheres and reverse crescent shapes will be visible, because this is a sphere and not a disk. This is how they distort and hide the simple essence of obvious things. The explanation of this process looks different, the fact is that the main difference between the magnetosphere of the Earth and the Moon is that the Earth rotates its own body in a relatively motionless own magnetosphere, the Moon rotates its own magnetic field around a relatively motionless own body. In other words, we see the rotation of the equatorial ring of the Moon's magnetic field and the delimitation of the spectrum visible to humans by the equatorial structure.
The official theory of the origin of lunar craters looks similar. The official theory of the origin of lunar craters brazenly convinces us that their nature of occurrence is the result of the fall of many meteorites, fireballs. The first thing you should pay attention to is that the diameter of the Earth is almost 4 times the diameter of the Moon, and the Moon always faces the Earth with one side of the lunar craters. Secondly, all craters are round in shape of different diameters, which means that all meteorite bodies had to fall along a strictly perpendicular trajectory relative to the surface of the Moon, this is the only way rounded craters can form. When a meteorite body falls at any other angle, an elongated plume of irregular shape is formed, especially considering the density of the lunar surface. Third, considering the difference in the diameters of the Earth and the Moon, and the relative immobility of the lunar sphere and the regular circumference of the craters, most of these craters must have been on Earth. Is it a paradox or a complete failure of natural sciences nurtured on an unprecedented lie? If you try to ask such questions to the servants of science, 101 percent that the answer will be: - "Well, this is because, due to certain circumstances, there are many references to different unified sections of all the same natural sciences, etc. etc. . down to the utopian theory of the singularity, the apogee of the servants".
Calculation of the astronomical era of the chronology system.
The calculation of the astronomical era is made according to the algorithm of the ratio of the number of complete lunar cycles to one astronomical year. The arithmetic mean of one complete lunar cycle is ~29.5 days, in fact it ranges from 28.07 to 30.13 days and is calculated by the formation of one extra 13th month in relation to the astronomical year, since there are 354 Earth days in twelve lunar months. The calculation algorithm is based on the multiplicity of the formation period of the 13th month in relation to the number of Earth astronomical years. Its full cycle is concluded in 45 astronomical years. Schematically looks like an imperial dependence of numbers.
Single 1.365 days: divided by 12 + 1 month = 28.07
Double. 2. 365 × 2 ÷ (24+1) = 29.2
Triple. 3.365 × 3 ÷ 37 = 29.59
4. 365 × 4 ÷ 49 = 29.79
5.365 × 5 ÷ 61 = 29.91
6.365 × 6 ÷ 73 = 30
7.365 × 7 ÷ 85 = 30.05
8.365 × 8 ÷ 97 = 30.1
Nine times 9. 365 × 9÷109= 30.13
The sum of the nine results is equal to 266.84 divided by the number of multiple cycles, the result is 29.64 the arithmetic average of the duration of one lunar cycle after 45 years. A complete cycle of one astronomical era is equal to forty complete algorithms of 45 years each, that is, 1800 Solar and Lunar cycles, which will correspond to 1860 Earth astronomical years. Due to the main function of the modification of the Earth's magnetosphere during one astronomical era, associated with the displacement of the Earth's body within the structure of its own magnetosphere and the beginning of the movement of the poles from the initial post-reversal points coinciding with the geographical ones, along the Fibonacci spiral. According to the above described algorithm of the multiplicity of Lunar cycles, for each of the nine algorithms there is a total displacement of the poles by 1° along the trajectory of the Fibonacci spiral. And this means that each dawn of the next multiple cycle will begin 4 minutes earlier, this is how the calendar system differs from the astronomical one, what ensures 365 days in one calendar year and the need to add one day for every fourth year one day. Another need to introduce a calendar system of reckoning pursues the goal of hiding the process of shifting the equinoxes and solstices relative to the seasons and also requires the need for the so-called leap year. Since, after one astronomical era, the magnetic poles make one complete revolution along the trajectory of the Fibonacci spiral, which ensures the declination of the Earth's axis relative to the ecliptic of the Sun, and winter will change with summer relative to calendar months.
The same process explains the drop in the values of all components of the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field and the increase in their frequencies, for example, Schumann.
The Earth is often and not without reason called the double planet Earth-Moon. The moon (Selene, in Greek mythology, the goddess of the moon), our celestial neighbor, was the first to be directly studied.
The Moon is a natural satellite of the Earth, located at a distance of 384 thousand km (60 Earth radii) from it. The average radius of the moon is 1738 km (almost 4 times less than the earth). The mass of the Moon is 1/81 of the mass of the Earth, which is much larger than similar ratios for other planets in the solar system (except for the Pluto-Charon pair); Therefore, the Earth-Moon system is considered a double planet. It has a common center of gravity - the so-called barycenter, which is located in the body of the Earth at a distance of 0.73 radii from its center (1700 km from the surface of the Ocean). Both components of the system revolve around this center, and it is the barycenter that orbits around the Sun. The average density of the lunar substance is 3.3 g/cm 3 (the earth's is 5.5 g/cm 3). The volume of the Moon is 50 times smaller than the Earth. The force of lunar attraction is 6 times weaker than that of the earth. The moon rotates around its axis, which is why it is slightly flattened at the poles. The axis of rotation of the Moon makes an angle of 83 ° 22 with the plane of the lunar orbit. The plane of the Moon's orbit does not coincide with the plane of the Earth's orbit and is inclined to it at an angle of 5 ° 9 ". The places where the orbits of the Earth and the Moon intersect are called the nodes of the lunar orbit.
The orbit of the Moon is an ellipse, in one of the focuses of which is the Earth, so the distance from the Moon to the Earth varies from 356 to 406 thousand km. The period of the orbital revolution of the Moon and, accordingly, the same position of the Moon on the celestial sphere is called the sidereal (stellar) month (Latin sidus, sideris (genus) - star). It is 27.3 Earth days. The sidereal month coincides with the period of the daily rotation of the Moon around its axis due to their identical angular velocity (about 13.2 ° per day), which was established due to the decelerating effect of the Earth. Due to the synchronism of these movements, the Moon always faces us with one side. However, we see almost 60% of its surface due to libration - the apparent swaying of the Moon up and down (due to the mismatch of the planes of the lunar and Earth orbits and the inclination of the axis of rotation of the Moon to the orbit) and left-to-right (due to the fact that the Earth is in one of the focuses of the lunar orbit, and the visible hemisphere of the Moon looks at the center of the ellipse).
When moving around the Earth, the Moon takes different positions relative to the Sun. Associated with this are the various phases of the moon, that is, the different forms of its visible part. The main four phases: new moon, first quarter, full moon, last quarter. The line on the surface of the moon that separates the illuminated part of the moon from the unlit part is called the terminator.
At the new moon, the Moon is between the Sun and the Earth and is facing the Earth with its unlit side, therefore it is invisible. During the first quarter, the Moon is visible from the Earth at an angular distance of 90° from the Sun, and the sun's rays illuminate only the right half of the side of the Moon facing the Earth. During a full moon, the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon, the hemisphere of the Moon facing the Earth is brightly illuminated by the Sun, and the Moon is visible as a full disk. In the last quarter, the Moon is again visible from the Earth at an angular distance of 90 ° from the Sun, and the sun's rays illuminate the left half of the visible side of the Moon. In the intervals between these main phases, the Moon is seen either in the form of a crescent, or as an incomplete disk.
The period of a complete change of lunar phases, i.e., the period of the return of the Moon to its original position relative to the Sun and the Earth, is called the synodic month. It averages 29.5 mean solar days. During the synodic month on the Moon, once there is a change of day and night, the duration of which is = 14.7 days. The synodic month is more than two days longer than the sidereal month. This is the result of the fact that the direction of the axial rotation of the Earth and the Moon coincides with the direction of the Moon's orbital motion. When the Moon makes a complete revolution around the Earth in 27.3 days, the Earth will move about 27 ° in its orbit around the Sun, since its angular orbital velocity is about 1 ° per day. In this case, the Moon will take the same position among the stars, but will not be in the full moon phase, since for this it needs to move along its orbit by another 27 ° behind the "escaped" Earth. Since the angular velocity of the Moon is approximately 13.2° per day, it overcomes this distance in about two days and additionally advances another 2° behind the moving Earth. As a result, the synodic month is more than two days longer than the sidereal month. Although the Moon moves around the Earth from west to east, its apparent movement in the sky occurs from east to west due to the high speed of the Earth's rotation compared to the orbital motion of the Moon. At the same time, during the upper culmination (the highest point of its path in the sky), the Moon shows the direction of the meridian (north - south), which can be used for approximate orientation on the ground. And since the upper culmination of the Moon at different phases occurs at different hours of the day: at the first quarter - about 18 hours, during the full moon - at midnight, at the last quarter - about 6 hours in the morning (local time), this can also be used for a rough estimate of the time at night.
In the section on the question What is the speed of rotation of the Moon around the Earth? given by the author chevron the best answer is Orbital speed1.022 km/s
Moon movement
As a first approximation, we can assume that the Moon moves in an elliptical orbit with an eccentricity of 0.0549 and a semi-major axis of 384,399 km. The actual motion of the Moon is quite complex, and many factors must be taken into account when calculating it, for example, the oblateness of the Earth and the strong influence of the Sun, which attracts the Moon 2.2 times stronger than the Earth. More precisely, the movement of the Moon around the Earth can be represented as a combination of several movements:
rotation around the Earth in an elliptical orbit with a period of 27.32 days;
precession (rotation of the plane) of the lunar orbit with a period of 18.6 years (see also saros);
rotation of the major axis of the lunar orbit (lines of apsides) with a period of 8.8 years;
periodic change in the inclination of the lunar orbit with respect to the ecliptic from 4°59' to 5°19';
periodic change in the dimensions of the lunar orbit: perigee from 356.41 Mm to 369.96 Mm, apogee from 404.18 Mm to 406.74 Mm;
the gradual removal of the Moon from the Earth (by about 4 cm per year) so that its orbit is a slowly unwinding spiral. This is confirmed by measurements carried out over 25 years.
Answer from suck out[newbie]
Here are the clever Wikipedia Christmas tree sticks. They copied various zaums from all sorts of wikipedias, and even references to internal resources like "-" or "(see also saros)" did not bother to remove. An elliptical orbit still didn’t go anywhere, but an eccentricity of 0.0549 or a semi-major axis of 384,399 kilometers is already too much.
Well, they would write that the Moon moves around our planet in a rather elongated elliptical orbit and performs rather complex evolutionary movements and librations, that is, slow oscillatory movements that are clearly visible when observed from the Earth. The average orbital speed of an earthly satellite is 1.023 km/s or 3682.8 kilometers per hour. That's all.
Answer from oversleeping[newbie]
1.022
Answer from Yoni Tunoff[newbie]
The Moon moves in orbit around the Earth at a speed of 1.02 km per second. If the Moon rotates around its axis at the same speed, then dividing the length of the Moon's equator by the speed of 1.02 km per second, we find out the time of 1 rotation of the Moon around its axis in seconds. The length of the Moon's equator is 10920.166 km.
We can say that at first glance, the Moon simply moves around the planet Earth at a certain speed and in a certain orbit.
In reality, this is a very complex process of movement of a cosmic body that is difficult to describe from a scientific point of view, proceeding under the influence of many different factors. Such, for example, as the shape of the Earth, if we remember from the school curriculum, it is a little flattened, and the fact that, for example, the Sun attracts it 2.2 times stronger than our home planet also greatly affects.
Images from the Deep Impact spacecraft of the Moon's movement sequence
At the same time, making accurate calculations of motion, it is also necessary to take into account that through tidal interaction, the Earth transfers the angular momentum of rotation to the Moon, thereby creating a force that makes it move away from itself. At the same time, the gravitational interaction of these cosmic bodies is not constant and with increasing distance it decreases, leading to a decrease in the rate of removal of the Moon. The rotation of the Moon around the Earth relative to the stars is called a sidereal month and is equal to 27.32166 days.
Why is she glowing?
Have you ever wondered why sometimes we only see part of the moon? Or why is it glowing? Let's figure it out! The satellite reflects only 7% of the sunlight falling on it. This happens because during the period of stormy activity of the Sun, only certain parts of its surface are able to absorb and accumulate solar energy, and then weakly radiate it.
Ash light - reflected light from the Earth
By itself, it cannot glow, but can only reflect the light of the Sun. Therefore, we see only that part of it, which was previously illuminated by the Sun. This satellite moves in a certain orbit around our planet and the angle between it, the Sun and the Earth is constantly changing, as a result, we see the different phases of the moon.
Moon Phases Infographic
The time between new moons is 28.5 days. The fact that one month is longer than another can be explained by the movement of the Earth around the Sun, that is, when the satellite makes a complete revolution around the Earth, the planet itself at that moment moves 1/13 of its orbit. And for the Moon to be between the Sun and the Earth again, it needs about two more days of time.
Despite the fact that it constantly rotates around its axis, it always looks at the Earth with the same side, which means that the rotation that it makes around its own axis and around the planet itself is synchronous. This synchronicity is caused by the tides.
back side
back side
Our satellite rotates uniformly around its own axis, and around the Earth according to a certain law, the essence of which is as follows: this movement is uneven - near the perigee it is faster, but near the apogee a little slower.
Sometimes it is possible to look at the other side of the moon if you are in the east or, for example, in the west. This phenomenon is called optical libration in longitude; there is also optical libration in latitude. It occurs due to the tilt of the lunar axis relative to the Earth, and this can be observed in the south and north.
Basic information about the moon
© Vladimir Kalanov,
website"Knowledge is power".
The Moon is the closest large cosmic body to the Earth. The moon is the only natural satellite of the earth. Distance from the Earth to the Moon: 384400 km.
In the middle of the surface of the Moon, facing our planet, there are large seas (dark spots).
They are areas that have been flooded with lava for a very long time.
Average distance from Earth: 384,000 km (min. 356,000 km, max. 407,000 km)
Equator diameter - 3480 km
Gravity - 1/6 of the earth
The period of revolution of the Moon around the Earth is 27.3 Earth days
The period of rotation of the Moon around its axis is 27.3 Earth days. (The period of revolution around the Earth and the period of rotation of the Moon are equal, which means that the Moon always faces the Earth on one side; both planets revolve around a common center located inside the globe, so it is generally accepted that the Moon revolves around the Earth.)
Sidereal month (phases): 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes 03 seconds
Average orbital speed: 1 km/s.
The mass of the moon is 7.35 x10 22 kg. (1/81 earth mass)
Surface temperature:
- maximum: 122°C;
- minimum: -169°C.
Average density: 3.35 (g/cm³).
Atmosphere: absent;
Water: not available.
It is believed that the internal structure of the Moon is similar to the structure of the Earth. The moon has a liquid core with a diameter of about 1500 km, around which there is a mantle about 1000 km thick, and the upper layer is a crust covered on top with a layer of lunar soil. The most superficial layer of soil consists of regolith, a gray porous substance. The thickness of this layer is about six meters, and the thickness of the lunar crust is on average 60 km.
People have been observing this amazing night star for thousands of years. Every nation has songs, myths and fairy tales about the Moon. Moreover, the songs are mostly lyrical, sincere. In Russia, for example, it is impossible to meet a person who would not know the Russian folk song "The Moon Shines", and in Ukraine everyone loves the beautiful song "Nich Yaka Misyachna". However, I cannot vouch for everyone, especially young people. After all, there may, unfortunately, be those who are more to the liking of the "Rolling Stones" and their fatal effects. But let's not digress from the topic.
Interest in the Moon
People have been interested in the Moon since ancient times. Already in the 7th century BC. Chinese astronomers found that the time intervals between the same phases of the moon are 29.5 days, and the length of the year is 366 days.
At about the same time in Babylon, stargazers published a kind of cuneiform book on astronomy on clay tablets, which contained information about the moon and the five planets. Surprisingly, the stargazers of Babylon already knew how to calculate the time periods between lunar eclipses.
Not much later, in the VI century BC. The Greek Pythagoras already argued that the moon does not shine by its own light, but reflects sunlight to the Earth.
Based on observations, accurate lunar calendars for various regions of the Earth have long been compiled.
Observing dark areas on the surface of the moon, the first astronomers were sure that they were seeing lakes or seas similar to those on Earth. They did not yet know that it was impossible to talk about any water, because on the surface of the Moon the temperature during the day reaches plus 122°C, and at night - minus 169°C.
Before the advent of spectral analysis, and then of space rockets, the study of the Moon was reduced essentially to visual observation, or, as they say now, to monitoring. The invention of the telescope expanded the possibilities of studying both the Moon and other celestial bodies. Elements of the lunar landscape, numerous craters (of various origins) and "seas" subsequently began to receive the names of prominent people, mostly scientists. On the visible side of the Moon appeared the names of scientists and thinkers of different eras and peoples: Plato and Aristotle, Pythagoras and, Darwin and Humboldt, and Amundsen, Ptolemy and Copernicus, Gauss and, Struve and Keldysh, and Lorentz and others.
In 1959, the Soviet automatic station photographed the far side of the moon. To the existing lunar riddles, another one was added: in contrast to the visible side, there are almost no dark areas of "seas" on the far side of the Moon.
The craters discovered on the far side of the Moon, at the suggestion of Soviet astronomers, were named after Jules Verne, Giordano Bruno, Edison and Maxwell, and one of the dark areas was called the Sea of Moscow. The names are approved by the International Astronomical Union.
One of the craters on the visible side of the Moon is named Hevelius. This is the name of the Polish astronomer Jan Hevelius (1611-1687), who was one of the first to view the moon through a telescope. In his native city of Gdansk, Hevelius, a lawyer by education and a passionate lover of astronomy, published the most detailed atlas of the moon at that time, calling it "Selenografia". This work brought him worldwide fame. The atlas consisted of 600 folio pages and 133 engravings. Hevelius himself typed the texts, made engravings and printed the edition himself. He did not begin to guess which of the mortals is worthy and which is not worthy to imprint his name on the eternal tablet of the lunar disk. Hevelius gave earthly names to the mountains discovered on the surface of the Moon: Carpathians, Alps, Apennines, Caucasus, Riphean (i.e. Ural) mountains.
Much knowledge about the Moon has been accumulated by science. We know that the Moon shines by sunlight reflected from its surface. The moon is constantly turned to the Earth on one side, because its complete revolution around its own axis and the revolution around the Earth are the same in duration and equal to 27 Earth days and eight hours. But why, for what reason, did such synchronicity arise? This is one of the mysteries.
Moon phases
When the Moon rotates around the Earth, the lunar disk changes its position relative to the Sun. Therefore, an observer on Earth sees the Moon successively as a full bright circle, then as a crescent, becoming a thinner and thinner crescent until the crescent completely disappears from view. Then everything repeats itself: the thin crescent of the Moon reappears and increases to a crescent, and then to a full disk. The phase when the moon is not visible is called the new moon. The phase during which a thin "crescent", appearing on the right side of the lunar disk, grows to a semicircle, is called the first quarter. The illuminated part of the disk grows and captures the entire disk - the full moon phase has come. After that, the illuminated disk decreases to a semicircle (the last quarter) and continues to decrease until the narrow "crescent" on the left side of the lunar disk disappears from the field of view, i.e. the new moon comes again and everything repeats.
A complete change of phases occurs in 29.5 Earth days, i.e. within about a month. That is why in popular speech the moon is called the month.
So, there is nothing miraculous in the phenomenon of changing the phases of the moon. It is also not a miracle that the Moon does not fall to the Earth, although it experiences the powerful gravitation of the Earth. It does not fall because the gravitational force is balanced by the inertia force of the Moon's motion in orbit around the Earth. The law of universal gravitation, discovered by Isaac Newton, operates here. But ... why did the movement of the Moon around the Earth, the movement of the Earth and other planets around the Sun arise, what was the reason, what force initially made these celestial bodies move in this way? The answer to this question must be sought in the processes that took place when the Sun and the entire solar system arose. But where can one get knowledge about what happened many billions of years ago? The human mind can look both into the unimaginably distant past and into the future. This is evidenced by the achievements of many sciences, including astronomy and astrophysics.
Landing a man on the moon
The most impressive and, without exaggeration, epochal achievements of scientific and technical thought in the 20th century were: the launch in the USSR of the first artificial satellite of the Earth on October 7, 1957, the first manned flight into space, performed by Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin on April 12, 1961, and the landing of a man on the moon, carried out by the United States of America July 21, 1969.
To date, 12 people have already walked on the moon (they are all US citizens), but the glory always belongs to the first. Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin were the first people to walk on the moon. They landed on the moon from the Apollo 11 spacecraft, which was piloted by astronaut Michael Collins. Collins was on a spacecraft that was in orbit around the moon. After completing work on the lunar surface, Armstrong and Aldrin launched from the Moon on the lunar compartment of the spacecraft and, after docking in lunar orbit, transferred to the Apollo 11 spacecraft, which then headed for Earth. On the Moon, the astronauts conducted scientific observations, took pictures of the surface, collected samples of lunar soil and did not forget to plant the national flag of their homeland on the Moon.
Left to right: Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin.
The first astronauts showed courage and real heroism. These words are standard, but they fully apply to Armstrong, Aldrin and Collins. Danger could await them at every stage of the flight: when starting from the Earth, when entering the orbit of the Moon, when landing on the Moon. And where was the guarantee that they would return from the Moon to the ship piloted by Collins, and then safely reach the Earth? But that's not all. No one knew in advance what conditions would meet people on the Moon, how their space suits would behave. The only thing that the astronauts could not be afraid of was that they would not drown in lunar dust. The Soviet automatic station "Luna-9" in 1966 landed on one of the plains of the Moon, and its instruments reported: there is no dust! By the way, the general designer of Soviet space systems, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, even earlier, in 1964, based solely on his scientific intuition, stated (and in writing) that there is no dust on the Moon. Of course, this does not mean the complete absence of any dust, but the absence of a layer of dust of a noticeable thickness. Indeed, earlier, some scientists assumed the presence on the Moon of a layer of loose dust up to 2-3 meters deep or more.
But Armstrong and Aldrin were personally convinced of the correctness of Academician S.P. Koroleva: There is no dust on the Moon. But this was already after landing, and when entering the surface of the moon, the excitement was great: Armstrong's pulse rate reached 156 beats per minute, the fact that the landing took place in the "Sea of calm" was not very reassuring.
An interesting and unexpected conclusion based on the study of the features of the surface of the Moon was made quite recently by some Russian geologists and astronomers. In their opinion, the relief of the side of the Moon facing the Earth is very similar to the surface of the Earth, as it was in the past. The general outlines of the lunar "seas" are, as it were, an imprint of the contours of the earth's continents, which they were 50 million years ago, when, by the way, almost the entire land of the Earth looked like one huge continent. It turns out that for some reason the "portrait" of the young Earth was imprinted on the surface of the Moon. This probably happened when the lunar surface was in a soft, plastic state. What was this process (if there was one, of course), as a result of which such a "photographing" of the Earth by the Moon occurred? Who will answer this question?
