In Russia, the loyal action does not cease, who is the greatest patriot. In the forefront of the campaign - the top of Chechnya. Meanwhile, as history shows, with the weakening of Russia, the Chechens go over to the side of the enemy. In 1941-42, almost the entire republic sided with Hitler.
There were several such critical situations with the highlanders in the history of Russia - in the middle of the 19th century, when their environment was stuffed with English agents (the Interpreter's Blog wrote about this); during the Revolution and Civil War 1917-21; finally, during the formation of the statehood of the Russian Federation in the 1990s, when hundreds of thousands of people of other nationalities (primarily Russians) were expelled from Chechnya, and the republic itself turned into a terrorist enclave (thousands of Russian soldiers died during the liquidation of this bandit formation).
The Great Patriotic War is a special example of the betrayal of the representatives of Chechnya. We will touch only on its first period - 1941-42, and present only a small part of the collaborationism of the Chechens.
DESERTION
The first accusation that should be brought against the Chechens following the results of the Great Patriotic War is mass desertion. Here is what was said on this occasion in a memorandum addressed to People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Lavrenty Beria "On the situation in the regions of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic", compiled by Deputy People's Commissar of State Security, Commissar of State Security 2nd rank Bogdan Kobulov based on the results of his trip to Checheno-Ingushetia in October 1943 and dated November 9, 1943:
“The attitude of the Chechens and Ingush towards the Soviet government was clearly expressed in desertion and draft evasion in the Red Army.
During the first mobilization in August 1941, out of 8,000 people to be drafted, 719 deserted. In October 1941, out of 4,733 people, 362 evaded the draft. In January 1942, when completing the national division, only 50% of the personnel were called up.
In March 1942, out of 14,576 people, 13,560 deserted and evaded service (i.e. 93%), who went underground, went to the mountains and joined gangs.
In 1943, out of 3,000 volunteers, the number of deserters was 1,870.
In total, during the three years of the war, 49,362 Chechens and Ingush deserted from the ranks of the Red Army, another 13,389 people evaded the draft, which in total is 62,751 people.
And how many Chechens and Ingush fought at the front? Local historians compose various fables on this score. For example, Doctor of Historical Sciences Hadji-Murat Ibrahimbayli states:
“More than 30,000 Chechens and Ingush fought on the fronts. In the first weeks of the war, more than 12 thousand communists and Komsomol members, Chechens and Ingush, left for the army, most of whom died in battle.”
The reality looks much more modest. While in the ranks of the Red Army, 2.3 thousand Chechens and Ingush died or went missing. Is it a lot or a little? The Buryat people, twice as small in number, which was not threatened by the German occupation, lost 13 thousand people at the front, one and a half times inferior to the Chechens and Ingush Ossetians - 10.7 thousand.
As of March 1949, among the special settlers there were 4248 Chechens and 946 Ingush who had previously served in the Red Army. Contrary to popular belief, a certain number of Chechens and Ingush for military merit were exempted from being sent to the settlement. As a result, we find that no more than 10 thousand Chechens and Ingush served in the ranks of the Red Army, while over 60 thousand of their relatives evaded mobilization or deserted.
Let's say a few words about the notorious 114th Chechen-Ingush cavalry division, about the exploits of which pro-Chechen authors love to talk about. Due to the stubborn reluctance of the indigenous inhabitants of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR to go to the front, its formation was never completed, and the personnel that managed to be called up were sent to spare and training units in March 1942.
Bandit Khasan Israilov
The next accusation is banditry. Starting from July 1941 to 1944, only in the territory of the Chi ASSR, which was later transformed into the Grozny region, 197 gangs were destroyed by state security agencies. At the same time, the total irretrievable losses of the bandits amounted to 4532 people: 657 were killed, 2762 were captured, 1113 turned themselves in. Thus, in the ranks of the gangs that fought against the Red Army, almost twice as many Chechens and Ingush died and were captured than at the front. And this is not counting the losses of the Vainakhs who fought on the side of the Wehrmacht in the so-called "Eastern battalions"!
By that time, the old "cadres" of abreks and local religious authorities, through the efforts of the OGPU, and then the NKVD, were basically knocked out. They were replaced by young gangster growth - Komsomol members and communists who were brought up by the Soviet government and studied in Soviet universities.
Its typical representative was Khasan Israilov, also known under the pseudonym "Terloev", taken by him from the name of his teip. He was born in 1910 in the village of Nachkhoi, Galanchozh region. In 1929 he joined the CPSU (b), in the same year he entered the Komvuz in Rostov-on-Don. In 1933, to continue his studies, Israilov was sent to Moscow, to the Communist University of the Workers of the East. I. V. Stalin. In 1935 he was sentenced to 5 years in labor camps, but already in 1937 he was released. Returning to his homeland, he worked as a lawyer in the Shatoevsky district.
1941 uprising
After the start of the Great Patriotic War, Khasan Israilov, together with his brother Hussein, went underground, developing activities to prepare a general uprising. To this end, he held 41 meetings in various villages, created combat groups in the Galanchozhsky and Itum-Kalinsky districts, as well as in Borzoi, Kharsinoy, Dagi-Borzoi, Achekhna and other settlements. Representatives were also sent to the neighboring Caucasian republics.
Initially, the uprising was scheduled for the autumn of 1941 in order to coincide with the approach of German troops. However, as the Blitzkrieg schedule fell apart, its deadline was moved to January 10, 1942. A single coordinated action did not take place, resulting in scattered premature actions of individual groups.
So, on October 21, 1941, residents of the Khilokhoy farm of the Nachkhoevsky village council of the Galanchozhsky district plundered the collective farm and offered armed resistance to the task force trying to restore order. An operational detachment of 40 people was sent to the area to arrest the instigators. Underestimating the seriousness of the situation, his commander divided his people into two groups, heading for the Khaibakhai and Khilokhoy farms. This turned out to be a fatal mistake. The first of the groups was surrounded by rebels. Having lost four people killed and six wounded in a skirmish, she, as a result of the cowardice of the head of the group, was disarmed and, with the exception of four operatives, was shot. The second, having heard the skirmish, began to retreat and, being surrounded in the village of Galanchozh, was also disarmed. As a result, the performance was suppressed only after the introduction of large forces.
A week later, on October 29, police officers detained Naizulu Dzhangireev in the village of Borzoi, Shatoevsky district, who evaded labor service and incited the population to do so. His brother, Guchik Dzhangireev, called on fellow villagers for help. After Guchik's statement: "There is no Soviet power, you can act" - the gathered crowd disarmed the policemen, defeated the village council and plundered the collective farm cattle. With the rebels from the surrounding villages who joined, the Borzoevites offered armed resistance to the NKVD task force, however, unable to withstand the retaliatory strike, they scattered through the forests and gorges, like the participants in a similar performance that took place a little later in the Bavloevsky village council of the Itum-Kalinsky district.
Here Israilov intervened in the case. He built his organization on the principle of armed detachments, covering with their activities a certain area or group of settlements. The main link was the village committees, or troika-five, which carried out anti-Soviet and insurgent work in the field.
Already on January 28, 1942, Israilov held an illegal meeting in Ordzhonikidze (now Vladikavkaz), at which the "Special Party of Caucasian Brothers" (OPKB) was established. As befits a self-respecting party, the OPKB had its own charter, a program providing for "creation in the Caucasus of a free fraternal Federal Republic of the states of the fraternal peoples of the Caucasus under the mandate of the German Empire".
Later, to better please the Germans, Israilov renamed his organization the National Socialist Party of Caucasian Brothers (NSPKB). Its number, according to the NKVD, soon reached 5,000 people.
Uprisings of 1942
Another large anti-Soviet group on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia was the so-called Chechen-Mountain National Socialist Underground Organization, created in November 1941. Its leader Mairbek Sheripov, like Israilov, was a representative of a new generation. The son of a tsarist officer and younger brother of the famous commander of the so-called "Chechen Red Army" Aslanbek Sheripov, was born in 1905. Just like Israilov, he joined the CPSU (b), was also arrested for anti-Soviet propaganda - in 1938, and released in 1939. However, unlike Israilov, Sheripov had a higher social status, being the chairman of the Forestry Council of the ChI ASSR.
Having gone underground in the autumn of 1941, Mairbek Sheripov united gang leaders, deserters, fugitive criminals hiding in the Shatoevsky, Cheberloevsky and part of the Itum-Kalinsky districts around him, and also established ties with the religious and teip authorities of the villages, trying with their help to persuade population to an armed uprising against the Soviet regime. Sheripov's main base, where he hid and recruited like-minded people, was in the Shatoevsky district. There he had extensive family ties.
Sheripov repeatedly changed the name of his organization: the Society for the Salvation of the Highlanders, the Union of Liberated Highlanders, the Chechen-Ingush Union of Mountain Nationalists, and, finally, the Chechen-Gorsk National Socialist Underground Organization. In the first half of 1942, he wrote the program of the organization, in which he outlined its ideological platform, goals and objectives.
After the front approached the borders of the republic, in August 1942, Sheripov managed to establish contact with the inspirer of several past uprisings, mullah and associate of Imam Gotsinsky, Javotkhan Murtazaliev, who since 1925 had been with his whole family in an illegal position. Taking advantage of his authority, he managed to raise a major uprising in the Itum-Kalinsky and Shatoevsky regions.
The uprising began in the village of Dzumskaya, Itum-Kalinsky District. Having defeated the village council and the board of the collective farm, Sheripov led the bandits rallied around him to the regional center of the Shatoevsky district - the village of Khimoy. On August 17, 1942, Khimoy was taken, the rebels destroyed the party and Soviet institutions, and the local population looted and plundered the property stored there. The capture of the regional center was successful thanks to the betrayal of the head of the department for combating banditry of the NKVD of the Chi ASSR, the Ingush Idris Aliyev, who kept in touch with Sheripov. A day before the attack, he prudently withdrew from Himoy a task force and a military unit, which were specially intended to protect the regional center in case of a raid.
After that, about 150 participants in the rebellion, led by Sheripov, went to capture the Itum-Kale regional center of the eponymous district, joining the rebels and criminals along the way. One and a half thousand rebels surrounded Itum-Kale on August 20. However, they failed to take the village. The small garrison stationed there repelled all attacks, and two companies that approached put the rebels to flight. The defeated Sheripov tried to unite with Israilov, but the state security agencies were finally able to organize a special operation, as a result of which on November 7, 1942, the leader of the Shatoev bandits was killed.
The next uprising was organized in October of the same year by the German non-commissioned officer Reckert, who was abandoned in Chechnya in August at the head of a sabotage group. Having established contact with the gang of Rasul Sakhabov, with the assistance of religious authorities, he recruited up to 400 people and, having supplied them with German weapons dropped from aircraft, managed to raise a number of auls in the Vedensky and Cheberloevsky districts. However, thanks to the operational and military measures taken, this armed uprising was liquidated, Reckert was killed, and the commander of another sabotage group, Dzugaev, who joined him, was arrested. The asset of the rebel formation created by Reckert and Rasul Sakhabov in the amount of 32 people was also arrested, and Sakhabov himself was killed in October 1943 by his bloodline Ramazan Magomadov, who was promised forgiveness for this gangster activity
(Quotes: Igor Pykhalov, "Small Passions in the Chechen Mountains")
The generally accepted opinion that only the staff of these death camps mocked the prisoners of the Nazi concentration camps is in fact not entirely true - the Nazis had accomplices from among the prisoners themselves in the service of the Nazis. They were called "capos".
And often the voluntary assistants of the Nazis committed atrocities no less than their temporary patrons.
And the Jews aspired to the "kapo"
The etymology of this word is still unclear. Translated from Italian, capo means "head" ("chief"), in French caporal - "corporal", "chief". It is only obvious that this generally accepted designation of the status of Nazi accomplices in Nazi concentration camps was pejorative - the "kapo" was despised by both the camp administration staff and the prisoners.
Judging by the archives meticulously preserved by the neat Germans, the administration of the concentration camps was not particularly interested in the nationality or social origin of the "capos" - among these Nazi accomplices were Jews and representatives of other "minor", "non-Nordic" nations.
There is a prejudice that the concentration camps of the Third Reich were only a temporary refuge for the inhabitants of the countries occupied by Nazi Germany prepared for destruction. This is not entirely true - there were kept (of course, in different conditions than Soviet prisoners of war) local criminals and other rabble, captured French, British and representatives of other countries of the anti-Hitler coalition, who were treated relatively milder than other categories of prisoners.
It even happened that the heads of these Nazi concentration camps appointed Jews "kapos" to the barracks, where mostly German soldiers and officers who had been fined were kept - in this way they were joking over the guilty in a peculiar way. Of course, “their own” Germans were not sent to the gas chambers, they were not starved and exhausted. But these prisoners should have been humiliated by the very fact that the overseers of the representatives of the superior Aryan race are the yude.
What was their role
In the "kapo" prisoners most often aspired because of the desire to survive in a concentration camp at any cost. As long as these hangers-on were needed, they existed. "Capos" were the camp asset. In relation to our time, they were a kind of "grandfathers" in the Soviet (Russian) army - informal leaders who rule over the masses of forced labor with the consent and on the direct instructions of the authorities. Only the rights of the "kapo" were determined not by the length of service, but solely by loyalty to the administration of the concentration camp and readiness to carry out his orders. The methods of influencing the "wards" of the "grandfathers" and "capos" were similar. Among the Germans (natives of Germany), the "capos" in the camps most often became criminals.
"Kapos" carried out grassroots control over the prisoners of the barracks, distributed food, and monitored discipline. They were appointed elders or overseers. In return, the "capos" got the opportunity to eat better than their wards (often at their own expense), Nazi accomplices received indulgences in terms of observing the regime and uniforms, and other preferences.
In return, the "kapos" showed absolute readiness for any punitive actions in relation to the prisoners. For example, according to the memoirs of the prisoners of the Mittelbau-Dora camp, the "capos" there were exclusively Jews. They immediately reported any violations of the campers to the concentration camp administration. Often, the "capos" beat their own brothers no less cruelly than the Nazi guards did. Sometimes people were beaten to death. There is evidence that among the Jewish “kapos” there were sodomites who raped prisoners, including minors.
There is an opinion that some of the Jews, prisoners of fascist concentration camps, were saved from inevitable death precisely because they were "capos". The Nazis intended to destroy the representatives of this nation completely, but as long as the contingent of concentration camps from among the yude replenished, the Nazis needed assistants from among those sentenced to death themselves in order to bring their plan to the end.
Resistance at Treblinka
However, in the history of the "kapo" there were examples of covert opposition to the Nazi regime. In particular, the underground organization, which included activists from the Treblinka concentration camp, tried in every possible way to alleviate the plight of the prisoners. Its backbone consisted of the camp staff doctor Yu. Horonzhitsky, the “glavkapo” (senior camp) engineer Galevsky and a member of the Treblinka security sector Z. Bloch.
Khoronzhitsky was preparing an uprising in Treblinka. But it ended in failure. The doctor managed to take the poison before he was captured and executed. Subsequently, his associates made another attempt, but the Nazis shot most of the conspirators.
HISTORY LESSONSThe anniversary of the Great Victory is getting closer. I would like to remind you that this is not just a victory - this is the victory of the Soviet people in the struggle for their very existence, because the purpose of this war was the destruction of the Russian and other peoples of the USSR. This is the main thing that the children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren of those who gave their lives for the Victory should remember.
But after decades of operation of a gigantic ideological machine, what is called the Second World War is associated in the minds of the modern layman in the West and increasingly in Russia itself with the so-called. The "Holocaust" - the genocide of European Jews, the caricature of Hitler, the horrors of Stalinism and D-Day - the opening of the Second Front in Europe. The Great Patriotic War is increasingly presented as one of the episodes, and not even the most significant, of the Second World War. From the modern mass consciousness, any idea of the special, fundamentally different nature of the war of Nazi Germany and its allies against the USSR turned out to be practically erased. Meanwhile, this war was unique in its tasks, methods and consequences for world history. Between 1939 and 1945 there were two wars, partly coinciding in time and intertwined with each other, but, nevertheless, sharply different in nature.
One, from September 1939 to September 1945, was a "normal" "world" war between the major imperialist powers of the world, differing from the first "world" only in greater size and lethality.
The other - from June 22, 1941 to May 1945 - had all the traditional elements of the wars of European imperialism against non-European peoples, from the first crusades of the 11th century to the British conquest of India, the extermination of the peoples of the Western Hemisphere, the opium wars in China, the devastation of the African and Australian continents. The war of German imperialism and its European allies against the USSR absorbed this historical experience of colonialism and developed its methods to the utmost concentrated and brutal expression. But her unique character lay elsewhere.
The Barbarossa plan was not just a "blitzkrieg" military plan to defeat the Red Army and the Soviet state. And not only the plan to conquer Lebensraum - "living space" for the German nation and its colonization. It was a plan for a crusade, an ideological "holy war", which aimed to eradicate "Judeo-Bolshevism", the destruction of the Soviet people, the ideological, state and economic foundations of its existence, primarily the state existence of the Great Russian and other Slavic peoples, who formed the backbone of the Russian Empire and Soviet Union. For the Soviet people, the Great Patriotic War was a struggle for its historical existence - "to be or not to be."
But the genocide of European Jews was "unique" except in the sense that it was a genocide in Europe against Europeans. But the Holocaust was not unique in this respect either. It was preceded by the British genocide of the Irish. The example of the Irish shows that the ideology of European racism originates within the white race and only then begins to spread to non-European peoples, to the “colored”.
White racism is on the rise in Russia right now. It is worth recalling to our champions of white racial solidarity with the whites of the West the authoritative opinion of the famous historian Christopher Hill: “the majority of educated Englishmen belonging to the upper strata of society of the seventeenth century spoke about the Irish in the same vein as, for example, the Nazis about the Slavs or white South Africans about the indigenous population - in all these cases, contempt was an excuse for the need to exploit.
No, if one can speak at all about the uniqueness of any genocide, then, in the sense of its ideological origins and political tasks, such a genocide was the genocide of the Soviet people, with which the Jewish genocide was inextricably linked.
Hitler pointed out the need to learn from the British the art of dominating conquered peoples and exploiting them. The USSR was to become the German "India" - the Nazi laboratory of racial politics, a bottomless source of slave labor and natural resources.
John Toland, famous biographer of Hitler, says:
“Hitler claimed that he owed much of the idea of concentration camps and the practicality of genocide to his study of the history of England and the United States. He admired the Boer prisoner camps in South Africa and the Indian camps in the Wild West, and in his inner circle often praised the effectiveness of destroying the "red savages" in America by starvation and superior military force.
From the Fuehrer's Guide to the Administration of the Eastern Territories:
The Slavs must work for us. If we don't need them, they may die. Therefore, compulsory vaccination and German healthcare are superfluous for them. High Slavic fertility is undesirable. They can use birth control and have abortions to their heart's content. Education is dangerous. Pretty good...if they can count to a hundred. As a last resort, education is permitted if it helps to prepare useful servants for us. Every educated person is our future enemy. We will leave religion to them as a distraction. As far as food is concerned, they should not receive more than the required minimum. We are the owners, we are everything.
The contribution of the Black Hundred and the White Guard movement to the ideology of German Nazism and its practice of genocide remains underestimated. And he was decisive in his own way. It was the White Guard that created and tested the central ideological synthesis of Hitler - the combination of the old European anti-Slavic racism and anti-Semitism with anti-Marxism and anti-Bolshevism.
The decisive link between Hitler and the Black Hundreds was Alfred Rosenberg, a Baltic German from Latvia, and his white émigré friends, led by staff captain Fyodor Vinberg. In the early 1920s, Vinberg and Rosenberg became the ideologists of a secret organization of Russian and German reactionaries - Aufbau, Reconstruction. It was through the White Guard Vinberg and Rosenberg that Hitler adopted the synthesis of anti-Bolshevism and political anti-Semitism, which formed the ideological basis of Barbarossa.
According to the Fuhrer's explanations before the start of the war, the upcoming campaign will be a struggle between "two worldviews." Hitler described Bolshevism as a "social crime" and communism as "an enormous danger to the future". Therefore, in the East, German soldiers will have to give up their habitual respect for the enemy.
In final instructions dated May 13, Chief of Staff Keitel declared the problems of "appeasement" (a word borrowed from the terminology of the North American genocide) too vast and difficult for conventional military tribunals and authorized the troops to "take ruthless action themselves", "eliminate" guerrillas and use "the most extreme methods » against hostile civilians. All officers were instructed to decide on the spot whether or not to shoot those suspected of hostilities behind the front lines, while battalion-level commanders became responsible for taking hostages for collective retribution on the inhabitants of one or another point. The crimes of German soldiers against the civilian population were to be considered by the tribunal only in cases where they threatened military discipline.
At the same time, from February 21, 1941, the propaganda services of the armed forces also prepared leaflets, posters and radio broadcasts addressed to Soviet military personnel and the civilian population. The first and most widespread of these accused Stalin's "Jewish-Communist" government of violating the treaties it had concluded with Germany. The leaflet implored the soldiers and officers of the Red Army not to "shed their blood for the Third International ... for Stalin and his Jewish commissars", whose regime was "hundreds of times worse" than the Tsarist one. German troops were marching to put an end to "the criminal machinations of this Jewish clique that is torturing and exploiting the peoples of the Soviet Union."
One of the most enduring myths created by the Nazi generals and their American masters during the Cold War is that the Wehrmacht was not involved in the genocide in the East. In reality, it was the other way around. The Wehrmacht accepted the program of ideological warfare with such alacrity and set about implementing it with such zeal that it began to threaten the central role of the SS in purging eastern Lebensraum of "Judeo-Bolshevism." The Wehrmacht waged a political war of annihilation, in no way inferior to its "comrades in arms" in black uniforms.
The central role in the development of economic policy within the framework of the Barbarossa Plan was entrusted to a group of scientific experts at the General Staff. Their recommendations, set out at two meetings in May 1941, boiled down to the following plan. The European territory of the USSR will be divided into two zones: 1) the "zone of excess", or "black earth" (Schwarzendezone) in the south, including the Caucasus, and 2) the "zone of hunger" (Hungergebiet) in the north, primarily around Moscow and Leningrad. In the “surplus zone”, the population could hope to receive the minimum amount of food necessary for life. In the "hunger zone" it was doomed to extinction.
So the genocide of "many tens of millions" of Soviet people had to take the form of starvation. And here, too, Hitler's teachers were white settlers and the British in North America and Africa, the British in Ireland, Hindustan, China and Australia.
Such were the historical origins and goals of Operation Barbarossa, which began in the predawn hours of June 22, 1941 along the front from the Baltic to the Black Sea.
Between these goals and their achievement stood only one force - the Red Army.
Adolf Gitler
Head (Reich Chancellor) of the Third Reich, the main war criminal of the Second World War.
Adolf Hitler - leader (fuhrer) of the National Socialist German Workers' Party, head of National Socialist Germany (Reich Chancellor) in 1933-1945, supreme commander of the armed forces of Germany in World War II.
Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn (Austria) on April 20, 1889 (since 1933 this day has been a national holiday of Nazi Germany). The father of the future Fuhrer Alois Hitler was first a shoemaker, then a customs officer; being illegitimate, he bore his mother's surname Schicklgruber until 1876. Alois had a not too high rank of chief official (customs inspector). Mother - Clara, nee Pölzl, came from a peasant family.
At the age of 16, Hitler graduated from a school in Linz, which did not provide a complete secondary education. Attempts to enter the Vienna Academy of Art were unsuccessful. After the death of his mother (1908), Hitler moved to Vienna, where he lived in shelters for the homeless, doing odd jobs. During this period, he managed to sell several of his watercolors, which gave him reason to call himself an artist.
His views were formed under the influence of the extreme nationalist Professor Petsch of Linz and the well-known anti-Semite Mayor of Vienna K. Luger. Hitler felt hostility towards the Slavs (especially the Czechs) and hatred towards the Jews. He believed in the greatness and special mission of the German nation.
World War I
In May 1913, Hitler moved to Munich, where he continued his life as a watercolor dealer. In the first years of the war, he volunteered for the German army. He served in France and Belgium as a private, then as a corporal, took part in military operations, as the messenger headquarters of the Sixteenth Bavarian Reserve Regiment. He was wounded twice, awarded the Iron Cross II and I degree.
NDAP leader
Hitler took the defeat in the war of the German Empire and the November Revolution of 1918 as a personal tragedy. He considered the Weimar Republic a product of traitors who inflicted a "stab in the back" of the victorious German army.
At the end of 1918 he returned to Munich and joined the Reichswehr. On behalf of the command, he was engaged in collecting compromising material on the participants in the revolutionary events in Munich. On the recommendation of Captain E. Röhm (who became Hitler's closest ally), he became a member of the Munich right-wing radical organization - the German Workers' Party. Quickly ousting its creators from the leadership of the party, he became the absolute leader - the Fuhrer. At the initiative of Hitler in 1919, the party adopted a new name - the German National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (in the German transcription NSDAP). In German journalism of that time, the party was ironically called "Nazi", and its supporters "Nazis". This name was assigned to the NSDAP.
The main ideas of Hitler that had developed by this time were reflected in the NSDAP program (25 points), the core of which was the following requirements:Program settings of Nazismthe restoration of the power of Germany by uniting all Germans under a single state roof,
the assertion of the dominance of the German Empire in Europe, mainly in the east of the continent - in the Slavic lands,
the cleansing of German territory from the “foreigners” that litter it, primarily Jews,
liquidation of the "rotten" parliamentary regime, replacing it with a vertical hierarchy corresponding to the German spirit, in which the will of the people
personified in the leader, endowed with absolute power,
liberation of the people from the dictatorship of world financial capital and all-round support for small-scale and handicraft production, the creativity of freelancers.
These ideas were outlined in Hitler's autobiographical book "My Struggle".
"Beer coup"
By the beginning of the 1920s. The NSDAP became one of the most prominent right-wing extremist organizations in Bavaria. E. Rehm stood at the head of the assault detachments (German abbreviation SA). Hitler quickly became a political figure to be reckoned with, at least within Bavaria.
By the end of 1923, the crisis in Germany worsened. In Bavaria, supporters of the overthrow of the parliamentary government and the establishment of a dictatorship grouped around the head of the Bavarian administration, von Kahr, and Hitler and his party played an active role in the coup.
On November 8, 1923, Hitler, speaking at a rally in the Munich beer "Bürgerbrauckeler", proclaimed the beginning of a national revolution and announced the overthrow of the government of traitors in Berlin. The highest officials of Bavaria, led by von Kahr, joined this statement. At night, the NSDAP assault detachments began to occupy the administrative buildings of Munich. However, soon von Kahr and his entourage decided to compromise with the center. When on November 9 Hitler led his supporters to the central square and led them to the Feldgerenhale, parts of the Reichswehr opened fire on them. Carrying away the dead and wounded, the Nazis and their supporters left the streets. This episode entered the history of Germany under the name "beer putsch".
In February-March 1924, a trial took place over the leaders of the putsch. Only Hitler and a few of his associates were in the dock. The court sentenced Hitler to 5 years in prison, but after 9 months he was released.
Hitler Reich Chancellor
During the absence of the leader, the party disintegrated. Hitler had to practically start all over again. He was greatly assisted by Rem, who began the restoration of the assault squads. However, the decisive role in the revival of the NSDAP was played by Gregor Strasser, the leader of right-wing extremist movements in North and Northwest Germany. Bringing them into the ranks of the NSDAP, he helped transform the party from a regional (Bavarian) into a nationwide political force.
In the meantime, Hitler was looking for support at the all-German level. He managed to win the trust of the generals, as well as establish contacts with industrial magnates. When the parliamentary elections in 1930 and 1932 brought the Nazis a serious increase in deputy mandates, the ruling circles of the country began to seriously consider the NSDAP as a possible participant in government combinations. An attempt was made to remove Hitler from the leadership of the party and to stake on Strasser. However, Hitler managed to quickly isolate his associate and close friend and deprive him of any influence in the party. In the end, it was decided in the German leadership to give Hitler the main administrative and political post, surrounding him (just in case) with guardians from the traditional conservative parties. On January 31, 1933, President Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor (Prime Minister of Germany).
Already in the first months of his stay in power, Hitler demonstrated that he did not intend to reckon with restrictions, no matter who they came from. Using the Nazi-organized burning of the parliament building (Reichstag) as a pretext, he began the wholesale "unification" of Germany. First the communist and then the social democratic parties were banned. A number of parties were forced to dissolve themselves. Trade unions were liquidated, whose property was transferred to the Nazi workers' front. Opponents of the new government were sent to concentration camps without trial or investigation. Mass persecution of "foreigners" began, which culminated a few years later in the operation "endlozung" (final solution), aimed at the physical destruction of the entire Jewish population. Hitler's personal (real and potential) rivals in the party (and outside it) did not escape repression either. On June 30, he took a personal part in the destruction of the leaders of the SA, who were suspected of disloyalty to the Fuhrer. The first victim of this massacre was Hitler's longtime ally Rem. Strasser, von Kahr, the former Chancellor General Schleicher and other figures were physically destroyed. Hitler acquired absolute power over Germany.
In 1936-1939, Germany, under the leadership of Hitler, provided significant assistance to the Francoists during the Spanish Civil War. Austria was occupied in 1938, then Czechoslovakia (the so-called "Munich Pact").
To strengthen the mass base of his regime, Hitler carried out a number of measures designed for popular support. Unemployment was sharply reduced and then eliminated. Large-scale actions were launched to provide humanitarian assistance to the needy population. Mass, cultural and sports festivals were encouraged, etc. However, the basis of the policy of the Hitler regime was preparation for revenge for the lost World War I. To this end, industry was reconstructed, large-scale construction was launched, and strategic reserves were created. In the spirit of revenge, propagandistic indoctrination of the population was carried out.The Second World War
Hitler went against the Treaty of Versailles, which limited the German war effort. The small Reichswehr was turned into a millionth Wehrmacht, tank troops and military aviation were restored. The status of the demilitarized Rhineland was abolished. With Stalin's approval, Hitler sent his troops into Poland.
In 1939 the Second World War began. Having achieved success in military operations against France and England and having conquered almost the entire western part of the continent, in 1941 Hitler turned his troops against the Soviet Union. The defeats of the Soviet troops at the first stage of the Soviet-German war led to the occupation by the Nazi troops of the Baltic republics, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and part of Russia. A brutal occupation regime was established in the occupied territories, which destroyed many millions of people.
However, from the end of 1942, the Nazi armies began to suffer defeat. In 1944, the Soviet territory was liberated from occupation, the fighting was approaching the German borders. Hitler's troops were forced to retreat in the west as a result of the offensive of the Anglo-American divisions that had landed in Italy and on the coast of France.
Fuhrer's suicide
In 1944, a conspiracy was organized against Hitler, the purpose of which was to physically eliminate him and conclude peace with the advancing allied forces.
The Fuhrer was aware that the complete defeat of Germany was inevitably approaching. On April 30, 1945, in besieged Berlin, Hitler, together with his cohabitant Eva Braun (with whom he had married the day before), committed suicide, after killing his beloved dog Blondie. The Fuhrer's corpse was burnt by those close to him in the courtyard of the Reich Chancellery.
On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany launched Operation Barbarossa: a war against the Stalinist Soviet Union. The attack on the USSR decided the outcome of World War II, was the end of the Third Reich and Hitler's dream of a "thousand-year empire." Years after this unthinkable nightmare, it is worth remembering that the unilateral and fanatical use of military force led to the deaths of 26-27 million Soviet people.
Arbejderen (Denmark): The Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945: Operation Barbarossa - German attack on the Soviet Union
World War II through the eyes of Western mediaSeventy-five years ago, on June 22, Hitler ordered his troops to launch Operation Barbarossa: a war against Stalin's Soviet Union. It was the largest military operation ever carried out, and it remains so to this day. It marked the end of the Third Reich and Hitler's dream of a "thousand-year empire."
For the Führer, this was an all-or-nothing venture that predictably ended in nothing.
The fate of World War II was decided on the Eastern Front. Two thirds of Germany's resources were involved here. During the Cold War, Western propaganda only casually mentioned the contribution of the Soviet Union to the victory over Germany, respectively, the main attention in the West was paid to the air war of the allies, their actions in the Atlantic, North Africa, Sicily and the landing of allied troops in Normandy, followed by an attack on German territory. . All these were important events, but the outcome of the war was decided on the Eastern Front.
Hitler began planning Operation Barbarossa shortly after the end of the Western Offensive in the summer of 1940. Any major military operation depends on clearly defined goals, a thorough and reliable analysis of the capabilities of the enemy, and an equally thorough analysis of one's own resources and capabilities. None of these conditions were met. Therefore, it is completely incomprehensible why not one of the German generals dared to go to Hitler and explain the situation to him.
The German General Staff developed several blueprints with different main and secondary objectives, directions of the main attacks and operational principles. And even according to the final plan "The Case of Barbarossa" there was no unity on strategic goals. Only the final decision was made. As a result, the operation was stopped, and discussions of strategic goals began, which lasted three weeks from August to September 1941. Unheard of, it was a recipe for operational suicide.
Tank units were withdrawn from the Moscow direction and sent to the south, where they managed to capture Kyiv and capture 665,000 Soviet soldiers. The bill was paid three months later by a disastrous defeat near Moscow. It is well known that the German command did not take care of the winter equipment of its units, which led to the death of hundreds of thousands of German soldiers. Careless planning - Germany did not even develop a "plan B" - led to the fact that the original goal - the destruction of the striking force of the Red Army - was not achieved. Therefore, the next three years were aimless blind fencing, as the main strategic direction was absent. Hitler wanted to decide everything himself with his crazy ideas that had absolutely nothing to do with the real world. The Fuhrer was convinced that Providence had chosen him to save Germany as Grösster Feldherr aller Zeiten ("The Greatest General of All Time").
Lack of supply
How did the German military command plan to supply more than three million German soldiers? There was only enough planning for the first three weeks of the campaign. The invading troops were then to "live off the occupied country". After grain and livestock are taken from the local population, millions of people will be doomed to a long and painful starvation death. It was part of the planning. It was estimated that 10-15 million people would die of starvation.
From the very beginning, Operation Barbarossa was the catalyst for "die Endlösung" ("Final Solution"), the extermination of Jews and other peoples.
Context
SZ: Hitler's War of Annihilation
Suddeutsche Zeitung 06/22/2016Süddeutsche: the myth of the "Plan Barbarossa"
Suddeutsche Zeitung 08/17/2011How Hitler made Russia a superpower
The National Interest 20.06.2016Franz Halder - author of "Plan Barbarossa"
Die Welt 22.06.2016Multimedia
Great Patriotic War: photo chronicle
InoSMI 06/22/2014Due to the forced collectivization and purges of the 1930s, the Germans were welcomed as liberators in many places. When the Russians saw what fate was in store for them under German rule, this benevolence soon gave way to resistance.
For Hitler, Barbarossa was the realization of his confused social Darwinist ideas about the right of the strong to destroy the weak. There was no way here to unite with groups opposed to the regime, to win over the enemy population, giving it a chance to survive, not to mention negotiated peace. According to the Führer's perverted thinking, everything had to be decided by the brutal use of force.
The principle of destruction was to be carried out by the "Einsatzgruppen" ("Einsatzgruppen", " deployment groups”), following the advancing military units. The task of these SS and police units was to exterminate Jews and political commissars. The victims were shot in open mass graves. The Einsatz groups could only operate with the transport and logistical support of regular troops in this area. This practice was introduced already during the Polish campaign. At that time, the German commander of occupied Poland, Colonel General Johannes Blaskowitz, protested in writing against these crimes and refused to support the SS assassin gangs. Blaskowitz was, of course, removed from his post, but earned his respect for being decent enough to make such an attempt. I don't know anyone else who would try to follow his example after that.
Prisoners of war
Hitler's directive on the conduct of hostilities on the Eastern Front was characteristic. This war must be different from all previous wars. Here you need to ignore all the laws of war. According to the order on commissars, representatives of the Communist Party in the Red Army, taken prisoner by German units, were to be shot immediately. This order was carried out in various ways depending on the local command, but no one was found to forbid it, although the execution of this order was a clear war crime. In addition, the directive emphasized that German soldiers could not be prosecuted for alleged war crimes, which in itself constituted a call to commit war crimes.
The same attitude was to the Soviet prisoners of war. In 1941 alone, the Germans captured three million Soviet soldiers. Four out of five people did not survive, which in itself is a war crime. In general, no one imagined what had to be done with such a large number of prisoners. In conditions where insufficient attention was paid to the supply of their own units, prisoners of war were not given much thought at all, and they died of hunger, thirst, or epidemics that broke out due to terrible conditions of detention. In winter, many died from the cold while being transported by rail.
Hitler was obsessed with the idea of "Lebensraum" ("living space"), the conquest of territories that could be used for colonization and plunder. At first, the front was 1,500 kilometers (excluding Finland), but soon it stretched 2,200 kilometers from north to south and 1,000 kilometers in depth from west to east. It was more than what could be mastered by the German army of three million with half a million allied troops. The problem worsened as losses mounted.
After the defeat near Moscow in 1941-1942, the Germans could carry out major offensive operations only in certain sectors of the front. In 1942, this sector became the southern sector of the front, where Hitler's target was the oil fields of the Caspian Sea around Baku. When Stalingrad became another target, the units stretched out in too thin a chain along the front. As a result, Hitler received neither oil nor Stalingrad. The result of this reassessment of one's own forces was the Stalingrad catastrophe of 1942-1943. Hitler's strict order not to break out of the encirclement led to the death of the 6th Army. It was an example that was then repeated more and more often until the fall of Berlin. Hitler showed that the fate of his soldiers were completely indifferent to him.
Major German losses
After the failed "Operation Citadel" on the Kursk Bulge in July 1943, the German offensive force was depleted, and German troops from that moment went on the defensive. With great difficulty, it was only possible to evacuate the German units advancing from the Caucasus to the west along the path that was blocked by the advancing units of the Red Army. Hitler forbade any retreat in all sectors of the front, which led to gigantic losses in manpower and equipment. In the same way, the troops did not withdraw in time from the Crimean peninsula, and in the central sector of the front, the entire Heeresgruppe Mitte (Army Group Center) was completely destroyed in June-July 1944, because Hitler forbade the retreat. The price was the loss of 25 divisions, approximately 300 thousand soldiers.
Only in the period from June to September 1944, the losses of the Germans amounted to from 1 to 1.5 million people, as well as a huge amount of military equipment. The Red Army now had the initiative and had complete freedom of maneuver in conjunction with air supremacy. Hitler further worsened the situation with his absurd orders, which made it impossible to conduct reasonable defensive battles. The generals now had to pay the price for their obsequiousness. Nevertheless, there was strong opposition to Hitler in the military environment. In Colonel Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, the opposition found a leader ready to take action.
On July 20, 1944, Stauffnberg was given the opportunity to lay a mine under a table in Hitler's office in Rastenburg, East Prussia. Unfortunately, the bastard didn't die. Thus, the time of the war stretched out for another nine terrible months. Hitler brutally took revenge on the conspirators and their families. The failed assassination attempt was a determined attempt to stop the war, which at that moment was becoming completely pointless. At the same time, she showed that decent people were among the German officers.
Unprovoked aggression
The attack of 22 June 1941 was unprovoked aggression and a flagrant violation of the non-aggression pact known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. This pact was Hitler's last attempt to use political and military means in order to provide himself with a reliable rear for an attack on Poland. At the same time, it provided effective advantages, since, according to this pact, raw materials were supplied to Germany from the Soviet Union. They continued until the day of the attack.
The blitzkrieg that Hitler planned turned into a deadly four-year struggle. 26-27 million Soviet people died.
Hitler did not need politics, diplomacy and trade agreements. He wanted war, and above all war with the Soviet Union, the Jewish-Bolshevik mortal enemy. He wanted to show that he could win with military force alone.
75 years after the beginning of this unthinkable nightmare, it is worth remembering that Hitler's unilateral and fanatical use of military force led directly to the complete defeat of Germany. This happened despite the fact that Hitler at the initial stage had at his disposal the most professional and efficient military apparatus for that time.
Another important lesson is that ignoring the laws of war, military conventions and conventional morality, even in a war, leads to fatal consequences. The execution of individual prisoners of war becomes a road leading to the murder of millions. Crimes were committed not only by special SS units, but also by soldiers of regular army units.
Operation Barbarossa became possible only because Hitler arrogated to himself the right to unlimited control over all means of power. Today we must ensure that war becomes possible only as a result of a transparent and democratic process.
The materials of InoSMI contain only assessments of foreign media and do not reflect the position of the editors of InoSMI.
