Activities can be divided into stages. Can be classified as stages

• the process of involvement in activities,
• goal setting process
• action design process,
• the process of taking action,
• the process of analyzing the results of actions and comparing them with the goals set.

The first in Soviet psychology the author and developer of the multi-level concept of the organization of behavior, the Psychology of activity, the psychology of personality and the psychological theory of the development of the subject in activity and in communication, which was later developed by S. L. Rubinshtein, V. S. Merlin and A. N. Leontiev, was M. Ya. Basov].

Participants of the Moscow logical circle and the Moscow methodological circle (G.P. Shchedrovitsky and others) developed a system-thought-activity methodology (SMD-methodology) - a categorical apparatus for researching, organizing and managing systems of thinking and activity. =)

Notes

Types of activity in relation to the subject to the implemented object

Types of activity are distinguished according to the types of relationship of the subject to the world of objects implemented in these forms of activity:

• Practical activity is aimed primarily at transforming the world in accordance with the goals set by man.
• Cognitive activity serves the purpose of understanding the objective laws of the existence of the world, without which it is impossible to perform practical tasks.
• Aesthetic activity associated with the perception and creation of works of art involves the transmission (transfer) of meanings, which are determined by the value orientations of a particular society and individual.

see also

• activity structure

Literature

1. Gulyakhin VN Logical-philosophical analysis of some conceptual problems of the theory of activity // Bulletin of the Volgograd State University. Series 7. Issue. 3. 2003. S. 23 - 28.
2. Petrovsky A. V. Personality. Activity. Collective. Moscow: Politizdat. - 1982. - 255 p.
3. Podolets VV Social activity as the highest form of self-organization of material systems//Self-government in society: origin, essence, development. Dis. …cand. philosophy nauk.- L.: Leningrad State University - 1988. - 179 p.
4. Podolets VV Self-organization, activity and human problems // New understanding of philosophy: problems and prospects. - M.: RAN. −1993. - S. 116-118.
5. Podolets VV Activity as a social form of self-organization//The Russian Idea and the Idea of ​​Globalization. - 1993 .
6. Podolets VV The Russian Idea and the Idea of ​​Globalization//Philosophy, Man, Civilization: New Horizons of the 21st Century. Part I. - Saratov: Scientific Book publishing house LLC. - 2004. - S. 171-175.

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Synonyms:

Antonyms:

• Radzinsky, Edward Stanislavovich
• Holy Bible

See what "Activity" is in other dictionaries:

activity- purposeful activity that realizes the needs of the subject. As an explanatory principle of the psyche, the category of D. is used in the study of various areas of mental reality (the psychology of cognitive processes, mo ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

ACTIVITY- specifically human. a form of active attitude to the surrounding world, the content of which is its expedient change and transformation. D. of a person involves a definition. opposition of subject and object D.: man ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

activity- to direct the action, the activity, to begin the action, the beginning of the activity, the action is carried out, the liability is on, the continuation of the activity is related to the commercial activity of the action, the indirect object to engage in ... ... Verbal compatibility of non-objective names

Activity- an intermediary (financial broker) is to perform agency (intermediary) functions in the purchase and sale of securities at the expense and on behalf of the client on the basis of a commission or commission agreement. The work of an investment adviser ... ... Financial vocabulary

activity- Cm … Synonym dictionary

activity- ACTIVITY - a type of transformation of reality specific to a person, one of the central categories of philosophy. Unlike behavior, D. is not determined by biologically or socially given programs. She is typical... Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science

ACTIVITY- ACTIVITY, activities, pl. no, female (book). Work, the systematic application of one's strength in some area. Social activity. Medical activity. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

activity- A process or system of processes carried out by an organization to produce one or more products, provide or support services. Note An example of such processes are accounting, provision of information (IT) ... Technical Translator's Handbook

ACTIVITY- a specific human form of attitude to the surrounding world, the content of which is its expedient change in the interests of people; condition for the existence of society. The activity includes the goal, means, result and the process itself ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Activity- active interaction of a living being with the surrounding world, during which it purposefully influences an object and thereby satisfies its needs. Already at a relatively early stage... Psychological Dictionary

ACTIVITY- one of the most important attributes of human existence, associated with a purposeful change in the outside world, the person himself. It is through D. that the essence of man is revealed. Depending on the needs of people, D. is traditionally divided into: 1) ... ... The latest philosophical dictionary

Books

• Activities of Empress Catherine II for the benefit of women's education in Russia, Sokolov. The activities of Empress Catherine II for the benefit of women's education in Russia: Pupils of the senior classes of the Odessa mountains. 2 women's gymnasiums. Oct 6 1896 / Sun. Sokolov R 8/1142: Odessa:…

Man is a social being. He cannot fully develop without contact with other people. Only by constantly learning, we become stronger, gain access to the most hidden corners of our soul. Types of human activity are closely related to the understanding of one's predestination. The choice of a life path depends on the character, ambitions, living conditions, readiness to act, despite significant obstacles, that is, it is determined by external and internal components. With some effort, we have the opportunity to fully move forward.

Consider the main types of human activity. It is worth noting that not all of them will be manifested in the life of a particular individual, since much depends on the level of consciousness, on how much the person is ready to take responsibility. What types of human activities exist? Let's try to figure it out.

A game

It is a rather entertaining component, which certainly accompanies any development. The game as a kind of human activity deserves special attention. After all, it is with her that the active process of cognition of the surrounding world begins. Otherwise, it would hardly be possible to learn something, to prove oneself in the outside world. If you watch a child playing, you can notice one interesting feature: he models different situations that are of interest to him, solves important problems. A huge fantasy makes him come up with complex plot moves, his consciousness literally gushes with ideas.

Passion for the process of the game helps to get rid of disturbing thoughts, learn to look at the surrounding reality differently. This type of activity acts as a way of knowing the world through playing a variety of models and roles. The main feature is that in the game a person is not afraid to make decisions and acts intuitively, relying on his inner vision.

Communication

All types of human activity are closely interconnected. One cannot be imagined without the other. Interaction with others is as necessary as training, the opportunity to conduct research activities. Communication is a kind of human activity aimed at satisfying a deep need for recognition and understanding. Establishing warm relations is impossible without trust.

Education

Ideally, it should be carried out throughout life for effective self-improvement. Learning is a type of human activity aimed at obtaining new information, which later becomes our knowledge. In the process of acquiring new skills, a person improves his abilities, gets the opportunity to fully work on himself. A mature personality understands the need for such changes, since it is aimed at internal transformation. In childhood, learning means, first of all, the acquisition of new knowledge. A child needs to learn many subjects before he goes into adulthood.

In many cases, effective learning becomes a reason to become proud of your achievements. Here everyone will have individual merits. A distinctive feature is the fact that for the implementation of the learning process it is necessary to make efforts on your own, because knowledge will not appear by itself.

Physical work

For many, this activity is an indicator of a useful pastime. Many people are imbued with sincere respect for those individuals who are engaged in this activity. Physical labor in society is valued and encouraged. It is believed that such a person really honestly earns money and therefore can be considered noble. This type of activity is also necessary because it allows you to develop physically, to remain hardy. This is extremely important in our time of rapid development of hypodynamia. People who have chosen such an activity for themselves retain excellent physical shape for a long time, they can cope with any unforeseen situation, if only it requires strength and activity.

Brainwork

This activity is the lot of refined and intelligent people. As a rule, mental activity is chosen for themselves by those individuals who are focused on the performance of an intellectual task. This type of human activity largely determines scientific and social progress. The more a person is engaged, the sooner it develops in some kind of growth that is significant for itself. The development of thought occurs gradually, under the influence of certain components.

Mental labor has always been valued, especially in certain circles. The intellectual consciousness is a searching character that is constantly striving to come to an understanding of complex things. Concentrating on the main thing, it can become an amazing guide to the world of intellectual components. To engage in mental activity, you must have a certain temperament, constantly work on yourself. The more a person reads books, studies something, the more powerful he develops intellectually, and the sooner his possibilities expand.

The science

The propensity for research work largely determines the warehouse of character. Science is a kind of human activity that requires a developed analytical mind. This is a prerequisite. Otherwise, the activity will not have significant success. The main feature is that all conclusions and conclusions are made on the basis of logical components. Being engaged in scientific activity, it is necessary to prove something, relying on the theoretical approaches of scientists and their practical developments. Here one cannot simply draw conclusions if they are not supported by relevant knowledge. Science requires maximum clarity and precision. It is impossible to act at random without having an idea about the subject of your research. It is noteworthy that scientists, getting used to building complex conclusions, then begin to treat life as an ongoing chain of assumptions and conclusions. It is very difficult to get rid of such a worldview, making a decision based on a purely scientific approach. The point is that life is sometimes much more difficult than any research work.

Art

It is a type of human activity aimed at meeting the needs of the intelligentsia. The ability to understand works of art is an indicator of the development of aesthetic taste. Not everyone can appreciate real literary works, paintings by great masters and music. To do this, you need to have a refined worldview and at least an increased interest in a particular type of art. Such people are distinguished by exquisite taste, they often show additional talents. The main feature is that individuals who are fond of art often become so immersed in a fictional world that they stop noticing the surrounding reality.

Art always requires a certain dedication from a person. After all, such an activity would never have been able to develop if it had not been given enough time and attention. A person who is passionate about art always sacrifices something in order to do what he loves. As a rule, life always guides such people, helps them constantly feel the enduring meaning of their actions. They necessarily have a lofty goal that justifies and allows everything. They act not for the sake of money, but in the name of a bright idea.

Trade

A type of human activity that has flourished since ancient times. A person who has chosen trade for himself, as a rule, highly appreciates his own material wealth. He is able to assess the benefits and notice significant prospects in any situation. In most cases, people excel significantly in their chosen occupation if they have an inclination for it. Trade is an essential element of life. Such a person is distinguished by the fact that he is aimed at obtaining material goods and values. It is of great importance for him what clothes he wears, what he eats, how great his well-being is. Merchants in many matters act quite coolly and purposefully. They are not influenced by emotions and therefore achieve significant results faster. Representatives of other spheres could envy them with great enthusiasm.

Marketing

This direction, of course, originates from trade. Marketing is a kind of human activity, entirely aimed at obtaining material benefits. This area assumes that a person is able to understand complex issues, act based on their own long-term planning. Of great importance is such a thing as self-organization. Only by fully focusing on the task, you can solve it. Not without good planning. Marketing assumes that a person will act clearly and in accordance with the requirements of modern society.

A banal mistake can lead to irreparable consequences, so self-control, the ability to keep feelings under control, is extremely important here. Of course, not everyone succeeds. A successful marketer is one who is free from his own doubts and anxieties. The main distinguishing feature of such a person is self-confidence. After all, the ability to make decisions quickly really leads to success.

Creation

The need to create is inherent in each of us. Another question is whether the person is working on himself, whether he is ready to devote enough time and attention to his creativity. This activity requires not only great dedication, but also tremendous endurance and patience. Sometimes it takes a strong will to get things done. The creative path is never simple and easy. Sometimes a person needs to go through many trials in order to succeed. A person is forced to make maximum efforts, because only in this case he develops, becomes self-sufficient and self-confident.

Self improvement

It occupies a special position in the life of an individual. If we stop working on ourselves, it will be difficult for us to cope with our own emotions. Such a person begins to degrade over time, ceases to develop existing abilities. Self-improvement is an integral element of any activity. Whatever a person plans to do, he must definitely pay special attention to his inner world.

Working with feelings and emotions is very important. Thanks to her, we begin to become more aware of what is truly valuable in life.

Instead of a conclusion

Thus, the main types of human activity are labor, play, science or art, and each deserves special attention. It is important that the personality develops without fail, and does not stand still. This is facilitated by complete dedication.

Activities are certain actions that are performed by a person in order to produce something significant for himself, or for the people around him. This is a meaningful, multi-component and quite serious occupation, which is fundamentally different from recreation and entertainment.

Definition

The main discipline that studies human activity within the framework of the course is social science. The first thing you need to know in order to correctly answer a question on this topic is the basic definition of the concept under study. However, there may be several such definitions. Another says that activity is such a form of human activity, which is aimed not only at adapting the body to the environment, but also at its qualitative transformation.

All living beings interact with the environment. However, animals are only capable of adapting to the world and its conditions; they cannot change it in any way. But man differs from animals in that he has a special form of interaction with the environment, which is called activity.

Main Components

Also, for a good answer to a question in social science about human activity, you need to know about the concepts of object and subject. The subject is the one who performs the action. It doesn't have to be a single person. The subject can also be a group of people, an organization or a country. The object of activity in social science is that on which the activity is specifically directed. It can be another person, and natural resources, and any spheres of public life. The presence of a goal is one of the main conditions under which human activity is possible. Social science, in addition to the goal, also highlights the action component. It is carried out in accordance with the goal.

Action types

The expediency of activity is an indicator of whether a person is moving towards the result that is important to him. The goal is the image of this result, to which the subject of activity strives, and the action is a direct step aimed at realizing the goal facing the person. The German scientist M. Weber identified several types of actions:

1. Purposeful (in other words - rational). This action is carried out by a person in accordance with the goal. Means to achieve the desired result are chosen consciously, possible side effects of activity are taken into account.
2. Value-rational. Actions of this kind occur in accordance with the beliefs that a person has.
3. affective is an action that is caused by emotional experiences.
4. Traditional- based on habit or tradition.

Other Activity Components

Describing human activity, social science also highlights the concepts of the result, as well as the means to achieve the goal. The result is understood as the final product of the entire process carried out by the subject. Moreover, it can be of two types: positive and negative. Belonging to the first or second category is determined by the correspondence of the result to the goal.

The reasons why a person can get a negative result can be both external and internal. To external include a change in environmental conditions for the worse. Internal factors include such factors as setting an initially unattainable goal, the wrong choice of means, the inferiority of actions, or the lack of the necessary skills or knowledge.

Communication

One of the main types of human activity in social science is communication. The purpose of any kind of communication is to get some result. Here, the main goal is often the exchange of necessary information, emotions or ideas. Communication is one of the basic qualities of a person, as well as an indispensable condition for socialization. Without communication, a person becomes asocial.

A game

Another type of human activity in social science is a game. It is common to both humans and animals. Situations of adult life are modeled in children's play. The main unit of children's play is the role - one of the main conditions for the development of consciousness and behavior of children. Play is a type of activity in which social experience is recreated and assimilated. It allows you to learn the methods of carrying out social actions, as well as master the objects of human culture. Play therapy has found wide distribution as a form of correctional work.

Work

It is also an important type of human activity. Without labor, socialization does not occur, but it is important not only for the development of the individual. Labor is a necessary condition for the survival and further progress of human civilization. At the level of a single individual, work is an opportunity to ensure one's own existence, to feed oneself and one's loved ones, as well as the opportunity to realize one's natural inclinations and abilities.

Education

This is another important type of human activity. The topic of social science devoted to activity is interesting because it considers its various types, allows you to consider the whole variety of types of human activity. Despite the fact that the process of human learning originates in the womb, over a certain period of time this type of activity becomes purposeful.

For example, in the 50s of the last century, children began to be taught at the age of 7-8 years; in the 90s, mass education was introduced in schools from the age of six. However, even before the start of purposeful learning, the child absorbs a huge amount of information from the outside world. The great Russian writer L. N. Tolstoy emphasized that at the age of up to 5 years, a small person learns much more than in the rest of his life. Of course, one can argue with this statement, but there is a fair amount of truth in it.

The main difference from other types of activity

Often, schoolchildren receive a social science question as their homework: "Activity is a way of people's existence." In the process of preparing for such a lesson, the most important thing to note is the characteristic difference between human activity and the usual adaptation to the environment, which is characteristic of animals. One of these types of activity, which is aimed directly at transforming the world around us, is creativity. This type of occupation allows a person to create something completely new, qualitatively transforming the surrounding reality.

Activity types

The time when students go through the social science topic "Man and Activity", according to the Federal State Educational Standard - grade 6. At this age, students, as a rule, are already old enough to distinguish between types of activity, as well as to understand their importance for the overall development of a person. In science, the following types are distinguished:

• Practical- is aimed directly at the transformation of the external environment. This type, in turn, is subdivided into additional subcategories - material and production activities, as well as socially transformative ones.
• Spiritual- an activity that is aimed at changing the consciousness of a person. This type is also subdivided into additional categories: cognitive (science and art); value-oriented (determining the negative or positive attitude of people to various phenomena of the surrounding world); and predictive (planning for possible changes) activities.

All these types are closely related to each other. For example, before carrying out reforms (relate to it is necessary to analyze their possible consequences for the country (forecasting activity.

Activity is a specific form of human activity, which is regulated by his consciousness and is directed to a deep knowledge of the surrounding and inner world.

The concept of activity

Activity is a necessary condition for a full-fledged human life, it was it that contributed to the formation of the human personality. The relationship between the individual and the process of activity is expressed in a vicious circle: there is no person who is outside the activity, just as there is no activity outside the person. Activity has developed in the process of evolutionary formation of a person - an animal adapts to environmental conditions, a person, on the contrary, changes this environment for himself thanks to the possibility of activity.

The activity consists of the following stages: the need that forms the goal, the goal pushes to find ways to achieve it, the ways of achieving it give rise to action, which in turn brings results.

Activities

Human activity occurs exclusively in the environment of its immediate habitat, and is classified into two types: physical and mental activity. Physical labor is an activity that increases muscle activity and requires a high level of energy expenditure.

Mental or intellectual activity is a type of activity, the implementation of which consists in the reception and transformation of information, which requires increased attention and activation of the thinking process.

In the classification of activity, there is its division into study, work and games. Such activities as study and play are carried out by different methods, but are interconnected by one goal - cognition. Labor activity is aimed at obtaining by a person material and spiritual benefits that are necessary for his life.

Play, study and work - activities are interconnected, as they are preparatory stages for each other. So for the learning process, a person is trained in the form of a game, study precedes the start of work.

Consciousness and activity

Consciousness and activity are two concepts that are tightly interconnected with each other. Motivation of activity is nothing more than a person's awareness of his need - the need to study, work, create works of art. Before the activity begins to be expressed in the material plane, a preliminary analysis of the goals of the activity, the ways to achieve it takes place in the human mind.

But human activity is also capable of influencing his consciousness. The process of activity transforms human ideas about values, significantly expands the possibilities of spiritual growth of the individual.

Man's knowledge of the world

Man's knowledge of the world is inextricably linked with his mental activity. Cognition is the result of the accumulation of knowledge about society and the environment that occurs through learning. Education as a tool for understanding the world by a person should not be considered in a narrow sense - it can be both an educational process at school, and the reception of tradition about the experience of previous generations.

classify all human activities It is not possible, but it is possible to single out the main types of activity characteristic of all people. They correspond to general needs and are found in almost all people without exception. There are three genetically replacing each other and coexisting throughout life types of activity:.

Within the framework of the active approach, the authors define the concept of "leading activity" - as an activity in which the emergence and formation of the main psychological neoplasms at one stage or another of its development occurs and lay the foundations for the transition to a new leading activity.

Each age has its own leading activity, which basically determines the dynamics of development in a given life period.

Being born, the child is immediately included in the game activity, then, growing up, is included in the educational one, and as an adult, he starts.

These types of human activity differ in the final results (product of activity), in organization, and in the characteristics of motivation.

The game is organized freely, unregulated. It is very difficult to regulate the content of the game, the involvement of the child in it, the cessation of the game. The child usually moves from one game to another on his own.

Teaching and labor proceed in organizational forms that are obligatory for a person. Work begins at a precisely set time, and during it, in accordance with the plan and the given productivity, the products of labor are produced. The same picture is observed in teaching. Classes begin according to the schedule, and throughout the lesson the student is engaged in this particular subject.

Different forms of organization of human activities are also associated with their different motivations. The motive of the game is the pleasure that the child experiences from the very process of the game.

The main motive for learning and work is a sense of duty, a sense of responsibility. These higher feelings are no less a strong stimulus for activity than interest. However, both in teaching and in work, one should arouse in a person an interest in the very process of activity or in its results.

A variety of activities complement each other, coexist, interpenetrate.

A game. A game is a kind of unproductive activity, where the motive lies not as a result of it, but in the process itself. The game accompanies humanity throughout its history. Children start playing from the moment they are born. Games become more difficult with age. For children, games are primarily educational. In adults, the game is not a leading activity, but serves as a means of communication and relaxation.

There are several types of games: individual, group, subject, story, role-playing and games with rules.

Individual games - a type of activity when one person is engaged in the game.
Group games - several individuals are involved in the activity.
Subject games - are associated with the inclusion of any objects in the gaming activity.
Story games are game activities according to a certain scenario.
Role-playing games are human behavior limited to a specific role that a person takes on in a game.
Games with rules - a game activity regulated by a certain system of rules for the behavior of their participants.

These types of games can be mixed: subject-role-playing, plot-role-playing, story-based with rules.

At first, the child's play activity is objective. However, the need to master the system of human relationships and the desire to participate in them lead the growing child to use games with increasing mental content. Children begin to play role-playing and role-playing games, which require them to have much more knowledge about the imaginary objects involved in the game and cause deeper experiences. This is the developing power of this type of games.

With age, games are replaced by more serious activities and work. However, even here the game does not disappear completely.

Teaching. Teaching is an activity, the purpose of which is the acquisition by a person of knowledge, skills and. Teaching can be both organized in special institutions, and unorganized and carried out spontaneously, together with other activities.

In there are two sides: the activity of the teacher and the activity of the student (teaching). At school, the child not only acquires a set of knowledge, skills and abilities, but, no less important, he learns to live, understand life in all its complexity and take part in it.

The driving force behind learning is the contradiction between what the child knows and what he wants or needs to know. So, for example, in infancy, manipulations with objects and toys allow the child to learn how to use them in accordance with their intended purpose. Most of the actions the child learns according to the model. In one case, the child sees how adults act and reproduces them himself. In the other, adults specifically show the techniques of action and help to master them. As a rule, there are much more samples that children independently master than those that they master on the initiative and with the help of adults. Here there is a close connection between the game and learning, the constant transition of the game and learning into each other, the inclusion of elements of one activity into another.

Teaching as a world and play are inextricably linked from the very first days of a child's life.

Work. Labor occupies a special place in the human system. Labor is an activity aimed at transforming material and intangible objects and adapting them to meet human needs.

Game and learning is only a preparation for work and originated from work, since it is work that is the decisive condition for the formation of a personality, its abilities, mental, moral qualities, its consciousness. In labor, those personal qualities of a person develop, which in his process are necessarily and constantly manifested by him. Labor develops physical strength: the ability to endure great physical exertion, muscle strength, endurance, dexterity, and mobility.

According to the nature of the main efforts expended, labor activity can be divided into several types:
- physical work;
- intellectual work;
- spiritual work.

In theory and practice, by labor, in fact, to the greatest extent, physical labor is understood.

Physical labor can be classified as follows:
- self-service work (maintenance of housing, clothing, workplace, cooking for oneself, etc.);
- domestic family work;
- productive work.

Self-service work is mastered earlier than others in childhood and accompanies a person throughout his life.

Household family work - work is longer, complex in content and requiring more effort. Often it can only be conditionally separated from self-service work. The main sign of its allocation is the performance of work not for oneself or not only for oneself.

Productive labor acquires a mass character, in which handicraft labor (using the simplest machines, tools, equipment) and industrial labor (the highest form of productive labor) are singled out.

Intellectual work. Mental labor (and only it) allows a person to know the world and his place in it.

Spiritual work - work on self-improvement, constant self-control, reflection can also be attributed to this type of work.

Only in labor - physical, intellectual and spiritual - does a person become a person.