What is the general tactic. Tactics and its main provisions

An offensive is the main type of combat carried out in order to defeat the enemy and capture important areas (lines, objects) of the terrain.

Offensive- the main type of combat carried out in order to defeat the enemy and capture important areas (frontiers, objects) of the terrain. It consists in defeating the enemy with all available means, a decisive attack, the rapid advance of troops into the depths of his location, the destruction and capture of manpower, the capture of weapons, military equipment and designated areas (boundaries) of the terrain.

Attack- the rapid and non-stop movement of tank, motorized rifle and paratrooper units in battle order, combined with intense fire.

During an attack, a fighter in the squad relentlessly follows armored vehicles and destroys enemy fire weapons, primarily anti-tank ones, with his fire.

Attack

Depending on the task being performed and the conditions of the situation, an offensive can be carried out on an infantry fighting vehicle (armored personnel carrier, tank), inside (except for a tank) or by landing from above.

The submachine gunner and machine gunner should be aware that when firing through loopholes, the direction of fire should be 45-60 °; and shooting is carried out only in short bursts of loopholes; the direction of fire should be 45-60 °; and shooting is carried out only in short bursts.

Actions of personnel in armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles during an attack on combat vehicles.

Attack on foot

When attacking on foot, at the command of the squad leader "Squad, prepare to dismount", the soldier puts the weapon on the safety lock, removes it from the loophole (when operating as a landing party inside the vehicle) and prepares to dismount. With the vehicle reaching the dismounting line at the command "To the car", he jumps out of the combat vehicle and at the command of the squad leader "Squad, in the direction (such and such), directing (such and such), - to battle, forward" or "Squad, follow me - to battle "takes its place in the chain with an interval between employees of 6-8 m (8-12 steps) and firing on the move at a run or at an accelerated pace as part of the squad continues to move towards the front line of the enemy.

Deployment of the squad from pre-battle order to combat.

The attack must be swift, a slow-moving fighter is a convenient target for the enemy.

In cases where a squad performs a maneuver due to a change in the direction of movement or a soldier encounters an obstacle, it is strictly forbidden to change his place in the battle order of the squad. During the offensive, monitor the neighbors on the right and left, monitor (signals) given by the commanders and clearly follow them, if necessary, duplicate the commands to the neighbors.

Overcoming the minefield along the passage after the tank.

Overcoming a minefield along a passage made in advance in case of impossibility of using armored vehicles.

Approaching the enemy's trench at 30-35 m, the fighter, at the command of the commander "Grenade - fire" or independently, throws a grenade into the trench and crouching with a swift jerk with a shout of "Hurrah!" resolutely breaks into the front line of defense, destroys the enemy with point-blank fire and unceasingly continues the attack in the indicated direction.

Attack on the front line of the enemy's defense. Fire grenades.

If a soldier is forced to fight in a trench or communication, then he advances as quickly as possible. Before entering a break in a trench or communication path, he throws a grenade and fires 1-2 bursts from his personal weapon ("combing with fire"). It is advisable to inspect the trench together, with one moving along the trench, and the second bending down from above a little behind, warning the soldier in the trench about bends and other dangerous places (dugouts, blocked slots, rifle cells). Wire obstacles in the form of "hedgehogs", "slingshots", etc., placed by the enemy in a trench, are thrown upwards with a bayonet-knife attached to the machine gun, and if they are mined, they go over the trench. Detected mine-explosive barriers are marked with brightly visible signs (scraps of red or white cloth) or destroyed by demolition. Moving along the trench, you should make as little noise as possible, using bayonet-knife injections, blows with a butt, a magazine or an infantry shovel to destroy the enemy.

Fight in the trench.

Trench advance.

Infantry fighting vehicles (APCs), when dismounting personnel, move in leaps, behind the attackers, from cover to cover, at a distance of up to 200 m providing reliable fire cover, and in the case of weak enemy anti-tank defense, in combat formations of dismounted units.

Fire is fired over the chain of the squad and in the gaps between the squads. In some cases, armored vehicles are reduced to armored groups, and are also used for fire support of attackers, firing from permanent or temporary firing positions.

The sniper, acting in the attacking line, or behind the attackers, carefully observes the battlefield and hits the most dangerous targets first of all (ATGM crews, grenade launchers, machine gunners, as well as enemy command personnel). Sniper fire is also effective on aiming and observation devices of enemy combat vehicles.

An offensive in depth, as a rule, is carried out by landing on armored vehicles, obstacles and obstacles, as a rule, are bypassed, the enemy in the discovered strong points and centers of resistance is destroyed by a swift attack to the flank and rear.

Sometimes fighters during an offensive, when advancing to the line of attack, can move behind an infantry fighting vehicle (APC) under the cover of armor.

Offensive under the cover of armored vehicles.

Attack in the city

Combat in the city requires the ability of a soldier to outwit the enemy, determination and iron restraint. The defending enemy is especially cunning, his counterattacks and fire should be expected from everywhere. Before an attack, it is necessary to reliably suppress the enemy, and during the attack, conduct preemptive fire in short bursts at windows, doors and embrasures (breaks in walls, fences) of the attacked and neighboring buildings. When advancing to the object, use underground communications, gaps in the walls, forest plantations, dustiness of the area and smoke. When fighting in a city, combat pairs or troikas (combat crews) should be formed in squads (platoons), while taking into account the individual combat experience of the fighters and their personal affection. During the battle, the maneuver and actions of one must be supported by the fire of comrades in the calculation, and the actions of the calculation by the fire of other calculations and armored vehicles.

Calculation actions as part of a triple

When conducting an offensive in a city, soldiers move on the battlefield, as a rule, in short dashes from cover to cover with reliable fire support from comrades and combat vehicles. Under enemy fire, the length of the dash should not exceed 8-10 meters (10-12 steps), while straight movement should be avoided, moving in a zigzag.

Ways to move when fighting in the city

Target designation for combat vehicles is carried out with tracer bullets, for which each submachine gunner must have one magazine equipped with cartridges with tracer bullets.

Approaching the building, a fighter throws a hand grenade into the windows (doors, gaps) and, firing from a machine gun, penetrates inside.

While fighting inside the building, the soldier acts quickly and decisively before bursting into the room, it is "combed" with fire or thrown with grenades. You should be wary of closed doors. they can be mined. Indoors, very often the enemy hides behind a door or pieces of furniture (sofas, armchairs, cabinets, etc.).

Moving along the floors, it is necessary to shoot through the landings with fire, move from the platform with a throw, move from top to bottom by bending down in such a way as to notice the enemy before he notices you (your legs).

Actions when moving up stairs

Calculation actions as part of a troika during indoor combat

Locked doors are destroyed by a grenade or a burst from a machine gun at the lock. Having captured the building and cleared it of the enemy, you should move faster to the next one, not giving the enemy the opportunity to gain a foothold in it.

offensive in the mountains

During an offensive in the mountains, the main role in destroying the enemy is assigned to infantry subunits, artillery, and aviation.

When attacking the enemy, one should tie him down with fire, widely use maneuver in order to reach the flank and rear, occupy dominant heights and carry out a top-down attack.

Separation maneuver to exit for a top-down attack

In the mountains, when attacking, it is necessary to move, as a rule, at an accelerated pace or in short dashes, while more than half of the attackers must cover the movement of comrades on the battlefield with fire. In the mountains, as well as in the city, it is advisable to use the tactics of combat crews.

Calculation actions when advancing to the line of attack (to the starting point for attack)

When throwing hand-held fragmentation grenades from the bottom up, it is recommended to use grenades with a contact fuse of the RGO, RGN type or throw a grenade of the RGD-5, RG-42 type through the enemy's trench (shelter). When throwing a grenade from top to bottom, do not throw it or throw it exactly into the trench, taking into account the grenade rolling down the slope.

An offensive in a populated area, mountains and forests requires an increased consumption of ammunition, especially hand grenades, so when preparing, you should take ammunition in excess of the installed wearable ammunition, but you should always remember to save and preserve the emergency stock, which is also increasing.

Approximate list of ammunition in the conduct of hostilities in the village, mountains and forests.

Fire from an RPG-7 hand-held anti-tank grenade launcher and RPG-18 (22, 26) rocket-propelled anti-tank grenades in the mountains, in a settlement and in a forest is also recommended to be fired at the enemy’s manpower located behind shelters with the expectation of hitting it with fragments and the blast wave of an exploding grenade.

V.N. ZARITSKY, L.A. KHARKEVYCH

♦ TSTU PUBLISHING HOUSE ♦

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

SEI VPO "Tambov State Technical University"

V.N. ZARITSKY, L.A. KHARKEVYCH

Approved by the educational and methodological association of higher military educational institutions for education in the field of military command and control in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (SV) as a teaching aid for students of higher educational institutions of the Ministry of General and Vocational Education of the Russian Federation studying in the military specialty "Combat use of ground artillery units and units "

Tambov TSTU publishing house

UDC 355.4/5 (075) BBK Ts2.8(2)5 i 73

Reviewers:

Head of the department "Tactics and combined arms disciplines" of the Tambov VVAIU RE (VI)

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Colonel

Yu.T. Zyryanov

Head of the Military Department of the Voronezh State University Colonel

A. Shcherbakov

Deputy Head of the Faculty of Military Training of the Tambov State Technical University Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Colonel

M.Yu. Sergin

Zaritsky, V.N.

З-34 General tactics: textbook / V.N. Zaritsky, L.A. Kharkevich. - Tambov: Tambov Publishing House. state tech. un-ta, 2007. - 184 p. - 200 copies. – ISBN 5-8265-0556-7 (ISBN 978-5-8265-0556-4).

The theoretical foundations of the organization and conduct of combat operations by combined arms and artillery units are outlined. The basic concepts and definitions that define the methodology of the subject "General tactics" are given. Describes how to build marching and combat formations of units in the conduct of various types of combat, as well as the principles of countering the enemy. Organizations of units of domestic and foreign armies, their equipment with weapons and the actual tactics of actions are presented. The presentation of the material is accompanied by illustrations, structural and tactical diagrams.

Designed for students studying at the faculties of military training of higher educational institutions in the specialty "Ground Artillery".

	UDC 355.4/5 (075)
	BBK Ts2,8 (2) 5 i 73
ISBN 5-8265-0556-7	Zaritsky V.N., Kharkevich L.A., 2007
(ISBN 978-5-8265-0556-4)	GOU VPO "Tambov State
	Technical University" (TSTU), 2007

Educational edition

ZARITSKY Vladimir Nikolaevich, KHARKEVICH Lev Antonovich

GENERAL TACTICS

Tutorial

Editor M.A. Evseycheva Computer prototyping engineer T.A. Synkov

Signed for publication on December 29, 2006.

Format 60 × 84 / 16. 10.0 arb. oven l.

Circulation 200 copies. Order No. 884

Publishing and Printing Center of the Tambov State Technical University,

392000, Tambov, Sovetskaya 106, building 14

FOREWORD

In recent years, in the training of military specialists, issues related to the optimization of the structures of combat units, as well as the tactics of conducting modern offensive and defensive combat, have attracted considerable interest. These issues remain relevant in the light of recent armed conflicts that took place both within our Fatherland and beyond its borders. The acquired combat experience is analyzed, generalized and extended to the actions of units in the current conditions. Particular attention, as always, is being paid to improving the structure and tactics of the combat use of units and subunits of the Ground Forces, including combined arms and artillery.

The content of the developed textbook is intended for teaching university students at military departments and consolidating their knowledge in the discipline "General tactics", and also aims to provide educational and methodological assistance to teachers in preparing and conducting classes on this subject. The proposed material of the textbook corresponds to the training program for university students at the military departments of civilian universities.

The textbook is distinguished by a harmonious, logical and structured form of presentation of the material and its military-scientific presentation, the clarity of displaying specialized schemes, and the content of a large amount of reference material and illustrations. This textbook has been tested in the educational process of the Faculty of Military Education of the Tambov State Technical University and has positive feedback from the teaching staff and trainees.

The main purpose of this training manual is to present the theoretical foundations of the organization and conduct of hostilities based on the provisions of the "General Tactics". We have made an attempt, to some extent, to fill the existing gap in the issue of publishing educational literature for the training of reserve officers. It should be emphasized that the presentation of the material is based on the many years of experience of the authors who give lectures on tactical training. Moreover, this book is a revised, supplemented edition of the previous publications of the authors and adapted for students studying at the military faculties (departments) of civilian universities.

We believe that this textbook can also be successfully used in the training of personnel specialists of the armed forces, since the issues addressed in the book cover a fairly wide range of tactical tasks in general. In addition, we expect that the proposed textbook will be very useful from a methodological point of view for the teaching staff providing training in tactical disciplines. Finally, the book can serve as a guide for reserve officers on mobilization deployments.

We consider it necessary to point out that the textbook is written in terms of the requirements for educational military publications. However, not all factors can be taken into account, because the dynamics of modern life is so swift and changeable. Therefore, this book is not exhaustive.

I would like to thank the faculty of the "Artillery" department of the military training faculty of the Tambov State Technical University for useful advice and kind criticism. Comments and wishes of readers will be accepted by us with gratitude.

INTRODUCTION

Military art includes three components:

1) strategy (theory and practice of preparing the country and the armed forces (AF) for war, planning and waging war

and strategic operations);

2) operational art (theory and practice of preparing and conducting operations by large formations of the armed forces);

3) tactics.

Tactics is the theory and practice of preparing and conducting combat by subunits, units and formations of various types of the Armed Forces, military branches. It is subdivided into tactics of branches of the Armed Forces, combat arms and general tactics.

Tactics of types of aircraft, military branches - develops specific issues of the combat use of subunits, units and formations of the type of armed forces, types of troops and special troops in combined arms combat and independently.

General tactics explores the patterns of combined arms combat and develops recommendations for its preparation and conduct by the joint efforts of subunits, units and formations. The basis of general tactics is the tactics of the ground forces.

ORGANIZATION OF STRUCTURAL MILITARY STRUCTURE AND PRINCIPLES OF COMBAT

Chapter 1

ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

1.1 STRUCTURE AND TYPES OF ARMED FORCES

AT our army has various formations, organizations, the tactics of some of them will be presented in the tactical training classes (Table 1.1.1).

1.1.1. Formations of the RF Armed Forces

motorized rifle
(tank)	Artillery formations
formation
Divisions:	Divisions:
– department (crew);	– branch (calculation);
- msv (tv);	- platoon (management, reconnaissance, communications,
– msr (tr);	fire);
– MSB (tb)	- battery (artillery, mortar and

– SME (tp)	- division (artillery, jet,
Connections:	intelligence)
– msd (td)
Associations:
- frame;	Connections:
	- hell (brigade)

The organizational structure of the Armed Forces is subordinated to the interests of the successful fulfillment of the tasks assigned to them.

Top management by all Armed Forces belongs to the President of the country. direct guidance carried out by the Ministry of Defense, headed by the Minister of Defense.

The Armed Forces consist of three branches: the Ground Forces, the Air Force, and the Navy. In addition, the Armed Forces include the Strategic Missile Forces, Space Forces, Logistics of the Armed Forces (Fig. 1.1.1).

Minister of Defense

Deputy Ministers of Defense

General

Types of armed

Ground troops

Stationary

basing

Intelligence-

Frontline

motorized rifle

Underwater

Mobile

basing

Tank

Surface

RV and artillery

Space

Air Defense Forces

transport

technical

Army

Coastal

Technical

ensure

Armed

anti-aircraft missiles

Engineering

Automobile-

troops

Signal Corps

Coastal

Radio engineering

Rear guards

military troops

artillery-

sky troops

Each branch of the armed forces consists of military branches and special troops, which, depending on the nature of the tasks performed, have their own weapons, equipment and organization.

Ground troops. A decisive role is assigned to the final defeat of the enemy in the continental theater of operations and the capture of important land areas. In terms of their combat capabilities, they are capable, in cooperation with other branches of the armed forces, of conducting an offensive in order to defeat the groupings of enemy troops, seize its territory, deliver fire strikes to a great depth, and repel an enemy invasion.

Air force strength. A strategic task of national importance is assigned - reliable protection of administrative-political, military-industrial centers, communication centers, forces and means of the highest military and state administration, facilities of the Unified Energy System and other important elements of the national economic infrastructure of Russia from aggressor strikes from airspace.

The Navy is designed to maintain strategic stability, ensure Russia's national interests in the World Ocean and reliable security in maritime and oceanic areas. The combat missions of the Navy are nuclear deterrence, assistance to the troops of the fronts in coastal areas, and the defeat of enemy ship groups.

Strategic Rocket Forces designed to solve strategic problems. They are capable of destroying large military groupings, objects of the enemy’s military-industrial potential, its nuclear attack weapons, arsenals and enterprises producing nuclear weapons in the shortest possible time, disorganizing state and military administration, and disrupting a nuclear attack.

space troops carry out the preparation and launch of all launch vehicles without exception, control the vast majority of spacecraft in orbit, develop orders for space complexes and systems, coordinate the activities of almost all scientific and industrial cooperation on space topics, ensure control over compliance with international obligations on the limitations of strategic offensive, in first of all, nuclear weapons.

Rear of the Armed Forces designed to provide troops with all types of materiel and maintenance of their stocks, prepare and operate communications, ensure military transportation, repair weapons and military equipment, provide medical care to the wounded and sick, carry out sanitary and hygienic and veterinary measures and perform a number of other logistics tasks .

1.2 LAND FORCES, THEIR COMPOSITION AND PURPOSE

Ground troops- the most numerous type of the Armed Forces, specially designed to fight strikes and defeat aggressor force groupings and hold occupied territories, regions, lines. They are armed with various types of military equipment, conventional and nuclear weapons and include:

a) types of troops: motorized rifle, tank, airborne, rocket troops and artillery, air defense troops, army aviation, engineering troops, signal troops;

b) special troops reconnaissance, radiation, chemical, biological protection (RCBZ), electronic warfare (EW), technical support, nuclear-technical, automotive, rear protection.

Motorized rifle troops designed to conduct combat operations independently and jointly with other branches of the armed forces and special forces. They are capable of operating under conditions of use of both conventional weapons and nuclear weapons. Possessing powerful fire, high mobility, maneuverability and resistance to the effects of weapons of mass destruction, motorized rifle troops can break through the prepared and hastily taken enemy defenses, develop an offensive at high rates and to great depths, destroy the enemy together with other branches of the military, and consolidate and hold the occupied terrain. .

Tank troops constitute the main strike force of the Ground Forces. They are designed to conduct combat operations independently and in cooperation with other branches of the military and special forces. They are used mainly in the main directions for inflicting powerful and deep blows on the enemy. Possessing great firepower, reliable protection, high mobility and maneuverability, tank troops are able to make the most complete use of the results of nuclear and fire strikes and achieve the final goals of combat and operations in a short time.

Rocket troops and artillery are the main firepower of the Ground Forces. They are designed to inflict effective fire damage on the enemy. In the course of hostilities, MFAs can perform a wide variety of fire missions: to suppress and destroy manpower, fire weapons, artillery, rocket launchers, tanks, self-propelled artillery installations, etc.; destroy various defensive structures; prevent the enemy from maneuvering.

Air defense troops Ground forces are designed to cover groupings of troops and facilities, their rear from enemy air strikes. They are capable of independently and in cooperation with the Air Force forces and means to destroy aircraft and unmanned air attack vehicles, to combat enemy airborne assaults on flight routes and during their release, as well as to conduct radar reconnaissance and notify troops of an air enemy.

Army Aviation designed to support the Ground Forces on the battlefield. It is entrusted with fire tasks, tasks of combat and logistic support. The main fire missions are: striking at enemy troops, destroying his airborne assault forces, raiding, forward and outflanking detachments, landing and air support of his own assault forces, combating enemy helicopters, destroying his nuclear missile weapons, tanks and other armored equipment, control points, communication centers and infrastructure elements.

Airborne troops are intended for combat operations behind enemy lines. The main combat properties of the Airborne Forces: the ability to quickly reach remote areas of the theater of operations, deliver surprise attacks on the enemy, and successfully conduct combined arms combat. The Airborne Forces can quickly capture and hold important areas deep behind enemy lines, violate his state and military control, seize islands, sections of the sea coast, naval and

air bases, assist the advancing troops in forcing large water barriers and quickly overcoming mountainous areas, and destroying important enemy targets.

Engineering Troops designed to support combat operations of all types of aircraft and combat arms. Engineer troops must ensure a high rate of attack, including the destruction of strong enemy strongholds covered by mine-explosive barriers, create insurmountable defensive lines in a short time, and help protect people and equipment from all types of destruction. In peacetime, they perform a number of specific tasks, which, in terms of their significance and complexity, are equated to combat ones.

Signal troops are designed to provide communications and command and control of troops. The tasks of the communications troops are to establish and maintain stable and uninterrupted communications between headquarters, commanders and subordinates, interacting units and formations in any situation, to ensure timely and accurate transmission of signals related to command and control of troops.

1.3 PURPOSE, ORGANIZATIONAL DIVISION AND WEAPONS OF ARTILLERY

AT modern combined arms combat, especially with the use of only conventional weapons, artillery fire in combination

With air strikes is one of the main means of destroying the enemy. This is explained by the fact that artillery has powerful and accurate fire, a long range of fire, the ability to maneuver widely and quickly concentrate fire on the most important targets.

Artillery units designed to destroy nuclear and chemical attack weapons, elements of high-precision weapons systems, artillery, tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, anti-tank and other fire weapons, manpower, helicopters on landing sites, air defense systems, command posts, destruction of enemy fortifications, remote mining of terrain , lighting, setting aerosol (smoke) curtains.

Anti-tank artillery units are intended to destroy tanks and other armored vehicles of the enemy.

Artillery reconnaissance units designed to obtain reconnaissance data on the terrain and the enemy in the interests of defeating him, as well as to serve artillery firing.

Artillery battalion- the main firing and tactical artillery unit. It can fire several batteries at one target (a group of targets) or by battery at different targets.

Artillery battery- fire and tactical artillery unit. It can simultaneously hit one or two targets from a closed firing position or several targets with direct fire.

A fire platoon is an artillery fire unit. It performs fire missions as part of a battery or independently.

Artillery battalion control platoon(batteries) is intended for reconnaissance, artillery firing and communications.

Modern artillery is armed with a large number of artillery pieces of various types and types, which is explained by the variety of combat missions solved by artillery (Fig. 1.3.1).

A cannon is an artillery weapon designed for flat firing at ground, sea and air targets. The gun is characterized by a high muzzle velocity, and consequently, a long barrel and a large mass of the propellant charge.

A howitzer is an artillery gun, which, as a rule, has a low initial speed, a barrel no more than 50 calibers long and a small mass of a propellant charge, and small angles of vertical pointing of the barrel. It is mainly used for mounted shooting at targets located behind shelters.

Artillery is subdivided

According to combat properties

By way

By features

Towed

rifled

self-propelled

Smoothbore

Howitzer guns

Recoilless

anti-tank

Casemates

mountain tools

By caliber

By organizational

accessories

mortars

small (less than 76 mm)

military

Reactive

medium (76 - 152 mm)

artillery

reserve of the Supreme

large (more than 152 mm)

High Command

Howitzer-cannon and cannon-howitzer are weapons that can solve problems for both howitzer and cannon.

A mortar is a smooth-bore rigid system that does not have recoil devices, designed for mounted firing with feathered mines.

Rocket artillery - serves to conduct salvo fire at relatively large targets with powerful shells of fragmentation, high-explosive or other action. Such systems have a tail-equipped rocket that does not rotate in flight, or a turbojet that rotates in flight.

ATGM - anti-tank guided missiles of horizontal flight. It is armed with portable complexes, a self-propelled version on the chassis of armored personnel carriers, infantry fighting vehicles and on fire support helicopters. Firing range from 85 to 400 m or more, armor penetration up to 500 mm.

CHAPTER 2 BASICS OF MODERN COMMON ARMS COMBAT

2.1 HISTORY OF FORMATION, DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF COMBAT

The only means of achieving victory in an armed confrontation with the enemy is combat.

Combat before the advent of firearms was a hand-to-hand combat of warriors armed with edged weapons on unequipped terrain.

With the development and improvement of firearms in the XIV - XVII centuries. fire gradually became the most important element of the battle. The battle began with the defeat of the enemy by fire and ended with hand-to-hand combat with the use of edged weapons. However, in the XVIII - XIX centuries. the battle was still taking place in a limited area, since the range, rate of fire and accuracy of fire from smoothbore weapons were insignificant.

Distribution in the middle of the XIX century. rifled weapons, and later rapid-fire artillery with a long range of fire and machine guns led to an increase in the spatial scope of the battle along the front and in depth.

The mass equipping of troops with machine guns and artillery, the use of tanks and aviation in the First World War led to

to the fact that success on the battlefield began to be achieved by the concerted efforts of all branches of the armed forces.

AT during the years of the Civil War, maneuverability increased and the interaction of forces and means participating in the battle improved, and the decisiveness of military operations increased.

In the 1930s new military equipment began to enter the arsenal of the Soviet army. With this in mind, the theory of deep combat was developed. The essence of this battle is the simultaneous defeat of the enemy throughout the entire depth of his battle formation by a joint strike of infantry, tanks, artillery and aircraft.

The theory of deep combat was further developed during the Second World War. A decisive role in achieving success in battle was the belonging to fire of various types of weapons. Butt infantry strike was used very rarely.

2.2 THE ESSENCE OF MODERN ALL-ARMS COMBAT AND ITS CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES. CONDITIONS FOR ACHIEVING SUCCESS IN BATTLE.

TYPES OF COMBAT AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

Modern combined arms combat- the main form of tactical actions of troops, is an organized

and hits, fire and maneuvers of formations, units and subunits coordinated in terms of purpose, place and time in order to destroy (rout) the enemy, repel his attacks and perform other tasks in a limited area within a short time.

The purpose of the battle is the destruction or capture of the enemy’s manpower, the destruction and capture of his weapons, military equipment

and suppression of the ability to further resistance. It is achieved by powerful strikes of all types of weapons, the timely use of their results, and the active and resolute actions of subunits.

Combat can be combined arms, anti-aircraft, air and sea.

Combined arms combat organized and conducted by the joint efforts of all troops participating in it with the use of tanks, infantry fighting vehicles (APCs), artillery, air defense systems, aircraft, helicopters.

characteristic features modern combined arms combat are:

determination;

high tension;

the transience and dynamism of hostilities;

ground-air the nature of the hostilities;

simultaneous powerful fire impact on the entire depth of the formation of the opposing sides;

the use of various methods of performing combat missions;

quick transition from one type of activity to another;

difficult radio environment.

Success in combat largely depends on courage, steadfastness, courage, the will to win, moral qualities and the level of training of people, weapons and military equipment. Modern combined-arms combat requires from the troops participating in it continuous reconnaissance, skillful use of weapons, equipment, means of protection and camouflage, high mobility and organization. This is achieved through high combat training, conscious performance of one's military duty, steadfastness, courage, bravery and readiness of personnel to achieve complete victory over the enemy in any conditions.

Experience shows that success is always on the side of the one who is brave in battle, who constantly shows creativity, reasonable initiative, applies new techniques and methods of action, and dictates his will to the enemy. Reproach deserves not the one who, in an effort to destroy the enemy, did not achieve his goal, but the one who showed inactivity, indecision and did not use all the possibilities to complete the task.

Basic Principles conducting modern combined arms combat are:

constant high combat readiness of units;

high activity, determination and continuity of combat;

Faculty of Military Training
Department of Communications Troops, Tactics and General Military Disciplines
General tactics
1

TOPIC #1: INTRODUCTION

ACTIVITY #1:
Modern
combined arms combat
2

LEARNING QUESTIONS:

1. Tactics as an integral part
military
art.
Content
basic tactical concepts and
terms.
2. Fundamentals of combined arms combat.
Modern means of armed
struggle.
3

Study Question #1:

Tactics as an integral part
military art.
Contents of the main
tactical concepts and
terms.
4

MILITARY ART:

strategy,
operational art,
tactics.
5

Strategy is the highest field of military art, covering the theory and practice of preparing the country and the Armed Forces for war, planning and waging war, and

strategic operations.
6

Operational art is an integral part of military art, covering the theory and practice of preparing and conducting joint and independent

operational art
part of the military
art, covering
theory and practice
preparation and management
joint and
independent operations
(fighting)
associations of aircraft types.
7

- the nature of modern operations; - regularities, principles and methods of their preparation and maintenance; - the basics of the use of operational formations;

Operational art explores:
- the nature of modern operations;
- patterns, principles and methods of their preparation and maintenance;
- the basics of the use of operational
associations;
- issues of operational support;
- the basics of command and control in
operations and their logistics.
8

Tactics theory and practice of preparation and conduct of combat by subunits, units and formations of various types of armed forces, branches of troops (forces) and special

Tactics
theory and practice
preparation and combat
departments, divisions and
compounds of various
types of armed forces, types of troops (forces)
and special forces,
by all means
armed struggle.
9

- general tactics; - tactics of types of the Armed Forces, combat arms and special forces.

Tactics are divided into:
- general tactics;
- tactics of types of aircraft, childbirth
troops and special
troops.
10

General Tactics Explore
patterns
combined arms combat and
develops recommendations for
its preparation and management
with common effort
divisions, divisions and
compounds of various kinds
armed forces, military branches
and special forces. basis
general tactics is
ground forces tactics.
11

Tactics of types of aircraft, childbirth
troops and special forces
component of tactics
covering issues
training and combat
connection applications,
parts and divisions of species
Armed Forces, military branches and special
troops to provide
command and control of troops (forces)
in operation (battle).
12

development and implementation
measures to ensure the constant combat readiness of subunits, units and formations;
development and improvement
methods of warfare in
the initial period of the war;
study of the forces and means of the enemy, his views on their use in
combat, as well as methods of conducting
various types of combat;
13

An important task of tactics is:
identifying the strengths and weaknesses of weapons and military equipment, troop organization and tactics
enemy actions;
study of management issues,
comprehensive combat support;
development of practical recommendations for their solution in various
conditions;
development of requirements for the organizational structure and level
combat training of troops.
14

Tactical actions - organized actions of units, units and formations in the performance of assigned tasks using various

Tactical actions -
organized action
divisions, divisions and
connections when performing assigned tasks with
various
types, forms and methods
actions.
15

- offensive, - defense, - oncoming battle, - location on the spot, - march, - transportation, - exit from the battle, - withdrawal, - actions in the environment and exit from the

Types of tactical actions:
-
offensive,
defense,
meeting engagement,
location,
march,
transportation,
out of the fight
waste,
actions in and out of the environment,
change of divisions
actions of TakVD and others.
16

The basis for the use of formations, units and subunits of the SV is combat.

The fight might be
GENERAL
ANTI-AIR
AIR
NAUTICAL
17

Fight - agreed upon
purpose, place and time
strikes, fire and maneuver
units for
destruction (destruction)
enemy, reflection
strikes and other
tasks in a limited
area within a short
time.
18

Impact - simultaneous
defeat of groups of troops,
ground, air and
enemy naval targets
through a powerful effect on
them nuclear, high-precision and
conventional weapons, weapons
(means) on new
physical principles and
means of electronic warfare or troops.
19

The strike of the troops is a combination
fire and tank movements,
motorized rifle
departments and units
airborne assaults for
success development and completion
defeat the enemy and
mastering the appointed
area (border, object).
20

Hits can be
according to the weapon used
nuclear and fire
by means of delivery
rocket, artillery and
aviation,
by the number of participants
means and affected objects -
massive, group and
single.
21

Fire is the defeat of the enemy from various types of weapons.

Fire is classified as:
- tactical tasks to be solved,
- types of weapons
- methods of management
- tension,
- direction of fire
- shooting methods
- types of fire.
22

- destruction, - suppression, - exhaustion, - destruction, - smoke, etc.

According to the tactical tasks to be solved
it is run on:
- destruction,
- suppression
- exhaustion
- destruction,
- smoke, etc.
23

fire from small arms, grenade launchers, flamethrowers, tanks (tank guns and machine guns), infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers), artillery

By type of weapon
subdivided into:
small arms fire,
grenade launchers, flamethrowers,
tanks (tank guns and
machine guns), combat vehicles
infantry (armored personnel carriers),
artillery, mortars,
anti-tank missile
complexes, anti-aircraft weapons
and other means.
24

According to the methods of firing: - direct fire, - semi-direct fire, - from closed firing positions, etc.

According to the intensity of shooting: - single shots, - short or long bursts, - continuous, - dagger, - fluent, - methodical, -

salvo, etc.
26

In the direction of fire: - frontal, - flank, - cross.

According to the methods of firing: - from a place, - from a stop (from a short stop), - on the move, - from the side, - with dispersion along the front or in depth, - in area and

Shooting methods:
- from place,
- from a stop (with a short
stops),
- on the go
- from the side,
- with dispersion along the front
or in depth
- area, etc.
28

By types: - fire on a separate target, - concentrated, - barrage, - multi-layered, - multi-tiered, etc.

Maneuver - organized movement (movement) of units in full force or a certain part of them during preparation and in the course of action.

Maneuver - organized
locomotion (movement)
departments in full
composition or a certain
parts in preparation and during
actions in a new direction (border, area), as well as
transfer or redirection
(concentration,
distribution) of fire.
30

Maneuver by units is carried out in order to occupy an advantageous position in relation to the enemy and create the necessary grouping

Maneuver by units
carried out for the purpose
advantageous
positions in relation to
enemy and creation
necessary grouping
forces and means, withdrawal
units from under
enemy strikes.
31

- coverage, - bypass, their combination, - change of area (positions).

Types of maneuver
departments:
- coverage,
- bypass, their combination,
- change of area (positions).
32

Coverage - a maneuver carried out in order to reach the flank (flanks) of the enemy. Bypass - a maneuver performed to reach the rear of the enemy. Change p

Coverage - maneuver,
carried out for the purpose
flank(s)
adversary.
A detour is a maneuver performed
to get behind enemy lines.
Change of area (positions) -
maneuver for
employment more profitable
provisions.
33

Fire maneuver - the transfer of fire along the front and depth from one target (objects) to another without changing firing positions.

Types of fire maneuver:

Concentration of fire - firing
multiple weapons or
departments at the same time one by one
important goal.
Transfer of fire - ceasefires one by one
goals and discoveries on a different subject
received range corrections and
directions without changing firing positions.
Distribution of fire - firing
every weapon
(division) for its purpose. 35

Study Question #2:
Fundamentals of combined arms combat.
Modern means
armed struggle
tactical level.
36

Fundamentals of combined arms combat
37

Modern combat is
combined arms, since in it
departments involved,
parts and compounds of all kinds
troops and special forces
ground forces and aviation, and
when operating on the seaside
direction - ships of the Navy.
Combat types:
defense
offensive
38

Defense is the main type of combat
Defense Goals:
- repulse enemy attacks;
- defeating him;
- holding important areas
(objects) in the area
responsibility (defense;
- strong point);
- creating conditions for
subsequent actions.
39

Tactical tasks of defense:

- inflicting defeat on the enemy during the advancement, deployment and transition to the attack;
- repelling the attack of enemy tanks and infantry and holding the occupied areas, positions and
strongholds;
40

- prohibition of the enemy's breakthrough into the depth of defense;
- the defeat of the wedged enemy and the restoration of defense in the most important areas;
- the destruction of the landed
air
landings,
airmobile, sabotage and reconnaissance groups and illegal
armed formations;
- defeat bypassing, raiding
and advance detachments of the enemy.
41

DEFENSE
- deliberate;
- forced;
- out of contact with the enemy;
- in direct contact with him;
- maneuverable;
- positional;
- their combination.
42

Maneuverable defense -
main form of defense.
Used to disrupt
enemy attack,
inflicting losses on the enemy,
covering important areas
(objects), saving their
forces conducted by units
maneuverable and positional
actions.
43

Positional defense
is used in those areas where the loss of the defended
territory is not allowed, and
conducted to reflect
enemy attack,
giving him the maximum
defeat, retention of important
districts (objects) in the zone
responsibility (line
defense) brigade.
44

Offensive - a type of battle
Goal of attack:
defeat of the enemy and
mastery of the appointed
abroad
(district, object).
45

Tactical tasks of the offensive:
- fight against low-flying helicopters and enemy UAVs;
- occupation of the initial area (positions, positions);
- promotion and deployment
units in battle order;
overcoming barriers;
- destruction of the enemy defending at the forefront and
in the nearest depth;
46

- reflection of enemy counterattacks;
- defeat of the second echelons
(reserves) of the enemy;
-development of the offensive;
- mastery of important lines (objectives) of the enemy;
- destruction of units
enemy left behind
advancing units.
47

CONDITIONS FOR GOING ON THE OFFENSIVE

WITH ADVANCE FROM
DEPTHS
OUT OF POSITION
DIRECT
CONTACT WITH
THE ENEMY
48

Attack - the most decisive stage of the offensive, consists in the rapid, at a high pace and non-stop movement of tank and motorized

Attack is the most decisive
the onset phase is
fast, at a high pace
and non-stop movement
tank and motorized rifle
divisions in battle formation
combined with intense fire
from tanks, infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers), and as
approaching the enemy and
other types of weapons for the purpose of
destruction.
49

The nature of the battle is a set of common features inherent in this battle and determining its properties and features.

General features of the battle:
decisiveness of goals
high dynamism and
maneuverability,
tension,
transience,
quick change from one
actions towards others
drastic changes
environment,
51

uneven development and
focal nature of combat
action,
application of various
ways to carry out combat
tasks,
simultaneous powerful
fire effect on the whole
depth of building sides,
complex electronic
situation.
52

PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT OF SOB:

Means of armed combat at the tactical level:

1. Reconnaissance and shock
(fire) complexes.
2. Artillery.
3. Army aviation.
4. Armored vehicles.
5. Anti-tank weapons.
6. Small arms.
55

Reconnaissance and strike (fire) complexes

Intelligence
component
Funds
defeat
divisions
industrial
objects
Items
management
56

ARTILLERY

ACS MSTA-S
57

ARMY AVIATION

Combat helicopter MI-35M
58

ANTI-TANK MEANS

ANTI-TANK GUN MT-12
59

WEAPON

MP-446
"Viking"
Pistol Yarygin PYa
(MR-443 "Rook")
Pistol GSh-18
underwater pistol
SPP-1M
62

AK-47

Bayonet knives for AK-47, AKM, AK-74

Kalashnikov light machine gun. PKK

AK-74: caliber 5.45 mm; weight with loaded magazine
3.8 kg; sighting range 1000 m; magazine capacity 30

40/100 rds/min). range of reliable destruction
the enemy can reach: on ground targets 1500 m,
by air 1000 m.
RPK-74 is an automatic weapon of a motorized rifle
departments.
He
intended
for
destruction of manpower and firepower of the enemy
at a distance of up to 1000 m, and for aircraft, helicopters and
paratroopers - at a distance of up to 500 m.
RPK-74: caliber 5.45 mm; weight with empty magazines 5 kg;
sighting range 1000 m; magazine capacity 45
cartridges; ammunition 450 rounds; rate of fire
66
150 shots/min.

Automatic grenade launcher complex "Groza" OTs-
Automatic underwater special APS
73

Armored vehicles
74

BTR-60PB

BTR-80

The armored personnel carrier is a combat, wheeled, armored,
floating vehicle armed with a 14.5 mm large-caliber
machine gun KPVT, capable of hitting lightly armored
targets, and a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun coaxial with it.
BTR-70:
combat weight 11.5 tons; airborne squad - 10 people;
ammunition KPVT 500 rounds; ammunition PKT 2000
cartridges; cruising range 400 km; two engines of 115 hp;
maximum speed: on the highway 80 km / h; on a dirt road
37
km/h.
BTR-80:
weight 13.6 tons, engine power 210 hp (turbocharged 260 nee 7.62 mm machine gun,
-PU ATGM "Baby" / 30 mm automatic gun,
coaxial 7.62 mm machine gun and launcher ATGM "Fagot",
gun firing range 1.3-1.6 / 2-4 km;
armor penetration 300/400 mm; sighting
machine gun firing range 1,500 m;
ammunition: shells for the gun 40/500; cartridges for
machine gun 2000/2000; ATGM 4/8; firing range
ATGM "Baby" / "Bassoon" 0.5-3 / 0.07-2 km;
- speed: - on the highway 65 km/h;
- afloat 7 km/h;
82
- cruising range of 550-600 km.

BMP 2D

BMP-3

The armament of motorized rifle units consists of:
machine gun PKM-61: caliber 7.62 mm; weight with machine 16 kg; weight without
machine with an empty magazine 9 kg; aiming range
1500 m; tape capacity 100, 200, and 250 rounds, ammunition
2000 rounds, rate of fire 250 rounds/min.
KPVT: caliber 14.5 mm; ammunition 500 rounds; sighting
firing range at ground targets 2000 m, at air
1000 m
A motorized rifle platoon is armed with a sniper
a rifle that allows you to destroy important single targets
(officers, observers, snipers, fire crews,
low-flying enemy helicopters) at a distance of up to 1300 m.
85

To fight tanks and other armored vehicles
the enemy, in addition to arming the infantry fighting vehicles, the units have
hand-held anti-tank grenade launchers RPG-7 and ATGM "Metis".
-RPG-7: effective range 500 m; armor penetration up to 280 mm;
weight 6.3 kg; calculation 2 people; ammunition 20 grenades.
-ATGM "Metis", armor penetration up to 270 mm; firing range
0.025-1 km.
-Reactive anti-tank grenades (4 grenades per MSO).
RPG-18: armor penetration up to 320 mm; grenade weight 2, 6 kg;
throwing range up to 200 m.
-RPG-22: armor penetration up to 450 mm; grenade weight 3.2 kg,
throwing range up to 250 m.
- Underbarrel grenade launcher GP-25, docked to the machine
AK-74. Caliber 40 mm; effective firing range up to 400 m; type of
grenades VOG-25, fragmentation; ammunition 20 grenades; grenade weight 1.5

Batyushkin S. A. Doctor of Military Sciences, Professor, Honored Military Specialist of the Russian Federation, full member of the Academy of Military Sciences;

Shishkin N.K. Doctor of Military Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, full member of the Academy of Military Sciences;

Moiseenko N.P. candidate of military sciences, professor, full member of the Academy of military sciences.

GENERAL TACTICS

is intended for cadets, officers and teachers of higher military educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

It is recommended by the state educational institution of higher professional education - the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation as a textbook for cadets of military educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

Military art is the theory and practice of preparing and conducting military operations on land, sea and in near-Earth space. The theory of military art is part of military science.

Military art includes three components: strategy, operational art and tactics, which are closely related to each other and each of them has its own types, forms and methods of action in carrying out assigned tasks of various scales.

Strategy (from the Greek stratos - army and ago - I lead) is an integral part of military art, its highest area, covering the theory and practice of preparing the country and the Armed Forces for war, planning and conducting strategic operations and war in general.

The theory of strategy studies the patterns and nature of war, methods of waging; develops the theoretical foundations for planning, preparing and conducting strategic operations and war in general and various forms of strategic actions. In solving practical problems, the strategy is guided by the provisions of the military doctrine of the state. It is in close connection with politics, flows from it and serves it. The economy has a decisive influence on the nature and content of the strategy. “Nothing depends on economic conditions so much,” F. Engels wrote, as exactly the army and navy. Armament, composition, organization, tactics and strategy depend, first of all, on the stage of production reached at the moment and on the means of communication. In turn, the strategy has an inverse effect on politics and economics.

In relation to other components of military art, operational art and tactics, strategy plays a dominant role. It determines their missions and methods of troop operations on an operational and tactical scale. At the same time, strategy takes into account the possibilities of operational art and tactics and uses the achieved tactical and operational successes to solve strategic problems.

Operational art is an integral part of military art, covering the theory and practice of preparing and conducting military operations on an operational scale (operations, battles, combat actions, strikes) by associations of branches of the Armed Forces. It occupies an intermediate position between strategy and tactics, is subordinate to strategy and, in turn, determines the tasks and directions for the development of tactics.

The main tasks of the theory of operational art are: the study of the patterns, content and nature of modern operations (combat actions) and other forms of operational use of formations, the development of methods for their preparation and conduct, the use of formations and formations of branches of the Armed Forces, combat arms (forces) and others.

In practical terms, operational art covers the activities of the command, staffs and troops (forces) of formations in preparing and conducting operations (combat operations), command and control of troops (forces) and comprehensive support for operations. Operational art, like strategy, is constantly evolving. There are new areas of research related to the use of new types of weapons and military equipment, the increase in the intensity of the armed struggle.

Tactics is the third component of military art, covering the theory and practice of preparing and conducting combat and other tactical actions by subunits, units (ships) and formations of various types of armed forces, combat arms (forces) and special troops.

The theory of tactics investigates the patterns, nature, content of combat and other tactical actions, develops the forms and methods of their preparation and conduct; studies the combat and other properties and capabilities of subunits, units and formations. These provisions are reflected in regulations, manuals, textbooks, and military-theoretical works.

The practice of tactics covers the activities of commanders, staffs and troops (forces) in the preparation and conduct of combat and other tactical actions. It includes: constant updating of data on the situation; making decisions and communicating tasks to subordinates, organizing the interaction of forces and means and comprehensively ensuring actions; planning and preparation of tactical actions of troops; conducting combat and other operations and managing subunits, units and formations.

At present, tactics are subdivided into general tactics, tactics of branches of the armed forces, tactics of combat arms (forces), and tactics of special troops.

General tactics explores the patterns of combat (other tactical actions) and develops recommendations for its (their) preparation and conduct by joint efforts of formations and units of various types of armed forces. These patterns are common to all branches of the armed forces, branches of service and special forces participating in the fulfillment of the assigned task. The basis of general tactics is the tactics of the Ground Forces. It studies and develops methods of preparing and conducting combined-arms combat, other tactical actions and includes the tactics of combined-arms formations, units and subunits, as well as the combat arms and special forces included in the Ground Forces, determines the tasks for subunits, units and formations of the branches of the Armed Forces, military arms and special forces in combined arms combat, the order and methods of their joint use, and thereby influence the development of their tactics.

Tactics of branches of the Armed Forces, combat arms and special forces develops specific issues of combat use of subunits, units and formations of branches of the Armed Forces, combat arms and special troops both in combined arms combat and independently. Changes in their tactics have an impact, in turn, on the development of general tactics, require appropriate clarification of its provisions and improvement of general recommendations.

Like other parts of the military art, tactics are in constant development. decisive influence on

the state and development of tactics are influenced by weapons and military equipment, the level of training of troops, and the art of leading them. F. Engels noted that “the entire organization of armies and the method of warfare used by them, and along with this, victories and defeats turn out to be dependent on material, i.e. economic, conditions: from human material and from weapons. Because of this, the role of tactics in modern conditions is exceptionally great, as evidenced by the experience of the Great Patriotic War, local wars and armed conflicts. This is due to the fact that combined-arms combat plays an important role in achieving victory over the enemy, and the fact that tactical command at all levels now has greater capabilities due to the sharply increased range and combat effectiveness of weapons.

Tactics got its name from the words of Greek origin tasso - I build troops and taktika - the art of building troops. Tactics in the sense of "formation of troops" appeared in the slave-owning states of Ancient Greece in the VIII-VI centuries. BC, but as the art of building troops - in the Greco-Persian wars (500-479 BC) and has gone through a long period of time in its development. So it was in the battles and battles of Epaminondas, Alexander the Great, Hannibal, Julius Caesar, Dmitry Donskoy, Peter I, Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov, Napoleon, Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, when, due to the original formation of troops before the battle and rebuilding it during the battle, these commanders succeeded completely defeat a vastly superior enemy force.

At the same time, the concept of “tactics” expanded as the means of armed struggle developed and, due to the participation in battle of a large number of different combat weapons with very different combat properties and capabilities, it outgrew its original interpretation (as the formation of troops) and took on a modern content, covering not only formation of troops, but also the theory and practice of organizing and conducting combat and other tactical actions in general.

Today tactics are the most dynamic field of military art. Changes in it occur as technological progress accelerates and weapons weapons improve.

women's struggle. With the advent of a new weapon, tactics immediately reveals the possible nature of its influence on the methods of conducting combat operations, determines what new features it can and should introduce into the content of combined arms combat (preparation, conduct, control). Accordingly, tactics explores the tasks, methods of protection against such weapons when used by the enemy. As various new combat weapons appear and are used in combat, one of the tasks of tactics is to find the optimal combination of methods of application and the order of their interaction.

An important task of tactics is to study the development of the organizational and staff structure of subunits, units and formations, to identify trends in the ratio of various forces and means in them, the proportion of formations of combat arms and special forces at one level or another.

In accordance with the improvement and the emergence of new types of weapons and military equipment, the quality of training of personnel of the troops, tactics are constantly developing, which is the basis of its development.

Tactics originated with the advent of armies, initially as a practice of military affairs, and in historical terms, it went through a long period of time in its development from shock tactics in the form of simple formations and frontal clashes to fire tactics in the form of combined arms combat.

This path was based on changes in weapons, military equipment and the skills of personnel, which ultimately gave the character of the battle (battle) one or another specificity and corresponding features. The most ancient theoretical sources on tactics (the art of war) include the works of Chinese commanders of the 5th-6th centuries. BC. Sun Tzu and Wu Tzu. These works, due to their practical significance, were included in the 19th and early 20th centuries in the training programs for officers in China, Korea, Japan and were published in 1935, 1940 and 1943.

Their most important provisions, which have not lost their significance in modern conditions, are: “All war is based on deception, which means that when you can attack, show that you are not able to attack; dei-

acting, you must pretend to be inactive; when you are close to the enemy, make him think that you are far away; when you are far away from him, you must make him think that you are close. If the enemy is stronger, then avoid him, but if he is resting, do not let him rest. If his forces are united, then divide them, attack him when he is unprepared; appear where you are not expected.

“The science of the supreme commander consists in the ability to assess the enemy, organize a victory, take into account the nature of the terrain and distance, if you know him (the enemy) and you know yourself (your troops), fight at least a hundred times, there will be no danger; if you know yourself, but you don’t know him, you will win once, you will fail another time; if you don't know yourself or him, every time you fight you will be defeated. Whoever - even before the battle - wins by preliminary calculation, has many chances; whoever does not win by calculation before the battle has little chance. Who has a lot of chances - wins; who has few chances - does not win; especially the one who has no chance at all.

Within the framework of strike tactics, the tactics of the phalanx were first improved and developed in such countries as Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome and Macedonia, where it reached its perfection under the guidance of the greatest of the commanders of that era, Alexander the Great, and then manipulative and cohort tactics in Ancient Rome .

The development of phalanx tactics at that time proceeded from the simplest forms of frontal clashes to more complex forms of troop maneuvering during the battle, taking into account the interaction of heavy, light and medium infantry and cavalry, as well as parts of the battle formation. From a uniform and linear formation, the troops gradually moved to an uneven distribution, creating a shock fist in a decisive direction.

So, in 371 BC. The Theban commander Epaminondas in the battle of Leuktarchus for the first time applied the principle of uneven distribution of forces along the front and the concentration of superior forces in the main direction, creating for this a cohort (embalon) of 50 ranks on his left flank of troops, while the flank in the center had only 8 As a result, this helped him to defeat the enemy in a short time. On this occasion, F. Engels wrote: "Epaminondas was the first to discover a great tactical principle, which, up to our days, decides almost all regular battles ...".

In the era of feudalism, the content of tactics was determined by the combat properties of the knightly cavalry, which became the predominant branch of the army, which led to the decline of the infantry. The battle was practically reduced to the sum of duels of knights.

Russian army in 1115 centuries. used more flexible tactics based on the interaction and maneuver of the infantry, which did not lose its combat value and cavalry, and the use of reserves. Maneuver, surprise and deceptive actions played an important role, as was the case, for example, in the battle of Alexander Nevsky in 1242 and Dmitry Donskoy in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380.

With the advent of firearms in the 14th century, shock tactics based on the muscular strength of a warrior and a frontal strike with cold weapons of closely united masses began to gradually, as it improved and entered the troops in sufficient quantities, to turn into shock and fire tactics, which dominated the battlefields. about 500 years (almost until the end of the 19th century).

During this period, tactics in its development went from the Swiss battle, through linear tactics, the tactics of columns and loose formation to the tactics of skirmishing chains.

The battle was a huge square formation. Initially, it had 8-10 thousand infantrymen armed with pikes or halberds, which were built in 80-100 lines of 100 people each. Subsequently, the cavalry began to cover the battle from the flanks, and with the advent of firearms, artillery and infantry equipped with arquebuses.

With the improvement of firearms and the growth of their number, the need for such bulky constructions as battles disappeared. In order to reduce losses, primarily from enemy artillery fire, infantry combat formations began to disperse on the battlefield, and their depth decreased. This led to the 16th century. to the division of the battle into several smaller square columns - thirds of 2-3 thousand pikemen each. A new type of infantry - musketeers, who were armed with muskets, covered the third from all sides. Artillery was located in front of thirds of the first line or in the intervals between them. The cavalry covered the flanks.

Since the 17th century firearms (manual and artillery) are becoming the main, main means of armed struggle. His role on the battlefield begins to grow rapidly. Musketeers are transformed from an auxiliary part of the army, previously used only to cover the main forces and start the battle, into its main force. Melee weapons change from primary to secondary and gradually retire from service. When all the infantry was armed with handguns, the need for deep and dense formations disappeared, the troops began to build up in thin lines extended along the front.

Thus was born linear tactics, the main content of which was the uniform distribution of forces and means along the front. Its essence was to strive for the simultaneous commissioning of the largest number of handguns and their effective use. To do this, the troops lined up for battle in 5-6 ranks with artillery and cavalry, and subsequently - in 2-3 lines stretched along the front. Each line consisted of 3-4 ranks, and from the 18th century. - 4-6 ranks. The distance between the lines was 150-200 paces. In the center was the infantry, and on the flanks - the cavalry. Regimental artillery was located in the intervals between battalions, while the rest of the field artillery was in front and on the flanks.

The second (third) line could not fire due to its remoteness, but it was ready to fill gaps in the first line and reinforce weak points. The thinner was

the first line, the more it needed to be strengthened by the second line. The third line constituted a reserve and was ready to repulse enemy actions from the rear and flanks.

In addition to the positive ones (simultaneous use of the maximum number of handguns in battle and conducting organized salvo fire), linear tactics also had a number of significant drawbacks: the battle formation was inactive (low maneuverability), could not be used on rough terrain and was based on elbow communication and a uniform distribution of forces along the front. During the battle (on the offensive), subunits and units had to move slowly, keeping alignment, and, firing volleys of battalions or plutongs (platoons), act as a whole so as not to disrupt the formation of the army. After several such volleys, a bayonet attack was carried out by the entire mass of troops.

During the battle, it was impossible to change the battle formation, to allocate, if necessary, part of the forces for a flank attack, or to concentrate overwhelming forces to attack the enemy’s weak point. In addition, the weak point of such a formation, like the phalanxes, was the flanks, since the infantry battle lines carried out a frontal attack and could not withstand blows from the flanks.

For the first time, elements of a linear battle formation and linear tactics appeared in the Dutch army in the battle of Newport (1600), and in the Russian army - in the battle of Dobrynich (1605), where the Russian infantry, using a linear battle formation, salvo fire from 10 -12 thousand guns defeated the army of False Dmitry.

Linear tactics were finally established during the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), especially in its third Swedish period (1631-1648). With success, this tactic was used by the Russian army under the leadership of Peter I in battles with the Swedes in the Lesnaya region (1708) and near Poltava (1709), as well as Rumyantsev and Suvorov. Linear tactics were preserved almost until the end of the 18th century.

In the middle of the XVIII century. in connection with the creation of mass armies and the further improvement of weapons in the Russian army, in addition to linear tactics, elements of new

howling tactics, expressed in the interaction of rangers and line infantry in columns (the capture of Kolberg in 1761). In the 1770s, P.A. Suvorov for the first time applied the tactics of columns in combination with squares (in a night search on Turtukuy in 1773) and the tactics of columns during the assault on Izmail (1790). This was the birth of a new tactic, to which the name linear no longer fit. Thus was born the tactic of the columns in combination with the loose formation of the rangers.

Suvorov's tactics were advanced for their time. However, it was not officially recognized, but was regarded as "dangerous free-thinking." Suvorov's experience was hushed up. Therefore, in the history of military art, the appearance of columns and loose formation tactics has long been associated with the name of Napoleon, although the French first used it in the West in the battle of Jemappe in 1792. And from the end of the 18th century. and the beginning of the 19th century. in almost all battles, the tactics of columns and loose formation began to be used, the most significant of which were the battles of Austerlitz (1805) and the Battle of Borodino (1812). The use of new battle formations increased maneuverability and their striking power, made it possible to conduct a battle on any terrain and gave it an extremely decisive character.

Great changes in tactics took place in the second half of the 19th century, when the armies of the industrially developed capitalist countries (England, France, Prussia, etc.) received rifled lightweight guns with a long firing range (800-900 m against 200 m of smooth-bore guns), high rate of fire (2-3 shots per minute versus 1 shot in 1.5 minutes) and combat accuracy. Advance in columns under strong long-range small arms fire became impossible due to heavy losses. A new form of battle order appeared - the rifle chain, which was called upon in the future, up to the present day, to become the main formation of the infantry. It originated in the battle on the river. Alma during the defense of Sevastopol in the Crimean War of 1853 - 1856, and established itself in the Russian-Turkish war (1 (877-1877).

The rifle chain made it possible to most effectively use

call for new weapons, conduct more powerful fire at the enemy, skillfully disguise themselves on the ground, flow around the enemy from the flanks, putting him under crossfire. The blockages that became widespread near Sevastopol were the prototype of modern rifle cells, and the lodgements were the prototype of rifle trenches. Here the trench was also recognized as a continuous infantry firing position, and the appearance of communication passages connecting several lines of trenches meant the birth of a trench system, which still represents an integral feature of positional defense.

The first period of the First World War showed that the chain, as the basis of the infantry battle order, did not provide sufficient force to strike. To increase the impact force, since 1915, a transition to chain waves has been carried out. Such a battle formation increased its depth and penetrating power. But the “chest strike” in a dense chain of lines still led to heavy losses from machine gun fire and straightforward maneuver. The bulkiness of the waves made them difficult to control.

In contrast to such a battle formation, the depth of defense began to increase in the offensive. The troops gradually moved from its focal formation to a positional one, consisting of rifle trenches, machine-gun nests, dugouts, shelters and communication passages, and then including continuous trenches connected by communication passages. The defense became deeply echeloned, multi-position - 2-4 positions in the defense zone. This is how positional defense appeared. Thus, the transition in defense from a rifle chain to a system of trenches was carried out, as a result of which its tactical depth increased from 0.2-0.3 to 8-10 km.

The increased strength of the defense and the need to reduce losses led to the emergence of a group battle formation, when the battle began to be fought by separate groups - squads and platoons. Its occurrence is associated with the use of light (light) machine guns, cannons, mortars, tanks and the desire to overcome positional defenses or repel an enemy offensive. To do this, rifle units were grouped near the tank, escort guns, heavy machine guns.

The first elements of group tactics originated in

Rhone of the Russian army in 1915 on the Western Front, in German! in 1916 - in the offensive by assault groups, in the French - in the defense near Verdun, and in the British - in the offensive at Cambrai (1917).

With the advent of the battlefield, in addition to the traditional rodo! troops (infantry, cavalry, artillery), aviation and tanks; also mortars, combined arms tactics began to emerge, which today forms the basis of the tactical actions of the troops.

Thus, the battle order of the infantry in the First World War was constantly changing: from rifle chains, they made a transition to waves of chains, and then through assault groups to group battle formation. However, with this! the basis of the battle order was still the rifle chain.

During the years of the civil war (1918-1920), tactics were further developed. Its features were that< она использовала опыт военного искусства русской армии годы первой мировой войны. В основе тактики этого перио да в наступлении были удары по наиболее слабым местам флангам и тылу противника, применение обходов и охвато: его группировок, ведение наступления по направлениям с со средоточением основных сил и средств на решающих участ ках, глубокое построение боевых порядков. Применялос создание ударных группировок, группировок для развитие успеха (конные корпуса, армии).

The defense was characterized by maneuvering actions and its focal conduct. Great importance was attached to counterattacks. Experience was gained in organizing the fight against tanks. A major contribution to the generalization of the combat experience of the Civil War, the development of tactics in the postwar period outside of M.V. Frunze. He believed that the tactics of our army should be closely connected with the nature of a future war and the means of waging it, spoke about the growing role of tank and artillery aviation in combined arms combat, considered the influence of military equipment on the nature of combat, taking into account not only its direct combat effect, but and moral action. In particular, he wrote: “... every extreme commander needs to firmly grasp that the most dangerous business! for us is routine, the passion for some opera

divided scheme and some specific method ... The art of the commander manifests itself in the ability of the variety of means at his disposal, to choose those that will give the best results in a given situation and at a given time.

In the prewar period, before the start of the Great Patriotic War, a theory of deep combat was developed, which then found its confirmation during the Great Patriotic War, the essence of which was the simultaneous impact of aviation and artillery on the entire tactical depth of the enemy’s defense, in the rapid transfer of efforts in depth.

During the Great Patriotic War, the theory of deep combat was further developed and formed the basis of the tactics of the ground forces. However, due to the incompleteness of the rearmament of the army, not all provisions of this theory were implemented, especially in operational art.

Nevertheless, during the years of the last war, the tactics of defensive and offensive combat were constantly improved. In the defense, insurmountability, anti-tank stability increased, and activity grew. The concentration of efforts on decisive sectors became more and more clear, the depth of formation of battle formations increased, the width of the defense front of units and subunits constantly narrowed, which made it possible to increase the density of forces and means.

So, at the beginning of the war, the battle formation of a platoon had a group construction in two lines. The squads were dispersed at intervals of 150-250 m along the front and up to 200 m in depth. The rifle squad formed a battle formation in a "flock" or chain. The "flock" was considered the predominant battle formation. At the same time, the arrows of the squad at the position were located in single or double trenches behind the squad leader at a distance of 6-12 m from each other along the front and in depth. The battle formation "chain" of the squad shooters was accepted only when a trench was equipped for the squad, the length of which was 20-40 m. In this case, the shooters were placed in the trench at an interval of 1.5-3 m from each other.

However, significant losses in personnel, weapons and military equipment in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War (June - December 1941) required a review of the organization of subunits, units and formations, which led to the abandonment of group tactics.

Starting from the second period of the war, focal defense develops into a trench defense with the creation of two lanes in the tactical zone. Two or three positions were created on each lane with two or four continuous trenches.

The basis of each position was battalion defense areas with dimensions of 2 - 2.5 km along the front and 1.5 - 2 km in depth. In each district, a battalion defense unit began to be created, consisting of company strongholds and a battalion reserve. The distance between the first and second trenches was 150-200 m, the third one was torn off at a distance of 800-1000 m from the front edge. The density of bullets from 1.2 - 1.6 per 1 lin. m at the beginning of the war increased to 9-12 at its end. This made it possible to create continuous zones of small arms fire in front of the leading edge.

During the war, the system of anti-tank defense changed significantly: from a linear, uniform distribution of anti-tank weapons (PTS) along the front, a transition was made to massing them in the most important tank-hazardous areas. Instead of anti-tank lines that did not justify themselves, they switched to the creation of anti-tank strongholds in companies, units in battalions, areas in regiments and divisions.

Significant changes during the Great Patriotic War characterized the development of offensive tactics. Thus, the basis of the battle formation of a rifle platoon in an offensive, according to pre-war views, consisted of squad groups located along the front and having gaps of up to 50 m between themselves. With such a battle formation, the platoon advanced on the front up to 150 m, having a depth of up to 75 m, and acted in one or two lines of "flocks". The combat formation of the squad in the offensive was a “flock” - fighters grouped near the machine gunner and grenade launcher at intervals of 3-4 steps. As a task, the platoon and squad were given the object of attack, which remained until the end of the war.

However, the experience of offensive battles (autumn-winter 1941 and 1942) required a revision of the tasks and formation of the battle order not only of the company and battalion, but also of the platoon and squad. These provisions were reflected in the order of the People's Commissar of Defense No. 306 of October 8, 1942. It spoke of the need to move to a new battle formation in the offensive: in the squad and platoon - to the chain. These provisions were reflected in the Combat Manual of the Red Army Infantry, adopted in November 1942. The offensive front of a platoon was determined up to 100 m, a squad up to 25 m, a company 200-250 m, and a battalion up to 700 m. The intervals between squads were abolished, and the distance in the chain between the fighters reached 6-8 steps. Such a battle formation provided the best conditions for the use of small arms and simultaneous bayonet strikes. By the end of the war, the offensive front decreased and amounted to: squads - 15-20 m, platoon - 60-70 m, companies - 200-250 m, battalion - 400-500 m.

The offensive received two methods of transition: from a position of direct contact with the enemy (directly from the first trench), and in the third period of the war - on the move.

The experience gained during the Great Patriotic War was taken as the basis for the further development of tactics in the postwar period. Since the mid-1950s, in connection with the emergence of nuclear weapons, rocket technology, the development of electronics, the improvement of small arms, tanks, artillery, aviation, and in the 80s, high-precision weapons, the widespread introduction of armored personnel carriers, infantry fighting vehicles and helicopters, combat capabilities troops have increased significantly, their firepower, strike force, and maneuverability have sharply increased. This led to an increase in the depth of defeat, the pace and dynamism of actions.

The threat of the use of nuclear weapons by the enemy predetermined the need to reconsider many issues of both theory and practice of tactics, especially the organization, formation of battle formation and the conduct of an offensive. The width of the offensive front doubled and began to be: squad - 50-70 m, platoon - 150-200 m, company - up to 1000 m, battalion - up to 2000 m. 300 m, company - up to 1000 m and battalion - up to 2000 m.

With the equipment of rifle troops with armored personnel carriers (APCs), and later with infantry fighting vehicles (BMPs)

the main way to go on the offensive is to go on the move. With this in mind, the conditions, sequence and scope of work not only of the platoon commander, but also of the squad changed. By the beginning of the 1980s, the platoon offensive front had grown to 300 m, and squads to 50 m with intervals of up to 50 m between them. The chain remained the basis of the combat formation of a platoon (squad) when advancing on foot. This approach has continued to the present day. In modern conditions, a squad defends at a front up to 100 m, a platoon up to 400 m, a company up to 1500 m and a battalion up to 5000 m.

Changes in modus operandi have been particularly influenced by the widespread use of new weapons such as ATGMs and helicopter gunships.

ATGMs were first widely used in the Arab-Israeli war (1967), fire support helicopters - in Vietnam. This led to a sharp increase in the range of the so-called close combat. Increasing the range and effectiveness of fire weapons led to the desire of the parties to conduct long-range fire combat, to hit the enemy at the maximum reach of fire weapons. The introduction of infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers allowed infantry to interact more closely with tanks, an increase in the maneuverability of units in battle, an increase in the effectiveness of small tank and motorized infantry groups and helicopter landings supported by rocket fire, helicopters and ground attack aircraft became characteristic.

In the tactics of subunits on infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers), there was a tendency to move from attacks on foot to attacks on combat vehicles. The presence in combat order of a platoon, company and battalion of various weapons systems (tanks, armored personnel carriers, infantry fighting vehicles, anti-tank guided missiles, helicopters, anti-aircraft weapons, etc.) complicated the implementation of interaction between them, required new decisions in coordinating the actions of units, determining the nature of the maneuver, choosing methods of application joint strikes, increased the role of a creative approach to solving combat missions, initiative in the sudden emergence of a complex combat situation. Under these conditions, measures to ensure the maintenance of continuous management acquire the most important role and importance.

The emergence of high-precision weapons, effective reconnaissance and communications equipment, remote mining equipment, powerful ammunition made it possible to make its goals more decisive, including not only repelling the enemy’s offensive, but also disrupting it, delivering powerful fire strikes even on the approach and during deployment. It became possible to increase both the front of defense (including due to the gaps between neighboring units) and the depth. Saturation of troops with high-performance engineering equipment allows you to quickly create a stable defense in depth with effective position equipment, capable of successfully resisting the offensive of a strong enemy.

With this in mind, commanders of all grades must view tactics as theory and practice in constant development, and therefore treat it as an art. This is due to the fact that the skillful use of weapons based on a firm knowledge of their properties and capabilities, the creative solution of the problem of applying this or that method of action in a specific situation, the decisive and persistent implementation of the decision taken are the main conditions for achieving success. Success is always on the side of the one who is brave in battle, constantly shows reasonable initiative, uses new and unexpected methods and methods of action and dictates his will to the enemy, who, on the basis of constant study of the situation, foresees in advance the nature of its possible changes.

Experience shows that the main thing in combat is the correct, creative application of the principles of tactics, courage and endurance, decisiveness, and high professional skill. On this occasion, M.V. Frunze wrote: “We need to have such a command staff that would not be confused under any circumstances, that could quickly make an appropriate decision, bearing responsibility for all its consequences, and firmly implement it.”

In modern conditions, to achieve success, it is necessary to have a firm knowledge of the enemy's tactics and, accordingly, to counter it with such methods and methods of action that would not allow it to manifest itself effectively. It is important in the plan to take into account not only the state of the enemy and the actions carried out by him, but also their probable changes, the possibility of the enemy using deceptive actions.

Attention should also be paid to the fact that in the conditions of the highly dynamic development of modern combat, the quick reaction of commanders to a change in the situation is of particular importance. Under these conditions, it is important to constantly monitor the course of the battle and anticipate its possible changes in order to act with the necessary preemption in relation to them. At the same time, resourcefulness plays an important role, the ability to quickly understand a complex situation, focusing on its decisive moments and facts. It is especially important to take full account of and make fuller use of the combat properties of weapons and equipment, favorable conditions of the situation: position in relation to the enemy, terrain, weather, enemy weaknesses, successful actions of neighbors, high morale of personnel, the time factor.

METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

(VUS-121000,121200)

Topic number 3: "Motorized rifle (tank) battalion in the main types of combat"

departments of signal troops

protocol no.

SOUTHERN RUSSIAN STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF MILITARY TRAINING

MILITARY DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION TROOPS, TACTICS AND GENERAL MILITARY DISCIPLINES

"I approve"

Head of the military department of the signal troops,

tactics and general military disciplines

Colonel A.Rendak

TEXT OF THE LECTURE

in the discipline "General tactics"

(VUS-121000,121200)

Topic No. 3 "Motorized rifle (tank) battalion in the main types of combat"

Updated: Considered at the meeting

departments of signal troops

protocol no.

Novocherkassk 2010

Lecture #3

Lesson 2. Modern combined arms combat

Educational, methodological and educational goals:

1. Familiarize students with the definition of tactics and show its dialectical connection with operational art and strategy.

2. To study the essence, characteristics, types and basic principles of conducting modern combined arms combat, means of armed combat at the tactical level.

3. To cultivate perseverance and purposefulness in mastering knowledge.

Time: 2 hours.

Lecture plan

No. p / p	Study questions	Time, min.
1. 2. 3.	INTRODUCTION MAIN PART 1. Tactics as an integral part of military art. The content of the main tactical concepts and terms. 2. Fundamentals of combined arms combat. Modern means of armed combat at the tactical level. FINAL PART

Material support:

Literature:

1. General tactics. Textbook. M.: Ed. LLC "Katalit", 2008 p.5-45,

Introduction

Accept report. Check for trainees.

Announce the title of the topic and the lesson, educational questions and goals, ways to achieve them, highlight the corresponding electronic slide. Indicate the relationship of the proposed educational material with other disciplines and the relevance of the issues studied in the light of the upcoming military professional activity.

Main part

Name the first training question and, in accordance with the text of the lecture, bring the content of the training material to the personnel.

· Military art and its components;

· Essence and tasks of tactics;

The subject of tactics.

Remind the second educational question and, in accordance with the text of the lecture, bring the content of the educational material.

Pay special attention to the following concepts and definitions, which must be given under the record and illustrated with the appropriate slides (see the list of slides):

· Tactical actions and their forms;

· Combat and its components;

· Types of combat;

Types of fire and maneuver;

· Means of armed struggle.

When commenting on the content of the slide, it is advisable to give a clear definition of the essence of the issue, and then justify it.

Periodically control the work of students, bypass the audience, check the notes, evaluate the assimilation of the material by a survey of 2-3 cadets.

At the end of the presentation of the material, summarize the educational issue.

Final part

Remind the topic, learning objectives and the degree to which they have been achieved. Announce grades for answering questions. Give a task for independent work, highlight the corresponding slide of recommended literature for independent work. At the same time, it is advisable to give an extremely brief annotation.

Answer the questions. When answering questions, it is better not to repeat verbatim the provisions that were already mentioned during the lecture, but to give them additional evidence and justification or, depending on the nature of the question, provide new material.

Give a command to end the lesson.

TEXT OF THE LECTURE

INTRODUCTION

Since ancient times, commanders have sought to find "elixirs" of victory. Centuries passed, countless military campaigns, battles were carried out, a sea of human blood was shed, before inquisitive minds, comprehending the accumulated combat experience, analyzing the hidden springs and levers that determine the achievement of success, found guiding threads useful for practical activities, developed recommendations for the preparation and conducting the battle. Over time, they enriched themselves, formed into coherent theories.

Over the past millennia, tactics have gone through a long and complex path of development. On the pages of the military press in the past, there have been numerous discussions about whether tactics are science or art. The authors, who did not consider tactics a science, cited the following argument as their main argument: tactics cannot provide immutable rules of warfare suitable for all cases, and therefore cannot be a science, it is an art based only on the giftedness of military leaders. However, every science has its application to life, i.e. its art, and, conversely, every art has its own science, its own theory, which is a generalized experience, a generalized practice. Therefore, the question of what tactics is - science or art, should be answered: both. Tactics, like strategy and operational art, has its own scientific theory and its own art - the application of this theory to life.

The purpose of the lecture is to acquaint you with the basics of modern tactics as an integral part of military science.

MAIN PART

Tactics as an integral part of military art

The current military-political situation in the world over the past decade allows us to conclude that one of the main sources of wars and armed conflicts are conflicts on racial, ethnic and religious grounds, which also have an economic background. This makes it necessary to have armed forces that have the ability, together with other power structures of the country, to solve problems both in large-scale and in local wars and armed conflicts. The participation of the armed forces in solving tasks that are not entirely characteristic of them, for example, the destruction of illegal bandit formations, influenced the development of methods of armed struggle against them.

But in general, these ways of fighting are based on the basic theory of military art.

Military art includes three components (Slide #3) :

· strategy,

· operational art,

· tactics.

Each component has specific features of conducting armed struggle of various scales.

(Slide number 4) Strategy - the highest field of military art, covering the theory and practice of preparing the country and the armed forces for war, planning and conducting war and strategic operations.

(Slide number 5) Operational art includes the theory and practice of conducting operations (combat actions) by formations of the Armed Forces. Guided by the requirements of strategy, we can say that operational art explores (Slide number 6) :

the nature of modern operations;

regularities, principles and methods of their preparation and maintenance;

basics of the use of operational associations;

Issues of operational support;

· Fundamentals of command and control of troops in operations and their logistic support.

The use of the Ground Forces in armed struggle is carried out in the form of operations, battles and engagements. The first operations and combat actions carried out in the initial period of a war in order to repulse and frustrate the enemy's aggression are of paramount importance in modern conditions.

Combat is the only way to achieve victory by formations, units and subunits in an armed clash with the enemy. Tactics just studies the theory and practice of combat.

(Slide number 7) Tactics - theory and practice of preparing and conducting combat by subunits, units and formations of various branches of the Armed Forces, branches of service (forces) and special forces, using all, including the latest, means of armed struggle. It is subdivided into (Slide number 8) :

General tactics

· Tactics of branches of the Armed Forces, combat arms and special forces.

General tactics examines the patterns of combined arms combat and develops recommendations for its preparation and conduct by the joint efforts of subunits, units and formations of various types of armed forces, combat arms and special forces. The basis of general tactics is the tactics of the Ground Forces.

The general tactics and tactics of branches of the Armed Forces, combat arms and special forces are closely interconnected. General tactics determine the tasks of subunits, units, formations, branches of the Armed Forces, combat arms and special forces in combined arms combat, the order and methods of their joint use, and thereby influence the development of their tactics. In turn, changes in the tactics of branches of the Armed Forces, combat arms and special forces have an impact on the development of general tactics.

Tactics has two aspects - theoretical and practical.

Theory of tactics explores the content and nature of modern combat, reveals the patterns and principles of armed struggle, studies the combat capabilities of military formations, and develops methods of preparing and conducting combat. The theoretical provisions of tactics are reflected in regulations, manuals, textbooks, teaching aids, and military-theoretical works.

Practical aspect covers the activities of commanders, staffs and troops in the preparation and conduct of combat. It includes: collecting and studying situational data, making decisions and communicating tasks to subordinates, planning, preparing troops and terrain for combat, conducting combat operations, managing subunits, units and formations, and providing comprehensive combat support.

Tactics as close as possible to the practical activities of the troops; the level of its development, the quality of the tactical training of officers, staffs and combat arms largely determine the success of achieving victory in battle.

Therefore, the main requirement for the theory of tactics is that it should be ahead of practice, pave the way for it, reveal possible paths of development, and thereby accelerate the improvement of methods for preparing and conducting combined arms combat.

Tactics is also inextricably linked with other components of military art, its theory and practice are subordinated to the interests of strategy and operational art, guided by their requirements. In turn, under the influence of the rapid development of armaments and military equipment, tactics have a significant impact on operational art, and through it on strategy.

But tactics, as a science, does not stand still, changes in it are happening more and more rapidly as technical progress accelerates and the means of armed struggle and the morale and combat qualities of army personnel improve.

The introduction of nuclear weapons, the emergence and improvement of high-precision weapons, the continuous growth of firepower, strike force and maneuverability of troops, the introduction of automated command and control systems for troops and weapons have radically changed the nature of the battle and the conditions for its conduct, they have given battle unprecedented decisiveness, maneuverability, dynamism and spatial span.

Significant changes in the capabilities of weapons and the further improvement of combat, technical and logistic support, command and control of troops and weapons create a qualitatively new material and technical basis for the development of combined arms combat tactics, necessitate the solution of emerging problems, a quick and correct response to a changing situation.

The importance of the commander's efficiency of thinking, foresight, reasonable initiative and independence of action has increased, quick and accurate operational-tactical calculations are required, a sharp reduction in the time for preparing a battle and solving problems of controlling units and subunits in the course of its conduct. Of particular importance is the ability to mislead the enemy about the true intentions by using various methods of deceiving him.

Tactics is designed to reveal these changes, to explore the nature of modern combat, its characteristic features, regularity, training, principles and methods of conducting.

Thus, as we can see, the range of tasks of tactics is extensive. It is determined by the level of development of armaments and military equipment, views on the nature of a future war, methods of unleashing and waging it, and specific tasks arising from operational art.

Since the troops must be ready to repel a surprise attack from a potential enemy, then the most important tasks of tactics are (Slide number 9, 10) :

development and implementation of measures to ensure the constant combat readiness of subunits, units and formations to perform combat missions in difficult ground, air and radio-electronic conditions;

development and improvement of methods of conducting combat operations in the initial period of the war;

study of the forces and means of the enemy, his views on their use in combat, as well as on the methods of conducting various types of combat;

identifying the strengths and weaknesses of weapons, equipment, organization of troops and enemy tactics;

study of management issues, comprehensive combat support;

development of requirements for the organizational structure of military formations and the level of combat training.

Tactics develops ways to use various types of modern weapons, as well as to protect troops from the same enemy weapons.

(Slide number 11) Tactical actions - organized actions of subunits, units and formations in the performance of assigned tasks using various types, forms and methods of action. The types of tactical actions include: offensive, defense, meeting engagement, location on the spot, march, transportation, exit from the battle, withdrawal, actions in the environment and when leaving it, change of units, tactical airborne assault and others.

(Slide number 12) Main types of tactical actions are defense and offensive , and the forms the battle , hit and maneuver .

(Slide number 13)The battle- the main form of tactical actions, units. It can be combined arms (ground), air, anti-air and sea. Modern combat of tactical formations, units and subunits is combined arms. This means that subunits, units and formations of various branches of the armed forces (motorized rifle, tank, etc.) and special forces, and in coastal areas - ships of the Navy according to a single plan and plan under the command of a general commander.

(Slide number 14) Combined-arms (ground) combat is organized and coordinated in terms of purpose, place and time strikes, fire and maneuver of subunits, units and formations to destroy (rout) the enemy, repel his strikes (attacks) and perform other tactical tasks in a limited area within a short time.

In battle, various combat forces and assets are used, built in specific battle formations, including motorized rifle, tank, artillery and anti-aircraft units, units of engineering and NBC protection troops, and others. Close and uninterrupted interaction of dissimilar forces and means in a single combat order allows them to most successfully solve combat missions by mutually complementing each other's combat properties and capabilities, and ensures the most effective combination of strikes, fire and maneuver. From this it follows that the battle is a two-sided phenomenon, in which two groupings of forces and means are confronted, having one and the same goal - to defeat the enemy.

The means of achieving victory are weapons, military equipment and people, and the main means of destroying (rout) the enemy in battle is the fire. It prepares and accompanies the actions of subunits in the course of performing a mission, ensures their speed of action and creates the necessary conditions for the implementation of a maneuver. In defense, in essence, only fire in combination with obstacles, maneuver by subunits (fire weapons, military personnel) and fire predetermines the possibility of repelling an enemy offensive.

(Slide number 15) Fire in modern conditions is firing from various types of weapons and launching missiles in conventional equipment to hit targets or to perform other tasks. It differs in (Slide number 16) :

solved tactical problems,

types of weapons

ways of doing

tension,

shooting direction,

shooting methods,

types of fire.

According to the tactical tasks to be solved (Slide number 17) it is aimed at destruction, suppression, exhaustion, destruction, smoke, etc.

The destruction of a target consists in inflicting such losses (damage) on it, in which it completely loses its combat capability: the crew (crew) is destroyed or the equipment of the combat vehicle is disabled. The probability of hitting individual targets is 0.7 - 0.9 or the mathematical expectation of the number of hit targets from the group target (squad, platoon, battery, etc.) is 50-60%.

Suppression of a target consists in inflicting such losses (damage) on it, in which it is temporarily deprived of its combat capability, its maneuver (by fire, movement) is limited (forbidden), or control is disturbed. The mathematical expectation of the number of hit targets is 25-30%.

Exhaustion consists in the moral and psychological impact on the enemy's manpower by conducting restless fire with a limited number of guns (mortars), tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, other fire weapons and ammunition for a set time.

The destruction of the target consists in bringing it into an unusable state, and the defensive structures cannot be used for further actions.

By type of weapon, it is divided into fire from small arms, grenade launchers, flamethrowers, tanks (tank guns and machine guns), infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers), artillery, mortars, anti-tank missile systems, anti-aircraft weapons and other means.

(Slide number 18) According to the methods of conducting fire, it can be direct and semi-direct fire, from closed firing positions, and another.

Direct fire is called aiming, which is carried out when firing from an open firing position at an observed target (the target is visible in the sight). It is usually carried out from a machine gun (machine gun, sniper rifle), hand-held anti-tank grenade launcher, infantry fighting vehicle (APC), artillery pieces, anti-tank missile systems and other means.

Indirect aiming is called when the weapon's position for firing is set along the horizon with the help of an azimuth indicator (goniometer), and in height - with the help of a side level. Such aiming is carried out when firing from tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, artillery pieces from closed firing positions, at night and in other conditions when the target is not visible to the shooter.

Semi-direct aiming is used when the target is visible in the sight, but the distance to it exceeds the slicing of the sight scales. Semi-direct fire is carried out from tanks, infantry fighting vehicles (BTR), ATS-17 and other weapons.

(Slide number 19) According to the intensity of shooting, fire can be single shots, short or long bursts, continuous, dagger, fluent, methodical, salvo and others.

Dagger fire (only for small arms) - fire opened suddenly from close distances in one direction. It is prepared at distances not exceeding the range of a direct shot at the pectoral figure, and is carried out from carefully camouflaged positions with maximum tension until the enemy is completely destroyed or his attempts to advance in this direction are prevented.

Rapid fire is conducted from one or more tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, guns and mortars; shots follow one after the other as soon as they are ready at the maximum rate, without violating the fire regime and without compromising the accuracy of aiming.

Methodical fire - fire, in which, according to one command, each subsequent shot is fired in a certain sequence at established (equal) intervals of time. It can be fired by tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, guns and mortars.

Volley fire - fire in which shots (launches) from several tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, guns, mortars, rockets, rocket launchers and carbines are fired simultaneously or in the shortest possible time at the command (signal) of the unit commander.

Fire in the direction of fire is distinguished as frontal, flank and cross (Slide number 20) .

Frontal fire - fire directed perpendicular to the front of the target (the enemy's battle formation). It is carried out from small arms, anti-tank weapons, tanks, infantry fighting vehicles (APCs) and other fire weapons.

Flank fire - fire directed at the flank of the target (the enemy's battle formation). It is conducted from small arms, anti-tank weapons, tanks, infantry fighting vehicles (APCs), and sometimes from guns.

Crossfire - fire directed at a target from at least two directions.

(Slide #21) Fire, in addition, differs in the methods of firing from a place, from a stop (from a short stop), on the move, from the side, with dispersion along the front, with dispersion in depth, over an area, and others.

(Slide number 22) types - fire on a separate target, concentrated, barrage, multi-layered, multi-tiered and others.

Fire at an individual target (machine gun, tank, BMP (APC), ATGM, KNP, etc.) is carried out by one fire weapon (automatic, grenade launcher, machine gun, tank, BMP (APC), gun), artillery (mortar) platoon or battery.

Concentrated fire (CO) - the fire of several tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, machine guns, machine guns or other fire weapons, as well as the fire of one or more subunits, fired at one target or part of the enemy's battle formation. It is used to destroy important targets and is conducted in certain areas, the size of which is determined by the fire capabilities of the units and depends on the power of the ammunition used and the amount of funds involved. For a tank platoon (3 tanks), the SO section can be up to 120 m wide (40 m per gun), 100 m deep (due to natural dispersion - the best part of the dispersion ellipse); for a platoon on an infantry fighting vehicle - up to 75 m (25 m per gun) and 50 m, respectively; for small arms of a motorized rifle platoon, a CO section with a density of 10-12 bullets per 1 linear meter can be up to 100 m. Concentrated fire from machine guns and light machine guns at ground targets is conducted at ranges up to 800 m, air - up to 500 m; from PKTiPK machine guns - up to 1000 m.

Multi-layered fire is fire fired simultaneously from machine guns, machine guns, grenade launchers, infantry fighting vehicles (APCs), tanks, guns, mortars and other fire weapons at the enemy in front of the front of the platoon (company, battalion) operations to a depth of 400 m. It is prepared and conducted to repel enemy attacks on the defensive and counterattacks on the offensive.

Tiered fire is fire fired from machine guns, machine guns, grenade launchers, tanks, infantry fighting vehicles (APCs) and other fire weapons located at several tiers in height against the enemy in front of the front of the platoon, company and battalion during defense in the mountains and in the city.

(Slide number 23)Hit- a form of tactical action. It consists in the simultaneous and short-term defeat of enemy groupings of troops and objects by a powerful impact on them with all available means of destruction or by the offensive of troops (strike by troops). (Slide number 24) Depending on the weapons used, strikes can be nuclear and fire, according to the means of delivery they are divided into missile, artillery and aviation, and according to the number of participating means and objects hit - massive, group and single.

A troop strike is a combination of fire and movement of tank, motorized rifle subunits and units, airborne assault forces in order to develop success and complete the defeat of the enemy and capture the designated area (line, object). Therefore, a strike is most characteristic of an offensive, primarily for its decisive element - an attack. In defense, it is usually used when counterattacking. The impact force of attacking (counterattacking) subunits and units is determined primarily by their firepower, the speed (tempo) of movement, and the suddenness of its delivery.

(Slide number 25)Maneuver- a form of tactical action, which is an organized movement of units (fire weapons, military personnel) in the performance of assigned tasks in order to occupy an advantageous position in relation to the enemy and create the necessary grouping of forces and means, as well as the transfer or retargeting (massage, distribution) of strikes and fire to effectively defeat the most important enemy groupings.

The maneuver is carried out by subunits (fire weapons) and fire. AT defense unit maneuver is used to (Slide number 26) :

change position to a more advantageous one,

more reliable cover of the threatened direction,

strengthening (or replacing) the unit located on it,

getting out from under the blow of the enemy,

firing line practice

Entering the line of transition to a counterattack.

AT offensive unit maneuver is carried out for (Slide number 27) :

building up efforts in the direction of the success achieved by introducing the second echelon into battle,

moving part of the units of the first echelon from one direction to another, to attack the enemy in the flank and rear,

· to occupy an advantageous line to repel an enemy counterattack.

Types of maneuver (Slide number 28) divisions are: coverage, bypass, departure and change of area(locations, strong points, positions), and fire weapons - change of firing positions. Coverage - a maneuver carried out by subunits in the course of operations to reach the flank (flanks) of the enemy and attack him. Detour - a deeper maneuver performed by subunits to reach the rear of the enemy. Envelopment and detours are carried out in close tactical and fire cooperation with subunits advancing from the front. Withdrawal and change of positions - a maneuver carried out by subunits (fire weapons) in order to get out from under the blows of a superior enemy, prevent encirclement and occupy a more advantageous position for subsequent actions. It is carried out only with the permission of the senior commander. The change of firing positions is carried out by infantry fighting vehicles (APCs), tanks, anti-tank missile systems, grenade launchers, machine guns, artillery and mortar units, as well as personnel to increase their survivability by reducing the effectiveness of enemy fire and misleading him about their true location. It is carried out by the decision of the commander to whom they are subordinate.

Maneuver by subunits should be simple in concept, carried out quickly, covertly and suddenly for the enemy.

For its implementation, the results of enemy fire engagement (fire), open flanks, gaps, terrain folds, hidden approaches, aerosols (smoke) are used, and in defense, in addition, trenches and communication passages and, if necessary, the optimally expedient amount of forces and means is involved with spending minimal time.

Fire maneuver is used to more effectively defeat the enemy. It consists in the simultaneous or successive concentration of platoon (squad) fire on the most important enemy targets or in the distribution of fire from several targets, as well as in redirecting to new targets.

In this way, The theory and practice of combined-arms combat must be constantly improved, taking into account the requirements of strategy, operational art and changes in the material basis of combat, and the level of tactical art of commanders, staffs and troops must be continuously raised.

The role of tactics in modern conditions, as the experience of local wars confirms, is great. Therefore, tactical training is the most important part of the combat training of troops, the leading academic discipline in military educational institutions.

Portal for the student. Self-training

Attack

Actions of personnel in armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles during an attack on combat vehicles.

Attack on foot

Deployment of the squad from pre-battle order to combat.

Overcoming the minefield along the passage after the tank.

Overcoming a minefield along a passage made in advance in case of impossibility of using armored vehicles.

Attack on the front line of the enemy's defense. Fire grenades.

Fight in the trench.

Trench advance.

Offensive under the cover of armored vehicles.

Attack in the city

Calculation actions as part of a triple

Ways to move when fighting in the city

Actions when moving up stairs

Calculation actions as part of a troika during indoor combat

offensive in the mountains

Separation maneuver to exit for a top-down attack

Calculation actions when advancing to the line of attack (to the starting point for attack)

TOPIC #1: INTRODUCTION

LEARNING QUESTIONS:

Study Question #1:

MILITARY ART:

Strategy is the highest field of military art, covering the theory and practice of preparing the country and the Armed Forces for war, planning and waging war, and

Operational art is an integral part of military art, covering the theory and practice of preparing and conducting joint and independent

- the nature of modern operations; - regularities, principles and methods of their preparation and maintenance; - the basics of the use of operational formations;

Tactics theory and practice of preparation and conduct of combat by subunits, units and formations of various types of armed forces, branches of troops (forces) and special

- general tactics; - tactics of types of the Armed Forces, combat arms and special forces.

Tactical actions - organized actions of units, units and formations in the performance of assigned tasks using various

- offensive, - defense, - oncoming battle, - location on the spot, - march, - transportation, - exit from the battle, - withdrawal, - actions in the environment and exit from the

The basis for the use of formations, units and subunits of the SV is combat.

Fire is the defeat of the enemy from various types of weapons.

- destruction, - suppression, - exhaustion, - destruction, - smoke, etc.

fire from small arms, grenade launchers, flamethrowers, tanks (tank guns and machine guns), infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers), artillery

According to the methods of firing: - direct fire, - semi-direct fire, - from closed firing positions, etc.

According to the intensity of shooting: - single shots, - short or long bursts, - continuous, - dagger, - fluent, - methodical, -

In the direction of fire: - frontal, - flank, - cross.

According to the methods of firing: - from a place, - from a stop (from a short stop), - on the move, - from the side, - with dispersion along the front or in depth, - in area and

By types: - fire on a separate target, - concentrated, - barrage, - multi-layered, - multi-tiered, etc.

Maneuver - organized movement (movement) of units in full force or a certain part of them during preparation and in the course of action.

Maneuver by units is carried out in order to occupy an advantageous position in relation to the enemy and create the necessary grouping

- coverage, - bypass, their combination, - change of area (positions).

Coverage - a maneuver carried out in order to reach the flank (flanks) of the enemy. Bypass - a maneuver performed to reach the rear of the enemy. Change p

Fire maneuver - the transfer of fire along the front and depth from one target (objects) to another without changing firing positions.

Types of fire maneuver:

CONDITIONS FOR GOING ON THE OFFENSIVE

Attack - the most decisive stage of the offensive, consists in the rapid, at a high pace and non-stop movement of tank and motorized

The nature of the battle is a set of common features inherent in this battle and determining its properties and features.

PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT OF SOB:

PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT OF SOB:

Means of armed combat at the tactical level:

Reconnaissance and strike (fire) complexes

ARTILLERY

ARMY AVIATION

ANTI-TANK MEANS

WEAPON

AK-47

Bayonet knives for AK-47, AKM, AK-74

Kalashnikov light machine gun. PKK

BTR-60PB

BTR-80

BMP 2D

BMP-3

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