Information sheet.

1. Theme of the presented work.

“Organization of research work of elementary school students. Project "Green World".

Justification of the urgency of the problem.

Currently, environmental education in primary school is becoming an increasingly priority area in pedagogical theory and practice. This is due to the difficult environmental situation on earth.

Pictures of nature are the strongest aesthetic means of influencing the soul of a child, and its significance cannot be overestimated.

Education of ecological culture is one of the main directions of the general strategy of education.

Creative teaching methods should play a leading role. Research creative activity occupies a special place in the arsenal of innovative pedagogical tools and methods. Having studied the materials on this topic, I came to the conclusion that the methodology is focused more on high school students, whose subject interests have already been formed. And the elementary school still remained a little on the sidelines, but it is in the elementary school that the foundation of the skills, knowledge and skills of active, creative, independent activity of students, methods of analysis, synthesis and evaluation of the results of their activities should be laid, and research work is one of the most important ways in solving this problem.

The specificity of research work in elementary school lies in the systematic guiding, stimulating and corrective role of the teacher. The main thing for a teacher is to captivate and “infect” children, show them the significance of their activities and instill confidence in their abilities, as well as involve parents in their child’s school affairs. This work becomes an interesting and exciting thing for many parents. They, together with children, take photographs, perform simple research on observing the cultivation of plants, weather phenomena, help to select information for the theoretical justification of projects, help the child prepare the defense of his work. The works are very interesting, because this is a common interest and joint work of the child and parents.

Research activity forces and accustoms children to work with a book, newspaper, magazine, which is very important in our time, because from my own experience and based on the opinion of colleagues, I know that children, at best, read only textbooks. The child, feeling his importance, tries to help the teacher and is involved in research work.

Theoretical base of experience.

Target: through the development of environmental literacy, to teach children an environmentally expedient lifestyle, to promote the accumulation of environmental knowledge, the acquisition of skills and abilities to communicate with nature, and the expansion of individual ecological space.

Tasks:

Tutorials:

formation of knowledge about the unity of animate and inanimate nature, the patterns of natural phenomena, the interaction of nature, society and man;

formation of research skills.

Developing:

development of environmental literacy of students;

development of basic thinking processes (analysis, synthesis, comparison);

development of creative imagination, cognitive abilities of children;

development of abilities to establish causal, probabilistic relationships, analyze the consequences of environmental situations.

Educational:

formation of a high level of ecological culture of students;

to bring up personal responsibility for one's own actions and for what is happening around;

formation of a culture of behavior in nature;

foster respect for the environment;

to instill love for nature, the desire to take care of it;

educate the need to rationally treat the components of animate and inanimate nature.

Project implementation blocks:

Informative: lessons, quizzes, contests, etc. (perspective plan, work program).

Practical: planting seeds, caring for plants (photo, presentation) Annex 1. Annex 2.

Consulting: work with parents (topics of conversations).

Analytical: analysis of the obtained results, correction of work (diagnostics, analytical references).

Technological scheme of the project.

Informative (during a year):

Long-term plan for the 2016-2017 academic year.

Consulting ( 1 time per quarter):

familiarization of parents with the project.

diagnostic results, work prospects;

first results, first successes;

summing up the results of the project, practical lesson "I was born a gardener."

Analytical (as the project progresses):

Y. Efficiency. Diagnostic results confirming the effectiveness of the innovation.

Attitude to business.

Volitional quality

Attitude towards yourself

III.Stages of project implementation.

Planned results.

Pupils should know:

Fundamentals of ecological culture.

Some features of the nature of their region.

The main signs of the seasons.

The value of nature for man.

Groups of plants and animals.

Some protected plants and animals of their region, country.

Rules of conduct in nature.

Features of the work of people in the most common professions .

Pupils should be able to:

Distinguish between objects of nature and objects that are not related to nature.

Follow the rules of personal hygiene.

Distinguish between studied plants and animals.

Conduct observations in nature under the guidance of the leader of the circle.

Feed the birds in the simplest feeders.

Take care of indoor plants and pets.

Carry out research activities under the guidance of the head of the circle.

Practical(a photo)

Use of ICT(information and communication technologies) during the implementation of the project.

XII. Informational resources:

For the teacher:

Britvina L.Yu. The method of creative projects in technology lessons // Elementary school. No. 6. - 2005.-p.44.

M.V. Dubova Organization of project activities of younger students. A practical guide for primary school teachers. - M. BALLAS, 2008

Magazine "Head teacher of elementary school" 2005-2010

Mikhailova G.N. Method of project-based learning in labor lessons.// Primary school. No. 4.- 2005.-C 68.

Novolodskaya E. G., Yakovleva S. N. Implementation of creative projects in the study of natural history // Primary school for motivating students to learn // Primary school. No. 9.- 2008 – P.34.. No. 1. -2008.-S. 94.

Savenkov A.I. Methods of research teaching of younger schoolchildren. Publishing house "Educational literature", house "Fedorov", 2008.

Savenkov A.I. I am a researcher. Workbook for younger students. Publishing House "Fedorov". 2008

Tsyvareva M. A. The method of projects in extracurricular work in mathematics // Primary school. No. 7. - 2004. - P. 45.

Shlikene T. N. The method of projects as one of the conditions for increasing

For pupils:

Bruce Jim, Angela Wilks, Claire Llewelyn "100 Questions and Answers" Animals.-M.: CJSC "Rosman", 2006.

Big encyclopedia of the animal world. M.: CJSC “ROSMEN-PRESS”, 2007.

Everything about everything. Insects and spiders. - M .: Astrel Publishing House LLC: AST Publishing House LLC, 2001.

I know the world: Children's Encyclopedia: Plants./Compiled by L.A.Bagrova- M.:Tko "AST", 2005.

I know the world: Children's Encyclopedia: Animals. / Compiled by P.R. Lyakhov- M.: Tko “AST”, 2009

http://www.ped-sovet.ru/

http://www.school.edu.ru/

http://www.nature-home.ru/

http://www.delaysam.ru

The environmental problem is a very important stage in the development of mankind. It determines the fate of the human world. People, conquering nature, largely destroyed the balance of ecological systems. “Before, nature was afraid of man, but now man is afraid of nature,” said French oceanologist Jacques Yves Cousteau. In some places, the environment has reached a state of crisis.

No one can remain indifferent to environmental pollution. “The bird that pollutes its own nest is bad,” says a folk proverb.

Pollution of the surroundings, reduction of natural resources poses great challenges for humanity. The future of our planet depends on the purity of the environment. To achieve all this, it is necessary that a person realizes everything himself and takes a step towards protecting nature.

Today, our ecological culture is not at a high level. This suggests that such subjects as physics, computer science, astronomy, mathematics, chemistry pay little attention to ecology. The Law of the Russian Federation “Nature Protection” means that environmental knowledge must be received continuously. Its goal is to improve the ecological culture of every person.

Ecological culture and school are closely interconnected. We are faced with the task of gaining knowledge of ecology. To achieve success, you need to work consistently using real facts.

Ecology, as a science, is not included in the school curriculum. Therefore, environmental problems have to be studied in optional classes.

In the lessons of geography and biology, we pay attention to the problems of the relationship between society and nature, to methods for developing the productivity of rural crops, and to studying the properties of adaptation of living organisms to environmental factors.

Ecology Month is held at our school every school year. This month is dedicated to bird protection, ecological analysis and environmental greening.

Based on all of the above, we have drawn up a project for our village. We set ourselves the task of improving the ecological condition of the territory of our village.

The ecological state of the village

Ecology is a science that studies the relationship between living organisms and the environment. If you notice that industry is growing every day, then for rural areas this turns into a large use of poisonous drugs and fertilizers, an increase in the number of transport. All this seriously affects the living world. Despite this, natural resources are decreasing, many species of animals and plants are disappearing. Every day more and more polluted air, water, environment. Therefore, each person is faced with the task of changing the ecological situation in his locality.

We, students of the Village of Churinsky secondary school, have been carrying out effective work for the protection of nature for several years: we study the ecology around our school territory, our village, draw conclusions from the work done, try to improve the environment around us in better side.

This year, students of grades 6-9 participated in this work, i.e. 36 people. To make the result of our work accurate, the study was conducted from 7 am to 9 pm. It took place in the months of February and March. It was taken into account the number of trees in the territory with. Chura village. Not far from the village passes the route Kukmor - Kazan. The students explored how far residential buildings are from the highway and what kind of cars usually pass by. The distance between residential buildings and livestock farms, a machine and tractor fleet, a gas station, warehouses where toxic chemicals are stored, a cattle cemetery, landfills, etc. was considered. We paid attention to what kind of garbage was in landfills. In addition, the pollution of snow and drinking water was investigated.

After researching, they concluded: the Kukmor-Kazan highway runs south-southeast, 70 meters from the village. Chura village. During the winter months, approximately 16 trucks and 19 cars pass per hour, and in spring days this number increases to 23 trucks and 24 cars. According to theory, 1 passenger car emits 1 kg of smoke per day (41.6 g per hour). The composition of the smoke contains 30 g of carbon monoxide, 6 g of nitric oxide, sulfur, lead impurities. And trucks emit 3 times more toxic substances. Based on this data, we calculated how much dust is emitted by cars that drive along our track. So, cars and trucks emit 3868.8 g of smoke per hour, hence 2790 g of carbon monoxide, 558 g of nitric oxide, and other substances that are toxic to our body. If we keep in mind that there are 24 hours in a day and 365 days in a year, then it is not difficult to imagine how many toxic substances are released into the air. And we all breathe this air. It should also be added that 1 car that travels 1000 km will use the same air that 1 person would breathe for a whole year. It must be borne in mind that 1 machine produces 5–8 kg of rubber dust per year.

Plants very quickly recognize the level of atmospheric pollution. For example: coniferous trees are very good bioindicators. At one of the lessons, we followed the spruces that grow near our village and noticed that there are brown spots on the trees - mold. This suggests that there is a large amount of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. Indeed, next to these fir trees there are 3 stokers and a highway. This means that every hour a gas rich in sulfur dioxide is released into the air from the boiler room, and car smoke is added to this. But not only they pollute our environment. At 150 m from residential buildings to the south-southeast there is a machine and tractor park and a gas station. We explored these places and determined how polluted the surface of the snow is. We checked the composition of the snow by taking snow from the park, the main street, the school site. Having melted the snow, we checked the acidity. As a result, it turned out that it contains acid ions, but most of them turned out to be in the machine and tractor fleet.

Farms are located 90 m to S-SE, chemical warehouses (ammonia) are located 450 m to N-SW, a cattle cemetery is 700 m to N-SE, two dumps are located 1000 m to S and 50 m to N-SW (<Picture 1 >, <Figure 2>), in addition, the same garbage dumps are available in the village in 3 places. Among the garbage there are iron, glass, polyethylene, paper, etc. But paper - 2, flasks - 90, polyethylene - 200, glass - do not decay for 1000 years.

It is good that different trees and plantings have been planted around the village. On the border of the village to the north-southwest at 1000 m there are coniferous trees - pines, to the north-southwest at 700 m there is a birch grove, towards the north-northwest at 500 m pine trees grow, towards the south-southwest at 500 m there is a birch grove, on the southwest at 800 m - pines. Trees have been planted along the Kukmor-Kazan highway to protect us from exhaust fumes. In addition to all these trees, there are also shrubs. On the territory of The village of Chura has 4595 trees and shrubs in total. According to statistics, elm absorbs 23 kg of dust in one summer. As a result, trees and shrubs growing along the village absorb 74.1 tons of dust during the summer. But they are still missing.

We also checked the purity and hardness of the water through a microscope. The water that was taken from the well and the pump turned out to be clean, and in the water that was taken from the artesian well, flowing into the cattle complex, there are very small microorganisms. In terms of hardness, water from a column is medium, from a well it is soft, and from an artesian well it is hard, because. there are many anions and cations. They boiled the water. In the water taken from the well, the salt melted, while in other sources it did not completely dissolve. Hence the conclusion that water is hard.

In autumn, an experiment was carried out with spring water. We checked temperature, taste, hydrogen sulfide and iron, spring water hardness. The conclusions were as follows: water temperature +1 0 C, transparent, unsalted, water contains iron, but no hydrogen sulfide, low hardness, water volume 1.3 l / s. ( Attachment 1)

Conclusion

The environmental problem is getting worse every year. The air we breathe, the water we drink, the soil are becoming more and more polluted every day. According to our research, it can be seen that transport pollutes the air, the number of springs and wells is becoming smaller every year, and the number of landfills, on the contrary, is increasing. Agricultural vehicles and farms pollute the water. To do this, we need to hold subbotniks in the village and beyond, clean everything around from garbage, reduce the number of landfills and plant trees for landscaping.

Plants protect us from various dirty poisonous gases. Therefore, we must green the area around us. At the request of the forestry workers, every year the students of our school plant 10-15 hectares of tree seedlings. Last year we planted about 20 hectares of trees. 95–99% of planted young seedlings survive on the territory of the forest, and 85–90% in plantings along roads.

It is impossible to achieve the protection of nature only by the efforts of students. Therefore, we try to ensure that every person in our village takes an active part in this. Together we must save our planet from ecological catastrophe.

Works: All Selected To help the teacher Competition "Educational project" Academic year: All 2015 / 2016 2014 / 2015 2013 / 2014 2012 / 2013 2011 / 2012 2010 / 2011 2009 / 2010 2008 / 2009 2007 / 2008 2006 / 2007 2005 / 2006 Sorting: Alphabetically Newest

• The tiger is the greatest beast of prey, the symbol of mystery and beauty of the wild. The tiger is an ideal indicator of biovariety, but nowadays it is on the verge of extinction. Tiger: the present and the future. The International Tiger Forum.

• 2013 is the year of ecological culture and environmental protection

  

  This work tells about subbotniks, about organizations involved in nature protection, about protected objects. It also provides information about the environmental legislation of the Russian Federation and tells about environmental disasters and problems.

• 3D: Children Give Kindness!

• Baikal ist eine Perle von Russland

  In the project, we carry out a comparative description of the environmental problems of two of the most beautiful lakes: the Pearl of Russia - Lake Baikal and the most beautiful lake in the Tver region - Seliger. We also tried to answer the question: what each of us can do to protect nature.

• Biofuel - a way to have a greener planet

  This study in English examines the possibilities of using biofuels as an alternative energy resource in the world and in Russia. Various types of biofuels and the advantages of their use are described. The question is raised about the use of biofuels in Russia and the difficulties associated with the introduction of biofuels into the industry and economy of our country.

• Coca-Cola and the human body

  This project is not intended to divide people into those who love and consume Coca-Cola and its opponents. The experiments conducted by the authors of the work show the detrimental effect of the Coca-Cola drink on the human body and make others think about their health.

• Creation of a plan for the improvement and landscaping of the school yard

  Each student spends a lot of time at school, so staying in it should be comfortable. The school yard is an integral part of an educational institution. Its proper landscaping and landscaping will solve many problems: education, recreation, health improvement, relaxation... The plan for the improvement and landscaping of the school yard that I developed will improve the aesthetic and environmental condition of the school yard, and will also make our stay in it not only useful, but and enjoyable.

• Damit die Welt auch morgen noch lebenswert ist, müssen wir heute anfangen, etwas zu tun

  The form of work on the project is group work. When forming a group, the level of educational success of students and the nature of interpersonal relationships were taken into account. This project is an integrated combination of two subjects: the German language and the surrounding world. The project deals with environmental problems, human influence on the laws of nature.

• Daphnia magna Straus as a food object and biotest object

  The biology of Dafnia magna is described on the basis of literary sources. On the material of laboratory experiments, the influence of water temperature, stocking density on the biology of Daphnia reproduction was studied: maturation time, number of generations, time interval between litters, number of juveniles in a litter. During the experiments, a positive effect of increasing the water temperature from 18 to 23°C on the fertility of Daphnia was noted.

• Das problem des naturalschutzes

  The paper talks about environmental problems; about the measures taken by the government and various organizations to eliminate these problems. The work is written in German.

• The theme of the work is relevant for our time. It reveals the environmental problems of the city of Sosnovy Bor and the North-West region. The work contains a sense of pride in one's hometown, empathy for the deterioration of the environmental situation, and concrete proposals are given from the experience of a European country - Germany.

• Die Natur um uns herum (okologie unser Region)

  The author of the work describes the environmental problems of the North-West region, in particular his city of Sosnovy Bor, as well as the Baltic Sea and shipping. The paper analyzes the environmental situation, and provides recommendations for solving this environmental problem, taking into account the experience of Germany.

• Don't damage our Mytischi

  There is a very nice town in the north of Moscow called Mytishchi. It has developed rapidly since its inception. We tried to analyze its development over the past 30 years (1985-2015).

• Eco problems in my district

  The paper studies the detrimental impact of scientific and technological progress on the environment. The relationship between the environment and man has been traced. The ecological state of the Sverdlovsk region is covered. and Tugulymsky district. The activities of tourist clubs in the regional program "Rodniki" on the territory of the Tugulymsky district have been studied. The author comes to the conclusion that the administration should build air and water purification systems and stop the barbaric deforestation.

• Eco problems of the world

  The work reflects environmental problems on Earth, in Russia, in the Moscow region and in the Lotoshinsky district.

• Ecological Disasters

  The presented work is devoted to the environmental problems of the XXI century and various options for what can happen if you do not take care of it now and do not try to find possible ways out of this situation.

• Ecological problem (Problems of ecology)

  The paper considers global environmental problems - air and water pollution. Ways to stop environmental pollution are proposed. The work was done in English.

• ecological problems

  

  The work describes the environmental problems that exist in the modern world. Among them, the problems of water and air pollution, earthquakes, the problem of deforestation, global warming, ozone holes, the problem of preserving biological diversity are considered. The paper also proposes measures to combat pollution and ways to dispose of waste. This project can be used in English lessons when studying the topic "Ecology".

• Ecological problems of our native place

  

  The work is devoted to the ecological situation in the village of Bolshoye Volkovo, the problems of environmental pollution and ways to eliminate them.

• Ecological problems of the Angara river and its reservoirs

  My report is about ecological problems of my region. I live in Bratsk, which is situated on one of the Angara "s reservoirs. Many ecological problems are in our region the problem of clean water, the problem of the influence of the reservoirs, the problem of the building of Russian-Chines oil pipeline , and barbarian cuttingof down taiga.

• Ecological tourism as a chance to protect nature

  Modern tourism endangers the ecology of our planet, so some time ago people began to engage in ecotourism - a type of tourism that involves respect for nature. The paper tells about the history and spread of this type of tourism, and also develops a new eco-route and conducts an ecotourism survey.

• Ecology

  This paper reveals such environmental problems as air, water, soil pollution; wildlife protection; the role of man in protecting the environment. The work was done in English.

• Ecology and People

  The author tries to reveal the relationship between the concepts of "Environment" and "Ecology". The paper identifies the main environmental problems, mainly those that are relevant for the city of Yubileiny; the causes of their occurrence and the degree of influence on human health and life are analyzed. The work was done in English.

• Every year food consumption is growing stronger and stronger. But, as they say, demand creates supply. Manufacturing companies appear and compete with each other. Unscrupulous manufacturers are increasingly adding various food additives to food. Also very often used packaging that cannot be recycled or destroyed without harm to nature. The buyer is obliged to choose a product that does not harm either him or the environment.

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  Municipal Autonomous General Educational Institution

  Domodedovo gymnasium №5

  Research project on ecology on the topic:

  "ENVIRONMENTALLY LITERAL CONSUMER"

  Section: Human Ecology

  Project executor:

  10th grade student

  Minaev Nikolay

  Scientific adviser:

  ecology teacher

  Chugunova N.V.

  Domodedovo 2012

  INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………. 3

  CHAPTER 1. BAR CODE………………………………………………….. 4

  1. The emergence of the barcode………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
  2. How to check the authenticity of a barcode?....................................................5

  CHAPTER 2. FOOD ADDITIVES……………………………………………7

  2.1. Classification of food additives………………………………………..... 7

  2.2. Harm of food additives…………………………………………………………8

  CHAPTER 3. PACKAGING ………………………………………………………….10

  3.1. The history of the appearance of packaging……………………………………………....10

  3.2. Packaging materials……………………………………………………………………………………………13

  3.2.1. Cellophane…………………………………………………………………..13

  3.2.2. Paper……………………………………………………………………...15

  3.2.3. Polyethylene………………………………………………………………...17

  CHAPTER 4. RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH……………………………….20

  CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………...21

  BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………..22

  APPENDIX 1…………………………………………………………………23

  APPENDIX 2……………………………………………………………………27

  INTRODUCTION

  Every year food consumption is growing stronger and stronger. But, as they say, demand creates supply. Manufacturing companies appear and compete with each other. Unscrupulous manufacturers are increasingly adding various food additives to food. Also very often used packaging that cannot be recycled or destroyed without harm to nature. The buyer is obliged to choose a product that does not harm either him or the environment.

  Therefore, the topic my research project goes like this:"Environmentally literate consumer".

  Objective: gain skills in determining the quality of consumer goods and identifying their possible environmental hazard.

  Tasks :

  1. Study the problem using various sources of information.
  2. Find out if I am able to choose the “right” product: learn how to decipher the bar code; find out which food additives are harmful to health; choose the most environmentally friendly packaging.
  3. Conduct a survey on this issue, test the data obtained and suggest ways to choose a safe product.

  Hypothesis my research is that choosing safe products will help the consumer save the environment and their own health.

  Research methods:theoretical - collection, study, systematization and analysis of literature on this issue; experimental - the study of food additives, barcodes and packaging, practical attempts to choose an environmentally friendly product; sociological survey - conducting a survey among schoolchildren.

  CHAPTER 1. BAR CODE

  Barcode (barcode ) is a sequence of black and white stripes representing some information in a form convenient for reading by technical means.

  1.1. The advent of the barcode

  “... In 1948, Bernard Silver (1924 - 1962), a graduate student at the Drexel University Institute of Technology in Philadelphia (Pennsylvania, USA), heard the president of a local food chain ask one of the deans to develop a system that automatically reads information about the product under his control. Silver told his friends Norman Joseph Woodland (b. 1921) and Jordin Johanson about this. The three of them began to explore different labeling systems. Their first working system used UV ink, but it was quite expensive and faded over time.

  Convinced that the system was feasible, Woodland left Philadelphia and moved to Florida to his father's apartment to continue working. His next inspiration came unexpectedly from Morse code - he formed his first bar code from the sand on the beach. As he himself said, "I only extended the dots and dashes down and made narrow and wide lines out of them." To read the strokes, he adapted soundtrack (soundtrack) technology, namely the optical soundtrack used to record sound in motion pictures. On October 20, 1949, Woodland and Silver applied for an invention. As a result, they received US patent No. 2,612,994, issued October 7, 1952.

  In 1951, Woodland and Silver tried to get IBM interested in developing their system. The company, recognizing the feasibility and attractiveness of the idea, refused to implement it. IBM considered that the processing of the resulting information would require sophisticated equipment, and that it could develop it if there was free time in the future.

  In 1952, Woodland and Silver sold the patent to the Philco Company (Philco - henceforth known as the Helios Electric Company). In the same year, Philco resold the patent to RCA. .

  So, Woodland and Silver gave the world a bar code, thereby making it easier for sellers in stores.

  2.1. How to check the authenticity of a barcode?

  There are two types of bar codes: linear and two-dimensional.

  Linear symbols allow you to encode a small amount of information (up to 20 - 30 characters, usually numbers) (see Appendix 1).

  Two-dimensional symbologies were developed to encode a large amount of information. The decoding of such a code is carried out in two dimensions (horizontally and vertically).

  Currently, a lot of two-dimensional barcodes have been developed that are used with one or another breadth of distribution (see Appendix, table No. 1). Here are some codes: Aztec Code, Data Matrix, MaxiCode, PDF417, Microsoft Tag.

  Familiarize yourself with the sections of the bar code: the first two to three digits before the white separating line indicate the country code; the next few digits up to the long double separator line encode the manufacturer of the product; the first digit after the second long dividing line (the eighth digit) is the name of the product; the next (ninth) - consumer properties of the goods; the tenth digit indicates the size, weight; the eleventh indicates the ingredients; twelfth - color; thirteenth - check digit; the last long line is a sign of a product manufactured under a license (see Appendix 1).

  To authenticate the barcode, perform the following operations:

  1. Add up all the numbers in even places.
  2. Multiply the resulting amount by 3. The result (let's call it X) must be remembered.
  3. Add up all odd-numbered digits (no check digit).
  4. Add X to this amount.
  5. From the amount received (let's call it YZ), leave only Z.
  6. Subtract the resulting Z from 10.
  7. If the result corresponds to the check digit in the barcode, then this is not a fake. However, it is worth remembering that the presence of a country code on the product packaging may not be an indicator of the origin of the product from this particular country.

  CHAPTER 2. FOOD ADDITIVES

  Nutritional supplements - Substances not normally used as food or as typical food ingredients (regardless of their nutritional value). These substances for technological purposes are added tofood productsduring production, packaging, transportation or storage to give them the desired properties, for example, a certainflavor (flavors), colors (dyes), storage duration (preservatives), taste, consistency.

  The first thing to find out is how and on what grounds nutritional supplements are classified.

  1. Classification of food additives

  To classify dietary supplements in countriesEuropean Uniondeveloped a numbering system that operates with1953. Each supplement has a unique number starting with the letter "E". Index "E" was introduced at the time for convenience: after all, for eachfood additivethere is a long and incomprehensible chemical name that does not fit on a small label. And, for example, the E115 code looks the same in all languages, does not take up much space in the listing of the product composition.

  So, get acquainted:

  2.2. Harmful food additives

  Certain concentrations of some food additives are harmful to health, which is not denied by any manufacturer. There are periodic reports in the media that supplements cause "cancer", allergies or indigestion, and other unpleasant consequences. But you need to understand that the effect of any chemical substance on the human body depends both on the individual characteristics of the organism and on the amount of the substance. For each supplement, as a rule, an acceptable daily intake (the so-called ADI) is determined, the excess of which leads to negative consequences. For some substances used as food additives, this dose is several milligrams per kilogram of body (for example, E250 -sodium nitrite), for others (for example, E951 -aspartame or E330- lemon acid) - tenths of a gram per kg of body.

  It must be remembered that some substances have the propertycumulative, that is, the ability to accumulate in the body. Control over compliance with the content of food additives in the final product, of course, lies with the manufacturer. For example, E250 (sodium nitrite) is commonly used in sausages, although sodium nitrite is generally poisonoustoxicsubstance, including for mammals (50 percent of rats die at a dose of 180 milligrams per kilogram of weight). But in practice, it is not prohibited, since this is the “lesser evil” that ensures the presentation of the product and, consequently, the volume of sales (suffice it to compareRed colorshop sausage with darkbrownhomemade sausage). For smoked sausages of high grades, the nitrite content norm is set higher than for boiled sausages - it is believed that they are eaten in smaller quantities.

  Some supplements can be considered quite safe (lactic acid, sucrose). However, it should be understood that thesynthesisof certain additives in different countries is different, so their danger can vary greatly. Over time, as it developsanalytical methodsand the emergence of newtoxicologicaldata, government regulations for the content of impurities in food additives may be revised.

  Some of the additives previously considered harmless (for example, formaldehydeE240in chocolate bars orE121in sparkling water) were later deemed too dangerous and banned. In addition, additives that are harmless for one person can have a strong harmful effect on another. Therefore, doctors recommend, if possible, to protect children, the elderly and allergy sufferers from nutritional supplements.

  So, remember food additives prohibited for use in Russia:

  CHAPTER 3. PACKAGING

  Package is a very important part of the product. It is used to ensure the safety of the product. The main functions of packaging:softening (shock-absorbing); designed to preserve the properties of objects after their manufacture, as well as to make them compact for conveniencetransportation; in most cases is one of the carriersadvertisinggoods. remember, thatpackaging design is one of the necessary conditions for the successful sale of almost any product, as well asnecessarily bears information about the content and may have elements of tamper-evident control.

  3.1. The history of packaging

  The first types of packaging were made from raw materials: cane, clay, vegetable and animal fibers. This is typical for ancient times . So around 6000 BC. e. in ancient Egypt, the production of clay pots was established. Then, around 5000 BC. e. the peoples of the countries of future Europe developed a method for heating clay to a "ceramic" state.

  The first glass products appeared in Babylon in 2500 BC. e., and already in 1500 BC. e. The Egyptians learned how to blow utensils and various vessels out of glass. Ancient Egypt was followed by Ancient Greece and Syria.

  Wooden barrels were next to appear, the first of which date back to 500 BC. e. and were found on the territory of Gaul (modern Northern Italy, France and Belgium). 105 CE e. paper appeared in China.

  Middle Ages also distinguished by packaging. The XI century dates back to the appearance of the first paper packaging in Egypt. It was also in the Middle Ages that the craft of cooperage in Northern Europe developed. New technologies and "secrets" have appeared. For example, oak was used to store wet products in the manufacture of barrels, and pine was used to store dry products.

  In 1375, one of the first standards in the packaging industry was adopted: according to the decision of the Hanseatic League, the volume of a barrel with herring or oil was to be 117.36 liters.

  new time dictated its rights, and new packaging materials appeared. The history of Russian glassmaking begins in the 17th century. To fulfill the orders of the Pharmaceutical Order, the Swede Julius Koyet opens the first factory for the production of flasks, retorts, sules, stops and vials.

  During the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, sacks made of textiles, cotton or jute became widespread.

  The turning point in the development of the packaging industry is the invention of a paper machine (1798, France), and then a machine for making paper in rolls (1807, England).

  Thanks to the invention of lithography at the end of the 18th century in Germany, it became possible for the first time to apply color drawings. The first paper label printed by lithography appears in 1820. Until that time, labels were signed by hand. Around the same period, the first tin can appears.

  So, the XIX century is marked by a number of inventions:

  In 1827, the Frenchman Bareta invents wax paper - cheap wrapping paper coated on one side with drying oil;

  In 1844, the German Heinrich Welter develops a technology for producing cellulose from wood pulp;

  In 1850, the first two-layer candy wrapper appeared: an inner layer of foil, an outer one of paper;

  In 1852-1853. the British invent glassine - waterproof wrapping paper;

  Corrugated paper was patented in 1856 in Great Britain;

  In 1872, screw caps for jars and bottles were invented.

  And at the beginning of the 20th century, a number of such striking discoveries took place, such as: in 1907, the German scientist Frederick Kipping discovers silicone; in 1908 Aldemar Bates invents a paper bag with flaps and in 1911 a Swiss chemist invents wood-based cellophane.

  It is worth noting that at the turn of the century there was a serious breakthrough in the automation of packaging production:

  1. In the 50-60s. in the USA there is a machine for making paper bags;
  2. In 1879, Robert Geir first combined the printing process with the box-making process;
  3. In 1880, fully automated canning equipment appears, including the stage of sealing the lids;
  4. In the 90s. packaging engineering develops;
  5. In 1903, Michael J. Owens patented a machine for blowing glass bottles.

  After the Second World War, the forced development of new materials began, primarily polymers. Mastered industrial production:polystyrene(thermal polymerization method);polyethylene, including high and low pressure (LDPE and HDPE);PVC(PVC); polyethylene terephthalate(PAT).

  In the 1940s bags with handles and multi-coloured advertising are becoming widespread, thanks in part to the proliferation of supermarkets.

  1952 marks a real revolution in the dairy packaging industry. Tetra-Pak packaging appears - "triangular" bags made of laminated paper.Tetra Classicis a tetrahedron-shaped carton for milk storage, created in 1950 by Tetra Pak. Since 1959, it has been supplied and widely used in the USSR, where these packages were usually called “pyramids”, “triangles”, “packages” (for example, milk in packages, a package of milk) or “triangular packages”, as well as the often used among the people “frog ".

  AT 1958 appears aluminumbeer can, made without seams on the bottom and walls. In 1963, the lid is supplied with an aluminum ring. In the 1960s filter bags for tea and self-adhesive tape for wrapping boxes appear. In the 1970s. comes to the packaging marketthermoresistant paper. It performs the function of stabilizing packs of products on pallets. At the same time appearself-adhesivelabels and firstPAT- bottles.

  3.2. Packaging materials

  Various materials have been used for the manufacture of packaging at different times: from clay pots to plastic bags. Now the most popular plastic, cellophane, polyethylene, paper. Packages made from these materials differ in terms of environmental friendliness and product protection efficiency.

  3.2.1. Cellophane

  Cellophane (from cellulose and Greek"favos" - light) - transparent fat - moisture resistant film material obtained fromviscose. Sometimes cellophane is incorrectly calledpolyethyleneproducts (bags, bags). These are different materials with completely different properties.

  So, "...cellophane was inventedJacques Edwin Brandenberger, a Swiss textile engineer, between and 1911 years. He intended to create a waterproof coating fortableclothssaving them from stains. During the experiments, he covered the fabric with liquidviscose, however the resulting material was too stiff to be used as a tablecloth. However, the coating separated well from the fabric base, and Brandenberger realized that there was another use for it. He designed a machine that produced sheets of viscose. AT1913 in Francebegan the industrial production of cellophane. After some improvements, cellophane became the world's first relatively water-resistant flexiblepackaging. After the development of new types of polymeric materials in the 1950s, the role of cellophane decreased significantly - it was almost completely replacedpolyethylene, polypropylene and lavsan.

  Outwardly, cellophane and lavsan materials in the form of films are quite similar - they are very transparent, colorless, quite hard - they “crunch” when crushed. At present, the bulk of the transparent film packaging material islavsan and polyethylene, and just not most of- other polymeric materials, including cellophane. It is easy to distinguish them - with equal thicknesslavsanThe film is much stronger than cellophane. In addition, cellophane is plasticizedglycerin, why does it have a sweetish taste whentaste- in contrast to the completely insoluble and more inert lavsan and polyethylene.

  Polyethylene films, unlike cellophane and lavsan films, are less transparent (the thicker the film, the more cloudy it looks to the light), do not crunch when crushed, and are much more plastic (they do not restore their original shape when stretched).

  Cellophane films are very tear-resistant. However (unlike lavsan and polyethylene), having started to tear from the edge, they are further torn almost effortlessly (the effect of an unzipping zipper). This property reduces the scope of cellophane as a packaging material. .

  Cellophane is used as a packaging material in the form of an outer transparent film (for example, on boxes with tape cassettes, CDs and DVDs, packs of cigarettes), as well as for packaging food, confectionery products, for making casings for sausages and cheeses, and meat and dairy products. At the same time, BOP films made from polypropylene and visually having similar properties are mainly used in this area today.

  Cellophane products in the natural environment break down, decompose much faster than products made frompolyethylene and lavsan, therefore, do not threaten the environment, unlike garbage from packaging material made of polyethylene and lavsan.

  3.2.2. Paper

  Paper - material in the form of sheets for writing, drawing, packaging, obtained fromcellulose: from plants, as well as from recyclables (rags and waste paper). Beginning with 1803, are used in paper productionpaper machines.

  Chinese chronicles report that paper was invented in105 AD e.Tsai Lunem. However, in 1957in the Baoqia cave in northern ChinaShanxia tomb was discovered where scraps of sheets of paper were found. The paper was examined and established that it was made in the 2nd century BC. Before Cai Lun, paper in China was made fromhemp, and even earlier from silks, which was made from defectivecocoonssilkworm. Cai Lun fiber millingmulberries, arboreal ash, rags and hemp. He mixed all this with water and laid out the resulting mass on a mold (wooden frame and bamboo sieve). After drying in the sun, he smoothed this mass with the help of stones. The result is strong sheets of paper. After Cai Lun's invention, the papermaking process improved rapidly. They began to add starch, glue, natural dyes to increase strength.

  At the beginning 7th centurypaper making method becomes known inKorea and Japan. And after another 150 years, through prisoners of war, he gets toArabs. In the 6th - 8th centuries, paper production was carried out inCentral Asia, Korea, Japanand other countriesAsia. In the 11th-12th centuries, paper appeared in Europe, where it soon replaced animal parchment. Since the XV - XVI centuries, in connection with the introduction of printing, paper production has been growing rapidly. Paper was made in a very primitive way - by hand grinding the mass with wooden hammers in a mortar and scooping it out in forms with a mesh bottom.

  Of great importance for the development of paper production was the invention in the second half of the 17th century of a grinding apparatus - a roll. At the end of the 18th century, rolls already made it possible to produce a large amount of paper pulp, but manual ebb (scooping) of paper delayed the growth of production. In 1799, N. L. Robert (France) invented the paper machine, mechanizing the ebb of paper by using an infinitely moving grid. In England, the Fourdrinier brothers, having bought Robert's patent, continued to work on the mechanization of the ebb and in 1806 patented a paper machine. By the middle of the 19th century, the paper machine had become a complex machine that operated continuously and largely automatically. In the 20th century, paper production becomes a large highly mechanized industry with a continuous-flow technological scheme, powerful thermal power plants and complex chemical shops for the production of fibrous semi-finished products.

  So, the chronology of paper packaging is as follows:

  1. G. - the invention of papercottonTsai Lunem in China.
  2. G. - penetration of paper intoKorea.
  3. G. - penetration of paper intoJapan.
  4. G. - Talas battle- paper penetrationWest.
  5. g. - paper mill in Spain.
  6. Approximately Mr. - English papermanufacturerJ. Whatman - the elder introduced a new paper form, which made it possible to receivesheetspaper without grid traces.
  7. G. - patent for an invention paper machine (Louis - Nicolas Robert a).
  8. G. - installation of the paper machine inGreat Britain (Brian Donkin).
  9. G. - patent for an invention carbon paper.
  10. G. - the first paper machines in Russia (Peterhof paper factory).
  11. G. - paper machinesUSA.
  12. g. - invention corrugated cardboard.
  13. G. - technologyreceiving paper fromwood.
  1. Polyethylene

  Plastic bag- a bag used to carry things, made ofpolyethylene. The conventional packaging bag was first produced inUSA in 1957and was intended for packaging sandwiches, bread, vegetables and fruits. To1966about 30% of bakery products produced in this country were packed in such packages. ToThe volume of bag production in Western Europe amounted to 11.5 million pieces. ATIn the largest shopping centers, plastic bags with a handle (the so-called "T-shirts") appear on sale. Tothe total global production of plastic bags was estimated in the range from 4 to 5 trillion. pieces per year.

  There are several types of packages. Transparent packaging bag, made of low or high density polyethylene, or a mixture of the first and second. Performs a protective function (protects the product from moisture and contamination). The leaders in the production of the thinnest bags of this type are the countries of Southeast Asia, China and Russia: they produce bags with a thickness of only 4.5-5 microns.

  T-shirt bags are predominantly made of low-density polyethylene ("rustling") or, sometimes, high density ("smooth"). They got their name for the characteristic structure of the handles. Although bags of this type are the latest to enter the market, they have firmly established their position in supermarkets and retail outlets.

  Bags with cut and loop handle. The production of bags of this type is considered the most difficult. For the manufacture of high density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, medium density polyethylene and laminates are used. Package handles have several modifications. Cutting handles are reinforced (welded, glued) and unreinforced.

  Garbage bags (bags) are made from low or high density polyethylene, or from a mixture of them with the addition of dyes. They are also available with handles (similar to the package - T-shirts) or with tapes for tightening.

  The cheapness of the bags and the ease of their circulation means that many bags are only used for a very short time. For example, purchases in the store are packed in bags, brought home, then the bags are thrown away. Four trillion bags per year are used inworld. They kill 1 million.birds, 100 000 marine mammalsand innumerable shoalsfish. 6 million 300 thousand tonsgarbage, most of which isplastic, is reset annually toWorld Ocean.

  In the environment, discarded bags are stored for a long time and are not biodegradable. Thus, they form a persistent pollution. Therefore, the circulation of plastic bags raises serious objections from environmentalists. For this reason, the use of plastic bags as household packaging is restricted or prohibited in a number of countries. In particular, in on Kangaroo Island in Australia The authorities introduced a ban on plastic bags.

  Germany: consumers pay for the disposal of the bags, and for the collection and recyclingprocessingresponsible sellers and distributors.

  Ireland: after increasing the price of packages, the number of packages used was reduced by 94%. Now they use "reusable" fabric bags.

  USA: AT San Franciscolarge supermarkets and chain pharmacies do not use plastic bags.

  China: it is forbidden to produce, sell and use plastic bags with a film thickness of less than 0.025 mm.

  Tanzania: fine for manufacturing, importing or selling plastic bags - $2,000 or a year in prison. Import of plastic bagsZanzibar prohibited.

  England: The Marks and Spencer chain of stores has stopped giving out free packages.Moneyfrom the sale of packages, the company transfers to the creation of new city parks and gardens. In 2004 inEnglandbiodegradable bread bags. The decomposition period of the new material is 4 years, and it decomposes into carbon dioxide and water.

  Latvia: introduced a tax on plastic bags used insupermarketsto reduce their use.

  Finland: supermarkets are equipped with machines for receiving used bags, which serve as raw materials forprocessingand production of new plastics.

  So, there is a single eco-label for the packaging material and the product itself. It allows you to meet the requirements of environmental standards (non-pollution of the environment during production and disposal, no content of harmful substances).

  CHAPTER 4. RESEARCH RESULTS

  After serious work on the project, I wanted to find out how the students of the gymnasium relate to this problem. I conducted a small sociological survey. It was attended by 100 students. Among the respondents were students in grades 9-11. Judging by the answers, I think that the guys answered sincerely.

  There were four questions. The content of the questions is as follows:

  1. What is the first thing you pay attention to when choosing a purchase?
  2. What is more important to you: taste, price or the benefits of food and drinks?
  3. When buying a product, do you pay attention to the barcode?
  4. What do you think nutritional supplements: good or bad?

  The results of the survey showed that many pay attention to appearance goods, and not on its quality and how fresh the product they buy. Others believe that well-known trade brands should be trusted, hence the best quality product. But we all know that this is not so. Therefore, after getting acquainted with my research work, I suggest that you change some of your habits for choosing goods in retail chains.

  After analyzing the results of the questionnaires, I made some diagrams. They can be studied in detail in Appendix 2 of the project.

  So, many schoolchildren do not know how to choose the right and “right” product. But if you want to, it's easy to learn. These skills can help a lot in life. And remember, our health is in our own hands.

  CONCLUSION

  As a result of the work carried out, the following conclusions were drawn:

  1. The easiest way to check the authenticity of the product is by barcode.
  2. Food additives are used by the manufacturer of goods to improve the appearance, taste, and extend the shelf life. Using additives in the process of food preparation, the manufacturer does not think about what diseases this or that additive can cause in the consumer. Nobody will take care of you except yourself.
  3. Not all packages decompose over time. Better to use paper bags.

  So, the most important thing that I would like to note after doing the simplest research. Environmentally literate consumers are not born. But every person who protects nature and their own health must become such a consumer.

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  1. Alekseev S.V., Gruzdeva N.V., Gushchina E.V. Schoolchild Ecological Workshop: Textbook for students. - Samara: Fedorov Corporation, Educational Literature Publishing House, 2005. - 304 p. – (Elective course for senior specialized school).
  2. Korobkin V.I., Peredelsky L.V. Ecology. - Rostov n / a: publishing house "Phenex", 2000. - 576 p.
  3. Mirkin B.M., Naumov L.G., Sumatokhin S.V. Ecology grades 10-11 (textbook for high school students, profile level). - M .: "Ventana Graf", 2010.
  4. School environmental monitoring. Teaching aid / Ed. T.Ya. Ashakhmina. – M.: AGAR, 2000.
  5. www.wikipedia.org

  ATTACHMENT 1

  Table #1

  Character Size Ratio Examples

  2D barcode and code capacity

  15x15

  27x27

  45x45

  61x61

  79x79

  400-440

  Germany

  Hungary

  Spain

  460-469

  Russia and CIS

  600-601

  South Africa

  Cuba

  Taiwan

  Morocco

  Ecological research "Ecological meaning in Russian folk tales"

  
  Description. Research work on ecology, aimed at finding ecological meaning in Russian folk tales. The author participated with her in the regional ecological competition-exhibition "Ecology and Fairy Tales", where she took 2nd place, spoke to students of health camps of educational institutions of the Slutsk region as part of the ecological program "Ecology and Folklore". This development will be useful for primary school teachers, teachers of additional education, educators of preschool educational institutions for instilling love for nature through Russian folk tales.
  Author: Irina Zhuk, 12 years old, student of the Ecological Tourism: Pathfinders Association of Interests, Slutsk Ecological and Biological Center for Students, Slutsk, Minsk region, Republic of Belarus.
  Head: Yasenetskaya Svetlana Vadimovna, teacher of additional education, State Educational Institution "Slutsk Ecological and Biological Center for Students", Slutsk, Minsk region, Republic of Belarus.
  Introduction
  “A fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it, a lesson for good fellows!”
  Although fairy tales seem like entertainment, they have a deep educational meaning. Fairy tales arose as oral folk art long before the emergence of various sciences. But already in those distant times for us, people spiritualized nature and worshiped its greatness, realizing that their life directly depends on Mother Nature. And even if a person often endowed Nature with supernatural power, this only further emphasized their interdependence.
  Nowadays, it is very important to explain environmental problems to a child in a language that is accessible to him. And fairy tales can help in this, where the characters do not violate environmental laws and Nature treats man the way Man himself treats nature.
  Target: the search for ecological meaning in Russian folk tales
  Tasks:
  1. To trace the attitude of our ancestors to nature through the study of fairy tales.
  2. Show the ecological meaning inherent in Slavic folk tales
  3. Cultivate a love for fairy tales and respect for nature.
  Subject of study: Russian folk tales
  Research methods:
  1) information search;
  2) analytical.
  Hypothesis: Russian folk tales carry ecological knowledge.

  Main part

  Research "Ecological meaning in Russian folk tales"
  

  

  
  The world of Russian folk tales is peculiar and mysterious. In it you can meet not only people, but also animals, and often friendship between them.
  Fairy tale "Geese-swans"
  Recall the fairy tale "Geese-swans". The sister goes to look for her brother, who was carried away by swan geese. He meets Yablonka on his way and asks her for help. And what does Yablonka say to her?
  

  And here's what:
  - Eat my forest apple - I will say.
  It is hard for a tree, there are many fruits on it.
  What is the girl's answer?
  - At my father's, gardening is not eaten either.
  The girl did not help Yablonka - and Yablonka did not help her.
  It was the same with the River and the Stove.
  But on the way back, when the girl and her brother were running away from
  swan geese, and the Stove, and the River, Yablonka helped her. And all why? Yes, because the girl also helped them: she drank jelly, and ate a pie, and tasted a forest apple.
  A typical picture of mutual aid!
  

  

  
  Fairy tale "The Frog Princess"
  Let's remember another fairy tale, where mutual assistance between man and animals is also clearly traced - "The Frog Princess".
  Ivan Tsarevich went in search of his bride. He met the Bear - spared, did nothing wrong to the beast.
  I met a Hare and a Duck - spared.
  Saved Pike from certain death on the seashore.
  And how did the animals repay Ivan? They helped to get a needle in which Koshchei's death was. Further in the text of the tale, it becomes clear that in nature there is nothing superfluous, that every animal, from a bear to a hare, has some benefit.
  Fairy tale "Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf"
  But in the fairy tale “Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf”, the situation turned out like this: the wolf ate the Tsarevich’s horse ... ... and then, in order to make amends for his guilt, he himself carried Ivan through the forests and mountains.
  

  

  
  Fairy tale "Turnip"
  But the fairy tale "Turnip" indicates to us that sometimes it is necessary for both animals and people to stand on the same side, to unite in order to achieve a common goal. Based on this tale, one can see that, just like now, in our time, all living beings need to stand on one side in order to save our Earth! If we fantasize a little when discussing the fairy tale "Turnip": instead of a turnip, we will have the whole globe. Our planet is Earth! And the inhabitants of the house on the plot will act as inhabitants of the entire planet. This is the picture that turns out: the inhabitants of the planet see that it is in danger and something needs to be done.
  He was the first to notice this one person (grandfather) and realized that he himself could not cope, he needed help. The whole of humanity (grandfather, grandmother, granddaughter) of the planet has joined forces to save the Earth! They can't save! And, now, when all living beings (grandfather, grandmother, granddaughter, bug, cat, mouse) united - they saved the Earth (turnip)!
  Conclusion
  After conducting a study of several Russian folk tales, we can conclude that folk tales not only teach the norms of human behavior, but are also based on observations of nature and contain a deep ecological meaning. They teach us to love nature, to take care of our smaller brothers.
  ***
  The story brings us joy
  The one who knows will understand
  The story has a lot of meaning.
  And love is close by.
  There are many adventures in the fairy tale,
  Very joyful excitement
  Good wins in her
  After all, it is stronger than evil.
  The one who respects fairy tales
  Will definitely grow
  Turning into a sage
  He believes very much in miracles.
  And a miracle comes to visit
  Doesn't bypass
  The main thing is to believe in him
  And it's already with you.
  A fairy tale is a wonderful piggy bank,
  What you accumulate, you will take
  And without a fairy tale in this life -
  You will surely disappear.
  (E. Stepanova)

  Presentation on the topic: Ecological meaning in Russian folk tales