Assimilation and its types in modern English Prepared by: Portnyagina Diaana
Specialty: 2 foreign languages, 1
well
Assimilation is a process of change
consonant articulations in flow
speech influenced by adjacent consonant
Most often, the assimilation of consonants by
loudness-deafness and hardness-softness. There are three types of assimilation:
1) In the direction (affecting the direction)
2) At the place of formation of the barrier
(affecting the place of obstruction)
3) By the work of the lips (affecting the position of
lips) 1) In the direction (affecting the
direction):
1. Regressive assimilation (Regressive
Assimilation) - the subsequent sound affects
previous. Indicated from below arcuate
arrow from right to left.
Apical-alveolar consonants become
interdental before [θ, ð].
Example: in the [ɪn ðə]
Articulation before [r] becomes post-alveolar.
Example: try ["traɪ] 2. Progressive assimilation (Progressive
Assimilation) - the previous sound affects
subsequent. Indicated below by an arcuate arrow
from left to right.
[t] loses its aspiration after [s].
Example: stay
3. Double assimilation (Double Assimilation) -
two adjacent sounds are under mutual
influence. Indicated from below by an arcuate double
arrow.
The consonant before the sonant [w] is pronounced with
rounded and pushed forward lips, [w] too
changes its characteristics, for example, is stunned by
the influence of the deaf [t].
Example: twin 2) At the place of formation of the barrier
(affecting the place of obstruction):
Consonants before [θ, ð]
become interdental (regressive
assimilation).
Example: all these [ɔːl ðiːz] 3) By the work of the lips (affecting the
position of the lips):
Consonants before [w]
become labialized
(rounded) (regressive or
double assimilation).
Example: quite False Assimilation (Wrong Assimilation)
This phonetic phenomenon is usually present at the junction
voiceless and voiced consonant. Indicated by underlining two
consonants (individually) in double strokes. In russian language
we are used to deafening voiced consonants and voicing deaf ones. FROM
English sounds do not do this in the following cases:
do not change before [θ, ð]. Example: is this [ɪz ðɪs]
The combination of sounds and does not change their characteristics.
Example: fifth
Voiced consonants are not stunned before deaf ones. Example: his
dress
Voiceless consonants do not sound before voiced ones. Example: aunt's
dress [ɑːnts dres]
This phenomenon may be:
inside the word
at the intersection of words.
At present, in official phonetics, there is the following opinion about the phonetic process: IN AND. Kodukhov: “Assimilation is the assimilation of neighboring sounds in some component of articulation: most often the assimilation of consonants in terms of sonority-deafness and hardness-softness.
Assimilation can be complete or partial. Assimilation is called complete if both sounds become exactly the same, for example, SILENT [W:], BURN [W:], WIPE [T:]. Partial (incomplete) is called assimilation, in which assimilation occurs in only one component of articulation. For example, in the word SHOP, B is likened to the sound [K] only in deafness, while remaining a labial-tooth fricative sound” / 27, 125 - 126 /.
Many provisions of this statement require clarification.
1. It follows from the quote that in the last example sound[K] is likened to letter"AT". An interesting theoretical solution... But perhaps this is a typo: the typesetter forgot to type the appropriate brackets? However, according to our ideas, there is no sound [B] in the word STORE: LA [FK] A ...
2. We do not agree with the author of the statement that in the word SHOP between the consonants [F] and [K] there is an assimilation in only one component of articulation. It is easy to see that the second component is the pair's joint hardness: LA[F'K']I - LA[FK]A.
And at this point in our phonetic detective, we are forced to make another lyrical digression. In linguistics, the most curious idea of the process of assimilation has developed. Thus, it is believed that in the form LA[FC]A there is no assimilation of the indicated phonetic units neither in velarization nor in hardness. But in the case of LA [F'K '] And [F] assimilates into [F '] ( palatalization of the kinema occurs and softening of the speech sound corresponding to it). It is this mitigation that classical linguistics calls the very assimilation.
However, this approach does not take into account the following points.
First, in order to neutralize the value of evidence that exists in the form of an analogy (or, if possible, downplay its value), skeptics came up with the following “excuse”: “Any analogy is lame ...” Our objection to skeptics: of course, any analogy is lame, the only question is in which direction she limps: in the direction of common sense or in the opposite direction from it ...
So the analogy...
There is a pile of building material, consisting of bricks of standard size, and bricks that are one and a half times smaller than standard ones. In construction, both types of bricks can be used, but this is associated with great inconvenience in masonry. To facilitate the construction process, the owner of the construction site decided to use standard building materials for the construction of a residential building, and non-standard ones for the construction of a shed. At the same time, both when laying a shed and when laying a house, he constantly has to liken or adapt bricks to each other. To do this, he selects bricks of a strictly defined size from a pile of building material. Thus, sorting will be the very "adaptation" and the same "similarity" of the masonry components ...
Now another part of the analogy. We have a bunch of kinem (or a bunch of speech sounds), which consists of the so-called voiced and deaf consonants. Imagine that we are engaged in word creation (we will throw masonry). From the numerous combinations of throw, we have chosen the following combination: [ST] UL. It would never have occurred to us to combine [Z] with the subsequent [T]: [ZT] UL, since such combinations phonetic units are completely prohibited by the syntagmatics of the modern Russian language. Consequently, voiceless consonant "requires" that it be preceded by a consonant of a strictly defined quality, that is, in a more scientific language, the subsequent deaf consonant kinema regressively affects the previous one and likens it in a certain component of articulation.
Moreover, if the second of a pair of adjacent consonants is voiced, then (not theoretically, but practically) in speech activity there can be two options for articulation: [ZD] UL, [SD] UL,
If the second member of the pair is a “deaf” kinema, then both theoretically and practically only one variant of articulation is possible - with a preceding voiceless consonant, that is, in this case, the rules of syntagmatics are stricter than in the previous one. It is quite obvious to us that the articulatory qualities that are sorted out are not only the features of sonority and deafness, but also the feature of velarization, which takes place in the case of LA[FK]A.
Secondly, the modern theory believes that in cases like [S] + [P]ASHEI = [SP]ASHEI, the quality of phonetic units does not change at all, respectively - in combination [SP] nothing assimilates ... But this the state of affairs will take place only if this form is considered exclusively in relation to itself, that is, not in language functioning system… However, if we take the form [ZD]ASHEY and change only one phonetic unit in it, how will this immediately lead to a change in the quality of the implementation of another unit. Change [D] to [P]. As a result of such an operation, the quality of the implementation of the previous consonant immediately changes: [ZD]ASHEI - [SP]ASHEI. Thus, in this case, there is an explicit regressive assimilation phonetic units! The result of this type of assimilation will be the formation linear phonetic complex. All this remains true in the cases of LA[F'K']I - LA[FK]A.
Thirdly, both for the implementation of the pair of kinemas LA[F'K']I, and for the implementation of the combination of kinemas LA[F'K]A, a common way of speech organs is required, that is, in both the first and second cases, there will be general conditions of articulation . It is these conditions that unite these phonetic units into linear phonetic complexes. And the presence of a linear phonetic complex will simultaneously indicate the presence of the corresponding type of assimilation.
3. Taking into account our objection from paragraph 2, we have to admit that in the above statement by V.I. Kodukhov is once again not quite right.
The formulation given by him does not fall under the definition of incomplete assimilation, since in the form LAVKA we have already identified not one, but two components of assimilation: 1) assimilation by deafness, 2) assimilation by velarization. In addition, if we compare the forms LAVKU and LAVKA, we can see that in the first case between the kinems [F] and [K] there is an articulatory commonality in labialization, and in the second case there is a commonality in the absence of this additional articulation.
Thus, real examples (according to Kodukhov) do not fall under the definition of complete assimilation, since "both sounds" (both kinemas) do not "become exactly the same". At the same time, they resemble each other in more than one component of articulation. What is it: not quite complete, semi-complete, three-quarters complete assimilation???
4. If in the Russian language there exists (we underline with a double line) not a fragment of assimilation, not an element of assimilation, but a phonetic process called assimilation by voiced-deafness, then why can't the full variety of this phonetic process take place in the flow of speech? For example, complete assimilation by voicedness, complete assimilation by deafness, complete assimilation by palatalization, etc.??? Or: is it possible in the case of [ЗГ]Аley even greater (even "more complete") similarity in sonority??? If in the case of [ЗГ]Аley there is incomplete assimilation by voicing, then in what case will there be an “even more complete” version of this phonetic process ???
Given all of the above, we propose a slightly different approach to interpreting the types of assimilation. According to our ideas, there are five completely independent types of assimilation (five types of assimilation).
Types of assimilation
acculturation alien assimilation long term
There are several types of assimilation:
Leading is a type of assimilation that is achieved at the expense of the majority. This type of assimilation is characteristic of China and was characteristic of Russia (until the 20th century).
Displacement is a type of assimilation that is achieved by forcing a national minority out of a territory. This type of assimilation is historically the most common.
Conversion is a type of assimilation, which is achieved by changing the identity of its carriers.
Long-term and temporary assimilations
Numerous groups of people, such as tourists, missionaries, students, temporary migrants, etc., who travel abroad for a short time and come into contact with a foreign culture, always face the need for adaptation. Forced migrants and refugees who have moved to another country for a sufficiently long period of time, and sometimes forever, must not only adapt, but also become full-fledged members of the new society and culture, that is, completely assimilate. Proceeding from this, it is possible to single out a temporarily assimilating group of people and a group that assimilates into a foreign culture and remains in it for an unlimited period or forever.
From a psychological point of view, a person who has arrived in the country for permanent residence is more susceptible to assimilation than a person who has arrived for a short time.
Entering a new space, groups face a completely new reality. On the one hand, these are geographical features, such as climate, landscape, etc., and on the other hand, the identity and social specificity inherent in this society. When entering this society, each individual experiences a culture shock. The success of adaptation and the speed of assimilation depend on whether he can overcome the contradictions between the socio-cultural norms of the host society and his own.
There are three main options for the behavior of an individual in a different environment:
the individual follows the rules of conduct and cultural norms that are characteristic of the new place of his stay, identifying himself with the appropriate society (assimilation);
the individual identifies himself with a certain locality, but not with its community, while remaining faithful to the socio-cultural core of the "maternal" community;
feeling their alienation and unwillingness to adapt to a new socio-cultural environment, the migrant leaves it.
Groups temporarily residing in a foreign country do not need to fully adapt to a foreign culture, since their contacts can be reduced to a minimum.
The problems of long-term assimilation can be considered on the example of forced migrants. Each of them previously belonged to a certain stratum of society, but in the new country the migrant will be homeless and unemployed. The problems of the material and domestic plan (lack of means of subsistence, lack of good housing and regular work) are the most acute. At this stage, the state of forced migrants can be characterized as a situation of forced losses. These losses did not affect the availability of free time and relatives, but even so, the difficulties of entering a foreign culture are felt.
Such experiences determine the socio-psychological problems of forced migrants. This group of problems includes: uncertainty about the future, dependence on external circumstances, a sense of uselessness for others, self-doubt and inability to navigate the situation.
A serious problem for migrants is the problem of their social and legal status in a new place. Solving this problem is of great importance for the migrants.
The adaptation of migrants in a new country goes through several stages:
Purposeful conformism (i.e., the migrant understands how to act in a new environment, but internally does not recognize its value and adheres to old views);
Mutual tolerance (i.e. both parties show mutual tolerance for the values and norms of behavior of each of the parties);
Accommodation (there is mutual tolerance of the parties and concessions);
Assimilation (complete adaptation, in which the migrant abandons his norms and values and accepts the value system of the new environment).
Methods for facilitating the assimilation process
Assimilation is a complex process. The following recommendations will help ease it, relieve tension and reduce culture shock:
It is necessary to have a specific idea of another culture, its features and cultural factors;
Particular attention should be paid to the study of verbal and non-verbal means of communication. For example, knowing the language of the culture you are meeting with will be a big plus. You need to know about the basic gestures of a different culture, their differences from the neutral gestures of your culture. - You can pre-talk with a representative of this culture;
Attention should be paid to some special traditions and customs.
It is necessary to strive to avoid stereotypes, criticism of local residents, ridicule of their traditions.
You should be prepared in advance for various manifestations of intercultural communication.
Progressive and regressive assimilation
Consonant and vocal assimilation
Combinatorial phonetic processes.
Positional changes
Combinatorial
SOUND MODIFICATIONS IN A SPEECH STREAM
INTONATION
Intonation refers to all prosodic phenomena in syntactic units - phrases and words. Intonation consists of the following 5 elements, the first two of which are the main components of intonation:
2. accent;
The sounds of speech, used as part of a word, measure and phrase, influence each other, undergoing changes. The modification of sounds in the speech chain is called phonetic processes. Phonetic processes are combinatorial (from Latin combinare - to connect, combine) and positional. Combinatorial processes are caused by the mutual influence of sounds that are in the immediate or close neighborhood. Positional processes are associated with the position of sound in a word - in a stressed or unstressed syllable, at the end of a word, etc. .
Given the dependence on the proximity of other sounds.
Associated with position in an unstressed syllable, at the end of a word, etc.
Assimilation (from Latin assimilatio - assimilation) is an articulatory assimilation of sounds to each other in the flow of speech within a word or phrase. For example, if the previous sound is voiced and the next sound is deaf, then the previous one can become deaf: tray
ASSIMILATION AND ITS TYPES.
Consonant assimilation- assimilation of a consonant
consonant, for example, in the word ʼʼboatʼʼ the voiced consonant ʼʼdʼʼ is replaced by a deaf ʼʼtʼʼ - (ʼʼtrayʼʼ);
Vocal assimilation- likening a vowel to a vowel, e.g.
progressive assimilation- the previous sound affects the next one. In Russian lang. progressive assimilation is very rare, for example, the dialectal pronunciation of the word ʼʼVankaʼʼ as ʼʼVankaʼʼ. Progressive assimilation is often found in English. (cats, balls), fr.- sister, German, Bash. (at + lar = attar) and other languages.
Regressive assimilation- subsequent sound affects
previous. It is most characteristic of the Russian language ʼʼ boat [tray] ʼʼ, vodka [votka], ʼʼ got up in three [fstal f three] ʼʼ.
In anᴦ. "newspaper" [z] under the influence of [p] goes into [s], in fr. absolute[b] - in [p], German. Staub ends with [p].
In bash. ʼʼkitep baraʼʼ (leaves) goes into ʼʼ kitebbaraʼʼ.
With complete assimilation, both interacting sounds become completely identical, for example, be [w \ noisy, [f] burn. If, after assimilation, the sounds retain a difference, then the assimilation is incomplete, or partial. For example, in the word bring down[c] is likened to [b] only in terms of softness and softness [h " ]beat, while remaining anterior-lingual dental sound;
An example of complete assimilation is the word ʼʼassimilationʼʼ itself [ad (k) + simil (similar, identical) + atio (suffix) = assimilatio)]. A similar example of assimilation is "agglutinationʼʼ [ad + glutin (glue) + atio = agglutinatio].
Rus. sew [shshyt], highest (highest), anᴦ. cupboard "cabinet", "buffet" is pronounced ["klaye]. German Zimber has become Zimmer "room", selbst "self" is pronounced .
With incomplete assimilation, the sound loses only part of its features, for example, ʼʼwhere - whereʼʼ, ʼʼhere - hereʼʼ, where consonants lose their sonority.
Complete and incomplete assimilation - the concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Complete and incomplete assimilation" 2017, 2018.
Progressive and regressive assimilation
Consonant and vocal assimilation
Combinatorial phonetic processes.
Positional changes
Combinatorial
SOUND MODIFICATIONS IN A SPEECH STREAM
INTONATION
All prosodic phenomena in syntactic units - phrases and words are called intonation. Intonation consists of the following 5 elements, the first two of which are the main components of intonation:
2. accent;
The sounds of speech, used as part of a word, measure and phrase, influence each other, undergoing changes. The modification of sounds in the speech chain is called phonetic processes. Phonetic processes are combinatorial (from Latin combinare - to connect, combine) and positional. Combinatorial processes are caused by the mutual influence of sounds that are in direct or close proximity. Positional processes are associated with the position of sound in a word - in a stressed or unstressed syllable, at the end of a word, etc. .
Depending on the neighborhood of other sounds.
Associated with position in an unstressed syllable, at the end of a word, etc.
Assimilation (from Latin assimilatio - assimilation) is an articulatory assimilation of sounds to each other in the flow of speech within a word or phrase. For example, if the preceding sound is voiced and the subsequent sound is deaf, then the preceding one can become deaf: tray
ASSIMILATION AND ITS TYPES.
Consonant assimilation- assimilation of a consonant
consonant, for example, in the word "boat" the voiced consonant "d" is replaced by a deaf "t" - ("tray");
Vocal assimilation- likening a vowel to a vowel, for example, instead of "it happens" in common speech it is often said "byvat".
progressive assimilation- the previous sound affects the next one. In Russian lang. progressive assimilation is very rare, for example, the dialectal pronunciation of the word "Vanka" as "Vanka". Progressive assimilation is often found in English. (cats, balls), fr.- sister, German, Bash. (at + lar = attar) and other languages.
Regressive assimilation- subsequent sound affects
previous. It is most typical for the Russian language “boat [tray]”, vodka [votka], “got up at three [fstal f three]”.
In eng. "newspaper" [z] under the influence of [p] goes into [s], in fr. absolute[b] - in [p], German. Staub ends with [p].
In bash. bar kitep (leaves) goes into kitebbara.
With complete assimilation, both interacting sounds become completely identical, for example, be [w \ noisy, [f] burn. If, after assimilation, the sounds retain a difference, then the assimilation is incomplete, or partial. For example, in the word bring down[c] is likened to [b] only in terms of softness and softness [h " ]beat, while remaining anterior-lingual dental sound;
An example of complete assimilation is the very word "assimilation" [ad (k) + simil (similar, identical) + atio (suffix) = assimilatio)]. A similar example of assimilation is "agglutination" [ad + glutin (glue) + atio = agglutinatio].
Rus. sew [shshyt], highest (highest), Eng. cupboard "cabinet", "buffet" is pronounced ["klaye]. German Zimber has become Zimmer "room", selbst "self" is pronounced .
With incomplete assimilation, the sound loses only part of its features, for example, “where - where”, “here - here”, where the consonants lose the sign of sonority.
