G.G. GRANIK,
G.N. VLADIMIRSKAYA,
ON THE. BORISENKO
Continuation. See No. 39, 39, 40, 42/2004; 5, 6/2005
Union
Chapter from the new textbook of the course "Russian Philology"
7th grade
V. Spelling of derivative unions
Read two sentences.
1) The bear gnawed his portion so appetizingly that Deniska also wanted to eat a hot fragrant sausage with him. 2) Therefore, he bought the same thing as Mishka.(According to V. Dragunsky)
What do you think, where is the union here, and where is the combination of words similar to it? What part of speech did the word come from? too?
|
Unions derived from other parts of speech are called derivatives. |
How to distinguish derivative unions from those parts of speech that served as building material for them?
Try one of the following methods. Replace Union too unions synonymous with it also or and. Write down the resulting suggestions. Make a conclusion.
Now work with the second example. What Same? What parts of speech does this combination consist of? Can these two words exist on their own? Try to drop same. Write down new sentences.
Remember two turns, which are always written separately from the particle same: the same as; as well as.
Before applying the rule, check if these phrases are present in the sentence.
Now check out the rule.
28. Write by opening brackets and punctuation marks. Explain how to distinguish conjunction from similar-sounding pronouns and adverbs with a particle same.
1) When I was little, I really liked to have dinner with adults. And my sister Lelya also loved such dinners no less than I did. Of course, the first times we behaved at the table quietly. But then osm (?) Leli. Lelya began to interfere (?) in conversations. Chattered endlessly. And I then (same) sometimes inserted my comments. (M. Zoshchenko)
2) Mom was busy (?) guarding the environment around us and everywhere she was, as it were, on duty (?) on duty. She (tirelessly) fought for the environment, which constantly someone (someone) uploaded (?) took. Dad worked at the museum (?) as a tour guide. Dad fought for museum values just like mom fought for the environment. (According to A. Aleksin)
Into the stack of words
as if
tirelessly
Spelling of derivative unions
are written together unions |
are written separately pronouns and adverbs with function words |
1) also = too = and Classmates repeated physics before the control. I also decided to look into the textbook (= and I decided to look into the textbook); |
1)same way– same can be omitted Same Today same way overcast as yesterday; |
2) but= but It froze harder but(= but) it was quiet; |
2) for that– for what? or for what? for what? I hid per then a tree that grew in the distance; |
3) to= in order to I came to the library to(= in order to) take the right book; |
3) what would – would can be lowered or rearranged to another place What would I did without you? (= What would I do without you?); |
4) because of)= because (because) Sad, because of(= because) autumn is coming soon. It's time for the textbook because what(= because) on the nose is a control. It will be raining, that's why(= so) grab an umbrella. |
4) from that – from what? From what? On what? It is dangerous to walk along this coast. |
When applying this rule, first of all, pay attention to meaning.
Let's take an example from the table: I hid behind that tree that grew in the distance. Think there is then the tree behind which I hid. By the way then you can ask the question of definition ( per which wood?). Means, per is a preposition referring to a noun wood, a then- demonstrative pronoun. These are two different words, and they are written separately.
In a sentence It was getting colder, but it was quiet there is an opposition. Here but- an opposing union, it has a synonym - union but. It's the same part of speech but write fluently.
Now let's make a self-instruction based on these arguments and the table.
self-instruction
To distinguish derivative conjunctions from similar-sounding word combinations:
1) I check if there are turns in the offer the same as; as well as; I remember that the words in these revolutions are written separately;
29.1. Rewrite the proverbs with punctuation marks. Write the part of speech above the underlined words. Orally explain the spelling.
I. Russian proverbs.
1. Short and sweet because and fine.
2. Who will you go with? from that and you will gain.
3. Why go and find it.
4. Not for that the wolf is beaten that ser a for that that he ate a sheep.
II. Eastern proverbs.
1. A pleasant joke in conversation is the same as salt in food.
2. A wise man knows what follows what.
3. When many people say the same thing, it seems to be true.
4. Having a cool head is just as necessary as a warm heart.
29.2. Explain the meaning of each proverb.
30. Write down pairs of sentences, opening brackets and placing punctuation marks.
1) Whatever he said, they listened with bated breath. - What (would) be done to surprise everyone?
2) I wrote in the essay the (same) as my neighbor. - For which he received the (same) deuce.
3) This must be done (in) whatever (whatever) it (or) becomes. - What (would) we play so that (would) not be bored?
4) Everyone repeated physics before the control. So I decided to look into the textbook. - In my diary it is as (same) dull and overcast as on the most rainy autumn day.
5) The teacher asked (why) why is the class so noisy. - The student did not understand (for) why the lesson should be prepared: according to the lecture of the teacher or according to the textbook.
TURN
Mishka shook his head.
I can't be late from school today. Dad is on duty today.
I said:
– Why?
- It's his turn.
“No,” I said, “you don’t understand. I'm asking: on what is your dad on duty? Why? Cleaning? Or covering on the table?
– As for me Mishka said. - Dad is on duty As for me. She and her mother set up a queue like this: one day mom, the other dad. Dad today. I suppose he has already come home from work to feed me lunch, but he is in a hurry, because he needs to go back!
(V. Dragunsky)
31. Explain the spelling of the words highlighted in the text.
32. Continue the sentences so that you get small but interesting texts.
1. Once, an old (?) th, mud-covered bottle with a letter was thrown onto the seashore. (From) this letter, we learned that ....
2. There was a strange house on the edge of the cemetery. (At) that house was ....
3. Suddenly (in) far away, something big and dark was (?). Here (same) everyone began to speculate what (would) this could be.
If you did not have any mistakes, then you can skip the next two tasks. If there were mistakes, continue training.
33. "Finish" sentences depending on the meaning.
1. We all loved this clumsy puppy for...
We all loved this clumsy puppy, but...
2. I crossed the ravine on that ...
I crossed the ravine because...
3. The man walked, thinking about this ...
The man walked thinking, so...
4. The boat slid easily from that ...
The boat glided easily because...
34. Place punctuation marks and open brackets in sentence segments. "Finish" the segments to sentences.
one). ... small green courtyards adorn the city and give it ...
2) ... they decorate the playground in the square, they meet the same (same).
3) Now the birds are as willing to settle in the city center as ...
4) ... went not only to Africa to India, he (the same) ...
5) ... he skated beautifully on skis, he also (same) ...
35.1. Read the text.
Not everyone knows that in their free time from writing, the classics had many hobbies.
The range of Pushkin's interests in his mature years was very wide. He studied not only literature and philosophy, but also astronomy, mathematics, understood the theory of probability.
Krylov was also fond of mathematics and could make complex mathematical calculations in his mind. In addition to his literary gift, the fabulist possessed extraordinary musical abilities. He especially excelled in playing the violin and at one time was the first violin in the orchestra, and subsequently gave solo concerts.
Turgenev loved to play chess and was once elected vice-president of a chess tournament. The same passion was shared by L.N. Tolstoy, considering chess as a means of developing mental abilities.
L.N. Tolstoy also had a passion for flowers, he himself planted and grew them. There were always bouquets on the table. He also loved geographical maps, often examined them, since he himself did not like to travel and rarely left Yasnaya Polyana. Chekhov, just like Tolstoy, was very fond of flowers, he always planted them on his estate and jokingly asked to find him a job as a gardener, believing that this would add ten years to his life.
Sports were also included in the list of hobbies of Russian writers. Pushkin, Lermontov and Chekhov loved gymnastics and enjoyed training not only their thoughts and feelings, but also their bodies. L.N. had excellent physical abilities. Tolstoy. He played tennis and gorodki, went in for gymnastics and wrestling, was very fond of skating. At the age of 65, L.N. Tolstoy learned to ride a bicycle and a year later made a bicycle trip from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana.
Knowing how varied the hobbies of the classics were, everyone can now say about the greats that nothing human was alien to them.
(According to L.G. Ginzburg, E.B. Kononova)
35.2. Find sentences with derivative unions in the text. Explain their spelling. What are these alliances?
35.3. Test your memory: how many facts from the read text can you remember without looking into the book? Write down these facts as you remember. Have you used conjunctions in your text to connect sentences too, also?
Into the stack of words
subsequently
vice president
train
TURN
The text you are currently working on is taken from a book by L.G. Ginzburg, E.B. Kononova "Entertaining literary criticism". In it you can read interesting facts from the life of Russian writers of the 19th–20th centuries: about their habits, details of everyday life, and the history of the creation of works. Read another passage from this book.
And in food, the writers had peculiar addictions. So, Pushkin was unpretentious in food. He was very fond of ryazhenka and varenets with sugar and breadcrumbs, as well as baked milk, baked potatoes and tea, which he always drank a lot, especially after a bath, which he also loved very much. Leo Tolstoy was also abstainer in food, especially in the last years of his life, when he became a vegetarian.
But Derzhavin, Krylov, Gogol and A.N. Tolstoy loved to "eat well", were gourmets. Their immoderation in food was often an occasion for family quarrels and anecdotes. For a long time there was even a version that Krylov died after overeating pancakes, which he loved more than anything else. In fact, he died of lobar pneumonia. Gogol also ate a lot, especially sweets. A.N. was a special gourmet. Tolstoy. He said that, having worked well, he has the right to eat well. Visiting expensive restaurants, he ordered each dish two or three times. Food has always been one of life's pleasures for him.
vegetarian
36.1. Read the title. Is it possible to predict the content of the text from this heading? After you read the story, come up with your own options for the title.
CHLOROPHYLL
Only two subjects are interesting to me - zoology and botany. The rest is not.
However, the story is also interesting to me, but not (according to) the textbook that we are going through.
I am very upset that I study poorly. But I do not know what (would) need to be done to (would) not be.
Even in botany I have a triple. And I know this subject very well. I read many books and even made a herbarium - an album in which leaves, flowers and herbs are pasted.
Botany teacher says something in class. Then he says:
Why are the leaves green? Who knows?
There is silence in the class.
“I'll give a five to someone who knows,” the teacher says.
I know (by) why the leaves are green, but I am silent. I don't want to be an upstart. Let the first students answer. Besides, I don't need an A. That she will stick out among my deuces and triples?
The teacher calls the first student. But he doesn't know.
Then I casually raise my hand.
“Ah, that’s how it is,” the teacher says, “you know. Well, tell...
- The leaves are green, - I say, - (from) the fact that they contain the coloring substance chlorophyll.
The teacher says:
- Before I give you a five, I must find out (for) why you did not raise your hand right away.
I am silent. This is very difficult to answer.
“Maybe you didn’t remember right away? the teacher asks.
No, I immediately remembered.
– Maybe you wanted to be higher than the first students?
I am silent. Shaking his head reproachfully, the teacher puts a five.
(According to M. Zoshchenko)
36.2. Do you understand the character of the story? What about the teachers? How would you answer the question why the boy was silent?
36.3. Write the sentences in italics. Open the brackets and fill in the missing punctuation marks. For a word that can be spelled differently, pick up the opposite pair and make a sentence with this word.
Like this: However, my story too interesting... - I read it twice Same the very place.
Into the stack of words
upstart
herbarium
reproachfully
VI. Morphological analysis of the union
Remember the order of parsing the union as a part of speech.
1. Part of speech. Indicate what connects the union: homogeneous members, or parts of a compound, or parts of a complex sentence, or separate sentences in the text.
2. Morphological features:
a) coordinating or subordinating;
b) rank by value;
c) simple or compound.
Let's take an example:
On the blue waves of the ocean
Only the stars will shine in the sky,
The lonely ship is rushing
Rushing on all sails.
High masts do not bend
Weathervanes do not make noise on them,
And silently into open hatches
Cast iron guns look.
(M.Yu. Lermontov)
Only- union, connects parts of a complex sentence; subordinating, temporary, simple.
And- union, connects parts of a compound sentence; coordinating, connecting, simple.
37.1. Write by opening brackets and punctuation marks.
Everyone knows that alchemy is a science that is a mixture of chemistry and magic.
With perseverance worthy of the best pr(?)change, the alchemists were looking for the philosopher's(?)stone. It was believed that with its help (?) Ordinary (not) noble metals pr (?) turn into gold and silver. He also (same) had to help (?) In creating the elixir of longevity.
But (not) only alchemists believed in the philosopher's (?) stone. Kings who were always in need of money took alchemists to their service, hoping to replenish their empty treasury with artificial (?) Gold. So that (would) the court alchemist did not run away to another king, he was usually (?) O kept (in) locked up, like a prisoner.
(According to M. Ilyin)
37.2. Make a morphological analysis of unions from this text.
Now let's practice
38.1. Answer the questions.
1. What part of speech is called a union?
2. What two categories are unions divided into?
3. Name the categories of coordinating unions by value. Indicating the category, name all the unions included in it.
4. What unions are called double? Which are repetitive? How are punctuation marks used in these conjunctions?
5. What categories are subordinating unions divided into depending on the meaning? Don't forget to give examples.
6. Why are unions called communication words?
7. How to distinguish derivative unions in writing also, also, so that, but, because, because from similar-sounding word combinations? Tell self-instruction, give examples.
38.2. Repeat:
1. Union is ...
2. Unions are divided into two large categories: ...
3. Coordinating conjunctions are divided by meaning into ...
4. Double alliances - ... Repeating alliances are ... Commas are put ...
5. Subordinating conjunctions are divided by value into ...
6. Unions connect not only members of a sentence or parts of a complex sentence, but also ...
7. To distinguish derivative unions from similar-sounding combinations of words, you need ...
3. 1: 1) a, c; 2) b; 3) in; 4) d; 5) b, d; 6) a, d.
4.1. In sentences 1, 3 or- a single separating union, so a comma is not placed in front of it. In sentences 2, 4, 5 or attaches the application (or seven wonders of the world; or crocodiles; or transformation). Union Attached Application or, separated by commas on both sides.
5. comma before or placed in all segments except the 1st.
7. 1) Indicative word those the main part of a complex sentence begins, with an allied word which- subordinate clause that breaks the main one. This is a complex sentence - "matryoshka". When the subordinate part ends, you need to put a comma, because the continuation of the main part will go on, in which the subject will be characterized those.
2) The sentence is simple, exclamatory. Interjection Oh not included in the grammatical structure of the sentence. Further, obviously, the member of the sentence to which the definition refers will be named. which.
3) Two options are possible: either the sentence is simple, interrogative, or complex, narrative. In the latter case, a comma is placed after the subordinate clause.
8. 1) There will be some explanation, clarification in the proposal; before that is a comma is placed.
2) Union but signals opposition. The grammatical structure of a sentence cannot be unambiguously predicted: it can be either a simple sentence with homogeneous members, or a compound sentence. In any case before but a comma is used because it is an adversative conjunction.
3) Union no no indicates that the sentence contains a reinforced negation. It can connect either homogeneous members (both main and secondary), or parts of a complex sentence.
15. 1) ... the rain, however, is not ... 2) ... it’s time to stop, however, he, however, ... 3) ... grinned, however, the person ... 4) ... alligators, or crocodiles , live ... 5) ... or she pulled the tail, or attacked ...
17.1. Sentences numbered 3, 5 can be both simple in structure (interrogative in terms of the purpose of the statement) and complex (the first part is a subordinate clause, beginning with a union word).
20. 1 - c, d; 2 – a, d; 3 - in; 4 - b; 5 – a, b; 6 – b, c; 7 - c.
22.1. The sentence is complex, the first part is a subordinate clause, denoting the condition under which the action of the main part is performed.
2. The accessory part is in front of the main one. It is complicated by a separate definition, if it follows: 1) the word being defined is a personal pronoun, or 2) the word being defined is a noun and the definition has an additional adverbial meaning. For example: When, tired, we sat down to rest, it was not far to the station. Or: When, exhausted by the heat, travelers... If there is no additional adverbial value, the definition is not isolated (When the heat-weary travelers...).
3. The sentence is complex, the subordinate part comes after the main one, is attached by a subordinating union how. The subordinate clause is complicated by a separate circumstance, expressed by a gerund or participle, therefore, after how put a comma and wait for the turn to end.
24.2. End of the legend:
... and there, plunging into the bath, he noticed that the amount of water overflowing over the edge was equal to the amount of water displaced by his body. This observation prompted Archimedes to solve the problem of the crown, and he, without a second's delay, jumped out of the bath and, as if he was naked, rushed home, shouting at the top of his voice about his discovery: “Eureka! Eureka!" - which in Greek meant: “I found it! Found!".
Now Archimedes knew how to solve the problem. For this he made two bars, one of gold, the other of silver, each of the same weight as the crown. Then, one by one, he put them into a vessel of water and noted how much its level had risen in both cases. Having lowered the crown into the water, Archimedes found that its volume exceeds the volume of the ingot.
This is how Archimedes, according to the legend, found the solution to Hiero's problem.
ancient greek philosopher, according to legend lived in a barrel. Actually same in fact, Diogenes could not live in a barrel, because it was simply unknown to the ancient Greeks. Has served as a haven for the philosopher earthenware vessel - pithos. Such structures were found during archaeological excavations.
Usually, pithoi 1.5–2 meters high were completely buried in the ground and used to store grain. Diogenes same placed his "house" in the central square of the city of Corinth and, being in it or next to it Lying down, he gave all those passing by, often against their will, advice on how to achieve spiritual freedom. For such importunity and sharp tongue, he was even nicknamed "cynic", what means "dog" in Greek.
However his fame gradually grew, and many townspeople and visiting people began to come to him in order to ask for advice. The legendary Alexander the Great also, being in Corinth, went to the sage and asked if he could do something for him. In response, the impudent philosopher, without hesitation, asked the king not to block the morning sun for him.
30. What would. Whatever.
2. Same as. Too.
3. By all means. In what to.
4. Also. As well as.
5. Why. Why.
34. Possible suggestions:
1. Squares decorate the city, small green courtyards also give it a beautiful look.
2. Wooden sculptures decorate the playground, they are also found in the square.
3. Now the birds are just as willing to settle in the city center as in the forest.
4. The archaeologist traveled not only to Africa, he also traveled to India.
5. The boy skated well, he also skied well.
* Answers are given not to all, but only to the most difficult tasks, primarily to those related to the forecasting mechanism. Tasks 3.1; 4.1; 5, 7, 8, 15; 17.1; 22.1; 24.2; and 27.2 published in no. 5, 6 /2005.
§ 3. Derivative and compound unions
Simple, primitive unions are opposed to derivatives. However, the boundary between the two in the modern Russian language is not always drawn quite clearly and sharply. Some unions - due to full or partial homonymy with the forms of pronouns, as well as pronominal adverbs and particles - retain a shade of derivativeness (for example: how, than, bye etc.). In addition, many compound unions, especially those that include a union what, are broken into pieces. They can be phraseological units at a distance (for example: I did not come to you because I was sick). Because of this, it is necessary to combine with derivative unions and some simple ones, acting as equivalents of compound and derivative unions.
Among the derivative unions of the modern Russian language, there are seven main morphological categories, including here the hybrid types of allied words.
1. The category of unions of a relative type, i.e. unions genetically related to relative pronouns or including forms of relative pronouns. This category is very complex in its morphological composition. It also includes simple conjunctions that are homonymous with forms of relative pronouns or related in root with relative pronouns. This also includes whole phraseological units consisting of a preposition with a demonstrative pronoun and a relative word, or a preposition, a noun, a demonstrative pronoun and a relative conjunction, or an adverb and a relative word. All conjunctions of this category are based on pronominal (or pronominal) words and forms what (= sht), than, how, when and prefix bye(colloquial meanwhile, regional as long as). Depending on the meanings of these supporting unions, there is also a range of grammatical relations expressed by complex unions of this category. These are mainly temporal, causal, comparative, investigative, partly target relationships. For example, causal: because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because, obsolete. then what:
Why arapa
Young loves Desdemona
How does the moon love the dark nights?
Then, what the wind, and the eagle,
And the heart of a virgin has no law.
And again I am with people - because I am a poet.
in order to and etc.; investigative: so before that ("And before that I suddenly felt ashamed that literally tears flowed down my cheeks"- Dostoevsky); cf. concessions: despite the fact that, despite the fact that. A special group is the comparative union how ("Why should we go to the bridge, let's look for a better ford"- Krylov) and a temporary union before.
As you know, compound unions, including the union what(and how), can split in such a way that the first adverbial-indicative part of the union remains in the control sentence system, logically explaining the meaning of the union what that starts the dependent clause.
Wed: Because the cart sang that for a long time did not eat tar(proverb);
For being alone,
That I had no support in anyone,
That I, losing friends every year,
I met more and more enemies on the way, -
For a drop of blood common with the people,
Forgive me, oh motherland, forgive me.
(Nekrasov)
In the simplest union what meanings are still combined: explanatory, quantitative, investigative, comparative, causal (in colloquial speech) and temporal: "I'm stupid for getting angry"(Pushkin, "Don Juan"). Wed in Krylov's fable "The Liar": "The bridge is also wonderful ... that it does not raise a liar in any way!"
Boris will wince a little more,
What a drunkard before a glass of wine.
(Pushkin, "Boris Godunov")
"Stove that your elephants"(Turgenev); "The maiden cries that the dew falls"(Pushkin);
What a moment - the chest breathes more freely;
That a step is a more solemn path.
Wed outdated and regional what in the temporal meaning (=only only) in Griboedov's language in Liza's language: "What will rise - I will report, sir"("Woe from Wit").
In composite unions formed on the basis of the union what, the circle of meanings has been reduced in comparison with the old logically undivided use. It is limited to causal, investigative, comparative and quantitative relations, but these meanings appear in a logically dissected, differentiated form, with various shades.
The expression of causal relationships in the Russian language is formed partly on the basis of a rethinking of temporal relationships, for example: then what(cf. the combination of temporary, causal and target meanings in the adverb then); because(i.e. post hoc ergo propter hoc), partly based on relations of similarity and comparison (for example: conjunction because).
A. A. Potebnya noted: “The concept of a cause is derivative. The first is a combination of images by similarity or opposite, by contact or proximity in space and sequence in time (= simultaneity = sequence). Then, what in combination is explanatory (predicate), can become the cause of what is being explained, whether it be similar or opposite, one-place or simultaneously.
No less wide and diverse is the group of unions that has developed on the basis of the pronominal particle how. It is known that how combines temporary values ( "I only smile when I hear the storm"- Nekrasov, "The Storm"), comparative ( "Like an irrevocable stream that glistens, runs and disappears, so life and youth run away"- Pushkin), conditional ( "As soon as he hacked something into his head, then nothing can overpower him"— Gogol; "And life, as you look around with cold attention, is such an empty and stupid joke" - Lermontov, "And boring and sad").
With a touch of outdated stationery style how(usually in combination with previous and, but) was used in the language of the 19th century. and in a causal sense ( "And as their corner was almost impassable, there was nowhere to get news about what was happening in the world"- Goncharov). Wed how not in an interrogative sentence (meaning: if not, except): "What is the greatness of man if not thought?"(Pushkin, "Journey from Moscow to St. Petersburg"); "Who, if not the author, should tell the holy truth?"(Gogol, "Dead Souls").
In the group of composite unions formed on the basis of the union how, the circle of common values remained almost the same. But the corresponding categories of grammatical relations appear in them in a logically divided, semantically differentiated form - with subtle semantic nuances.
From compound unions, including how, unions should be noted: temporary: as soon as, meanwhile, while, while, since; quantitative: as; comparative: similar to; causal - because.
Union because became an idiomatic fusion not earlier than the end of the 18th century. (cf. Krylov in the play "A Lesson for Daughters"). This fusion was formed from the merger of two pronominal adverbs: because- in the official business language and in styles of narrative prose close to it. Causal meaning developed out of comparative. This alliance received its final literary sanction no earlier than the 1840s and 1950s.
Union in Pushkin's language because in a causal sense, ironically used only once in "Eugene Onegin":
At first, everyone went to him:
But since from the back porch
usually served
Him don stallion,
Only along the main road
They will hear them at home, -
Be offended by such an act,
All friendship ended with him.
Wed in "Notes" by D.N. Sverbeev (M., 1899, v. 1, p. 77): "Because of this obsolete, but harmonious and more logical word, I replace the union or adverb that I hate, since".
A small closed group among unions of a relative type is formed by temporary unions for now, for now, region. as long as(cf. pokudova), when.
From temporary unions, the transition to conditional ones is easy. Temporal relations, by the nature of the expression, partially coincide in Russian with conditional ones (cf. the combination of temporary values with conditional ones in the union when: "All this would be funny if it weren't so sad"— Lermontov). Therefore, a significant part of temporary unions belongs to another category (to the category of unions with modal coloring).
It is easy to see that the main meanings of conjunctions of a relative type: temporary, causal, comparative, investigative, in the Russian language form a related, semantically connected system of grammatical relations. Causal meanings easily arise from temporal meanings, hence temporal meanings are adjacent to causal ones. Comparative meanings are also closely related to causal and temporal meanings (cf. the history of conjunction meanings how). The meanings of cause and effect are so close that some grammarians have found it possible to consider them as shades of the same meaning. Yes, prof. V. A. Bogoroditsky in his general course of Russian grammar merges them into one type, which serves to express cause and effect.
2. The hybrid category is closely adjacent to the unions of the relative type. relative allied words (which, what, whose, who, what, where, where, from where, when, why, why, why, how much, how much, because etc.), which, while soldering one sentence to another, at the same time do not lose the characteristic features of adjectives, pronouns and adverbs. Words of this type combine in their structure and in their use the grammatical functions and forms of parts of speech and particles of speech.
3. In close connection with the unions of the relative type is the category unions with modal coloring of hypotheticality, unreality, including the particle would. Some of the unions of this category represent the fusion of a particle would with relative conjunctions or with phraseological units formed from a preposition, a demonstrative pronoun and a relative union. These are: so that, instead of, colloquial as if, as if, as if, as if etc. Phraseological units and fusions are also adjacent here, which are a combination of a particle would with conditional or concessive unions, for example: if, good, if only, at least etc., cf. also as if. For example: "In order for them to understand our truth sooner, we must move forward"(Bitter).
Within this category, unions are targeted, investigative-target, unreal-explanatory, unreal-comparative and conditional. They are all united by the common meaning of a hypothetical or unreal modality.
4. Conjunctions with modal coloring of convention, composed of modal particles and adverbs. Among these unions, conditional unions ending in -whether: if, if(cf. outdated. than), if (kol). They are united by the presence of a modal particle in their composition. -whether.
5. Next, the category is separated conditional-temporal unions coinciding with modal-restrictive particles: scarcely, scarcely, only, hardly, barely, only, only(cf. just now) and others.
And the sky just lit up
Everything was suddenly noisy.
(Lermontov)
Thus, in this group there are conditional and temporary unions (at the same time, temporary ones - with a special shade of close, almost instantaneous, sometimes sudden following of one fact after another).
6. A small group of particle unions and partly adverb unions, a kind of modal coloring, meaning concession, admission and strengthening: let, let, perhaps outdated, true, colloquial for nothing, good and some others. For example: "The authorities have subtle views: for nothing it's far away, but it shakes its mustache"(Gogol, "Inspector"); "He was all clearly visible, even though he was driving in the shadows"(Turgenev); "It burned me like a fire from her presence ... But why did I need to know what kind of fire it was on which I burned and melted - it was good for me to melt and burn sweetly"(Turgenev, "First Love").
7. Beyond these six ranks remains a motley mass hybrid words, in which allied functions are, as it were, appendages to their main grammatical role of adverbs, modal words or connecting particles. These allied words express different and, moreover, very diverse shades of logical-syntactic relations between segments of speech. Significant and well-defined types with a final grammatical content in this area have not yet developed. Therefore, it suffices to point out the allied use of such words as here ("Sit down to drink tea, that's the whole conversation"- L. Tolstoy), so then(cf. if - then), then it means etc.
Non-derivative (primitive) unions are not connected by origin with other parts of speech. These are conjunctions like a, but, and, yes, or that. The number of non-derivative unions is small, but the frequency of their use in speech is quite high.
Derivative (non-primitive) conjunctions are by origin associated with other parts of speech. So, some unions originated from nouns: because, since, since, etc.; other unions by origin are associated with pronominal words and adverbs: then what, before, etc .; some unions go back to the participle forms of verbs: despite the fact that, although, etc., the number of derivative unions is large, and their morphological categories are diverse.
Glossary:
- derivative and non-derivative unions
- derivative unions table
- derivative and non-derivative unions table
- derived unions
- non-derivative unions
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Other works on this topic:
- By origin, prepositions are divided into two groups: non-derivative and derived prepositions. Non-derivative (primitive) prepositions are not related by origin to other parts of speech: in, before, from, ...
- Subordinating conjunctions connect grammatically unequal parts of a complex sentence (main and dependent), which are connected by a subordinating connection. Subordinating conjunctions can express the following relationships: - temporary: when, while, ...
- By structure, unions are divided into simple and compound. Simple unions consist of one word (and, if, than, when), and compound unions consist of several words ...
- Unions are service words that express various relationships between equal members of a simple sentence, form links between parts of a complex sentence and make links between individual sentences ...
Derivative unions
Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what "derivative unions" are in other dictionaries:
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Books
- Russian language. Experience of a practical textbook of Russian grammar. Etymology in samples (With a dictionary appendix), K. F. Petrov. In this book by the Russian teacher K. F. Petrov, the doctrine of sounds, parts of speech and word forms is expounded in relation to school teaching. The sound and grammatical composition of words is described; ...
- Courses "Preparation for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language", Team of authors. This course is devoted to preparing for the final certification in the school course in the Russian language, preparing for the unified state exam and the student’s further admission to the university.…
Unions- service words that express various relationships between equal members of a simple sentence, form links between parts of a complex sentence and make links between individual sentences in the text.
Conjunctions, as words that have a special syntactic function, should be distinguished from other parts of speech homonymous to them - pronouns, adverbs, particles. Unions and homonymous combinations often have different spellings. For example, the union to (written together) and the combination of the pronoun with the particle what would (written separately); the union is also a combination of the adverb with the same particle; conjunctions, moreover, why, etc. are written in one word, and combinations of prepositions and pronouns are written separately: for what, for what, for what, etc. For example: No matter what happens, I want everyone to remain friends.
The category of unions in modern Russian is constantly replenished at the expense of other parts of speech. So, some particles began to perform the function of unions: a particle can act as an adversative union, and a particle would act as a target union, etc.
In accordance with the types of communication, unions are divided into two main categories: coordinating and subordinating.
Coordinating conjunctions connect grammatically equal units that are connected by a coordinating link. These can be homogeneous members of a sentence or equal parts of a complex sentence.
Coordinating conjunctions can express different relationships between grammatically equal components. Depending on the type of these relations, unions are divided into groups:
- connecting: and, yes (in the meaning of ‘and’), and ... and, neither ... nor, how ... nevertheless;
- adversative: a, but, yes (in the meaning of ‘but’), however, but, while, if ... then;
- dividing: either, or, or ... or, then ... then, not that ... not that;
- gradation: not only…but also, not so much…how much, not that…but, if not…then;
- explanatory: that is, namely;
- connecting: also, also, yes and, and, moreover, moreover.
Relationships expressed by different types of coordinating conjunctions are not always clearly opposed, some conjunctions with a mixed meaning can express different relationships. For example, to explanatory unions expressing the relationship of explanation, clarification, (namely, that is), some gradational unions are close in meaning, which also express the relationship of opposition, comparison (not only ... but also), clarification, explanation (not so that ... a), as well as some connecting unions with a similar meaning (also, moreover).
Subordinating conjunctions connect grammatically unequal parts of a complex sentence (main and dependent), which are connected by a subordinating connection. Subordinating conjunctions can express the following relationships:
- temporary: when, until, as soon as, before, after, before, until, since;
- causal: because, because, since, because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, especially since;
- conditional: if, when, if, as soon as;
- target: so that, in order to, in order to, in order;
- concessive: although, despite the fact that, despite the fact that;
- consequences: so;
- comparative: as, as if, as if, as if, exactly, like, than, than;
- explanatory: what, how, supposedly.
The list of subordinating conjunctions is not complete, since their number is large, and the types of their meanings are extremely diverse. Some unions can combine several meanings. For example, union when it can be both temporary (He will come when the lessons are over), and conditional (When I knew about your trouble, I would come to the rescue).
From the point of view of word formation, unions are divided into non-derivative and derivative.
Non-derivatives (primitives) unions not related by origin to other parts of speech. These are conjunctions like a, but, and, yes, or that. The number of non-derivative unions is small, but the frequency of their use in speech is quite high.
Derivatives (non-primitive) unions by origin connected with other parts of speech. So, some unions originated from nouns: because, since, since, etc.; other unions by origin are associated with pronominal words and adverbs: then what, before, etc .; some conjunctions go back to participle forms of verbs: despite the fact that, although, etc. The number of derivative unions is large, and their morphological categories are diverse. material from the site
By structure, unions are divided into simple and compound.
Simple unions consist of one word (and, if, than, when), and compound conjunctions consist of several words (since, as if, while).
Some compound unions are a combination of simple conjunctions and demonstrative words with prepositions (after, in order to). Many compound unions turn into stable verbal expressions, phraseological units that act as means of syntactic communication: just as, due to the fact that.
Varieties of compound unions are double and repeated unions. Double alliances consist of two parts located at a distance (that is, one or more words can be inserted between the parts of a double alliance): not only ... but also, not that ... but, etc. Repeating unions consist of the same parts: neither ... neither, then ... that, or ... or.
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On this page, material on the topics:
- List of subordinating conjunctions
- report on literature on the topic of subordinating conjunctions
- non-derivative unions
- types of subordination wikipedia
- table unions derivative non-derivative
