According to the nature of the connection between sentences, all texts can be divided into three types:

1. texts with chain links;
2. texts with parallel links;
3. texts with links.

Chain (serial, linear) connection, perhaps the most common way to connect sentences (cf. the sequential connection of subordinate clauses in a complex sentence). The widespread use of chain links in all styles of speech is explained by the fact that they are most consistent with the specifics of thinking, the features of connecting judgments. Where thought develops linearly, sequentially, where each subsequent sentence develops the previous one, as if follows from it, chain connections are inevitable.

Among the various types of chain communication, according to the method of expression, the most widespread are:

• pronominal connections (nouns, adjectives, numerals are replaced in the following sentence by pronouns and pronominal adverbs);
• lexical and syntactic repetitions;
• synonymous substitutions.

As an example, let us cite an excerpt from the story of I.S. Turgenev "County doctor":

One autumn day, on my way back from a field I was leaving, I caught a cold and fell ill. Fortunately, the fever overtook me in a provincial town, in a hotel; I sent for the doctor. Half an hour later the county doctor appeared, a man of small stature, thin and black-haired. He prescribed the usual diaphoretic for me, ordered me to put on a mustard plaster, very deftly slipped a five-ruble note under his cuff, and, however, coughed dryly and glanced aside, and was already quite ready to go home, but somehow got into a conversation and stayed.

When constructing this text, each subsequent sentence develops the previous one, and the most significant information in the previous sentence is repeated by various means in the subsequent one, becoming the basis for introducing new information. And this new information is repeated again in the next sentence, becoming the basis for the next new information.

So, the first suggestion: One autumn day, on my way back from a field I had gone away, I caught a cold and fell ill.- can be conditionally divided into two parts according to the type of information transmitted. First, a description of the general situation is given ( one autumn, on the way back from the departing field), and then - the most meaningful part, characterizing what, in fact, happened ( I caught a cold and fell ill). In the second sentence: Fortunately, the fever overtook me in a provincial town, in a hotel; I sent for the doctor- a repetition of this information is given. Noun ( fever) correlates with information conveyed earlier by verbs of the same thematic series ( got cold and sick). New in this sentence and therefore the most significant is the information that the narrator sent for the doctor. In the next sentence: Half an hour later, the county doctor appeared, a man of small stature, thin and black-haired.- this information is repeated again (for this, a synonymous replacement is used: doctor → doctor), and the new one is the description of the doctor. This is followed again by a reference to the previous text (for this, the pronoun he), and the actions and behavior of the doctor are reported as new information.

Chain connections are very typical for business, scientific, journalistic speech, that is, they are present wherever there is a linear, consistent, chain development of thought.

In texts with parallel (centralized) communication semantically related sentences usually have the same subject (cf. complex sentences with a parallel connection of subordinate clauses). Naming actions, events, phenomena located nearby (adjacent), parallel connections by their very nature are intended for description and narration.

The most typical for texts with parallel connection is the following structure. First comes the opening, containing the thought-thesis of the entire text. Then follows a series of sentences that reveal this idea, and the syntactic features of these sentences are:

• parallelism of their structure;
• unity of forms of expression of predicates.

Only in the ending is usually allowed to change the time plan and lack of parallelism.

As an example, consider an excerpt from the story of I.S. Turgenev "Khor and Kalinich", in which the author gives a comparative description of his heroes:

Both friends did not resemble each other at all. Khor was a positive, practical man, an administrative head, a rationalist; Kalinich, on the contrary, belonged to the number of idealists, romantics, enthusiastic and dreamy people. Khor understood reality, that is: he settled down, saved up some money, got along with the master and with other authorities; Kalinich walked around in bast shoes and got by somehow. The ferret spawned a large family, submissive and unanimous; Kalinich had once had a wife whom he was afraid of, but there were no children at all. Khor saw right through Mr. Polutykin; Kalinich was in awe of his master. Khor loved Kalinich and patronized him; Kalinich loved and respected Khor... Khor spoke little, laughed and reasoned to himself; Kalinich explained himself with fervour, although he did not sing like a nightingale, like a brisk factory man...

The first sentence is the opening thesis: Both friends did not resemble each other at all. Each following sentence contains a contrast between Khory and Kalinich (there are two subjects, but they are combined into one whole in the beginning - both buddies) on some basis, and this opposition is given through a system of parallel constructions. The parallelism of structures is manifested, in particular, in the fact that sentences are complex non-union constructions, the first part of which characterizes Khory, the second - Kalinich, and their names, repeating, open each part. This is usually followed by a predicate group, and all verbs are in the past tense, usually imperfective: was, belonged, understood, got along, walked, revered etc. Since the purpose of the description is to prove the complete opposite of the characters of the characters, then I.S. Turgenev uses a system of parallel contextual antonyms: a practical man, an administrative head, a rationalist - an idealist, a romantic, an enthusiastic and dreamy person; he understood reality, settled down, saved up some money - walked in bast shoes, got by somehow; spawned a large family - there were no children at all; saw through Mr. Polutykin - was in awe of Mr. etc. Thus, narrative contexts reveal closely related phenomena.

The third type of connection between independent proposals is accession. This is such a principle of constructing an utterance, in which part of it in the form of separate, as if additional information is attached to the main message, for example: Efremov's wife was known as a woman not stupid - and not without reason(Turgenev); I don't need to justify and it's not in my rules (Chekhov).

Attaching structures usually contain additional information - by association, in the form of an explanation, commentary, etc. They imitate live speech with its ease, naturalness, etc. G.A. Solganik in the manual "Text Style", as a characteristic illustration of this type of connection, cites an excerpt from an essay by K.I. Chukovsky "Chekhov"

And to such an extent he was an artel, choral person that he even dreamed of writing not alone, but together with others, and was ready to invite the most unsuitable people as co-authors.
“Listen, Korolenko... We will work together. Let's write drama. In four steps. In two weeks."
Although Korolenko never wrote any dramas and had nothing to do with the theater.
And to Bilibin: “Let's write a vaudeville together in 2 acts! Come up with the 1st action, and I - the 2nd ... The fee is divided in half.
And to Suvorin: "Let's write a tragedy..."
And to him a few years later:
"Let's write two or three stories ... You are the beginning, and I am the end."

note that attachment, unlike chain and parallel connections, has a narrower application in text formation and is usually not capable of forming texts on its own.

In addition, text, especially a sufficiently voluminous one, is usually not built using any one type of link. As a rule, in the text there is a combination of them depending on the specific author's tasks.

Descriptive texts are characterized by a parallel connection between sentences. This is due to the fact that the described realities are compared in space and time. They can represent parts, elements, sides of the described phenomenon, landscape, overall picture, environment.

When characterizing a person, a parallel connection is due to the subordination of the description to a single thematic plan (a person, his age, his appearance, his character, his clothes, etc.).

In the depiction of objects, a chain connection is sometimes found, especially in cases where objects are described in relation to each other.

The city (T 1) was old (P 1).
Its streets (T 2 = T 1) were narrow (P 2).
Houses (T 3 = T 1) were mostly one-story (P 3).
Squares (T 4 = T 1) are densely overgrown with lilac and acacia (P 4).

The thematic series of the city, streets, houses, squares reveals the same theme of the city, the objects described are components of one whole. Rhemes contain qualitative features of objects. Communication is parallel.

“And immediately, from the garden platform under the columns to the balcony, two legionnaires led and placed in front of the chair of the procurator a man of about twenty-seven. This man was dressed in an old and torn blue tunic. His head was covered with a white bandage with a strap around his forehead, and his hands were tied behind back. Under the left eye of a person there was a big bruise, in the corner of the mouth - an abrasion with gore. The one brought in looked at the procurator with anxious curiosity" (M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita").

It was winter in the city (T 1) (P 1).
Outside the window (T 2) there was a blizzard (P 2).
In the room (T 3) a stove (P 3) was heated.
The house (T 4) was warm (P 4).
At heart (T 5) was calm (P 5).

Autonomous themes reflect different sides of the same picture, they are minimally dependent on each other. The rhemes characterize states. In general, they add up to a general description of the state of the environment or a person. Communication is parallel.

“The moon hung full in the evening clear sky, visible through the branches of the maple. Lindens and acacias painted the earth in the garden with a complex pattern of spots. The three-leaf window in the lantern, open, but drawn with a curtain, shone with a frantic electric light. In Margarita Nikolaevna’s bedroom, all the lights burned and illuminated a complete mess in the room." (M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita").

Outside my window is a garden (P 1).
In the garden (T 2 \u003d P 1) old apple trees grow (P 2).
Behind the apple trees (T 3 \u003d P 2), the forest darkens (P 3).
Above the forest (T 4 \u003d P 3) the sky turns blue (P 4).
In the sky (T 5 \u003d P 4) clouds float (P 5).

The themes list the objects that make up the landscape, the setting. The theme of each subsequent sentence becomes the rheme of the previous one. The connection is chain.

“The door opened. The room turned out to be very small. Margarita saw a wide oak bed with crumpled and crumpled dirty sheets and pillows. In front of the bed stood an oak table with carved legs, on which was placed a candelabrum with nests in the form of clawed bird paws. These seven golden paws burned thick wax candles" (M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita").

Golovkina S.Kh., Smolnikov S.N.
Linguistic analysis of the text - Vologda, 2006

WAYS OF CONNECTING SENTENCES IN THE TEXT

The thought contained in the sentence is completed only relatively: the syntactic form is completed, the structure of the sentence in which this thought is enclosed, - the thought itself is not completed and requires its development. It is possible to continue, the development of thought only in a similar syntactic form, that is, in a different sentence. Several sentences connected into a whole by a topic and a main idea are called text(from lat. textum - fabric, connection, connection).

Obviously, all sentences separated by a dot are not isolated from each other. There is a semantic connection between two adjacent sentences of the text. Moreover, not only sentences located nearby can be related, but also separated from each other by one or more sentences. The semantic relations between sentences are different: the content of one sentence can be opposed to the content of another; the content of two or more sentences can be compared with one another; the content of the second sentence can reveal the meaning of the first or clarify one of its members, and the content of the third can reveal the meaning of the second, etc.

Thus, any text is a combination of sentences according to certain rules, i.e. sentences united by the development of one thought can be combined in the text chain or parallel connection.

chain link

One of the most common ways to connect independent sentences is chain link.

We speak and write, in particular, we combine independent sentences, according to separate rules. And their essence is quite simple: in two adjacent sentences, we should talk about the same subject. The closest connection of sentences is expressed primarily in repetition. The repetition of one or another member of the sentence (this is the structural correlation) is the main feature of the chain connection. For example, in sentences Behind the garden was forest . Forest was deaf, started the connection is built according to the "subject - subject" model, i.e. the subject named at the end of the first sentence is repeated at the beginning of the next one; in sentences Physics is the science . The science must use the dialectical method- model "predicate - subject"; in the example The boat has landed to the shore. Coast was strewn with small pebbles- model "circumstance - subject" and so on. Relationships can be different, and they can also be expressed in different ways.

Consider three pairs of sentences:

I watched movie. Movie was amazing.

I watched movie. He was stunning.

I watched movie. Action was amazing.

All three pairs of sentences have the same connection model: "subject - object". But this model is filled in different ways:

1) with the help of lexical repetition;

2) through pronouns (instead of repetition);

3) by using synonyms (action movie).

Based on this, we single out the chain connection, which is expressed in lexical repetition, chain pronominal connection and chain synonymous connection.

However, repetition may be implied, but it is easy to detect if we switch to the language of judgments. For example, in sentences the semantic connection is undoubted, and we intuitively feel, understand that the first sentence – this is a kind of frame for the picture drawn in the second sentence. In the "language" of judgments, it will sound something like this: I affirm that now (at this moment) morning has come. Morning -This is the time when the sun rises above the horizon. The connection between judgments is obvious: it is a chain connection "subject - subject", carried out thanks to lexical repetition. But natural, ordinary language strives for an economical, concise expression of thought and avoids repetition if there is no need for it. Therefore, in our example Morning. The sun is already above the horizon sentences are connected by implied, but not explicitly expressed, direct repetition.

Clean lexical repetition is a relatively rare occurrence. A long tradition, coming from ancient rhetoric - the teachings of eloquence, teaches us to avoid repeating words, to strive for lexical diversity. And yet, three most characteristic areas of use of chain communication through lexical repetition can be noted. The first area is the transmission of artless speech, for example, children's (the probability of such texts appearing on the exam is very small, so we will not dwell on this).

The second sphere is scientific and business literature. It is known that lexical repetitions give speech accuracy, clarity, rigor. The repetition of a word is also the strongest, most reliable connection between sentences. The prevalence of chain communication through lexical repetition in a scientific style is also associated with the stability of terminology, the undesirability (for the sake of accuracy) of synonymous replacements.

For example:

Participle is a non-finite form of a verb denoting a sign of a name associated with an action, and used attributively. AT communion combining the properties of a verb and an adjective. Grammatically, verbality communion in a number of languages ​​it manifests itself in the presence of the category of voice, type, time, in the preservation of management and adjunction models.

Proximity communion to the adjective is manifested in the presence of participles in a number of languages ​​of concordant categories of gender, number, case. Like the adjective, the participle performs the syntactic functions of defining or, more rarely, the nominal part of the predicate.

Name defined communion , can denote the subject of the action and the object of the action. /N. Kozintseva/

The third sphere of using lexical repetitions is journalism.

Chain link through lexical repetition is often expressive , emotional character, especially when the repetition is at the junction of sentences:

Here the Aral Sea disappears from the map of the Fatherland sea .

Whole sea ! /AT. Selyunin/

Chain synonymous relationship does not differ in its structural (syntactic) essence from a chain connection through lexical repetition. Here, the same structural relationships that are common to all varieties of the chain connection (models "subject - addition", "addition - addition", etc.)

For example:

Launching into swimming , I passed the pillars of Hercules and, accompanied by a favorable wind, went to the Western Ocean. The reason and reason for my travels there was part curiosity, part passionate love for all things extraordinary, and a desire to know where the end of the ocean was and what kind of people lived on the other side of it. /Lucian/

Between two sentences the connection "addition - addition". But the corresponding members of neighboring sentences are expressed not by the same word, but by synonymous words. (swimming -travel). The lexical similarity of these words serves as an indicator of the structural correlation of sentences.

However, synonymic vocabulary is not only a neutral, external indicator of the structural correlation (connection) of sentences. It allows you to express a variety of semantic relationships between sentences: to show the attitude of the writer to the content of the previous sentence, to evaluate, comment on this content. A chain synonymic connection makes speech more flexible, diverse, allowing you to avoid repetition of the same word.

In its stylistic function, it approaches the chain synonymic connection pronominal. Just like the first one, it allows you to avoid repeating words. Instead of a repetition or a synonym, the second of the related members of the sentence is replaced by a pronoun. It is the easiest, most economical, durable and stylistically neutral way to communicate.

There was a room in the house that had three names: small, walk-through and dark. There was a large old cabinet with medicines, gunpowder and hunting equipment. From here a narrow wooden staircase led to the second floor, on which cats always slept. There were doors here: one - to the nursery, the other - to the living room. When Nikitin came in, the door from the nursery opened and slammed so hard that both the staircase and the cupboard trembled. /BUT. Chekhov/

It is also possible to combine different types of chain links in one case, for example, lexical repetition and pronominal link:

But Baturin dream didn't tell. Hostility to it sleep frightened his, he blushed and turned the conversation to another topic.

AT dreams he, of course, did not believe. But power them above him was amazing. /TO. Paustovsky/

Chain links are used in all styles of speech. This is the most common way to connect sentences. The wide distribution of chain links is explained by the fact that they are most consistent with the specifics of thinking, the features of connecting judgments. Where thought develops linearly, sequentially, where each subsequent sentence develops the previous one, as if follows from it, chain connections are inevitable. We meet them and in description, and in the story, and especially in reasoning, i.e. in texts of various types.

The situation is somewhat different with styles. And yet, for some styles, chain links are especially characteristic.

First of all, they are typical for scientific style. In a scientific text, we meet with a strict sequence and close connection of individual parts of the text, individual sentences, where each subsequent one follows from the previous one. Presenting the material, the author consistently moves from one stage of reasoning to another. And this method of superposition is most consistent with chain bonds.

Quite often used in the scientific literature is a chain link through lexical repetition. The need for it is often caused by the requirements of the terminological accuracy of the imposition. The repetition of a word (or phrase) denoting the described concept, phenomenon, process, often turns out to be more desirable than various kinds of synonymous replacements (see above example about sacrament).

AT journalistic style all types of chain connection are presented. But the chain synonymous, chain pronominal and chain pronominal synonymous connections with their wide possibilities for commenting and evaluating the content of the statement should be recognized as most fully corresponding to the nature of the tasks of the journalistic style:

Oleg Menshikov is the first Russian actor to be awarded Laurence Olivier awards . This award was presented to him in London in April 1992 for the role of Yesenin in the play "When She Danced", where Oleg played in tandem with the famous Vanessa Redgrave. This prestigious annual award - something like the American "Oscar" for filmmakers. It is a rather heavy bust of Olivier dressed as Heinrich V and diploma in a frame under glass. No dollars are attached to the listed accessories, but prestige, of course, is more expensive than any money, topics more for an actor who received this award first./From the newspaper/

In artistic style, as in journalism, you can find almost all kinds of chain links. The closest internal connection between the sentences of a literary text is not only a law, but also one of the conditions for mastery.

Of course, the predominance of one or another type of chain connection largely depends on the individual style of the writer, his creative intentions, the genre of the work, the nature of the text, and many other factors. But in general, the main principle of the language of fiction in the field of complete sentences is, apparently, the desire to make the syntactic connection between sentences not as obvious and open as, for example, in scientific literature. This is the desire to avoid, if possible, the so-called syntactic braces. Yet some authors resort to lexical repetition:

BUTbehind the cemetery smoked brick factories. thick black smoke came in great clubs from under the long reed roofs, flattened to the ground, and lazily rose upwards. The sky above the factories and the cemetery was swarthy, and large shadows from the clubs smoke crawled across the field and across the road. AT smoke near the roofs people and horses were moving, covered with red dust.../BUT. Chekhov/

Parallel communication

With a parallel connection, it is sometimes also called syntactic parallelism, sentences are not linked to one another, but are compared, while due to the parallelism of constructions, depending on the lexical "filling", a comparison or opposition is possible. The features of this type of connection are the same word order, the members of the sentence are usually expressed in the same grammatical forms, or by repeating the first word of the sentences:

The blue boat was washed ashore. The out-of-control boat was blown to pieces.

Here, the structural correlation is expressed in the complete parallelism of sentences: the sentences are of the same type (both are impersonal), have the same word order, the members of the sentences are expressed in the same grammatical forms. The fact that the connection between sentences has a syntactic character is confirmed by the possibility of various lexical "filling" of structurally correlated parallel sentences, for example:

Small branches bent to the ground. The yellow leaves were blown away.

Parallel communication helps to draw the most complete picture of what is happening as briefly as possible and is usually used by authors when describing:

He sat for a long time with Berg at the open window. Stars blazed in the gaps of the heavy foliage. Salty air flowed like a river. The embankment hung in the night like a swarm of fiery, soaring and stopping bees. Warmly and gently, the steamer sounded into the sea. /TO. Paustovsky/

And in the yard still, God knows what for the sake of, winter was angry. Whole clouds of soft, large snow swirled uneasily above the ground and found no place for themselves. Horses, sleighs, trees, a bull tied to a post - everything was white and seemed soft and fluffy. /BUT. Chekhov/

Very often, some members of the connected sentences (often the first, standing at the beginning of the sentence) have the same lexical expression. In this case, the parallel connection is strengthened anaphora, those . unanimity, repetition of the first word of sentences, and it can be called parallel anaphoric:

What is culture why is it needed? What culture how is the value system? What is the purpose of that broad liberal education that we have always had in the tradition? /AT. Nepomniachtchi /

Not pillar,erected over your corruption, will keep your memory for future posterity. Not a stone with the cutting of your name will bring your glory in future centuries./BUT. Radishchev/

Here along the street in the shade of acacia trees, playing with whips, passed two officers in white tunics. Here a bunch of Jews with gray beards and caps passed by on the line. Here the governess is walking with the director's granddaughter ... Catfish ran somewhere with two mutts ... But Varya walked out in a simple gray dress and red stockings. /TO. Chekhov/

A vivid example of a parallel anaphoric connection is the story of V. Dragunsky "What I love ...":

I really love lie on your stomach on dad's knee, lower your arms and legs and hang on your knee like that, like linen on a fence. More I really love play checkers, chess and dominoes, just to be sure to win. If you don't win, then don't.

I love listen to the beetle digging into the box. And I love on a day off, climb into bed with dad to talk with him about a dog: how we will live more spaciously and buy a dog, and we will deal with it, and we will feed it, and how funny and smart it will be, and how it will steal sugar and I will wipe the puddles after her, and she will follow me like a faithful dog.

I I also like to watch TV: it doesn't matter what they show, even if only tables alone.

I love to breathe through my mom's nose ear. Especially I love to sing and always sing very loudly.

Terribly love stories about the red cavalry, and so that they always win...etc.

But anaphora is not a necessary, although a frequent condition for parallel communication.

Descriptions often use this kind of parallel connection, such as juxtaposition of sentences. In this case, several sentences with the same type value are combined:

Was night. Frost crackled throughout the forest. The tops of centuries-old firs, ghostly illuminated by races, shone and smoked, as if they had been rubbed with phosphorus. Kataev/

The cart drove into the station. The huts and houses behind the front gardens seemed deserted. The conflagration smoked. There were several corpses lying about, half of them driven into the mud. In some places, isolated shots were heard, - it finished off nonresidents, pulled out of cellars and haylofts. The convoy stood in disarray on the square. The wounded shouted from the wagons. from somewhere coAn animal cry and blows of whips were heard from the yard. The high horses rode. At the fence a group of junkers drank milk from a tin bucket.

Brighter and bluer the sun shone from the blue windy abyss. Between the tree and the telegraph pole, on a pole thrown over, swayed in the wind ... seven long corpses -communists from the revolutionary committee and the tribunal. /A.K. Tolstoy/

With the concept of "text" each of us encounters regularly. However, not everyone can give a clear definition of this seemingly simple concept.
In the Russian language lessons, we have heard more than once that a text is a few sentences held together by a semantic and grammatical connection.

In this article we will find the answer to the question "What are the types in the text?". Let's refresh the theoretical knowledge and consider illustrative examples.

What are the sentences in the text?

Let us turn to the grammatical rules of the Russian language. In modern science, there are the following types of connection of sentences in the text: chain, parallel.

The most common way to connect phrases is the first one. Chain (its other names: sequential, linear) connection is widely used in texts of any type of speech. This is explained by the fact that the linear type does not conflict with the usual way of thinking of a person. With the help of a chain connection, the speaker has the opportunity to express himself consistently, gradually developing his thought.

Features of the chain type connection

For a chain type of connection are characteristic:

• replacement of adjectives, nouns, numerals used in the first sentence with pronouns in the next one;
• use of synonymous words and phrases;
• lexical and syntactic repetitions;
• pronominal adverbs;
• conjunctions and allied words.

In order to easily determine the types of connection of sentences in the text, it is necessary to analyze several examples:

1. Once I got seriously ill. The fever plagued me for several days. Completely exhausted by the disease, I called the doctor. He arrived in the evening, examined me and prescribed treatment.
2. In a kingdom far, far away, there lived a beautiful princess. Her hair was golden as the sun. And the face is as white as fresh milk. The girl was more beautiful than the first spring flower.

Both texts are a vivid example of a linear connection. Each sentence is connected to the next one with the help of synonyms, pronouns, lexical repetitions.

Parallel communication

As we know, there are two common ways to connect sentences in a text. Let's move on to the second one.

With a parallel (centralized) method of communication, sentences in the text do not depend on each other. Each phrase is considered independent in its content. But it can also be part of an enumeration, comparison, or opposition.

Parallel connection is most often used in descriptive and narrative texts. This is due to the fact that the centralized type is perfect for a one-time story about several phenomena, objects, events.

For proposals using a parallel type of connection, the following are typical:

• the same construction structure (the same word order);
• the use of verbs of the same form in each phrase.

Let's consider several examples of sentences with a parallel type of connection. This practice will help you cope with tasks from the category: "Identify the types of sentence connections in the text."

1. It was a beautiful summer day. The sun illuminated the dusty road with warm rays. Bright glare merrily ran through the green foliage. Somewhere in the distance, birds sang softly.
2. Varvara rode in an old bus to work. The weather was gloomy. It has been raining non-stop for several hours now. And the girl already began to feel like it would never end. But suddenly the clouds parted, and a modest ray of sunshine appeared.

The examples presented refer to two and narration. The offers in both are independent. They are not a direct extension of each other.

The phrases are similar in their construction model: first comes the subject, then the predicate. In addition to the characteristic parallel structure, in each example verbs were used in the singular or plural form of the past tense.

Are there other types of sentence connections in the text?

In some Internet sources, a third type of combination of independent phrases in the text is distinguished - attachment. With this type of connection, part of the statement becomes independent, concretizing and supplementing the basic information.

This type can be recognized by the use of its characteristic coordinating and connecting conjunctions: even, mainly, moreover, first of all, in particular, for example, first of all.

Let's consider a few suggestions:

1. Every item in the room, especially clothes and books, was sloppily scattered.
2. Everyone in the house was extremely embarrassed, especially my uncle.

On the example of these phrases, it can be seen that the part of the statement responsible for detailing the main idea becomes isolated, independent. However, it does not turn into an independent proposal.

From the works of famous Russian linguists L.V. Shcherba, V.V. Vinogradov, one can learn that the addition works only within the phrase and does not apply to the types of connection between sentences in the text.

Combination of types of communication

It should be remembered that parallel and chain types of connections can occur not only one by one. Quite often come across voluminous texts with various types of communication.

Depending on what the author wants to say, he uses a certain type of sentence connection in the text. For example, to describe nature, he will choose a parallel way. And for a story about how the day went - chain.

Means of communication. What are they like?

We learned what types of connection sentences exist in the text. Identified their characteristic features and learned to recognize. Now let's move on to the second part of our plan.

They are divided into three large groups: lexical, morphological, syntactic. We will get acquainted with each of them and consider examples for better assimilation of the topic.

Lexical means of communication

This group in modern Russian includes:

1. Lexical repetitions of words or phrases. This technique is used quite often, as it gives the text a special expressiveness. Example: “A boy took a book from the library for home reading. The book was very interesting."
2. in neighboring sentences. For example: “Spring day was so beautiful! No wonder spring is called the most beautiful time of the year.
3. Synonyms. Often found in fiction and journalistic texts. Make speech more expressive, colorful. For example: “His novel was well received by critics. Loyal readers also appreciated the work.
4. Antonyms (including contextual). Here is an example: “He had many friends. Enemies are an order of magnitude smaller.
5. Descriptive turns replacing one of the words of the previous sentence: “He looked at the sky. The blue dome struck the young man with its immensity.

Morphological means of communication

Consider what morphological means of connecting sentences in the text we can meet:

1. Third person personal pronouns: “I've been waiting for my best friend for an hour. She was late as always.
2. Demonstrative pronouns. For example: “I really like the red dress. It seems that in such an outfit it is impossible to go unnoticed.
3. Pronouns. Let's give an example: “Alexander just needed to pretend that he was in a great mood. That's how he behaved."
4. Particles, unions. Consider an example: “Everyone really liked Mom’s soup. Only my brother, as always, refused to eat the first course.
5. Compliance with the unity of the form and tense of verbs. For example: “We decided to have a romantic dinner. Prepared a delicious dessert. They set the table. They lit the candles."
6. Comparative adjectives and adverbs: “It was a wonderful day. It seemed like it couldn't get any better."
7. Adverbs with the meaning of time, place. Example: “Today he looked wonderful. Not at all like five years ago.”

Syntactic means of communication

The group of syntactic means includes:

1. Introductory words and constructions. For example: “First of all, he was too young. Second, too stupid.
2. Incomplete offers. For example: “The weather was terrible today. Because of the pouring rain."
3. (using the same construction to build adjacent sentences). Example: “You have to be wise. You have to be responsible."
4. Parceling (dividing a sentence into several parts for greater expressiveness). Consider an example: “To be successful, one must become responsible, purposeful. We need to change our approach."
5. A combination of forward and reverse word order: “I will be waiting for you to return. You will return and we will live happily.”
6. Use of braces sentences starting with "let's move on to the next part", "this has already been discussed above", "as noted earlier".

We learned what are the means and types of communication between the sentences of the text. And they consolidated theoretical knowledge by examining examples.

Now, having stumbled upon the task "Determine what are found in and means of communication", you can easily cope with it.

In a complex syntactic whole, there are two main types of connection of independent sentences:

1. Chain (serial) connection.

2. Parallel connection.

With a chain connection, we have a complex syntactic whole of a heterogeneous composition, with a parallel connection - a homogeneous one. With a chain connection, independent sentences are synsemantic, with a parallel connection, they are autosemantic. The analysis shows that the chain connection is more frequent.

Characteristics of the types of interphrase communication in a complex syntactic whole.

1. Chain connection in a complex syntactic whole.

With a chain connection, instead of one of the independent words of the previous sentence, either a pronoun or a synonym is used later, or this word is repeated. The structural sign of the chain connection of sentences in a complex syntactic whole is the beginning.

The main types of beginnings in a complex syntactic whole with a chain connection:

1. Dynamic initiation (for example, Everything is mixed up in the Oblonskys' house).

2. Nominative themes (for example, Moscow ... How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart).

3. There are beginnings with the initial verb (for example, there are women in Russian villages ...).

4. Temporary beginnings (for example, Years passed, the rebellious impulse of thoughts dispelled former dreams).

The chain connection itself is represented by three varieties (this connection is similar to sequential subordination in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses).

Varieties of chain connection in a complex syntactic whole:

1. The most widespread pronominal chain connection. (Pronouns are special substitute words, “Russian ambulance”, according to L.Ya. Malovitsky).

N-r, The next day at the appointed time, I was already behind the stacks, waiting for the enemy. Soon he also appeared.

2. Chain synonymous connection. To link sentences in a complex syntactic whole, textual synonyms, functional equivalents are used.

For example, Pushkin is the sun of our literature. He is the creator of the Russian literary language. The great poet left us wonderful examples of artistic speech (textual synonyms) as a legacy.

3. Communication based on lexical repetition.

Nr. Leaving the Kalitins, Lavretsky met with Panshin; they bowed coldly to each other. Lavretsky came to his apartment and locked himself up.

Thus, with a chain connection, sentences of a heterogeneous composition are combined, synsemantic, that is, closely fused sentences, which, being isolated, lose the ability to be used independently, since they have lexico-grammatical indicators of connection with previous sentences.

2. Parallel connection in a complex syntactic whole.

This type of connection is less common. Sentences with this type of connection in a complex syntactic whole of homogeneous composition are autosemantic, that is, more structurally and semantically independent.

For example, a book is a repository of knowledge. The book is the repository of all the great experience of mankind. The book is an inexhaustible source of high aesthetic pleasure.

As you can see, with a parallel connection, sentences do not link with one another, but are compared or contrasted. Depending on the nature of parallelism, certain types of complex syntactic integers with parallel connection are distinguished:

1. Actually parallel type.

All sentences as part of a complex syntactic whole are built in parallel, that is, according to the same structural scheme (example above).

2. Anaphoric complex syntactic integers (the same beginning - semantic, sound, syntactic).

3. Epiphoric complex syntactic integers (parallelism is expressed in epiphora - the ending).

4. Ring complex syntactic integers (parallelism in the same beginning and ending).

A parallel connection is more complex than a chain connection, it is more difficult to detect it in the text. It is also stylistically more significant, as it relies on stylistic figures of speech: anaphora, epiphora, parallelism, etc. Widely used in journalism.

There is no sharply defined boundary between parallel and chain communication. Both of them can be presented in combination.

In some literature, the same properties are attributed to a paragraph as to a complex syntactic whole. The difference lies in the following: the unity of the topic, content, semantic completeness are not characteristic of a paragraph. A paragraph can consist of a single sentence, but a complex syntactic whole cannot. These are units of different levels.

A complex syntactic whole is a structural and semantic unit, and a paragraph is a stylistic and compositional means, a kind of punctuation mark. A paragraph is a more subjective author's beginning, since the author's attitude to what is being stated is expressed through a paragraph.

“A paragraph is a red line, an indent at the beginning of a line and a segment of written speech from one red line to another” (R. N. Popov).

5. Paragraph as a compositional-semantic unit of text. Functions of beginning and end paragraphs.

A paragraph is a piece of text between two indents, or red lines. A paragraph differs from a complex syntactic whole in that it is not a syntactic level unit. A paragraph is a means of dividing a coherent text on a compositional and stylistic basis.

Paragraph consider it either a syntactic unit, or a logical, or a stylistic one. For A.M. Peshkovsky, for example, a paragraph is an intonational-syntactic unit. L.M. Losev and M.P. Senkevich consider the paragraph to be a semantic-stylistic category. For A.G. Rudnev is a syntactic unit. The latter seems absolutely unacceptable.

The inner essence of a paragraph is best understood by comparing it with inter-phrase unity (a complex syntactic whole). These units are somewhat similar, in appearance, but not identical in essence. Complex syntactic integer- this is a theme-rhematic sequence that opens with a phrase-beginning (or a core phrase that contains the content of the whole). It is the phrases-beginnings of complex wholes, being pulled together, that form the meaningful outline of the text. A paragraph may or may not have a beginning as such. The core phrase of a paragraph (the main one in the thematic, logical, content terms) can be at the beginning of a paragraph, at the end of a paragraph, or itself act as a separate paragraph. Moreover, a paragraph can contain several core phrases if it is large in volume and contains a number of theme-rhematic sequences. Paragraph and STS are units of different levels of division, since the bases of their organization are different (a paragraph does not have a special syntactic design, unlike a complex syntactic whole), but these units are intersecting, functionally contiguous, since both of them play a semantic-stylistic role. That is why the paragraph and STS can coincide in their particular manifestations, correspond to each other. Since a paragraph can emphasize the emotional-expressive qualities of the text, it is able to break a single STS. This is especially characteristic of literary texts, in contrast to scientific ones, where there are much more coincidences between the STS and the paragraph, since they are entirely focused on the logical organization of speech. The boundaries of the paragraph and the FCS may not coincide: one sentence can be placed in a paragraph.

Types of thematic (classic) paragraph in terms of construction. Analytic-synthetic paragraph contains the analytical part (explanatory, clarifying) in the first position, and generalizing, final - in the second. Synthetic-analytical paragraph begins with a generalizing, pivotal phrase, the meaning of which is revealed in subsequent messages. Frame paragraph has a combined structure: the beginning outlines the topic, then the explanatory part, and the paragraph ends with a generalizing phrase. The first and last utterances lexically echo each other, and thus the topic is “closed”. The main functions of paragraph division are as follows: logical-semantic, expressive-emotional, accent-excretory. The functions of a paragraph in dialogic and monologue speech are different: in a dialogue, a paragraph serves to distinguish between replicas of different persons, i.e. performs a purely formal role; in monologue speech - to highlight compositionally significant parts of the text (both from the point of view of logical and semantic, and emotionally expressive). The functions of a paragraph are closely related to the functional and stylistic affiliation of the text and its stylistic coloring; at the same time, they also reflect the individual author's peculiarity of text design. In particular, the average length of paragraphs often depends on the style of writing.