How interesting it is to know what the Germans thought about the Russian character!!! Song!

From the book of the Fiery Arc series: The Battle of Kursk through the eyes of the Lubyanka. - M: JSC "Moscow textbooks and cartolithography"

Memo-instruction offered by the command of the German army to officers fighting on the Eastern Front 1943

What is especially important to know in Russia?
From the noteworthy experience of one officer after the fighting on the Eastern Front

1. Be a hunter. The German soldier in Russia does not meet an equal cultural adversary. The Bolshevik's great advantage over us is his highly developed animal instincts and his insensitivity to bad weather and unfavorable terrain. Whoever wants to defeat him must feel at home in the forest and in the swamp. We must learn to navigate at night and in fog as well as in broad daylight. One must be able to track and crawl like a hunter, one must learn to find shelter in the forest. Therefore, whoever wants to educate a fighter against Bolshevism in a soldier must go with him to any swampy forest and train him there day and night, summer and winter.

2. Be able to improvise. The Bolshevik is a master of personal initiative, he drops artillery grenades from sailing planes, he immediately puts captured weapons into action, supplies the military units, hastily composed of collective farmers, with carts and forces them to find weapons for themselves in the forest. He is transported on rafts across the rivers for lack of other means of crossing. He throws reserves into battle in hastily assembled trucks. We have learned something from them. In the summer we motorized our carts, in the autumn we propelled them with columns of porters, in winter on skids, in spring with carts. We built mobile winter shelters from plywood sheets. We made the draft horses with the carts into beasts of burden. When the access roads were in the hands of the enemy, we built log decks across the marshes.

3. Be tirelessly active.
The Russian himself is not at all distinguished by zeal, but the system of commissars does not leave him alone and squeezes all the juice out of him. Not a single day passes when the Russian does not try to move forward, however weak he may be. Every day he works to improve his positions, building paths and fortifications where no military action is expected at the moment. At one time we came across strong fortifications to the east of Leningrad, facing east. Consequently, the Soviets from the very beginning of the war considered the possibility of encircling this city and prepared for it,
A German soldier becomes careless during a long fight. How much blood could be saved if we worked daily to improve our positions. At the same time, thanks to daily work, you can make your room drier, more comfortable, and more comfortable. How much material can be saved if you constantly take care of the car.
A soldier in Russia must understand that the arrangement of positions is not a sign of cowardice before the shelling, but his direct duty.

4. The Bolshevik fights wherever possible, with the help of cunning and deceit. Doom lies in wait for us in a thousand ways, starting with the Russian civilian population, which can never be trusted, no matter how harmless it may seem.
The prisoners, especially the younger generation, are selflessly devoted to the Bolsheviks. They are capable of every meanness. In combat, mines, camouflage clothing play a big role. Only those accustomed to unremitting attention can avoid these dangers.

5. Be able to stay awake. The Russian almost always attacks at night, in the fog, and almost always manages to take him by surprise. On the front line there is nothing left but to stay awake at night and sleep during the day. With insufficient observation of the terrain, even the rear units can pay with their lives for their negligence. In Russia, there are no concepts: "front line" and "rear" in the broadest sense of the word. Those who let go of their weapons to the east of the old state border may regret it in the next moment.

CA FSB of Russia, f. 4, on. 1. file 498, l. 63-64. Copy. Translation from him. lang.

Where can I read (more precisely, download) the whole book? On the

1. Introductory words and phrases are not part of the offer. With their help, the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (confidence or uncertainty, emotional reaction, etc.):

Example: Unfortunately, he did not have watercolors.(Soloukhin).

Introductory sentences can also perform the same function.

For example: I dare say I was loved in the house(Turgenev) - in terms of structure, a definite-personal one-part sentence; In life, you know, there is always a place for exploits(M. Gorky) - in structure, a two-part sentence; We, if you want to know we came to demand(Gorbatov) - in structure, a conditional one-part clause.

In writing, introductory words, phrases and sentences usually separated by commas.

Digits of introductory words by value

Meaning	Introductory Components	Examples
1. Evaluation of the reported in terms of reliability, etc.:
1.1. Confidence, credibility	Of course, of course, undoubtedly, undoubtedly, without a doubt, certainly, really, in fact, really, naturally, naturally, naturally and etc.	Undoubtedly, someone is sucking the life out of this strange girl who cries when others in her place laugh (Korolenko). The heroine of this novel needless to say, was Masha (L. Tolstoy). Indeed, since my mother died ... I was very rarely seen at home (Turgenev).
1.2. uncertainty, speculation, vagueness, assumption	Probably, it seems, probably, in all probability, right , in some way, in some way, suppose, suppose, suppose, if you like, anyway and etc.	She probably still drinks coffee and cookies in the morning.(Fadeev). Life, it seems, has not yet begun(Paustovsky). Gift bread, apparently, to your taste(Mezherov). And he dreamed, perhaps, of approaching by another way, of knocking at the window as a welcome guest, dear(Twardowski). My head hurt a bit. Must be bad weather(Chekhov).
2. Different feelings:
2.1. Joy, approval	Fortunately, for happiness, for joy, for joy, for the pleasure of someone, what is good, what is even better and etc.	Fortunately, Alekhine left the house an hour earlier and managed to catch the steamer sailing to Frankfurt(Kotov). Here, to the indescribable admiration of Petya, on the old kitchen table, a whole locksmith's workshop is arranged(Kataev).
2.2. regret, disapproval	Unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to the shame of someone, to regret, to annoyance, to misfortune, as to misfortune, as if on purpose, a sinful deed, which is even worse, which is insulting, alas and etc.	Unfortunately, I must add that in the same year Paul died(Turgenev).
2.3. Surprise, bewilderment	Surprisingly, surprisingly, surprisingly, surprisingly, strangely, strangely, incomprehensibly and etc.	Naydenov, to Nagulny's amazement, in one second brushed off his leather jacket, sat down at the table(Sholokhov).
2.4. Fear	Irregular hour, what good, God forbid, just look and etc.	Just look, the oar will vomit and throw itself into the sea(Novikov-Priboy).
2.5. The general expressive nature of the utterance	In conscience, in fairness, in fact, in essence, to the soul, in truth, in truth, in truth, it is necessary to tell the truth, if the truth is told, it is ridiculous to tell, to tell honestly, between us, there is nothing to say in vain, I confess, except jokes, actually and etc.	Followed him, however, some weakness(Turgenev). I confess, I do not like this tree - aspen too much ...(Turgenev). Nothing offends me so much, I dare say, offends me so much, as ingratitude.(Turgenev).
3. Message source	According to someone's report, according to someone's opinion, in my opinion, in your opinion, according to someone's words, according to someone's expression, according to rumors, according to a proverb, according to legend, from someone's point of view, I remember, hear, they say, say, they say, how they hear, how I think, how I think, how I remember, how they say, how they think, as it is known, as it was indicated, as it turned out, as they used to say in the old days, in my opinion and etc.	Pesotsky, they say, has apples as big as his head, and Pesotsky, they say, has made a fortune with his garden(Chekhov). The calculation, in my opinion, was mathematically accurate(Paustovsky). Twenty years ago, Linen Lake was such a wilderness that, according to foresters, not every bird dared to fly there(Paustovsky).
4. The order of thoughts and their connection	Firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, therefore, thus, on the contrary, vice versa, for example, for example, in particular, in addition, besides, to top it all, in addition, moreover, on the one hand, on the other hand, by the way, by the way, in general, in addition, therefore, the main thing, by the way, by the way, by the way and etc.	On the one hand, the darkness was saving: it hid us(Paustovsky). Forest air is healing, it lengthens life, it increases our vitality, and, finally, it turns the mechanical and sometimes difficult process of breathing into pleasure.(Paustovsky). So, the next day I stood in this room outside the doors and listened to how my fate was decided.(Dostoevsky).
5. Evaluation of the style of utterance, manner of speech, ways of formulating thoughts	In a word, in a word, in other words, in other words, directly speaking, roughly speaking, actually, in fact, in short, in short, rather, it is better to say, to say directly, easier to say, so to speak, how to say, so to speak, what is called and etc.	In a word, Storeshnikov every day more and more firmly thought to marry(Chernyshevsky). In short, this is not a master in science, but a worker(Chekhov). We got up and went to push to the well, or rather, to the fountain.(Garshin).
6. Evaluation of the measure, the degree of what is being said; the degree of generality of the stated facts	at least, at least, to some extent, to a large extent, as usual, as usual, happens, happens, as usual, as always, as it happens, as it happens, as it happens sometimes and etc.	Talked to me at least like an army commander(Simonov). Behind the counter, as usual, almost the entire width of the opening stood Nikolai Ivanovich ...(Turgenev) It happens that my luck is happier(Griboyedov).
7. Attracting the interlocutor's attention to the message, emphasizing, underlining	Do you see (whether), know (whether), remember (whether), understand (whether), believe (whether), listen, allow, imagine, imagine, can imagine, believe, imagine, admit, believe, believe, do not believe, agree, notice, do me a favor, if you want to know, I remind, we remind, I repeat, I emphasize what is important, what is even more important, what is essential, what is even more significant and etc.	You were scared, admit it, when my fellows threw a rope around your neck?(Pushkin). Imagine our young ones are already bored(Turgenev). We, if you want to know we came to demand(Gorbatov). Where was it, please?(Pavlenko).

2. According to their grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to various parts of speech and various grammatical forms:

nouns in various cases with and without prepositions;

No doubt, happily, fortunately and etc.

adjectives in short form, in various cases, in superlative degree;

Right, to blame, the main thing, in general, the most important thing, the least.

pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions;

Besides, besides, meanwhile.

adverbs in positive or comparative degree;

Undoubtedly, of course, probably shorter, rather.

verbs in various forms of indicative or imperative mood;

I think, do you believe, it seemed, they say, imagine, have mercy.

infinitive or combination with infinitive;

See, know, admit, it's funny to say.

combinations with adverbs;

To tell the truth, in short, to put it bluntly.

two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of will, speaking, thought, etc.;

For as long as I can remember, I often think.

• impersonal offers;

  She thought we all remember well.

• indefinitely personal proposals.

  So they thought of him, as they usually spoke of him.

That's why it is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions.

Note!

Depending on the context, the same words sometimes act as introductory (hence, not members of the sentence), then as members of the sentence. In order not to be mistaken, you should remember that:

a) a question can be put to a member of the proposal;

b) the introductory word is not a member of the sentence and has one of the meanings listed above;

in) introductory words can usually (but not always) be removed from the sentence.

Compare the following sentences in pairs:

It's true(Dostoevsky). - True, sometimes ... it's not too fun to wander along country roads (Turgenev).

During the summer, he can become attached to this weak, talkative creature, get carried away, fall in love (Chekhov). - You might think that I'm asking you for money!(Dostoevsky).

Listen, we right went? Do you remember the place? (Kassil). - Donkey shouts: we, right, will get along, if we sit next to each other(Krylov).

In a number of cases, the criterion for distinguishing between introductory words and members of a sentence is the possibility of adding a word saying.

By the way, he never came.("By the way"); You really shouldn't have come.("as a matter of fact"); In short, the book is useful.("shortly speaking"); I really don't want to go back to what I said.("in truth").

When determining the syntactic function and punctuation, in some cases it is necessary to take into account several conditions.

1) The word probably is introductory in the sense of "probably, apparently":

The sisters are probably already asleep(Korolenko).

The word probably is a member of the sentence in the sense of "undoubtedly, exactly":

If I know(as?) maybe that I must die, then I will tell you everything, everything!(Turgenev).

2) The word is finally introductory:

if it indicates a connection of thoughts, the order of their presentation (in the meaning of “and more”) completes the enumeration:

Opekushin was a native of the common people, at first self-taught, then a recognized artist and, finally, an academician(Teleshov).

Often the word is finally preceded by homogeneous members of the word Firstly Secondly or on the one hand on the other hand, in relation to which the word is finally the closing enumeration;

if it gives an assessment of a fact from the point of view of the speaker's face or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, emphasize something:

Yes, go away, finally!(Chekhov).

Note!

The word finally is not introductory and performs the function of a circumstance in the meaning of “at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything”.

Gave three balls annually and squandered finally (Pushkin).

In this meaning, the particle -to can usually be added to the word (with an introductory word, such an addition is impossible).

Wed: Finally got to the station (Finally got to the station). - You can finally turn to your father for advice(adding a particle -then impossible).

3) The distinction between the combination in the end as an introductory and as a member of the sentence - the circumstance is similar in terms to the word at last.

Wed: After all, in the end, we have not yet decided anything definitively! (eventually denotes not time, but the conclusion reached by the speaker as a result of a series of reasoning). - Finally agreement has been reached(the meaning of the circumstance "as a result of everything").

4) A word, however, is introductory if it is in the middle or at the end of a simple sentence:

Heat and fatigue took, however, their(Turgenev); How clever I am, however(Chekhov).

At the beginning of a sentence (part of a complex sentence) or as a means of connecting homogeneous members, the word however has the meaning of an adversative union (it can be replaced by a union but), so a comma is placed only before this word:

However, it is desirable to know - by what witchcraft did the peasant take such power over the whole district?(Nekrasov).

Note. In rare cases, however, the word is separated by a comma at the beginning of the sentence, approaching in meaning an interjection (expresses surprise, bewilderment, indignation), for example: However, what a wind!(Chekhov).

5) The word of course is usually set off with commas as a lead:

Fedor still worked in the rear, heard, of course, and read many times about "folk heroes"(Furmanov).

But sometimes the word of course, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction, takes on the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not punctuated:

Of course it's true!; Of course it is.

6) The word is indeed introductory in the sense of "yes, that's right, exactly" (usually it takes a position at the beginning of a sentence):

Indeed, from the battery, a view of almost the entire location of Russian troops(L. Tolstoy).

As an adverb really has the meaning "in fact, truly, in reality" (usually it comes between the subject and the predicate):

I really is as you say(Dostoevsky).

7) A word in general is introductory if it is used in the sense of "generally speaking":

In general, one could agree with this statement, but it is necessary to check some data; Actually, I would like to know what really happened.

In other cases, the word is generally used as an adverb in different meanings:

• in the sense of "in general", "as a whole":

  Pushkin is to Russian art what Lomonosov is to Russian education. generally (Goncharov);

• in the meaning of "always", "absolutely", "under all conditions":

  He kindle fires generally forbade it was dangerous(Kazakevich);

• in the meaning of "in all respects", "in relation to everything":

  He generally looked weird(Turgenev).

  This provision also applies to the form in general.

  Wed: Sadness, in general, nothing(introductory word, can be replaced - generally speaking). - These are the terms generally uncomplicated process(meaning "in the end"); I made a few remarks about various little things, but all in all very much praised(Garshin) (meaning "as a result").

8) Combination anyway is introductory if it has a restrictive-evaluative value:

Anyway, his last name was not Akundin, he came from abroad and spoke for a reason (A.N. Tolstoy); This information at least in the short term, it will be difficult to check (the entire turnover is highlighted).

In the meaning of "under any circumstances" this combination is not introductory:

You anyway will be informed of the progress of the case; I was firmly convinced that anyway I'll meet him today at my mother's(Dostoevsky).

9) The combination, in turn, is not highlighted as busy if it is used in a meaning close to direct, or in the meaning of “in response”, “on its part”:

He in its turn asked me(i.e. when it was his turn); The workers thanked their bosses for their help and asked to visit them more often; in turn, representatives of the patronage organization invited the workers to a meeting of the theatre's artistic council.

In a figurative sense, the combination, in turn, acquires the meaning of introductory and punctuation stands out:

Among the newspaper genres, the genres are informational, analytical, and artistic and journalistic; among the latter, in turn, stand out essay, feuilleton, pamphlet.

10) The combination really in the meaning of "really" is not introductory. But if this combination serves to express bewilderment, indignation, indignation, etc., then it becomes introductory.

11) In particular, indicating the relationship between parts of the statement, it is separated from both sides by commas:

He is interested in particular in the origin of individual words.

But if, in particular, it is part of the connecting structure (at its beginning or at the end), then it is distinguished by being occupied together with this structure:

Many will willingly undertake this work, and in particular I; Many will willingly undertake this work, and I in particular.

If, in particular, it is included in the design in general and in particular, then such a construction is not separated by commas:

Over tea, the conversation turned to the household in general and in particular about gardening(Saltykov-Shchedrin).

12) The combination is mainly introductory, if it serves to highlight a fact, to express its assessment.

For example: There was a wide alley ... and it was mainly the public who walked along it.(Bitter) (it is impossible to form the combination “mainly to walk”, therefore, in this example, the combination mainly is not a member of the proposal); The article should be corrected and, mainly, supplemented with fresh material. (mainly meaning "most important"). The combination mainly, which is part of the connecting structure (at its beginning or at the end), is separated by commas along with it, for example: From fifty people mostly officers, crowded in the distance(Pavlenko).

The combination is mainly not introductory in the meaning of "first of all", "most of all":

He achieved success mainly due to his industriousness; What I like most about him is his sincerity.

13) The word main is introductory in the sense of "especially important", "especially important":

You can take any topic for the story, but, most importantly, it should be interesting; Details can be omitted, and most importantly - to make it entertaining(a comma cannot be put after the union a, and a dash is put after the introductory combination to strengthen punctuation).

14) The word means is introductory if it can be replaced by introductory words hence it became:

People are born, get married, die; it means it's necessary, it means it's good(A.N. Ostrovsky); So, does that mean you can't come today?

If the word means is close in meaning to "means", then the punctuation depends on the place it occupies in the sentence:

in a position between the subject and the predicate, it serves as a means of communication between the main members of the sentence, a dash is placed in front of it, and no sign is placed after it:

To fight is to win;

in other cases, it means that it is not separated or distinguished by any signs:

if the word means is between the subordinate and the main clause or between the parts of the non-union complex sentence, then it is separated from both sides by commas:

If he so stubbornly defends his views, it means that he feels he is right; If you did not save the child, then blame yourself.

15) The word vice versa means “as opposed to what is said or expected; on the contrary" is introductory and is separated by commas:

Instead of slowing down, he, on the contrary, stood on the goats and desperately twisted his whip over his head.(Kataev).

If, on the contrary (after the union and) is used as a word replacing a sentence member or a whole sentence, then the following punctuation is observed:

when a member of a sentence is replaced, then no sign is placed before the union and:

In the picture, light tones turn into dark ones and vice versa.(i.e. dark to light);

when, on the contrary, it joins the whole sentence, then a comma is placed before the union:

The closer the light source, the brighter the light emitted by it, and vice versa(replacing the whole sentence: The farther away the light source, the less bright the light it emits.; a kind of complex sentence is formed);

when, on the contrary, it joins a subordinate clause, a comma before the union is not put:

This also explains why what was considered criminal in the ancient world is considered legal in the new and vice versa.(Belinsky) (as if homogeneous subordinate clauses are formed with a non-repeating union and: ...and why what was considered criminal in modern times was considered legal in the ancient world).

16) The combination is at least introductory if it has an evaluative and restrictive meaning, that is, it expresses the attitude of the speaker to the thought expressed:

One person, driven by compassion, decided to at least help Akaky Akakievich with good advice.(Gogol); Vera Efimovna advised to apply for transferring her to political or, at least, to a nurse in a hospital.(L. Tolstoy).

If the introductory combination at least stands at the beginning of a separate turnover, then it is separated by commas along with it:

Nikolai Evgrafych knew that his wife would not return home soon, at least five o'clock! (Chekhov).

The combination is at least not separated by commas if it has the value "not less than", "at least":

From his tanned face one could conclude that he knew what smoke was, if not gunpowder, then at least tobacco smoke.(Gogol); At least I will know that I will serve in the Russian army (Bulgakov).

17) A turnover, including a combination from the point of view, is separated by commas if it has the meaning "according to":

Choosing a place to build a cottage, from my point of view, lucky.

If such a combination has the meaning "in relation", then the turnover is not separated by commas:

I know that a crime has been committed if you look at things from the point of view of general morality; In terms of novelty, the book deserves attention.

18) The word approximately is introductory in the sense of "for example" and is not introductory in the sense of "approximately".

Wed: I try about her, about("For example"), not to think is impossible(Ostrovsky). - We are about("approximately") in these tones and with such conclusions they talked(Furmanov).

19) The word for example is associated with the following punctuation:

• separated by commas as introductory:

  Nikolai Artemyevich liked to argue persistently, for example, about whether it is possible for a person to travel around the entire globe throughout his life.(Turgenev);

• stands out together with a turnover, at the beginning or at the end of which is:

requires a comma before itself and a colon after itself, if it is after a generalizing word before listing homogeneous members:

Some mushrooms are very poisonous, for example: pale grebe, satanic mushroom, fly agaric.

Note!

Never are not introductory and the words are not separated by commas:

as if, as if, hardly, hardly, allegedly, almost, even, exactly, after all, only, certainly, just, nevertheless, necessarily, suddenly.

3. General rules for punctuation marks for introductory words, combinations and sentences.

1) Basically, introductory words, phrases and sentences are separated by commas:

I confess that he did not make a good impression on me.(Turgenev); Yes, you probably saw her that evening(Turgenev).

2) If the introductory word is after the enumeration of homogeneous members and precedes the generalizing word, then only a dash (without a comma) is placed before the introductory word, and after it - a comma:

Books, brochures, magazines, newspapers - in a word, all kinds of printed matter lay on his desk in complete disarray.

If the sentence is complex, then a comma before the dash is placed on the basis of the general rule for separating parts of a complex sentence:

The men drank, argued and laughed - in a word, dinner was extremely cheerful (Pushkin).

3) When two introductory words meet, a comma is placed between them:

What good, perhaps, and marries, out of tenderness of the soul ...(Dostoevsky); So, according to you, physical labor should be done by everyone without exception?(Chekhov).

Amplifying particles with introductory words are not separated from them by a comma:

This is probably true, since there are no contraindications.

4) If the introductory word is at the beginning or at the end of a separate turnover (isolation, clarification, explanation, attachment), then it is not separated from the turnover by any sign:

The swarthy, stocky captain calmly sips his pipe, apparently Italian or Greek (Kataev); Among the comrades there are such poets, lyrics or something, preachers of love for people(Bitter).

Introductory words are not separated from a separate turnover, even if they are at the very beginning or at the very end of the sentence:

Apparently afraid of snowdrifts, the leader of the group canceled the climb to the top of the mountain; Leave these new arguments unconvincing and far-fetched of course.

If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate turnover, then it is separated by commas on a general basis:

The child, apparently afraid of the horse, ran up to his mother.

Note!

It is necessary to distinguish between cases when the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate turnover, and cases when it is between two members of the sentence.

Wed: He had information seems to have been published recently (a separate turnover, the introductory word seems to be part of it). - In his hand he held a small, it seems, technical manual.(without the introductory word, there would be no punctuation mark, since the definitions small and technical heterogeneous, the introductory word refers to the second of them).

In the presence of homogeneous definitions, when there may be doubt as to which of the homogeneous terms, preceding or following, the introductory word between them refers, the second definition, together with the introductory word, can form a clarifying construction.

This information is taken from the new seems special for thiscase drawn up, directory(without an introductory word, there would be a comma between homogeneous definitions); Silence and grace reigned in it, obviously forgotten by god and people, corner of the earth(specifying definition with a demonstrative pronoun this).

If the introductory word is at the beginning of a phrase enclosed in brackets, then it is separated by a comma:

Both posts (apparently recent) have received widespread attention.

5) If there is a coordinating union before the introductory word, then the punctuation will be like this. Introductory words are separated from the previous coordinative union by a comma if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without violating its structure (as a rule, with unions and, but). If the withdrawal or rearrangement of the introductory word is not possible, then a comma is not placed after the union (usually with the union a).

Wed: The entire edition has already been printed, and, probably, the book will go on sale one of these days. (The entire edition has already been printed, and the book will go on sale in a few days.); This question has already been considered several times, but, apparently, the final decision has not yet been made. (This question has already been considered several times, but the final decision has not yet been made.); Here, not coal, but rather liquid fuel can be used. (It can be used not coal, but liquid fuel). - The calculations were made hastily, and therefore inaccurately.(impossible: Calculations were made hastily and inaccurately); Maybe everything will end well, and maybe vice versa(impossible: Maybe everything will end well, and vice versa).

Note!

Homogeneous member of the sentence, standing after the introductory words and therefore, therefore, is not isolated, that is, a comma is not placed after it.

For example: As a result, the strength of the electromagnetic field of incoming signals, and hence the strength of reception, increases many times over; This scheme, and therefore the whole project as a whole, needs to be verified.

6) After the connecting union (at the beginning of an independent sentence), a comma is usually not put, since the union is closely adjacent to the introductory word following it:

And imagine, he nevertheless staged this performance; And I can assure you, the performance was wonderful; And what do you think he got his way; But anyway, the decision was made.

Less often (when intonation highlights introductory words or introductory sentences, when they are included in the text by means of a subordinating union), after the connecting union, a comma is placed before the introductory construction:

But, to my great annoyance, Shvabrin, usually condescending, decisively announced that my song was not good(Pushkin); And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing(Krymov).

7) The introductory words before the comparative turnover (with the union as), target turnover (with the union to), etc., are separated from them on the basis of the general rule:

All this seemed strange to me, however, like others; The son thought for a moment, probably to collect his thoughts.(usually in these cases the introductory word refers not to the previous, but to the subsequent part of the sentence).

8) A dash can be used instead of a comma for introductory words, phrases and sentences.

The dash is used in the following cases:

if the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction (any word restored from the context is missing), then a dash is usually put instead of one comma:

Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: on the one hand, to give the horses a rest, on the other, to rest and refresh himself(Gogol) (a comma before a subordinate clause is absorbed by a dash);

a dash is placed before the introductory word as an additional sign after the comma if the introductory word is between two parts of a complex sentence and can be referred to either the preceding or the subsequent part:

The dog disappeared - probably someone drove it out of the yard(the dash emphasizes that not “the dog must have disappeared”, but that “the dog must have been driven away”).

Sometimes an additional sign emphasizes causal or conjunctive relationships between parts of a sentence:

It was difficult to check his words - obviously, the circumstances had changed a lot.

Sometimes a comma and a dash are placed before the introductory word, which is at the beginning of a separate turnover, and a comma after it, to avoid possible ambiguity:

Since there is still time, we will call someone else for the exam, for example, those who are retaken (allowable in the meaning of "suppose", "say");

a dash is placed before the introductory word after a comma if the part of the sentence following the introductory word summarizes what was said in the first part:

Chichikov asked with extreme accuracy who was the governor in the city, who was the chairman of the chamber, who was the prosecutor - in a word, he did not miss a single significant person.(Gogol);

using a dash, introductory sentences can be distinguished if they are quite common (have secondary members):

To suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage - now it seemed to him- it was not easy(Sholokhov); Let the enemy get away, or - as it is said in the solemn language of military regulations- letting him break away is a big nuisance for scouts, almost a shame(Kazakevich).

help with answers to questions on the history of grade 8. 1) What were the causes of the Russian-Turkish war? 2) What do you see as the features of this war? 3) using

map, tell us about the main battles of this war. 4) how did the major European powers react to the successes of the Russian troops? 5) what were the results of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878?

Please help answer questions about the battle of Borodino! 1) How many kilometers was it from Mozhaisk to the village of Borodino? 2) how

called an earthen closed pentagonal artillery fortification designed for 12 guns?

3) What did the military council in Fili decide?

4) Gre located the headquarters of Kutuzov and the commander in chief?

5) What line of Russian troops was equipped with fortifications? (Fortification-construction of defense structures-fortifications)

6) Do you know the entrenching tool of the Russian army?

7) where were the reserves of the Russian army located during the Battle of Borodino?

8) what strategic important roads were blocked by Russian troops?

1) What were the reasons for the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878; 2) What do you see as the features of this war? ; 3) How did the major European powers react?

on the successes of the Russian troops? ; 4) What were the results of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877 * 1878?

Commanders and naval commanders of the times of Catherine the Second 1. His talent was recognized in all European capitals. He was a brilliant strategist, articulating

in his book The Science of Victory, the essence of the military tactics used by him in the well-known triad: eye, speed, onslaught. 2. Catherine II appointed him commander of the Black Sea Fleet. He was the first to apply the tactics of the line boom at sea. Z. He participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787 - 1791. and commanded one of the advancing columns during the capture of the Turkish fortress of Izmail 4. He commanded a squadron of the Baltic Fleet. During the Russo-Turkish War, after the victory in the Chesme Bay, Catherine II awarded him the title of Count of Chesmensky. 5. GENERAL FIELD MARSHAL, THE HIGHEST PRINCE commanded the troops during the capture of the Ochakov fortress. By decree of the Empress, he was given the title of Prince of Tauride. b. In July 1770, the Turkish army was defeated by Russian troops under the command of this commander near the Larga River. 7. Commanded a squadron of the Baltic Fleet. His squadron circled Europe and on July 5, 1770, completely destroyed the Turkish squadron in the Chesmepa Bay. 8. Who commanded the Black Sea Fleet during the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1891? 9. Who is Tadeusz Kosciuszko? 10. In the summer of 1770, battles took place near the Larga and Cahul rivers, in which the Russian troops defeated the Turkish ones. One hundred of the Russian commanders then declared that "our glory and dignity cannot endure to endure the presence of the enemy standing in our sight without stepping on him."

Without special reasons, he never changed the order of his studies. Everywhere he devoted the morning to reading, extracts, drawing up plans or other mental work. Rising early, he immediately set to work. Without finishing his morning work, he was afraid to get dressed, so as not to prematurely leave the study for a walk. Before dinner, which he put off until the evening, he took a walk in any weather ... He liked to write poetry mainly in the fall ...

P. A. Pletnev

He rushed about in a dream and in reality for whole years with some creature, and when it matured in him, appeared before his spirit, already created completely, then it poured out in a fiery stream into words and speech: the metal instantly freezes in the air, and the creation is ready.

Work was sacred to him, a font in which ulcers were healed... When he sensed a touch of inspiration, when he set to work, he calmed down, matured, was reborn...

P. A. Vyazemsky

Of all the seasons, he loved autumn most of all, and the worse it was, the better for him. He said that only in autumn the demon of poetry took possession of him, and told about this how he had written the last poem at that time: “Poltava”. It was in Petersburg. The weather was disgusting. He sat at home, writing all day. Poems he dreamed even in his sleep, so that he jumped out of bed at night and wrote them down in the dark. When hunger seized him, he ran to the nearest tavern, the poems pursued him there too, he ate in haste, whatever he got, and ran home to write down what he got on the run and at dinner. In this way he composed hundreds of verses a day. Sometimes thoughts that did not fit into poetry were written down by him in prose. But then the finishing followed, in which not even a fourth part of the sketches remained ... Despite, however, such work, he finished Poltava, I remember, in three weeks ...

M. V. Yuzefovich

How did Pushkin himself talk about his work, about inspiration? Let's read the lines of his poetic memoirs:

In sweet silence
I am sweetly lulled by my imagination,
And poetry awakens in me:
The soul is embarrassed by lyrical excitement,

It trembles and sounds, and searches, as in a dream,
Finally pour out free manifestation -
And then an invisible swarm of guests comes to me,
Old acquaintances, fruits of my dreams.

And the thoughts in my head are worried in courage,
And light rhymes run towards them,
And fingers ask for a pen, pen for paper,
A minute - and the verses will flow freely ...

Questions and tasks

1. You have read the lines of Pushkin's poem, conveying the inspiration of the poet, the memories of his contemporaries. What did you pay special attention to? Formulate the answer to the question: what is the originality of the creative work of A. S. Pushkin?
2. Consider a reproduction of the portrait of the poet, photographs of the monument to him and the office. Prepare a discourse message on the topics: “Inspirational work of the poet”, “Pushkin’s personality”, “Portraits of the poet”, “Pushkin monument”, “How I imagine Pushkin” - to choose from.
3. As you know, the desire to resurrect the past century in all its truth led the poet to study the materials of previous eras. One of the favorite historical figures was Peter I. The poem "Poltava" describes the victory of Peter I over the Swedish troops that invaded Russia in 1709. Find on your own in the poem "Poltava" a fragment dedicated to the Battle of Poltava, prepare for its expressive reading and discussion in the class using questions and assignments.

Be mindful of the word

1. What struck you in particular in the description of the Poltava battle? Is this how you imagined this grandiose historical battle?
2. How do you understand lines and individual words, phrases? What pictures arise before your mind’s eye: “The east burns a new dawn”, “Crimson smoke rises in circles to heaven”, “Arrows scattered in the bushes”, “Fateful field”, “Like a plowman, the battle is resting”, “And for his teachers, a congratulatory raises the cup? What literary devices are used by the poet to describe the Battle of Poltava and what effect is achieved with their help?

Develop the gift of the word

1. Why was the battle with the Swedes especially important for the Russian troops? Support your answer with information from history. What examples of the text confirm that we are talking about a historical battle?
2. Compare the description of Peter I and Charles XII (their appearance, mood, actions, etc.). Is it possible to determine the attitude of the author to the characters from this description? Tell us about one of the characters.
3. Prepare a passage for expressive reading by heart, emphasizing during the reading both the tension of the battle, and its swiftness, and the joy of victory, and admiration for the courage of Peter and his companions, Peter's generous attitude towards the vanquished.

Literature and painting

"Poltava battle". From a mosaic painting by M. Lomonosov

1. Consider a reproduction of the painting by M. V. Lomonosov "The Battle of Poltava". It is known that when creating a mosaic picture, its author conducted three thousand experiments with his students, melted many pieces of glass. What are your impressions of this painting? What details of the picture resonate with the excerpt "Poltava battle" from the poem "Poltava"?
2. Which artist's illustrations are closest, in your opinion, to Pushkin's text?
3. In the poem "The Bronze Horseman" the city of Petrov is sung. Check out this text.

1 Inspiration - a creative impulse, rise, a surge of creative forces.

Among Europeans, the conviction is ripening that quotas must be introduced for vacationers from Russia, otherwise their too noticeable presence offends public morality.

Being a European according to the “Protestant ethic” that guides my everyday life, with disgust, like the Europeans themselves, I perceive the behavior of my debauched compatriots both abroad and often in Moscow. The tone is set by "new Russian pigs" like those who "distinguished themselves" in Courchevel, but their attendants usually behave obscenely. And just as Russians in Russia often disapprove of the behavior of migrants (“chocks”) from the wilder south, so Europeans are annoyed by the antics and manners of Russian nouveau riches.

The fact is that the Russian nouveaux riches and their servants get the money not through hard work, as in classical bourgeois society, but through robbery and looting of their own country, sanctioned by an organized ruling group. And what is easy to get is easy to spend. And a typical European, who grew up on the matrix of “Protestant ethics” with its cult of labor gaining success in life as evidence of God’s chosen people, treats easily enriched dubious “Russians”, even if they generously throw tips, with internal contempt and disgust. This is how a generation ago they treated the Arab petrodollar sheikhs and their numerous servants, and normal Arabs still cannot wash off the shameful reputation that the Arab nouveau riche once earned. The current negative attitude of Western (and Eastern) people towards tourists from Russia is all the more offensive because many millions of Russian emigrants, including those who have left for permanent residence in various Western countries relatively recently, are quickly adapting to the understandable and rational norms of "Protestant ethics" and live about the same, if materially not better, as local citizens. We are the same as all other people, but the regime in our country, which determines the behavior of its subjects, is so retrograde and pathological that it cannot but distort the psyche of modern Russian people. What is the pop, such is the arrival.

A number of recent publications in Russian newspapers are encouraging - the problem seems to be recognized and is beginning to reach public opinion. Not everyone in Russia is mired in disgust, many are also offended by their fallen compatriots, like me.

Evgeny Arsyukhin writes about this in the article “What is seen through holes in socks: Western millionaires are simple in everyday life, and ours amaze the world with breathtaking spending” (Rossiyskaya Gazeta, February 9, 2007 http://www.rg.ru/2007/02/ 09/millionaire.html):

“The other day the head of the World Bank, Paul Wolfowitz, went to a mosque in the Turkish city of Edirne. Taking off his shoes, he showed the world the holes in his socks. And later, at the market, he exacerbated the impression by borrowing 150 euros from the security guard for a souvenir. This story begs the question: why are their millionaires simple in everyday life to the point of stinginess, while ours amaze humanity with mind-blowing personal spending? If we confine ourselves to moralizing, then this text can be ended right there. Because in fact there are many reasons, they are complex and hardly lie only in morality.

All Russian millionaires are similar, Western ones are very different. The frugality of American and Canadian millionaires (Mr. Wolfowitz is an American) reaches the point of absurdity, and their wives keep expense books like students. Suit - no more than 400 dollars, shoes - no more than 150 (which is intensively repaired until it is completely worn out). The house is the one in which you lived when you were not a millionaire, the most modest (by US standards) car (no more than 25 thousand) and the same wife (despite the fact that 80 percent of rich Russians get divorced in the region of 40 years to find who is younger). But the millionaire will never stint on strong stocks and on education for children, who, by the way, are kept in a black body until the death of their fathers. The Germans are very similar to the moneybags of the New World, with the difference that they are younger and even more aggressive in business.

But the British look like Russians. Their fortunes are mostly hereditary, hence the sense of caste and the need to maintain this caste by appearing at expensive parties and playing ruinous sports like polo. But having paid tribute to prejudices, the same Englishmen save even more harshly, and a servant who buys a shirt from an Indian for two pounds for a "master" is a common thing. The Swedish moneybags are considered leaders in stinginess. Furniture from Ikea, food from semi-finished products, a house in the country with an area of ​​​​20 (!) Square meters, plus a car from 10 years ago.

Psychologists see the reason for the stinginess of the Western rich in the fact that, with rare exceptions, they "made themselves," and in decades. In the USA and Canada, people get richer before retirement, in Europe - earlier, but at the cost of exhausting, even by American standards, work. Hence the holy confidence of Americans that the richer is the one who spends less and saves a lot.

Newspapers are full of advice - save 10-20 percent of your income. Many follow the advice, so there are a lot of millionaires in the USA. You can evict everyone from New York, populate the city only with American millionaires, and still not enough. However, in Germany every 80th is a millionaire.

Needless to say, in Russia, by definition, there are no people who have been saving money for 30-40 years. And they are unlikely to appear, given that inflation is five times higher in our country, and rates on bank deposits do not even allow it to be beaten off. But our moneybags appear as if from nothing. Read the official biography of anyone - it is impossible to understand from it where something came from. Only in recent years have people appeared who, with a stretch, can be said that they "made themselves." I personally know several such millionaires. But it is better not to ask them the question of start-up capital. And against the backdrop of all-Russian chic, they are considered, at best, "simply wealthy."

Even under Ivan the Terrible, English envoys were surprised that the tsar was served as many dishes as a person is not even able to try, and the uncooked went from the table to the trash. The English simply forgot that three centuries earlier they had the same thing. This is called "conspicuous spending" and is considered a property of feudalism. Feudalism has long passed, the propensity to outrageous remains. Why?

First, it didn't take long. Even under Nicholas II, real feudalism reigned in the village, and the collective farm - isn't it a feudal estate? Secondly, the roots of this feudal habit are important. The feudal lord - he doesn't work. And he doesn't value his money.

It is impossible to say that our rich people do not work. But think about it: how many American millionaires could afford a two-week vacation in Courchevel? Two weeks in the USA is a standard vacation for the staff, and the moneybags do not have it at all, as well as the "relaxation" characteristic of our elite after work.

Labor cannot be measured in terms of time. This is an argument for those who praise their patron with foam at the mouth: they say that he does not have time to wash his hands. But labor experts have long noticed that the lion's share of the working time of the Russian rich is spent on "graters", that is, tedious negotiations with officials and bandits, as well as on petty control of subordinates. So, the head of one large firm stays up late simply because he personally signs payments, not trusting his financial director. He doesn't do anything else.

The rich are not loved anywhere. But in a different way. In Russia and in France: "May you die." In the USA: "Someday I will become such a bastard."

Loyalty to the rich in the United States has a much more prosaic reason. If in Russia you and Roman Abramovich pay 13 percent of taxes each, then in the USA the average millionaire shares with the budget five times more intensively than a typical manager. One percent of the US population provides a third of tax revenues to the federal budget, and together with another 10 percent of people from among the "ordinary millionaires" they fill two-thirds of the country's money. At the same time, the middle class, earning 45 percent of US money, gives the treasury only 10 percent of its volume. And since people in the United States follow the budget (the budget of the city of Los Angeles is 15 volumes available on the Internet to anyone, the budget of an average Russian city is a pamphlet at most), everyone understands very well: hospitals, roads, schools - with their oligarch money.

In this regard, attempts to push our business into some kind of "charity" are ridiculous. Why commemorate the Morozovs and Tretyakovs when the problem can be solved through a progressive tax? However, it does not exist, and its absence is presented as a blessing. Draw your own conclusions.

A million for show-off - Russian rich people with their defiant spending first surprised the world. Now they're more likely to mix. Take the same Courchevel. A Western oligarch will not go there. The hotels are old, the pools are dirty, there is no entertainment other than skiing, the service is disgusting, the staff is rude. Also me, "price - quality".

Our people pay colossal sums for this squalor, and they are even proud of it. Why? The resort was known as "status" in the sense that "there are all of ours." And this is more expensive than Paris with its mass. Wealth in Russia is made on personal connections. Not on education, not on diligence, but like this - "turn up in time under the arm" of another rich person or official. And all potential oligarchs are only busy with "tucking up".

Let's say someone is looking for a wedding general to land on a good asset. You don't really need to do anything, all the "huskers" will do it for a miserable 3-4 thousand dollars, it is important that "the person is reliable." And then they bring me up: "Meet Ivan Ivanovich, a good boy, OURS." And the boy dreams of sitting in an armchair and eating Ivan Ivanovich.

Not without reason: Ivan, most likely, was also simply "successfully introduced" at one time, and he himself is nothing special.

So do not laugh at the socks of the manager of the world's largest bank. Firstly, though tattered, yes it is. Secondly, Korolev also had tattered socks, because his head was stuffed with Cosmos. The vacuum in the head is instantly filled with socks.

Yes, it is bad that the gap between the rich and the poor is growing and that the money of the rich does not go to decent salaries for their hired managers, normal workers. But there are worse things.

The worst thing is that the upstart mentality tends to poison everything around it. A typical picture: a novice finance lawyer, a salary of $500, a shirt for $800. Wouldn't it be better to invest in English courses?

The main thing, however, is that this mentality does not poison the whole of Russia. While there is talk of diversifying the economy, our country earns semi-feudal rent from its raw materials. God knows what a difficult job. If we forget about this and imagine that we are cooler than China, which has made a name for itself with the hard labor of billions, there is a danger of seriously breaking firewood.

The cure for the "billionaires' disease" is very simple. It is necessary through taxes to force them to "share" with society, and to give the most active part of society the opportunity to grow rich.

From a typical public speech of millionaires from different countries

USA: "Looking at me, you will understand - the American dream is alive, it did not remain in the days of our valiant pioneers..."

Germany: "Having invested the remaining euros from the miraculous scholarship in the purchase of a decent computer, I did not suspect that someday the newspapers would call me "King of the Internet" ...

France: "There are still too many people in our country who cannot afford to study, eat well, have as many children as they want..."

Sweden: "By the will of fate, I was lucky, for which I am still embarrassed in front of our fellow citizens who are less fortunate ..."

Russia: "Realizing the social responsibility of business, we are doing everything to implement social programs aimed at further increasing the well-being of the inhabitants of our difficult region..."

The author Evgeny Arsyukhin compares the spending of a Russian nouveau riche and a Swiss millionaire who grew up in the citadel of the "Protestant ethic" of John Calvin - Geneva. The Russian nouveau riche has an apartment in the center of Moscow, a country house and an estate abroad for $40 million, and a Genevan millionaire has an apartment in the city and a house in the mountains, for a total of $20 million. The Russian has 3 million cars, the Swiss has 30 thousand. The Russian has an airplane (40) and a yacht (50), the Swiss has no such whim at all. A Russian has a servant (guards, servants, girl escort, translators) for 10 million, and a Swiss has a cleaning lady-governess for 40 thousand. A Russian does not invest in antiques, and a Swiss spends an average of 100 thousand a year on it. A Russian spends 1-2 million on vacation, while a Swiss millionaire prefers to relax in his country house. And there is a significant difference in spending on the education of children: the Russian nouveau riche spends 50 thousand dollars a year for these purposes, and the Swiss 300-500 thousand.

As a percentage of the population, Russian dollar millionaires are 0.06%, and in the US - 3% (every 30th US citizen). And how many poor people there are in the Russian Federation - “I looked around me - my soul became wounded by the sufferings of mankind” (Alexander Radishchev, “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow” / 1790 /). And today's Russians do not have the strength to change the situation, they have long been skinned and therefore crumbled, and they can only degrade and die out. So, with every right, healthy Europeans want to isolate themselves from Russians who betrayed and do not respect themselves. God bless them, with their easy money - few people are pleased to look at infectious patients.

Tatyana Zykova and Fyodor Lukyanov in the same issue of Rossiyskaya Gazeta published an article “Skiing for the fifth column: Austrian resorts introduce quotas for tourists from Russia” (http://www.rg.ru/2007/02/09/austria-kvoty .html):

“Surprising, but true. Either under the influence of recent events in Courchevel, or from an overabundance of ski tourists from Moscow, fashionable Austrian ski resorts have decided to introduce an unprecedented "quota" for tourists from Russia. There has never been such discrimination in the world of the tourism industry.

The owners of hotels in the Austrian resort town of Kitzbühel in the Austrian Alps have tacitly agreed to introduce a quota for Russian guests in the amount of 10 percent of the total number of visitors. According to the head of the local tourism industry, Renata Danier, quoted by The Guardian, from 16 to 20 owners of four- and five-star hotels in the city took part in the voting on this issue. In a statement drawn up on this occasion by representatives of the hotel business in Kitzbühel, it is said that such a quota for tourists from Russia is a necessary measure, since otherwise it will be impossible to preserve the "mixture of nations" for which the city has always been famous.

There are, however, motives that the owners of hotels in the Alps and the Austrian authorities are not so willing to talk about. Tourism experts believe that this measure was primarily intended to limit the purchase of Russian real estate in the city. The fact is that wealthy Russians have recently been buying up ski chalets and hotels at prices of millions of dollars, and this is pushing local businessmen out of the market. "It's time to act before we get pushed out," Mayor Klaus Winkler says candidly.

Meanwhile, according to a Russian source for RG, part of the roots of the current situation lie in internecine squabbles in the global international tourism market. It is no coincidence that the scandalous information "about the dominance of Russians" in prestigious world resorts with references to statements by Austrian officials appeared in the influential British newspaper The Guardian. Russians with the help of their wallets in recent years really "squeeze out" foreigners, the same Englishmen, from their favorite vacation spots. And as a result, local travel companies are forced to offer their customers more and more expensive tours, which, moreover, grow from year to year, causing protests.

However, there is another point of view. According to the press secretary of the Russian Union of Tourism Industry Irina Tyurina, limiting the flow of tourists has long been accepted in the international "tourist" cuisine. This is done in order, firstly, to avoid financial losses from unforeseen situations: possible visa, political, weather, financial and even epidemiological crises and risks in certain countries where people cannot leave for one reason or another. And secondly, for the sake of the spiritual comfort of tourists (at their own numerous requests), so that in some hotels, for example, mostly citizens from one country would live, and in others, on the contrary, the "international" was going to.

“Recreation “in Russian”: are the claims of foreigners justified?

President of the Association of Austrian Hotel Owners Sepp Schellhorn condemned the decision of the owners of the Kitzbühl hotels, calling it "ridiculous" and "myopic", especially in connection with the economic component.

Russian tourists abroad are loved and hated at the same time, which is quite understandable: our compatriots annually bring significant profits to travel companies, hotels, airlines and local residents, but at the same time they are overly distinguished by their "ability to relax." Special claims are made against the "middle" class - people who cannot always afford expensive vacations, preferring to go abroad on a relatively cheap ticket, but to spend money "on the spot" or relax "to the fullest".

Foreign publications regularly publish articles in which Russians appear in a very unsightly light. Of course, some of these claims are not without merit. Those who have been in Egypt or Turkey at the height of the season will confirm that the majority of Russian vacationers do not deny themselves anything, even if these "whims" hurt other people's space.

In Turkey, for example, there is a Russian-German confrontation. Considering that the resort was "opened" by the Germans, this is quite understandable. But it comes to action: one of the leading tour operators in Germany "Neckermann" has already put forward a proposal to separate tourists according to nationality. The Daily Telegraph quotes Neckermann spokesman Gunther Traeger: "Let there be separate hotels for Russians and special hotels for tourists from other countries, primarily for middle and lower class hotels."

In Europe, there is another trend, perhaps based precisely on the experience of resort countries: servicing Russians is often perceived by local entrepreneurs as an opportunity to make good money. In addition to the generally accepted joy that Russians leave good tips, there is an unspoken rule that a tourist from Russia is easily deceived, which is what souvenir merchants, owners of mini-hotels focus on.

Of course, Russians are different, but they judge by pathology, which, alas, exceeds a certain “critical mass”. About this - an indicative discussion on the forum http://travel.mail.ru:

Name: X
freaks these foreigners. and no one knows how to anneal like Russians!

Name: I
Russians are not respected because of a certain amount of cattle, which, Alas, is present in our society ... The latest news is a flight from Domodedovo - here it is cattle, and again, Alas, all Russians (Russians in general) are judged by it ... Sad and insulting ...

Name: Nicholas
Freaks are not foreigners, but "burners" like you. "But is it correct to attribute to the whole nation the ordinary bad manners of its individual representatives?" These are not individual representatives, but a representative mass, by which they are judged. I’ve been riding in the Alps since the 80s and I didn’t feel such a shame for our country until the doors were opened there for our cattle.

Name: OXanka
I agree that the nation as a whole is not judged by individual frostbitten people, but the problem is that it is precisely in the majority that they go to these resorts. To be honest, looking at them makes me more annoyed and ashamed than proud. Unfortunately. And I would love to do the opposite.

Name: Maka-Maka
Alas, most of our people read about good manners only in books. The problem is that we have forgotten how to respect ourselves, and therefore we do not respect our neighbor either (in the apartment, on the beach, on the dance floor, etc.). Westerners, on the other hand, have a well-developed sense of where decent behavior ends and indecent behavior begins. So, alas, they are right. Although we are not all like that. Let's learn to respect ourselves and behave in such a way that no one would think of pointing fingers at us.

Name: Russian
You see, bros. There is such a category of Russians who live among other Russians in Russia, but without much satisfaction, because there is more swinishness and bestiality among Russians than anyone else. Travel around the countries, communicate with people and life will open up to you from the other side. And what have we personally done, brothers, so that we are not only respected, but also loved? Sorry if offended or offended. If you understand of course

Name: N K, Russia, Peter
You need to behave decently everywhere, and not get drunk to death and do whatever your heart desires. And this applies to everyone. Most Russian tourists get drunk on the plane. It's boring to watch. It's called tormented. According to them, an opinion is formed about the Russians. And they often try to deceive the Russians, especially by selling different souvenirs, it is insanely annoying.

Name: Roman
Dear Russians, I see you every summer in Crimea. Ruso-tourist can be seen for a kilometer - no shame, no conscience. How will they treat you if there is no culture. You throw garbage at your feet, leave bottles right on the beach, swearing just sounds everywhere. You know, no self-respecting country wants to see even the most profitable tourists who do not have a minimum culture. Listen!

Name: Orbi
There has always been a certain number of frostbitten among our vacationers (and by the way, now, in my opinion, there are fewer of them). The dissatisfaction of the Europeans, in my opinion, arose now because, to their surprise, they suddenly discovered that the Russians no longer go to admire a civilized and rich Europe, but go just to relax, and the Europeans, to some extent, turned out to be service personnel for the Russians. That apparently for them was an offensive discovery.

Name: I
Answer type Russian - native I saw you like this before ... and after ... What are you completely different ... I read and am touched ... Treat others (regardless of nation) the way you want them to treat you. .. And I wouldn’t go into reconnaissance with the Russian ... They can make a boar ...

Name: Katerina

Yes, some of the Russian vacationers are really ashamed. Explain why, when I come to another country, nowhere do they take me for a Russian. Because expect in real life rudeness, swearing and inability to calmly understand the situation. By the way, I noticed that when a problem arises, Russians always refer to dislike for them. And if we talked more with foreigners (rather than looking for a drinking companion), we would understand that funny things happen to everyone and problems are all solved quite calmly. What is Russian? He is rude, calls the staff someone. And here is an example. Cuba. A bunch of Russian men, getting drunk on rum in the hotel, wanted pickles. So, in a rude way, they stumbled into the hotel kitchen and forced the black cooks to boil water, find vinegar, and so on. and pickle cucumbers. Imagine, well, the Cubans did not have enough snacks. They could also just kick the hotel staff if "something is wrong." In short, darkness. And we introduced ourselves "from the Baltic states!. It's a shame.

Yuri Perepechkin 2007 years old
Unfortunately, the attitude towards the citizens of the Russian Federation has changed a lot after the obstacles to traveling abroad were eliminated. It's just a fact. As a fact, the fact that the number of words that do not correspond to the vocabulary of a normal person can be found in the discussion of the reasons or rather the personal attitude to the problem everywhere and here too. I am far from predicting recipes, but I am sure that the main reason for the decline in the cultural behavior of citizens is due to complete impunity for this behavior here in Russia. This is the consumption of alcohol in public places and the deliberate creation of emergency situations on the roads. And of course, benakozannost for these actions is their encouragement. This applies to all categories of citizens. Alas, in the crowd we do not see a person who eats himself, we have lost.

Lilya Ivanova Age 31
The porridge was brewed by the Austrians last year. At one of the resorts, ours smashed several hotel rooms in a "drunken wave" and made a fire on the balcony from the remnants of furniture - and the Austrians lost money from our tours. I am in Germany, so I know for sure, I myself was there at that time, which resort - I don’t want to say. The quota for Russians was already last year, and they are already squeaking after the Russians - where are they without us? Who will feed them with their glaciers?

Lana lana 37 years
Agree - rubbish. About 10-12 years ago, Hurghada was a peaceful resort .... what happened to it where ours are .... And ask for an opinion about our local playboy girls. SHAME ...... I loved this place very much, I went myself. I booked a small hotel without Russians (by the way, 4 stars), everything is quiet, peaceful and decent ... alone .... and ours show themselves everywhere. In London, at the airport, they buy everything (I agree. The Japanese also do this, but somehow it’s more cultured ...) ... I haven’t seen all this for 5 years. Very happy........ live in UK

Name: Our
It’s just that in Russia we behave like savages, and when we come to Europe we simply transfer our behavior there as well. Anyone who has ever been to Europe understands that people there are different, they are kinder and more attentive to others, against the background of them, Russians seem like pigs, although not all of them, of course. Coming to Europe, for some time you need to get used to the standard accepted in that society in relations between people. At first, it's even funny how stupid they are. But when you come back, you get used to our barbaric behavior much longer. Periodically so bitter that you want to howl.

Name: Roman
Until the Ruso-tourist acquires a minimum culture of behavior in public places, they will be oppressed, and to everyone's indignation, they will do it reasonably! Russo-tourist can be seen from afar. Not a single foreign tourist will spit under his feet, will not throw garbage on the beach, will not smoke under his breath to children, will not swear at the entire coast. Dear compatriots - we buy together the rules of etiquette and the rules of conduct in public places. See you after graduation!!!

Alina Svatenko Age 22
I can confirm that there is such an opinion about Russians abroad who go beyond the bounds of decency, even in 5 * hotels ... Noisy gatherings, fishing in a marina in a forbidden zone, to the shame of all Europeans - there is no way to escape from nature like this ... This is true, and all hoteliers greet Russians with horror and prepare the reception very carefully, then sometimes they observe either bloody scenes of jealousy or long legs of a girlfriend, and consider Russians a bit of snobs. Although there are very nice and educated people in our society who are always welcome and honored, such people usually leave good tips and are just pleasant to talk to. Good luck on the resorts...

Name: Roman
In the Crimea, the Russian tourist behaves as if they had arrived there for the first and last time. One gets the impression that it's high to get screwed in a foreign land. I'm wondering, do you have the same dump in the cities that remains in the Crimea after the light brown-tourist?

Name: No
Let's start with the fact that our country really lost a lot of smart, honest and intelligent people in 1917, in the 30s. (repression) and during the years of stagnation (emigration). And the second factor, in a sense of impunity and anonymity. We have a big country, maybe (!) no one will know, especially when it comes to those who, having come to live in a large city from a sparsely populated area and having rude a passerby on the street, are firmly convinced that this is not his acquaintance or acquaintance of an acquaintance. As for the Internet, which is even more impersonal than the telephone, it is perceived by many as a field for a splash of negative emotions.

Name: Anonymous
The Austrians are worried because where our tourists are used to, other tourists stop going. Although ours bring money, they spoil the atmosphere of calmness, security and bring the spirit of familiarity, excesses, arrogance and arrogance. This is understandable, since many go on vacation on expensive tours, while they themselves live paycheck to paycheck. This is an unhealthy show.

Name: Margarita
funny, right! I was vacationing in the Canary Islands with my husband, but did not speak Russian. I heard this about myself: that foreigners are all freaks, what they want from us, the great ones, etc. At the same time, the company behaved like a pig, to put it mildly ... They don’t want anything from us Russians! Just behave yourself and show the culture of Chekhov, Dostoyevsky and Tolstoy.

Name: Minsk
That's right, even Belarusians try to choose hotels where there are no Russians. You, as rightly noted, invade the living space of other people. When they make a remark to you, you become aggressive and inadequate. Because this attitude towards you. Where you are - noise, obscenity, booze and garbage. You don't care about those around you. And if rich Russians are still tolerated for big money, then your middle class is a headache for everyone: both for hotels and for other vacationers. From where the Russian mass tourist comes, tourists from other countries very soon leave. Only you do not understand such subtleties)).

Name: Anonymous
Indeed, you read and understand that you need a reservation for citizens of the Russian Federation. Let it burn.

Name: Roman
What can you talk about with a person who does not respect someone else's land? Dear Russians, who think that you can behave like a pig everywhere - the advice is to stay at home, spit on the ceiling, and do not ride around the world, disgracing your people! Good luck to all!

Gali Hensel Age 47, Europe
I agree with those who claim that a certain part of the "annealers" spoils the attitude towards all Russians indiscriminately. And all because all the other nations, if they get drunk, then peacefully "anneal" in their circle, without bullying anyone. In Germany, you can walk among the drunken Germans without any fear. If they fight, then only in their own circle, and they don’t bully anyone. And the Russians will get drunk - and let's be weird. They either want to punch someone unfamiliar in the face, or they start pestering unfamiliar citizens "to talk about life." Well, Russian pathos is a song ... How! We defeated everyone, defeated everyone, and if so, we will once again "arrange Stalingrad for them." So that they don’t fucking forget ... who’s here ... this one, what’s his name ... A familiar melody, right? :) In general, fame among Russians is something... There was a time, I worked part-time in a private hotel in Cologne. The hotel is small, family run. But they also had a "quota" for Russians - no more than one guest from Russia in HALF A YEAR! I don’t know what they had against the Russians there ... They didn’t report to me, but I didn’t really ask. When the people found out that I, so to speak, was originally Russian, they were surprised - for a year of work on the farm with access to the cash register, products and other "material values" I DIDN'T STOL ANYTHING - what a glory about the Russians. Ordinary to tears, chess word! And those Russians who came every six months were quite decent people. Well, strange, of course. They look like wolves from under their foreheads, the ladies are all overdressed and in high heels, well, they don’t greet the maids and sit at breakfast, as if slammed with a dusty bag. But I think that this is not such a great sin, honestly ... The people from the reception neighed, gossiped and forgot. Well, our man does not smile, they did not accustom him. But after all, they set a quota for admission ... I think that such garbage is not in that one hotel.

Name: Anonymous
The Italians are also very noisy, but do not thump. And they are much less. I'm talking about hotels where the middle class rests. I don't know about the rest. There are many Russians, Russia is big. You have enough staff. And one more thing - Russians prefer all-inclusive. It has been noticed that as soon as the hotel decides to focus on the Russians, it switches to all inclusive. Tips disappear from the staff and the level of service drops sharply.

Gali Hensel Age 47, Europe
Rest as you wish, dear ones. But just don’t complain and don’t be indignant that visas are given to you with a scratch, that the staff does not respect you, and that the measures for entering different countries are being tightened. It's just a pity - along with you, all this negativity has to be chewed by those who don't drink to the point of a pig squeal, who don't get drunk and, in general, are quite civil. Of course, you don't care about them. Before the prestige of Russia - too. The main thing is to get drunk. Then I agree with those who believe that there is no difference where to eat vodka - in Egypt, Turkey or at home.

Name: Natalia Kulik
We were in Austria for the New Year - the first week in the outback, where Russians are a rarity. Surprisingly friendly attitude, if you fall - be sure someone will stop and offer help. Second week - Zell am See. Solid Russian-speaking ... How embarrassing for their behavior ...

Olga 29 years old, Israel, Ashdod
I live in Israel. I can confirm - all the shit in our country speaks Russian. All organized crime, prostitutes, drug dealers. In firms run by Russians, employees are often deceived when paying salaries. Terribly ashamed of their nation. We inspire children - we are not Russians, we are Jews, so that we do not associate ourselves with this abomination.

MY COMMENT: When a Russian person, having received good money through corruption or looting or servility, does not feel like a self-sufficient master in Russia, he compensates for his inferiority complex with boorish behavior where he himself falls into the position of being served - in a foreign resort. And it burns to the fullest. But this is not the middle class, but the service class. The normal working middle class, to which I myself and my circle belong, follows the normal “Protestant ethic”, as in the whole world, and if he leaves to live and work in the West, he does not stand out against the general background in anything special. Perhaps he doesn’t walk around in holey socks, but he doesn’t allow himself to be outrageous in public places, unlike the Russian nouveau riche and his mass highly paid serf.