Self-actualization
(from lat. actualis - real, real) - a person's desire for the fullest possible identification and development of his personal capabilities. In some areas of modern Western psychology, S. is put forward (as opposed to behaviorism and Freudianism, who believe that biological forces drive the behavior of the individual, and it consists in discharging the tension they create and adapting to the environment) to the role of the main motivational factor (see). Genuine S. presupposes the existence of favorable sociohistorical conditions.
Brief psychological dictionary. - Rostov-on-Don: PHOENIX. L.A. Karpenko, A.V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky. 1998 .
Self-actualization
A person's desire for the fullest possible identification and development of his personal capabilities.
According to A. Maslow, self-actualization is the desire to become everything that is possible; the need for self-improvement, in realizing one's potential. Her path is difficult and associated with the experience of fear of the unknown and responsibility, but it is the path to a full, internally rich life ( cm. ).
According to K. Rogers, it is a designation of the force that makes a person develop at various levels - from mastering motor skills to the highest creative ups. The self-actualizing person is a "fully functioning personality"; its properties are in many ways reminiscent of the properties of a child, which is natural: after all, a person, as it were, returns to an independent assessment of the world, characteristic of a child before his reorientation to the conditions for obtaining approval ( cm. ).
Dictionary of practical psychologist. - M.: AST, Harvest. S. Yu. Golovin. 1998 .
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
cm. Maslow A.X.
Big psychological dictionary. - M.: Prime-EVROZNAK. Ed. B.G. Meshcheryakova, acad. V.P. Zinchenko. 2003 .
Self-actualization
SELF-ACTUALIZATION (with. 518)
Nowadays, psychological terminology is widely introduced into everyday vocabulary. Even a not very erudite layman talks about stress instead of anxiety, calls a bad mood depression, and is in a hurry to express the extreme degree of discouragement with the clinical formula: “I'm in shock!” At the same time, he does not even realize how inadequately he uses special terms.
Alas, something similar can be observed with regret even among professionals. This is partly due to the ambiguity of some psychological concepts, the lack of clear definitions and interpretations. Often different specialists cannot come to an understanding, because different meanings are put into the same words.
Especially in this respect, "lucky" popular terms that have come into vogue along with the relevant theories. So, according to many, one can “suffer” from the Oedipal complex, forgetting is explained mainly by repression, and in general, psychoanalysis is understood as almost any analysis of behavior, someone else’s and one’s own (as a result, “psychoanalysts” have become more than plumbers in a few years).
In recent years, one of the most fashionable (both in the professional community and beyond) catchphrases has become one of the central concepts of humanistic psychology - self-actualization. Psychological dictionaries interpret this term very vaguely (which, by the way, is generally characteristic of the terms of humanistic psychology). And individual interpretations, even among professionals, are ambiguous. One of them, quite popular, implies that self-actualization means simply becoming oneself. To do this, of course, you need to understand who you really are, to get rid of prejudices, illusions and complexes. Then it remains only to say: “Here I am! Accept me for who I am. If you don't like it, it's not my fault." As a result, any irresponsible Narcissist with bad manners begins to consider himself a self-actualizing personality, who not only does not seek to overcome his obvious shortcomings, but also begins to be proud of them, since he allegedly received a scientific justification for this. The author of a collection of psychotherapeutic anecdotes is ironic about this: “At the next session, start scratching, burping and spitting on the floor. A real humanist psychologist will take these spontaneous manifestations as clear evidence of your personal growth.
Of course, a true psychologist of a humanistic orientation will perceive the painted picture as a parody, in which the exaggeration of some aspects and the underestimation of others have led to a gross distortion of the very idea of self-actualization. Therefore, in order not to fall into such caricature dilettantism, it is necessary to understand what the essence of this idea is.
D.A.Leontiev, who can rightly be attributed to the representatives of the humanistic direction of domestic psychology, defines this concept in this way: “Self-actualization is the process of deployment and maturation of the inclinations, potentialities, and capabilities that were originally embedded in the body and personality.” And then he quotes A. Maslow, who owns the most detailed and popular theory of self-actualization: “Different authors call it differently: self-actualization, self-realization, productivity, but they all agree that all these are synonymous with the realization of the individual’s potential, the formation of a person in the full sense of the word, becoming what he can become.
But here a serious question arises: if a certain person has base inclinations, vicious and even criminal inclinations, then what, God forbid, will his self-actualization be sewn into?! Here we are faced with the fundamental moment of the humanistic theory, according to which nothing vicious and vile in a person is initially laid down, and therefore cannot be developed in a natural way. On the contrary, human nature is initially positive (in some interpretations, at least neutral), and any destructive tendencies arise as a result of deformations of natural development. Responsibility for such deformations is borne by society, which, by artificial conventions and restrictions, and even by direct repression, suppresses and distorts the true manifestations of human nature ... This is the fundamental difference between humanistic theory and psychoanalysis. According to Freud, if people are given complete freedom, they will begin to rape each other, and only social restrictions hold back destructive human nature.
The problem is that none of the opposing points of view can be substantiated by scientific methods. It is not surprising that the reproaches against diametrically different approaches are similar in many respects: both Freudian and humanistic doctrines are declared unscientific by many researchers. Since their postulates cannot be investigated and proven, they can only be an object of faith, and this is already a different spiritual sphere, by no means science. Here one involuntarily recalls the reproach expressed once against the theory of Leopold Szondi: "This is not science, this is ideology." To which the scientist objected: “Woe to science that does not strive to become an ideology!” Without going into a hopeless discussion on this issue, I just want to add: grief for an ideology that pretends to be science.
True, there is also a behaviorist approach that completely denies innate inclinations: all personal formations are regarded as brought in from outside. Accordingly, education is reduced to encouraging positive reactions and suppressing negative ones. And yet no kindred approach has taken shape in any doctrine that would recognize the presence of multidirectional tendencies in a person: a person by nature is neither an angel nor an animal, he initially carries both in himself, and depending on what is suppressed, and what - to be encouraged, and the corresponding tendency will prevail. Perhaps the future of psychological thought will be sharpened in the design of such an approach? Time will tell. What is clear is that if this approach prevails, the very concept of self-actualization will go out of fashion. But this is still a long way off. Although humanistic psychology as a “third force” in world psychological science has really come to naught, its ideological pathos continues to color the ideas of many modern psychologists, and the fruits of its practical application (in particular, free education, political correctness, etc.) are still not enough. to completely discredit her.
The idea of self-actualization itself was expressed long before the formation of humanistic psychology into a real "third force". Its origins can be found in the work of Adler, Jung, Horney and even Marx. The idea of realizing the potential inherent in a person is also heard by S.L. Rubinstein. For the first time, the idea of self-actualization was conceptualized in the works of Kurt Goldstein (his name is little known to us, although he is considered the ideological forerunner of several scientific schools at once, in particular Gestalt psychology). Goldstein opposed, on the one hand, the principle of homeostasis, the reduction of stress as the main driving force of behavior, which dominated his contemporary biology and psychology, and, on the other hand, against the element of the Christian approach to a holistic living organism (this principle of integrity was picked up by the Gestaltists). The body, according to Goldstein, is driven by the tendency to actualize as fully as possible the possibilities, abilities, its “nature” inherent in it. Goldstein opposed the idea of self-actualization as the only need of a living organism to the postulation of many private "so-called needs". He linked the implementation of the tendency to actualization inherent in the individual with the inevitable conflict with the forces of the external environment. A normal and healthy organism, being actualized, overcomes the obstacles generated by the collision with the world. Later, Goldstein shifted the emphasis from biological actualization to the essential realization of man. The impossibility of self-realization appears both as a cause and as the main consequence of mental illness.
Much in common with the ideas of Goldstein is contained in the concept of "the desire for actualization" by Carl Rogers. Under the desire for actualization, Rogers understands the orientation inherent in all living organisms - "the desire for growth, development, maturation, the tendency to manifest and activate all the abilities of the organism to the extent that this activation contributes to the development of the organism or personality (self)".
For Abraham Maslow, the idea of self-actualization was the cornerstone of not only the theory of personality, but also the whole philosophical and worldview system. Maslow's theory began with an empirical generalization and identification of a special type of people - self-actualizing personalities, who, according to him, make up only about 1% of the population and represent an example of psychologically healthy and maximally expressing the human essence of people. (True, having set himself the task of giving concrete examples, Maslow could not count more than four dozen persons who more or less met his criteria.) Maslow, however, recognized the desire for self-actualization in most (and possibly all) people, more than In addition, most people have the ability to self-actualize, at least in principle. The unfortunate reality is partly due to the fact that many people do not realize their potential and do not understand the benefits of self-improvement. In addition, the social and cultural environment often suppresses the tendency to actualize certain norms in relation to some part of the population (an example is cultural, and in essence artificial stereotypes of masculinity and femininity). Based on this, the actualization of higher potentials in the general mass is possible only under “good conditions”. Or, more than that, people need an "enabling" society in which to develop their human potential to the fullest. According to Maslow, no society in the history of mankind has provided the maximum opportunity for self-actualization of all its members. Accordingly, global cultural and political transformations are needed, and this, to be honest, already strongly resembles another social utopia.
Criticism of the concept and theory of self-actualization, especially in its most developed form - in Maslow's theory, was constant and plentiful. The main criticisms are as follows: 1) Maslow's study of self-actualizing personalities does not meet the criteria of scientific validity; 2) the criteria for choosing these people are subjective and related to the value system of the author himself; 3) self-actualization in the understanding of Maslow is not the only mechanism for the development and self-fulfillment of the individual, which is found, in particular, in comparative cultural studies; 4) the concept of self-actualization, in accordance with the criteria identified by Maslow, draws an image of an egocentric personality, not taking into account the moments of social interactions; 5) self-actualization cannot act as the ultimate goal of development, it is achieved as a by-product of a conscious orientation to something else; 6) not all the potentials inherent in a person from birth can and should be realized, development involves a choice of which potentials to realize and which not; 7) the concept of self-actualization does not allow explaining conflicts and crises in individual development... However, this long list can be continued for a long time. Let's just be aware that, while chanting self-actualization, we stand in solidarity with a concept that is by no means unambiguous and indisputable - not so much psychological as worldview. Although there is no doubt that a positive worldview is better than a negative one.
Popular psychological encyclopedia. - M.: Eksmo. S.S. Stepanov. 2005 .
Self-actualization
The term has two main meanings. First, it can be used in the context of motivation, i.e., as a motive for the most complete realization of personal capabilities. Secondly, it is the final stage of development according to Abraham Maslow's personality theory. When a person satisfies all basic needs (physiological, safety needs, etc.), he can rise to a higher level of awareness. At this level, he stands above the problems of the world around him, and does not fight them. People who have achieved self-actualization accept themselves along with their shortcomings and limitations and feel the need for creativity in all aspects of their lives.
Psychology. AND I. Dictionary-reference book / Per. from English. K. S. Tkachenko. - M.: FAIR-PRESS. Mike Cordwell. 2000 .
Synonyms:See what "self-actualization" is in other dictionaries:
self-actualization- self-actualization... Spelling Dictionary
Self-actualization- (from Latin actualis real, real) a person's desire for the fullest possible identification and development of his personal capabilities. In some areas of modern Western psychology, self-actualization is put forward ... ... Wikipedia
self-actualization- noun, number of synonyms: 2 updating (2) re-adaptation (1) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
Self-actualization- the process of development by a person of his potential abilities. * * * (self actualization) - 1. a term originally introduced by the author of the organismic theory K. Goldstein to denote the leading motive for a person to realize and realize everything ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
Self-actualization- the process of a person's realization of his potential in various forms of activity and behavior. It includes the desire of the individual for self-improvement, and the development of abilities and inclinations, and the process of using already ... ... Fundamentals of spiritual culture (encyclopedic dictionary of a teacher)
Self-actualization as a psychological and pedagogical problem
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….3
Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations for studying the problem of self-actualization ... 5
Characteristics of self-actualizing personalities ……………………………..5
Ideas about self-actualization in psychological and pedagogical
theories (the concept of self-actualization by A. Maslow and K. Rogers) ………………16
Chapter 2. The problem of self-actualization in psychology and pedagogy ………..24
2.1. Psychological and pedagogical conditions of self-actualization ………………24
2.2. Problems and factors of successful self-actualization …………………..28
Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………………32
List of used literature ……………………………………………33
Annex A
Annex B
INTRODUCTION
Raising the question of the nature of man, people at all times assumed the existence of something that constitutes his essence. No one doubted the special nature of man, but at the same time, a variety of opinions were expressed about its content.
Each person has this or that character, various abilities, everyone carries in himself many simple and complex roles. Finally, each person has his own inner world, his own needs, personal values that give meaning to everything that a person encounters, forming attitudes towards them and semantic structures.
The basic human need, according to the humanistic theory of personality, is self-actualization, the desire for self-improvement and self-expression. Self-actualization is activated in relation to those traits, properties and qualities of a person that are rationally and morally acceptable and supported in society. According to Rogers, self-actualization is an attribute of the very existence of man.
Self-actualization is a concept that is now increasingly used in the human sciences. The growing attention to the phenomenon of self-actualization is explained, in our opinion, by the ever-growing understanding of its decisive role in the life of the individual. It is this understanding of the role of self-actualization that makes it possible to reveal its essence, to build a system of psychological categories that reveal its content, its psychological determinants. We approach self-actualization as an integral attribute of a person's self-development. The development of a fundamental approach, a conceptual scheme - the introduction of a definition, criteria for self-actualization of a person, the identification of mechanisms and levels of self-actualization of a person, the relevant determinants and barriers, the strategies used, makes it possible to lay the foundations for the psychology of self-actualization of a person.
Attention to the problem of self-actualization of the individual in modern psychology is due to the relevance of issues related to the study of the internal activity of the individual, the maximum use of resources for the full self-fulfillment of the individual in the process of development. Self-actualization is considered as a necessary condition for the development of an individual and the progressive development of society as a whole, thus, all this is evidence of the relevance of the topic of this work.
The problem of self-actualization of personality from different positions was considered by many scientists:
The creator of the theory of self-actualization of personality is A. Maslow. In psychology and pedagogy, the theory of self-actualization is developed by E.V. Andrienko, A.G. Asmolov, I.A. Vitin, E.I. Isaev, P.I. Pidkasisty, V.I. Slobodchikov, L.M. Friedman and others.
In the philosophical, methodological and cultural aspects, the theory of self-actualization is developed in the works of L.I. Antropova, L.G. Bryleva, I.A. Vitina, N.L. Kulik, K.Ch. Mukhamedzhanova and others.
Purpose of the study: theoretical analysis of self-actualization as a psychological and pedagogical problem.
Object of study: self-actualization as a psychological and pedagogical problem.
Subject of study: self-actualization.
Research objectives:
Conduct a theoretical and methodological analysis of the literature on the problem of self-actualization;
Definition of the concept of "self-actualization", consideration of various approaches to the definition of the concept;
Identification of psychological and pedagogical problems, conditions and factors of successful self-actualization.
Research methods:
Theoretical analysis of psychological, pedagogical literature on the research topic; analysis of various concepts of self-actualization; generalization and establishment of connections, patterns of self-actualization in the psychological and pedagogical literature.
The structure of the course work: introduction, two chapters, conclusion and bibliography.
Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations for studying the problem of self-actualization
1. 1 . The content of the concept of self-actualization.
Characteristicself-actualizingpersonalities
Self-actualization is the central concept of humanistic psychology. The main contribution to the development of the concept of self-actualization was made by Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow and Everett Shostrom.
Humanistic psychology proceeds from the position that the desire to comprehend the true values of Being and their implementation in practical activities is a necessary factor in the full development of a person. She considers the main direction of the transformation of society and its social institutions to be one that will allow every child entering the world to develop his inclinations to the maximum throughout his life and realize them for the benefit of society and for his own benefit. In the center of her attention is the problem of educating and developing a harmonious and competent person, who realizes his potential to the maximum in the interests of personal and social growth. She proposes the theory of self-actualization as a method for solving this problem.
Self-actualization is often confused with the concept of self-realization. Self-actualization and self-realization are scientific concepts that refer to certain processes in the world of reality. At the global level, the tendency towards self-actualization, according to K. Rogers, is a manifestation of a deep tendency towards actualization. At the level of a person, A. Maslow defines self-actualization “as a development of a personality that frees a person from a deficit of growth problems and from neurotic (or infantile, or imaginary, or “unnecessary”, or “unreal”) problems of life. So that he can turn to the "real" problems of life (essentially and ultimately human problems, unremovable "existential" problems that have no final solution) - and not only turn, but also resist and take on them. That is, self-actualization is not the absence of problems, but the movement from transient or fake problems to real problems.
Let us clarify the relationship between the concepts of self-actualization and self-realization. Realization, in the interpretation of the Oxford Dictionary of Modern English for Students (1984), is, first of all, awareness, mental (cognitive) activity. Actualization (actualization) - has the meaning of activity as a process, a waste of energy (from the Latin root actus - an act), which has a material result. The concept of "self-realization" means, therefore, the mental, cognitive aspect of activity, theoretical activity, work on the inner plane. Self-realization is manifested in the construction and adjustment, restructuring of the “I concept”, including the “ideal I”, pictures of the world and life plan, awareness of the results of previous activities (formation of the concept of the past). Self-actualization and self-realization thus turn out to be two inseparable sides of the same process, the process of development and growth, the result of which is a person who has maximized and used his human potential, a self-actualized personality.
Speaking about the child's self-actualization, we must remember that his behavioral acts are determined for the most part by unconscious motives, but are regulated by basic emotions directly related to the satisfaction of biological needs, and external control factors. The lower age limit of the possible observation of full-fledged acts of self-actualization refers to adolescence and is associated with the acquisition of a conceptual level of thinking by a teenager; the presence of a certain maturity of the mechanisms of central inhibition; accumulated in the previous period of development experience of a positive solution of situationally conditioned problems; the presence of a tendency to self-development in the motivational sphere. In this case, it is possible, but not inevitable, for a teenager to move from fantasizing, dreams, and play motives that dominate in childhood to drawing up realistic life plans and attempts to implement them through multi-step strategies and self-regulation. It is in these first attempts at self-actualization that the “docking” and coordination of the motivational sphere, the mechanisms of cognitive analysis and volitional aspects necessary for the fulfillment of the plan take place. Successes in attempts of self-actualization allow a teenager to form a hierarchical structure of motives, to acquire higher forms of emotions and personal meanings.
The act of self-actualization is a certain finite number of actions performed by the subject on the basis of the goals consciously set for himself in the course of self-realization and the developed strategy for achieving them. Each act of self-actualization ends with a specific emotional reaction - a “peak experience”, positive in case of success, and negative (pain, disappointment) in case of failure.
So - updating(from lat. Actualis - active) - action, which consists in extracting learned material from long-term or short-term memory for the purpose of its subsequent use in recognition, recall, recall or direct reproduction. Simply put, updating is a translation knowledge, skills and feelings in the process of learning from a hidden, latent, state to an explicit, active one.
Self-actualization [lat. actualis - real, real] - a person's desire for the fullest possible identification and development of his personal capabilities. In some areas of modern Western psychology, S. is put forward (as opposed to behaviorism and Freudianism, which believe that biological forces drive the behavior of the individual, and its meaning lies in defusing the tension they create and adapting to the environment) to the role of the main motivational factor. Genuine S. presupposes the existence of favorable sociohistorical conditions. S. according to Maslow - the need for self-improvement, in the full realization of one's potential. Rogers believes that S. is the force that makes a person develop at different levels - from mastering motor skills to higher creative ups (M.G. Yaroshevsky) .
Characteristicself-actualizingpersonalities
Achieving self-actualization means an ideal lifestyle. According to Maslow, these people represent the "color" of the human race, its best representatives. He also believed that these people have reached the level of personal development that is potentially inherent in each of us. Of course, as in the case of any abstract image of ideal mental development, self-actualization cannot be achieved simply by following the prescriptions. On the contrary, it is a slow and painful process that is better viewed as a constant search rather than reaching a fixed point. Each person seeks to realize his inner potential in his own way. Therefore, any attempt to apply Maslow's criteria for self-actualization must be tempered by the understanding that each person must consciously choose their own path of self-improvement, striving to become who they can be in life.
Maslow concluded that self-actualizing people have the following characteristics:
1. More adequate perception of reality. Self-actualizing people are able to perceive the world around them, including other people, correctly and impartially. They see reality as it is, not as they would like to see it. They are less emotional and more objective in their perception and do not allow hopes and fears to influence their assessment. Through this perception, self-actualizing people can easily detect falsehood and dishonesty in others. Maslow found that this ability extends to many areas of life, including art, music, science, politics, and philosophy.
Expectations, anxieties, stereotypes, false optimism or pessimism also have a lesser effect on the perception of a self-actualizing person. Maslow called this undistorted perception "Being or B-cognition." Related to highly objective perception is the fact that self-actualizing people are more tolerant of inconsistency and uncertainty than most people. They are not afraid of problems that do not have unambiguous right or wrong solutions. They welcome doubt, uncertainty, and untrodden paths.
2. Acceptance of self, others and nature. Self-actualizing people can accept themselves for who they are. They are not overcritical of their shortcomings and weaknesses. They are not weighed down by excessive feelings of guilt, shame and anxiety - emotional states that are generally so inherent in people. Self-acceptance is also clearly expressed at the physiological level. Self-actualizing people accept their physiological nature with pleasure, feeling the joy of life. They have a good appetite, sleep, they enjoy their sex life without unnecessary inhibitions. Basic biological processes (eg, urination, menstruation, aging) are considered part of human nature and are favorably accepted. In a similar way, they accept other people and humanity in general. They do not have an overwhelming need to teach, inform, or control. They can bear the weaknesses of others and are not afraid of their strength. They realize that people suffer, grow old and eventually die.
3. Immediacy, simplicity and naturalness. The behavior of self-actualizing people is marked by spontaneity and simplicity, lack of artificiality or desire to produce an effect. But this does not mean that they constantly behave contrary to tradition. Their inner life (thoughts and emotions) is unconventional, natural and spontaneous. But this unconventionality is not intended to impress, they may even suppress it so as not to upset others, and observe certain formalities and rituals. Hence, they can adapt to shield themselves and other people from pain or injustice. For this reason, for example, self-actualizing people may be tolerant of teaching practices in various educational institutions that they consider stupid, boring, or stupefying. However, when the situation calls for it, they can be uncompromising even under the threat of ostracism and condemnation. In short, they don't hesitate to reject social norms when they feel it's necessary.
4. Focused on the problem. Maslow believed that all the individuals he examined, without exception, were committed to some task, duty, vocation, or favorite work that they considered important. That is, they are not ego-centered, but rather oriented towards problems that are above their immediate needs, problems that they consider to be their life mission. In this sense, they live to work rather than work to live; work is subjectively experienced by them as their defining characteristic. Maslow compares the preoccupation of self-actualizing people with work with a love story: "work and man seem to be meant for each other... man and his work fit together and belong to each other like a key and a lock."
Self-actualizing people also live and work in the area of the broadest competence, striving to dedicate themselves to a transpersonal "mission" or task. This lifestyle means that they do not pay attention to the trivial, insignificant, and this allows them to clearly separate the important from the unimportant in this world.
5. Independence: the need for privacy. Maslow writes that self-actualizing people are in great need of the inviolability of the inner life and solitude. Since they do not seek to establish dependency relationships with others, they can enjoy wealth and the fullness of friendship.
In the field of social communication, "normal" people often consider them indifferent, uncommunicative, arrogant and cold, especially when the needs of love and affection are inadequately satisfied in these people. But in self-actualizing people, these deficit needs are satisfied, and therefore they do not need other people for friendship in the usual sense of the word. As a result, there is a need for communication on a different level - communication with oneself. As one of Maslow's subjects said: "When I'm alone, I'm with my best friend." Such a remark can be interpreted as complete narcissism, but Maslow simply believes that self-actualizing people can be alone without feeling lonely.
The need for solitude and self-confidence are also manifested in other aspects of the behavior of self-actualizing people. For example, they remain calm and equanimous when they are beset by personal misfortunes and failures. Maslow explains this by saying that self-actualizing people tend to have their own view of the situation, and not rely on the opinions or feelings that other people demonstrate about this issue. Indeed, they are themselves a driving force resisting society's attempts to force them to adhere to social conventions.
6. Autonomy: independence from culture and environment. Based on the characteristics discussed above, it can be assumed that self-actualizing people are free in their actions, regardless of the physical and social environment. This autonomy allows them to rely on their own potential and internal sources of growth and development. For example, a truly self-actualizing college student does not need the "correct" academic atmosphere of a college campus. He can study everywhere because he has himself. In this sense, it is a "self-sufficient" organism.
Healthy people have a high degree of self-government and "free will". They see themselves as self-determined, active, responsible and self-disciplined masters of their own destiny. They are strong enough to ignore the opinions and influence of others, so they do not seek honors, high status, prestige and popularity. They consider such external satisfaction less significant than self-development and internal growth. Of course, the achievement of such a state of inner independence is determined by whether a person has received love and protection from others in the past.
7. Freshness of perception. Self-actualizing people have the ability to appreciate even the most ordinary events in life, while feeling novelty, awe, pleasure, and even ecstasy. For example, the hundredth rainbow is as beautiful and majestic as the first; a walk in the woods is never boring; the sight of a child playing uplifts the mood. Unlike those who take happiness for granted, self-actualizing people value good fortune, health, friends, and political freedom. They rarely complain about a boring, uninteresting life.
The key point of openness to new experiences is that self-actualizing people do not categorize experiences and drive them away from themselves. On the contrary, their subjective experience is very rich, and every day of life with its usual activities always remains an exciting and exciting event for them.
8. Summit or mystical experiences. While studying the process of self-actualization, Maslow came to an unexpected discovery: many of his subjects had what he called summit experiences. These are moments of great excitement or high tension, as well as moments of relaxation, peace, bliss and tranquility. They are ecstatic states that are experienced at the climax of love and intimacy, in impulses of creativity, insight, discovery and merging with nature. Such people can "turn on" without artificial stimulants. They are already included in the fact that they are alive.
According to Maslow, apex or mystical experiences are not of a divine or supernatural nature, although they are essentially religious. He found that in the state of peak experience, people feel more in harmony with the world, lose the sense of their "I" or go beyond it. They feel both stronger and more helpless than before and lose their sense of time and place. According to Maslow, peak experiences that really change a person occur when they are deserved: “A person came to insight after a year of difficult treatment by a psychoanalyst; or a philosopher who has been working on a problem for 15 years has finally seen a solution to it.”
9. Public interest. Even when self-actualizing people are troubled, saddened, and even angered by the shortcomings of the human race, they nevertheless share a deep sense of closeness with it. Hence, they have a sincere desire to help their "mortal" brethren improve themselves. This desire is expressed by a feeling of compassion, sympathy and love for all mankind. Often this is a special kind of brotherly love, similar to the relationship of an older brother or sister to younger brothers and sisters.
10. Deep interpersonal relationships. Self-actualizing people seek deeper and more intimate personal relationships than "ordinary" people. Most often, those with whom they are connected are healthier and closer to self-actualization than the average person. That is, self-actualizing people tend to form close relationships with those who have a similar character, talent and ability (“two boots of steam”), although due to their social interest they have a special sense of empathy for less healthy people. Usually, their circle of close friends is small, as self-actualizing friendships require a lot of time and effort. Self-actualizing people also have a special tenderness for children and easily communicate with them.
11. Democratic character. Self-actualizing personalities, according to Maslow, are the most “democratic” people. They have no prejudice, and therefore they respect other people, regardless of what class, race, religion, gender they belong to, what their age, profession, and other indicators of status. Moreover, they readily learn from others without exhibiting superiority or authoritarian tendencies. A self-actualizing musician, for example, is full of reverence for a skilled mechanic, because he has knowledge and skills that a musician does not have.
At the same time, Maslow discovered that self-actualizing people do not regard everyone without exception as equal: “These individuals, themselves an elite, also choose an elite as friends, but this is an elite of character, ability and talent, and not of birth, race, blood, name, family, age, youth, fame or power."
12. Separation of means and ends. In daily life, self-actualizing individuals are more definite, consistent and firm than ordinary people about what is right and what is wrong, good or bad. They adhere to certain moral and ethical standards, although very few of them are religious in the orthodox sense of the word. Maslow also noted in the surveyed self-actualizing personalities a heightened sense of distinguishing between goals and means to achieve them. At the same time, they often enjoyed the means proper (instrumental behavior leading to a goal) that less tolerant people did not like. They enjoyed doing things more for the sake of the process (such as exercise) rather than because it was a means to an end (such as good health).
13. Philosophical sense of humor. Another notable characteristic of self-actualizing people is their clear preference for philosophical, benevolent humor. If the average person can enjoy jokes that make fun of someone's inferiority, humiliate someone or obscene, then a healthy person is more attracted to humor that ridicules the stupidity of humanity as a whole. The humor of Abraham Lincoln is an example. His jokes were not just funny. They often had something of an allegory or a parable. Maslow noticed that philosophical humor usually causes a smile, not laughter. Because of this attitude towards humor, self-actualizing people often appear rather reserved and serious.
14. Creativity. Maslow discovered that all self-actualizing people, without exception, have the ability to be creative. However, the creative potential of his subjects showed itself differently from outstanding talents in poetry, art, music or science. Maslow spoke, rather, of the same natural and spontaneous creativity that is inherent in unspoiled children. It is creativity that is present in everyday life as a natural way of expressing an observant, perceiving new and invigoratingly simple personality.
To be creative, a self-actualizing person does not have to write books, compose music, or create paintings. Speaking of his mother-in-law, whom he considered self-actualizing, Maslow emphasized this very fact. He said that although his mother-in-law did not have the talents of a writer or actor, she was extremely creative in cooking soup. Maslow noticed that there is always more creativity in first-class soup than in second-rate poetry.
15. Resistance to cultivation. And finally, self-actualizing people are in harmony with their culture, while maintaining a certain internal independence from it. They have autonomy and self-confidence, and therefore their thinking and behavior is not subject to social and cultural influence.
This resistance to culturalization does not mean that self-actualizing people are unconventional or anti-social in all areas of human behavior. For example, as far as dress, speech, food, and manners are concerned, if they do not explicitly object, they are no different from others. Likewise, they don't waste energy fighting existing customs and regulations. However, they can be extremely independent and unconventional if some of their core values are affected. Therefore, those who do not take the trouble to understand and appreciate them sometimes consider self-actualizing people to be rebellious and eccentric. Self-actualizing people also don't demand immediate improvement from their environment. Knowing the imperfections of society, they accept the fact that social change may be slow and gradual, but easier to achieve by working within that system.
The foregoing may lead to the conclusion that self-actualizing people are a select group approaching perfection in the art of living and standing at a height unattainable for the rest of humanity. Maslow unequivocally refuted such conclusions. Being imperfect in their human nature, self-actualizing people are also subject to stupid, unconstructive and useless habits, just like we mortals. They can be stubborn, irritable, boring, quarrelsome, selfish, or depressed, and under no circumstances are they immune to unwarranted vanity, excessive pride, and predilection for their friends, family, and children. Temperamental outbursts are not so unusual for them. Maslow also found that his subjects were able to display a certain "surgical coldness" in interpersonal conflicts. For example, one woman, realizing that she no longer loved her husband, divorced him with determination bordering on ruthlessness. Others recovered from the deaths of those close to them so easily that they seemed heartless.
Self-actualizing people are not free from guilt, anxiety, sadness, and self-doubt. Due to excessive concentration, they often cannot stand empty gossip and light conversation. In fact, they may speak or act in ways that overwhelm, shock, or offend others. Finally, their kindness to others can make them vulnerable to associations that are useless to them (say, they are in danger of getting bogged down in association with annoying or unhappy people). Despite all these imperfections, self-actualizing people are great examples of mental health.
1.2. Ideas about self-actualization in psychological and pedagogical theories (the concept of self-actualization by A. Maslow and K. Rogers)
In the psychological literature, self-actualization is defined as - the desire of a person to reveal, develop and realize his capabilities as much as possible, the desire of the individual to be as he can be.
For the first time, the problem of the individual's need for self-actualization was studied by K. Goldstein. Based on a new idea of the dynamics of a living system, described in the work “Organism. Holistic approach” (1939), the organism as a living system strives to actualize those possibilities that are inherent in it by nature. K. Goldstein called the process of deploying these capabilities “self-actualization” and emphasized that self-actualization in a person is the main motive and goal of her life.
One of the most famous positions in relation to this problem is occupied by the concepts of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Consider the main theses of their theories.
In the humanistic psychology of A. Maslow, the main conceptual definitions are the needs and motives of the individual.
The need is a state of need in objective conditions, objects, objects, without which the development and existence of living organisms, their vital activity is impossible. The need is considered as a special mental state of the individual, felt or realized by him "tension", "dissatisfaction", "discomfort", as a reflection in the human psyche of the discrepancy between the internal and external conditions of activity. Needs are the sources of human activity.
The starting point of their formation is the social conditionality of a person's position in the environment. The most elementary human needs are drives, which are closest to instincts. According to the source of formation, origin, all needs are divided into biological and social - the needs of the physical and social existence of people.
In the course of the development of human society, not only the range of biological needs expands and qualitatively changes, but specifically human - social needs constantly arise. The essential features of human needs are the objectivity of origin, their historical nature, dependence on practical activity, and social conditioning. Human needs are diverse: the preservation of the species and the need for activity; the need for the meaning of life and the need for freedom, work, knowledge, communication.
For classification, various criteria are used: in the sphere of life and implementation - material and spiritual; by origin - biogenic, sociogenic; if possible, satisfaction - ideal, real, unreal; by life cycles - daily, weekly, etc.
A. Maslow developed a hierarchy of needs. It consists of the following steps (fig. see Appendix A):
Stage 1 – physiological needs- These are the lower needs controlled by the organs of the body, such as breathing, food, sexual, protection needs.
Stage 2 – need for reliability- striving for material security, health, provision for old age, etc.
Step 3 – social needs. The satisfaction of this need is biased and difficult to write. One person is satisfied with very few contacts with other people, in another person this need for communication is expressed very strongly.
Step 4 – need for respect, awareness of one's own dignity - here we are talking about respect, prestige, social success.
Step 5 – need for personal development, in the realization of oneself, in self-realization, self-actualization, in understanding one's purpose in the world.
Maslow identified the following principles of human motivation.
Dominant needs below must be more or less satisfied before a person can become aware of and be motivated by needs above. Therefore, the needs of one type must be fully satisfied before another, located above, the need manifests itself and becomes effective.
Satisfying the needs located at the bottom of the hierarchy makes it possible to recognize the needs located higher in the hierarchy and their participation in motivation. Thus, physiological needs must be sufficiently satisfied before safety needs arise; physiological needs and the needs of security and protection must be satisfied to some extent before they arise and require the satisfaction of the need for belonging and love.
According to Maslow, this sequential arrangement of basic needs in a hierarchy is the main principle underlying the organization of human motivation. He proceeded from the fact that the hierarchy of needs applies to all people and that the higher a person can rise in this hierarchy, the more individuality, human qualities and mental health he will demonstrate.
Maslow allowed that there might be exceptions to this hierarchical arrangement of motives. He recognized that some creative people can develop and express their talent, despite serious difficulties and social problems. There are also people whose values and ideals are so strong that they would rather endure hunger and thirst, or even die, than give them up.
Satisfying the highest needs for self-respect and self-realization usually brings happiness, joy, enriches the inner world and results not only in the fulfillment of desires, but, more importantly, in the development of the personality and its personal growth. People who have reached the level of self-actualization, who have fully realized their abilities and capabilities, appear as a mature personality and are distinguished by the following features: orientation towards objective reality and freedom from illusions, humor, spontaneity, tolerance, democratic principles and relationships, identification with all of humanity, nonconformity and intuitive , a clear distinction between good and evil, creativity.
Motive, in Maslow's theory, is an impulse. This concept denotes such psychological phenomena as intention, desire, aspiration, design, hunting, thirst, fear, etc., i.e. which reflects the presence in the human psyche of readiness, directing to a specific goal.
Motivation is closely related to human needs, as it appears when a need arises, a lack of something, it is the initial stage of mental and physical activity. Motivation is an incitement to activity by a certain motive, the process of choosing the grounds for a certain direction of action and mental regulation, which affects the amount of energy mobilized to perform this activity. Motivation explains the choice between different options for action, different, but equally attractive goals. In addition, it is motivation that helps to understand the perseverance and perseverance with which a person carries out the chosen actions, overcomes obstacles on the way to the chosen goal, to self-realization. The strength and activity of motivation are expressed in the degree of its influence on the direction of activity and its success.
There are certain sociocultural differences in achievement motivation. High national achievement motivation is manifested in disproportionately rapid economic development. It has been shown to have at least three components at its core: striving for excellence (focusing one's hard work on one's own internal quality standard), for rivalry (the striving for competition and leadership), for work (the enjoyment of hard work well done). ). In the socio-psychological aspect, the achievement motive can be considered as the motive of social success. According to recent studies, it has the following structure: the desire for fame, prestige, recognition; desire for competition; striving for achievement in meaningful activities.
Another important thesis characterizing self-actualization was proposed by K. Rogers. It describes the idea that people are able to determine their own destiny.
Creating his concept of personality theory, Rogers proceeded from the fact that every person has the desire and has the ability for personal improvement. Being a being endowed with consciousness, he determines for himself the meaning of life, its goals and values. The central concept for Rogers's theory was the concept of "I", which includes representations, ideas, goals and values through which a person characterizes himself and outlines the prospects for his own development. The main questions that each person poses and must solve are the following: who am I? What can I do to become who I want to be?
The image of the “I” that develops as a result of personal life experience, in turn, has an impact on the perception of the world by this person, other people, on the assessments that a person gives to his own behavior.
Rogers hypothesized that all behavior is inspired and regulated by some unifying motive, which he called the actualization trend.
Rogers tied the natural development of people to the "constructive realization" of their innate abilities. He argued that all of humanity has a natural tendency to move towards independence, social responsibility, creativity. People are free to decide how their life should be in the context of innate abilities and limitations. The belief that self-determination and self-realization is an essential part of human nature leads in turn to the conclusion that people are ultimately responsible for who they are.
Thus, the most important motive of human life is to actualize, that is, to preserve and develop oneself, to bring out the best qualities of one's personality inherent in it by nature. This fundamental tendency is the only motivational construct. A person's desire for achievements is a way to improve internal potential.
The psychologist also says that people are basically kind and have a desire for excellence. In particular, they are expected to move naturally and inevitably towards greater differentiation, autonomy, and maturity. The concept of growth, focused on the process of realizing the inner possibilities and personal potential of a person, clearly reflects a positive and optimistic view of humanity.
And, finally, Rogers identified certain forms of development that contribute to a person's tendency to improve innate potential.
The actualization trend is not just aimed at reducing tension (preserving life processes and seeking comfort and peace). It also implies an increase in tension. Instead of seeing stress reduction as the end goal of all behavior, Rogers believed that behavior is motivated by a person's need to develop and improve. A person is controlled by the process of growth, in which his personal potential is brought to realization.
Rogers did not consider it necessary to give specific examples of the manifestation of the actualization trend, but it can be characterized in terms of the desire to achieve or complete something that will make a person's life more varied and satisfying (for example, the desire to get a good grade, get a promotion, be independent, etc. .d.). Numerous examples illustrate the operation of Rogers' principle of actualization. For example, a small child who is learning to walk is striking in his perseverance - he is updated. Likewise, a tennis player strives to improve his right-to-left shot, a college professor his papers, a teenager his identity.
The most necessary aspect of the trend of actualization, from the point of view of personality, is the human desire for self-actualization. In the context of Rogers' theory, the tendency of self-actualization is the process of a person's realization of his potential throughout his life in order to become a fully functioning personality. Trying to achieve this, a person lives a life filled with meaning, search and excitement. In addition, a self-actualizing person lives existentially, naturally enjoying every moment of life and fully participating in it.
It should be noted that self-actualization as such is not the final state of perfection. Rogers believed that no person becomes so self-actualized as to throw off all motives.
Although Rogers and Maslow shared the view that humans have virtually unlimited potential for self-improvement, their theories contain three key differences. First of all, Rogers believed that personality and behavior are largely a function of a person's unique perception of the environment, while Maslow, on the other hand, was of the opinion that human behavior and experience are governed by a hierarchy of needs. Unlike Rogers, Maslow did not emphasize the phenomenology of man. Secondly, Rogers' theory was mainly formulated through his work with people who have psychological problems. Rogers focused on the therapeutic conditions that contributed to the self-actualization of the person and the transfer of what he learned from therapy into a general theory of personality. Maslow, on the contrary, insisted that psychology shift its attention to healthy people. And, finally, Rogers identified certain forms of development that contribute to a person's tendency to improve innate potential, and in Maslow's theory, the developmental processes that regulate a person's movement towards complete self-actualization were actually ignored.
As we can see, the concept of self-actualization includes the desire for self-realization of one's capabilities, goals and desires. Therefore, in order to fully consider the described process, it is necessary to refer to the characteristics of the above mentioned concept.
Conclusions on the first chapter:
Most people seek and need inner perfection. To self-actualize is to become the person we can become, to reach the peak of our potential; achieve the full use of their talents, abilities and potential of the individual.
Abraham Maslow described self-actualization as the desire of a person to become what he can become. A person who has reached this level of development achieves the full use of his talents, abilities and potential of the individual. Self-actualization means becoming the person we can become, reaching the peak of our potential. In Maslow's words, "Musicians must play music, artists must paint, poets must write poetry if they are to be at peace with themselves after all. People should be who they can be. They must be true to their nature."
Self-actualization does not necessarily have to take the form of creative effort, expressed in the creation of a work of art. A parent, an athlete, a student, a teacher or a worker at the machine - all can actualize their potential by doing the best in what they do; specific forms of self-actualization are very diverse. It is at this highest level of the hierarchy of needs that people differ most from one another.
Self-actualizing people are the "color" of the human race, its best representatives. These people have reached the level of personal development that is potentially inherent in each of us.
Chapter 2. The problem of self-actualization in psychology and pedagogy
2.1. Psychological and pedagogical conditions of self-actualization
According to A. Maslow, the desire for self-actualization is more characteristic of people who have already satisfied simpler motives in Maslow's pyramid of needs. In women, after the birth of a child, the desire for self-actualization usually decreases, they are simply satisfied with a simpler and more stable job.
Belonging to a group and a sense of self-respect are necessary conditions for self-actualization, since a person can understand himself only by receiving information about himself from other people. Conversely, pathogenic mechanisms that interfere with personality development are as follows:
Passive position in relation to reality;
Repression and other ways of protecting the "I", namely, projection, substitution, distortion of the true state of things for the sake of inner balance and tranquility.
As L. Stolyarenko notes, analyzing the concept of V. Frankl, psychological and social factors can contribute to the degradation of the personality. The stages of personality degradation consist of:
1) Formation of the psychology of a "pawn", a global feeling of one's dependence on other forces (the phenomenon of "learned helplessness");
2) Creation of a deficit of goods, when primary needs for food and survival become leading;
3) Creation of "purity" of the social environment - the division of people into "good" and "bad", "us" and "them", creating guilt and shame for oneself;
4) Creation of the cult of "self-criticism", recognition even in the commission of those unapproved acts that a person has never committed;
5) Preservation of the "sacred foundations" (it is forbidden even to think, to doubt the fundamental premises of the ideology);
6) Formation of a specialized language (complex problems are compressed into short, very simple, easy-to-remember expressions). As a result of all these factors, “unreal existence” becomes habitual for a person, since a person moves from a complex, contradictory, indefinite real world into an “unreal world of clarity, simplicity”. A person develops several "I", functionally isolated from each other. An “existential vacuum” is formed when a person has lost “animal instincts”, social norms, traditions that determine what a person should do, and as a result, he himself does not know what he wants (or maybe he doesn’t want anything), and then he does what others want, acting as a “pawn” in the wrong hands (“Sunday neurosis”). Such a person, according to V. Frankl, needs "logotherapy - the struggle for the meaning of life."
The main thing in life depends on the person himself. Despite all sorts of difficulties, a person is able to make his life more successful, creative and happy. To reveal these abilities, it is necessary to determine the main guidelines, to choose your concept of life. In the general case, as P. Ivanitskaya notes, we are dealing with a specific psychological category of “life strategy”, which is defined as “a person’s holistic view of the main ways and methods to achieve his strategic goal in life” .
Of course, the natural course of life always makes its own adjustments. But, despite this, the process of life-creation provides for: understanding by a person of his destination; development of a life concept and life credo; a conscious choice of life goals and their registration in a life program as a system of long-term goals and means of achieving them in a certain time perspective.
“The main life goal,” G. Vashchenko wrote, “that a person sets for himself, is the driving force in his activity, the core around which strength and abilities are concentrated. Therefore, we can assume that it, as an expression of the will of a person, forms him mentally and physically.
There are different concepts of life and ways to implement them - consumer, and another - life-affirming. They can enter into a person's rationale for the activity of his "I". How to determine the most important thing in a person's life that requires understanding and explanation? You can answer like this: love, work, knowledge. You can change the sequence of these words, but they will still remain, in fact, the same: higher feelings, organized activity, cognitive activity, "I" - activity. What has value is that which evolves. Evolution is the path to perfection, which is also called moral consciousness and the formation of ideals.
Man can and must become the creator of his own psychic reality. It is known from philosophy that the criterion of truth is practice. Everyone has many practices, their success is health, a full-fledged joyful life that moves, as A. Maslow wrote, the need for the development of life, and not the desire to satisfy basic needs. And one cannot but agree with the author that “the complete absence of disappointments, pain, failures also poses a danger. To become strong, a person must develop in himself the ability to experience disappointments, the ability to perceive physical reality as something absolutely indifferent to human desires, the ability to love other people and get the same pleasure from satisfying their needs as from satisfying their own desires.
Throughout his life, a person must make a choice. The choice is determined by the inner world of a person, thoughts, value system. A person is often powerless before external circumstances, but he must be the master of his inner world, his microcosm. Laziness, inactivity, immobility are killers of psychic energy. Life is movement, energy is movement: when action and work stop, life dies. The law of life is a limitless improvement that takes place in labor and movement. Spiritual laziness is more dangerous than physical laziness.
Eight basic conditions of self-actualization:
1. Self-actualization means a full, lively and disinterested experience of life with full concentration and immersion in it, that is, an experience without adolescent shyness. Young people often suffer from a lack of selflessness and an excess of shyness and conceit.
2. It is necessary to imagine life as a process of constant choice. At every moment there is a choice: advance or retreat. Either moving towards even more protection, security, fear, or the choice of advancement and growth. Self-actualization is a continuous process, it means many separate choices: to lie or be honest, to steal or not to steal. Self-actualization means constantly choosing from these opportunities for growth.
3. The very word "self-actualization" implies the presence of "I", which can be actualized. Man is always already something, at least some core structure. There is one's own "I", and it is necessary to provide an opportunity for this "I" to manifest itself. Most of us (especially children and young people) do not listen to ourselves, but to the voice of mom, dad, superiors, traditions, etc.
4. When in doubt, try to be honest, do not defend yourself with the phrase: "I doubt." Often when we doubt, we are wrong. To turn to oneself, demanding an exact answer, is to take responsibility. This in itself is already a huge step towards self-actualization. Whenever a person takes responsibility, he is self-actualizing.
5. Experiencing without criticism, choosing growth over fear, being honest and taking responsibility. These are steps towards self-actualization, and they all provide better life choices. The person who does these little things in every situation of choice will find that they help him choose better what is right for him. But a person will not be able to make a good life choice until he begins to listen to himself, to his own "I" at every moment of his life, in order to calmly say: "No, I don't like it." In order to express an honest opinion, a person must be a nonconformist.
6. Self-actualization is not only the final state, but also the process of actualizing one's capabilities. This, for example, is the development of mental abilities through intellectual pursuits. Here, self-actualization means the realization of one's potential abilities. Self-actualization is not necessarily doing something out of the ordinary, it can be, for example, going through a difficult period of preparation for the realization of one's abilities. Self-actualization is labor for the sake of doing well what a person wants to do.
7. Higher experiences are moments of self-actualization. These are moments of ecstasy that cannot be guaranteed. But it is possible to create conditions for the more probable appearance of such experiences. You can, however, and vice versa, put yourself in such conditions under which their appearance will be extremely unlikely. Letting go of illusions, getting rid of false ideas about yourself, understanding what you are not good for, is also part of discovering yourself, what you really are.
8. Finding yourself, discovering who you are, what is good and bad for you, what is the purpose of your life - all this requires exposing your own psychopathology. To do this, you need to identify your defenses and then find the courage to overcome them. This is painful, as the defenses are directed against something unpleasant. But giving up protection is worth it. Repression is not the best way to solve your problems.
One of the main conditions for self-actualization is the motto of many creative people. Undertook some work - lead it competently, sensibly! If you don't know how to do it - learn, look for ways, means, resources - but the work must be done with high quality. That is, self-actualization is a combination of impeccable work and higher values.
In other words, self-actualization is not a process and not a result - it is a habit of living qualitatively, without hack work, as you really can.
2.2. Problems and factors of successful self-actualization
Any activity, be it art, psychology, a religious and philosophical system, involves the development of a person who practices them. At first glance, the directions of growth and development in each direction are different, but there are several points common to all systems. The first characteristic sign is that in any development a conscious effort of will is required to continue personal growth. A musician does not always want to play scales, a psychologist does not always want to take a seminar, and so on. But in the end, both the one and the other and the third one make some kind of effort on themselves and do the same routine work, which is the foundation of their system. The second constant sign is that this effort of will should be, if not permanent, then at least systematic. It is worth giving up training for at least a month, and you turn from a good musician / psychologist, etc. into mediocrity. And, finally, the third constant sign is that serious studies of any developmental system require a fairly large amount of time, as a rule, the majority of practitioners are absent.
Secondly, any developmental activity automatically separates the practitioner from his immediate environment, which does not share his hobby. Parents do not always share the child's passion for martial arts if it comes at the expense of learning. The wife may not support a psychologist who is trying to transfer the stereotypes of effective communication into family squabbles, etc. In any case, a person who is seriously interested in something can be fully understood only among like-minded people, and they, as a rule, under normal conditions, constitute a minority compared to the immediate and main environment. And finally, thirdly, the totality of all of the above sooner or later puts the practice in a hopeless situation. With continued training or practice, when the thoughts, time and attention of the practitioner become more and more occupied by a favorite thing, he becomes so different from his environment and traditional way of life that this leads to an almost never-ending problem of choice - or to give up everything and everyone for the sake of what he loves. , or to live like "everyone", giving up doing what was the meaning of this life.
Problems of self-actualization. Maslow suggested that most, if not all, people need and seek inner improvement. His own research led to the conclusion that the urge to realize our potentials is natural and necessary. And yet only a few - usually gifted people - achieve it (less than 1% of the total population, according to Maslow). Part of the reason things are so unfortunate is that many people simply don't see their potential; they do not know about its existence, and do not understand the benefits of self-cultivation. Perhaps they tend to doubt and even be afraid of their abilities, thereby reducing the chances for self-actualization. Maslow called this phenomenon the Jonah complex. It is characterized by a fear of success that prevents a person from striving for greatness and self-improvement.
In addition, the social and cultural environment often suppresses the tendency to actualize certain norms in relation to some part of the population. An example of this is the cultural stereotype of masculinity. Human qualities such as empathy, kindness, gentleness, and tenderness often get in the way of men because there is a cultural tendency to view these characteristics as "unmasculine." Or consider the overwhelming influence of the traditional female role on the psychosocial development of women. Based on this, the actualization of higher potentials in the general mass is possible only under “good conditions”. Or, more precisely, people need an "enabling" society in which to develop their human potential to the fullest. From this point of view, no society in human history has provided an optimal opportunity for self-actualization of all its members, although, it must be admitted, some are still much better than others in terms of providing conditions for self-improvement of the individual.
The last obstacle to self-actualization mentioned by Maslow is the strong negative influence exerted by security needs. The process of growth requires a constant willingness to take risks, to make mistakes, to give up old habits. It takes courage. Therefore, anything that increases a person's fear and anxiety also increases the tendency to return to seeking safety and protection. It is also obvious that most people have a strong tendency to retain specific habits, that is, to adhere to the old style of behavior. The fulfillment of our need for self-actualization requires openness to new ideas and experiences. If a large number of people achieved self-actualization, then the needs of humanity as a whole could change, and there would be more opportunities to meet the needs of lower levels. Obviously, such a task will require a significant reorganization of many of our social institutions and political structures.
Conclusions on the second chapter:
It should be noted that, in accordance with the theory of A. Maslow, self-actualization is a rather rare phenomenon, because most people are not aware of their potential. Some even tend to be afraid of their capabilities (“Jonah complex,” according to Maslow), thereby reducing the chances for actualization.
The most serious obstacle to self-actualization is the strong negative influence exerted by security needs. The process of growth requires a constant readiness to take risks, make mistakes, part with habitual life stereotypes. At the same time, anything that increases fear and anxiety also increases the tendency to seek security and protection. It is also obvious that many people have a strong tendency to maintain specific life stereotypes and adhere to the usual style of behavior.
Maslow defined self-actualization as the realization of a person's potential, openness to new experience, and considered this trend as a sign of a person's high mental health.
The self-actualizing personality tends to be more independent in its orientation to both internal guidance and guidance from others.
The tendency to self-actualization can be manifested both spontaneously, as a result of the gradual formation of the personality, and as a result of a positive resolution of a crisis state. An intermediate option is the manifestation of a tendency to self-actualization as a result of intensive psychotherapy.
CONCLUSION
Self-actualization is the desire of a person to realize his potential in the area in which he sees his calling. Motivation, aspiration, intentions, interests, goals and objectives that a person sets for himself are associated with the concept of needs motivation.
The significant interest of scientists in the problem of motivation is evidenced by the huge array of developments and various, often opposing concepts that are known today.
The most significant contribution to the knowledge of a person as a unique, holistic object of study was made by humanistic psychology (J. Dewey, A. Maslow, G. Allport, K. Rogers, S. Frenet), which studies healthy, harmonious personalities who have reached the peak of personal development, the peak "self-actualization".
Proponents of the humanistic approach in psychology understand self-actualization as a multidimensional personal category, which consists of different personal and professional orientations and is the main motive and purpose of life.
The main characteristic features of a self-actualizing personality are: complete acceptance of reality; acceptance of others and oneself; professional passion; constant novelty, freshness of assessments; self-development, manifestation of abilities, self-actualizing creativity in work, love, life; willingness to solve new problems, to realize their experience and truly understand their capabilities.
The conditions of self-actualization are the conscious determination and development by the personality of its guidelines and its main life goal; knowledge of the main ways and methods of achieving one's strategic goal and, finally, understanding one's purpose.
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Annex A
NEEDS FOR SELF-ACTUALIZATION:
implementation
their goals,
abilities,
development
own
personalities
SELF-RESPECT NEEDS:
competence, achievement,
NEEDS FOR BELONGING AND LOVE:
to belong to a community
with people, to be recognized and accepted by them
SECURITY NEEDS:
feel secure, get rid of fear
and failures, from aggressiveness
PHYSIOLOGICAL (ORGANIC)
NEEDS:
hunger, thirst, sexual desire and others
Figure 1 - Schematic representation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
In psychology, the term "Self-actualization" means the full discovery and disclosure by a person of his own, the realization of his skills and talents in all spheres of life, the use of all existing inclinations, inclinations.
Thus, we can say that this mechanism manifests itself in the form of a desire for any identification and external expression by the individual of his capabilities. It should be noted that the possibility of self-actualization largely depends on the conditions of the external environment, social conditions and other factors, but at the same time, it can in no way be imposed or transformed from outside.
It is also noteworthy that this aspiration does not have any external goal in front of it and is determined by the purely internal positive nature of man. Self-actualization often lies at the heart of humanistic areas of psychology, being seen as a complex of individual freedom, the desire for the development of the individual, the realization of all the potentials and desires of a person.
Personal self-actualization
It should be noted that such specialists as K. Rogers and A. Maslow were more interested in the problem of self-actualization. Thus, the very essence of this concept comes from the classical directions of humanistic psychology. Moreover, the formation of the term is directly related to the formation of humanistic psychotherapy in the middle of the 0th century, when it took one of the leading places on a par with psychoanalysis, which was already popular at that time.
Taking the sami as a basis, the current is seen as a direction based on the belief that each individual has the ability for absolute disclosure, if he is given the freedom and necessary conditions for this. In doing so, the subject will be able to fully determine and direct his own destiny.
Some experts, in particular A. Maslow himself, believed that it is precisely such mechanisms as self-realization and self-actualization of a person that are absolutely leading human needs, capable of replacing even food and sleep.
Also, experts identified a number of qualities, some common features of the character traits of individuals who are very successful in self-actualization or have already reached great heights in it:
Such people often do what they love throughout their lives.
They are not subject to outside influence and are in complete control of their lives.
The individual strives for continuous improvement and development. Likes to get new information through reading.
Usually these are expressed creative personalities. They also tend to have a positive mindset.
Emotionally open. Much faster and easier to forgive themselves for any breakdowns or sensitive incontinence.
To summarize, we can say with confidence that such an approach is the "golden key" to a happy life, because such people are in complete harmony with themselves.
Maslow's self-actualization
A. Maslow became known as the founder of the current of humanistic psychology. Unlike his contemporaries, colleagues and specialists, he strove to study the psychological norm. That is, he paid much more attention to healthy individuals, creatively developed, and also, later, to those who reached certain heights within the framework of self-actualization.
Maslow's self-actualization, or rather his theory of this psychological process, is based on the inner experience of the individual. From the point of view of a specialist, this was an absolute experience, liberated, lively and pure, that is, not burdened with "teenage shyness."
Maslow also offered his list of characteristic features that he singled out as leading for a person striving for self-actualization:
Such a person has a more accurate and effective perception of the surrounding reality and is able to contact it more adequately.
Absolute acceptance of yourself and your personality, environment, other people.
Such people are somewhat spontaneous, they are open, they never cheat, while they always clearly know their goal and move towards it.
They are autonomous. They are independent of the surrounding society and any cultural conventions. At the same time, they often need a certain solitude, isolation.
They are capable of deeper and stronger interpersonal relationships. They are also able to separate the end from the means and to separate the concepts of “good” and “evil”.
Quite often they feel a sense of union with those around them, rarely are impartial.
As a rule, these are creative people.
Maslow's main assumption regarding self-actualization was that in order to achieve the set goals and avoid disappointment in human nature, the individual must first of all give up the illusions imposed on him about it. That is, such people initially perceive themselves and others as they really are.
The need for self-actualization
In humanistic psychology, the need for self-actualization is considered as the main internal manifestation of the individual to the desire for development.
For example, K. Rogers in his concept assumed that self-actualization is based on a quality or even a whole phenomenon inherent in any living being, which literally pushes it to move forward. That is, this theory is based on the assumption of the existence of a certain innate quality, which, according to K. Rogers, always exists and is only waiting for certain positive conditions in order to manifest itself.
At the same time, if we consider the theory of A. Maslow, the main motivating force for the development of a person can be a strong feeling of experiencing an individual, aimed at his inner self-consciousness and personal experience. Also, this nature suggests that self-actualization is also reflected in the mechanisms of hedonism, that is, enjoyment of the highest blessings, finding its reflection in the feeling of absolute satisfaction with life, inner harmony, enlightenment.
Development of self-actualization
Today, in the modern world, the development of self-actualization is not only a topical issue, but also very problematic. The rapid pace of life, the development of technology, the constant new conditions that our age dictates - all this sets before each person the task of adapting to these conditions.
Very often, self-actualization is perceived as a psychological neoplasm, a kind of complex. Which is very strongly associated with the achievement of maximum peaks, opportunities and skills in all areas of life relevant to the individual.
Success in this direction sets the further pace of development of the subject. The process of actualization of oneself ensures the preservation of the integrity of the inner world, its balance. At the same time, the harmony of the psychological organization of the personality largely determines the individual's motivation for further actions and development of oneself as a unique personality.
Self-actualization has always remained and remains a pressing issue for any person - it has a great positive impact on positive experience and foundation in the external world and manifestations of a person, which steadily leads to his internal positive experience and self-esteem growth.
The concept of self-actualization has firmly entered our daily life. More and more people are seriously thinking about how to fully realize their potential. Modern psychological science has proved that the real ones are inexhaustible and limitless.
In other words, we often do not suspect what kind of inner power is hidden behind our physical shell, what a significant spiritual principle requires self-expression. Some call this beginning the soul, others speak of the need for self-actualization. One way or another, but the expression of one's true essence is necessary for each person in order to remain in harmony with himself and the world around him.
Theory of self-actualization
The first to introduce this concept was K. Goldstein. The scientist formulated the term "self-actualization". This is a special mood of consciousness, when the needs for creative realization, the disclosure of one's abilities, the release of opportunities come to the fore. A person who has felt the need for self-actualization will do everything to achieve his goal, including overcoming obstacles that arise, not being afraid of disappointment, leaving behind doubts and anxieties.
Abraham Maslow
Students of psychological faculties from the first year are familiar with the famous Abraham Maslow. Among other significant values of the individual, self-actualization is a separate step for him. Maslow talked about fulfilling your destiny. What does it mean? This means having the opportunity to open up to oneself and in public life to the maximum, to prove oneself in some business that is of significant interest to the individual.
Abraham Maslow emphasizes that the self-actualization of a person depends only on himself, and it cannot be shifted to the responsibility of another. Each of us has his own mission, his own work, talent that we must realize in this world. That is why we come into this world. Such a significant matter reveals in a person his true essence and the individual essence of the term "self-actualization". Maslow talks about this.
Self-actualization during adolescence
Adolescence is quite difficult in its essence, one cannot but agree with this. It is at this time that the values and foundations of ideas about the world are laid in a new way, from the position of understanding oneself and others, a worldview is formed, and self-actualization develops. That is why many young people at fifteen or seventeen show excessive perseverance, intolerance, even aggressiveness. It is often said about young people of this period that they mean that their need for self-expression is closely connected with their self-image and how this world works. For example, if a young man has the talent of an artist, then he will begin to realize it at this age exactly as much as he believes in his own luck. If his peers do not understand him, they laugh at his occupation, drawings, then there is a high probability that he does not have the courage for successful self-realization in this period of development. At the age of fifteen or seventeen, the influence of peers on self-perception is still great, and their opinion can be decisive.
Self-actualization in young people
We are talking about adults who have not only reached the age of majority, but also received a profession or study at universities. This period of development is characterized by the desire for independence, the assertion of one's ideals, the implementation of bold ideas and preferences.
The need for self-actualization is very high. For example, if at this time a young man begins his career, he wants to achieve some success, climb higher up the career ladder. This time is most favorable for self-realization, since healthy ambitions will spur decisive action and lead to new achievements. In youth, self-actualization is not just a need, but a significant component
Self-actualization in a mature person
Sometimes it happens that a completely adult, accomplished person may feel a little out of place - out of place in the activity he is engaged in, experience difficulties in his personal life when building relationships. Self-actualization of a person at this age largely depends on how much the person herself allows herself to do what she likes. Most often, reaching maturity, many people "calm down" and often stop there. If this is a high position, then they do not strive to learn new things, they cease to engage in self-education. If a person has not reached true self-realization before this time, then it becomes painful for him to think about it, and, most likely, he will prefer to close this topic for himself, choosing to dive into a habit, because it is safer and more comfortable that way. So such a person is bored at work, not learning new things, not acquiring additional skills.
At the same time, it is this period of development that can be an excellent launching pad and lead a person to certain achievements if a person wants to change his life and makes significant efforts to do so. Self-actualization of the personality here is the last "warning bell", a signal leading to change.
Happy to be who you are
Perhaps someone will say that they cannot afford to fully fulfill themselves in life. In this case, for such people, self-actualization is an unattainable peak, which they do not have the courage to climb. It takes a certain amount of courage to constantly move in the direction you want. After all, in case of failure, you will definitely have to answer to yourself. And others around may also “show a finger”: they say, he didn’t succeed, look, you have a complete loser in front of you. It is of little consolation to laugh at a person who has failed, usually those who have never made any attempt at self-realization. A person who himself has gone through similar difficulties will at least seek to help with advice, and at best support, help.
Despite all the difficulties that any person who sets out on a "free swimming" inevitably faces, the movement towards self-actualization is worth it. You will be ultimately rewarded for all the hardships and hardships you have endured so far. For there is no greater happiness in the world than to know that you are fulfilling your destiny and living not in vain.
The feeling of victory and the joy of the winner
Only those who achieve a high level in their work experience a tremendous sense of satisfaction and peace. Such a person knows exactly why he lives, and his own existence will never seem meaningless to him, as long as there is an inner core on which everything rests. The need for self-actualization is inherent in every personality. But not every person is able to achieve a state that makes possible everything that he dreams of.
full bowl
When you reach a certain peak in business or any other business that requires the expenditure of internal resources, you not only feel like a winner, but become more confident in yourself, you can make bold plans, dreams for the next achievements.
It feels like you are holding the whole world in your hands, which understands and accepts you. Personal victories allow a person to feel significant, necessary, necessary.
Creative self-realization
One can only imagine how great a spiritual uplift people of creative professions experience when creating their works: writers, poets, musicians, artists. For them, self-actualization is the meaning of life, the air they breathe. Take away this opportunity from them - they will go crazy. In fact, self-actualization is always associated with creativity, no matter what a person does, because he has to model a new reality, independently choose for himself guidelines, values, tools that will guide him in the future.
Thus, the concept of self-actualization necessarily includes the desire for self-realization and the need of the individual for self-expression. It is certainly easier for ambitious and talented people to determine the field of activity for themselves. But even if you are far from Shakespeare, you should not forget about your individuality, that it can be manifested if you wish.
Bekoeva Tatyana Alexandrovna, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Psychology, North Ossetian State University. K.L. Khetagurov, Vladikavkaz [email protected]
Gorodetskaya Elzhbeta Sergeevna, 2nd year undergraduate student of the Faculty of Psychology and Sociology, North Ossetian State University. K.L. Khetagurov, Vladikavkaz [email protected]
Creativity as a necessary condition for self-actualization of personality
Annotation. The article discusses the self-actualization of the personality of a teenager, which is a means of his creative self-expression. Creativity is defined as an activity that generates something qualitatively new and is distinguished by originality, originality and socially unique uniqueness. The article also presents the results of an experimental study, which took place on the basis of the Vladikavkaz branch of the FGOBU HPE "Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation" and the Republican Center for Social Rehabilitation of Minors.
Key words: creative self-expression, self-actualization, creativity, personality orientation, creativity.
Self-actualization and the creative process overlap in many ways. A creative person and a self-actualizing person, according to A. Maslow, are identical. Maslow studied the nature of emotional health as a product of creative self-expression. Speaking about the social significance of art, L.S. Vygotsky emphasized his educational action: “Art is the organization of our behavior, setting forward, a requirement that may never be fulfilled, but which makes us strive over our life for what lies behind it.” Speaking of creativity, Vygotsky emphasized that “the highest expressions of creativity are available to a few selected geniuses of mankind, but in everyday life around us, creativity is a necessary condition for existence, and everything that goes beyond the limits of routine, in which there is at least a note of the new, owes its creation to the creative process of man.” “Creativity is power , transforming, promoting positive self-esteem and providing self-promotion of the individual in his development. The main source of creativity manifests itself in the same way as the tendency of a person to actualize himself, to become the one who is inherent in his potential.
A.V. Petrovsky points out that "the embodiment in the personality of the innate characteristics of the individual is due to the place that she chooses for herself in the system of social ties, her activity." At the heart of a person's motives for activity, in activity lies the desire for self-actualization of the personality - a person, as it were, spills out of himself everything that has accumulated in him, what is relevant, important, significant for him; creating works of art and expressing themselves in them, designing technical innovations or actively participating in social life.
Creativity is defined as an activity that generates something qualitatively new and is distinguished by originality, originality and socially unique uniqueness. The activity of creative imagination turns out to be very complex and depends on a number of very different factors. It is perfectly understandable, therefore, that this activity cannot be the same in a child and in an adult, because all these factors take on a different form at different epochs of childhood. That is why, in each period of child development, creative imagination works in a special way, characteristic of the particular stage of development at which the child stands. Imagination depends on experience, and experience develops and grows gradually. The interests of a child and an adult are different, and therefore it is understandable that the imagination of a child works differently than that of an adult. But the experience of a child is much poorer than that of an adult; his interests are simpler, more elementary, poorer; The relationship of the child with the environment also does not have the complexity, subtlety and diversity that distinguish the behavior of an adult, and these are the most important factors that determine the work of the imagination. In the process of child development, imagination also develops, reaching its maturity only in an adult. That is why the products of real creative imagination in all areas of creative activity belong only to an already mature fantasy. As we approach maturity, the imagination also begins to mature, and in the transitional age, a powerful upsurge of the imagination and the first rudiments of the maturation of fantasy are combined. Creativity brings great joy to a person. He also has his own suffering, which received the winged designation - the torments of creativity. It is difficult to create, the need for creativity does not always coincide with the possibilities of creativity, and hence the painful feeling of suffering arises. This phenomenon reveals to us the last and most important feature of the imagination - the desire of the imagination to incarnate, this is the true basis and driving principle of creativity. “Any construction of the imagination, based on reality, seeks to describe a full circle and become reality.” Creativity is a derivative of the realization by an individual of unique potentials in a certain area, it implies that the subject has motives, knowledge and skills.
The study of these personality traits revealed the important role of imagination, intuition, unconscious components of mental activity, as well as the personality's need for self-actualization, for revealing and expanding one's capabilities. In creativity, a special place is occupied by creative imagination, during which a person independently creates new images and ideas. In 2011, an experimental study was conducted on the basis of the Vladikavkaz branch of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation and the Republican Center for Social Rehabilitation of Minors. Testing was conducted in the above educational institutions to determine self-esteem, creativity and the development of the process of self-actualization of the personality of students. Test "What is your self-esteem ? allowed to reveal the features of self-esteem of boys and girls. Each person is naturally endowed with personal abilities and talents, each has a certain creative potential, but not every person uses his creative abilities. Test "What is your creativity?" helped to reveal the creative potential of youth. The Cattell test made it possible to determine the degree of development of the process of self-actualization of the individual and to reveal its connection with the process of creative self-expression. The test made it possible to obtain diagnostic information on the factors inherent in a self-actualizing personality. In group 11E of the Vladikavkaz branch of the Financial University, 50 people took part in the test. On the test "What is your self-esteem?" 20 students showed overestimated results, 22 students showed underestimated results and 8 students showed a real picture of self-esteem, which in percentage terms is 40%, 44% and 16%. According to the test “What is your creative potential?” 37 students underestimated themselves and their abilities, 13 students showed the presence of creative potential (“there are abilities, but I don’t use them, I don’t develop them”), which in percentage terms is 74% and 26%. According to the Cattell test, average results were obtained, that is, intellectual abilities, emotional-volitional characteristics , communicative and interpersonal interactions were evaluated at 3 points. In group 14E of the Vladikavkaz branch of the Financial University, 56 students took part in the testing. On the test “What is your self-esteem?” 38 people showed overestimated results, 13 showed underestimated results and 5 students showed a real picture of self-esteem, which in percentage terms is 68%, 23% and 9%. According to the test "What is your creative potential?" 44 people overestimated themselves and their abilities, 12 students showed the presence of creative potential (“there are abilities, but I don’t use them, I don’t develop them”), which is 80% and 20% in percentage terms. According to the Cattell test, the following results were obtained: intellectual abilities, emotional-volitional characteristics, communicative and interpersonal interactions are greatly overestimated. In the Republican Center for Social Rehabilitation of Minors, 20 people took part in testing. On the test "What is your self-esteem?" 8 students showed overestimated results and 12 underestimated results, which in percentage terms is 40% and 60%. According to the test "What is your creative potential?" 100% of boys and girls underestimated themselves and their creative potential. According to the Cattell test, very low results were obtained, that is, intellectual abilities, emotional-volitional characteristics, communication and interpersonal interactions were evaluated at 2 points. Based on the test results, control groups (CG) and experimental groups (EG). The CG included students of group 11E of the Vladikavkaz branch of the Financial University in the amount of 26 people. In the Republican Center for Social Rehabilitation of Minors, the CG included 8 people. In the control groups, there were no lessons on the method of "Development of creative abilities" with students. The EG included 24 students of group 14E of the Vladikavkaz branch of the Financial University and 12 people of the Center for Social Rehabilitation of Minors. In the experimental groups, from 2011 to 2013, systematic classes were carried out according to the “Development of creative abilities” methodology. Before each lesson in all experimental groups, a survey was conducted using the “SAN” method, which showed the well-being, activity and mood of each student in the group and, accordingly, the group in in general. During the experiment, it was found that the students of the experimental groups became interested in conducting classes, the students improved their well-being, mood, increased activity; there is a tendency to diligence, conscientiousness. Boys and girls have become more balanced and calm in relationships, more resolute in their actions, they have ceased to be ashamed of their creative success. Drawings from small, dim, not detailed, became large, located on the entire sheet, bright, clear, stylization elements appeared, attention to detail and interest in drawing in general appeared. The drawings grew into pictures with compositional completion. The brightness of the drawings (pictures) indicates a change in attitude to the surrounding black and white world, the world acquires bright shades, which means that there is confidence in oneself, one's abilities, an understanding of problems and a desire to solve them. There is a tendency to increase creative orientation personality. Students began to independently use other means for drawing: felt-tip pens, colored pens, paints, began to mix styles and independently use different materials. Many boys and girls began to draw on their own, outside of class. The overall growth in the development of creative abilities in the experimental groups is shown in fig. one.
Rice. 1. Growth dynamics of creative potential
In the final part of the pilot study in 2012–2013, students from both the control and experimental groups were retested. Based on the results of the secondary testing, the following was revealed. in the EG (group 14E) of the Vladikavkaz branch of the Financial University, 60% of students showed a real picture of self-esteem; in the Republican Center for Social Rehabilitation of Minors, 80% of people showed a real picture of self-esteem. 2. According to the test "What is your creative potential?" in the EG (group 14E) of the Vladikavkaz branch of the Financial University, the presence of creative potential and the desire to develop it was shown by 50% of students; in the Republican Center for Social Rehabilitation of Minors, 80% of people showed excellent results. 3. According to the Cattell test, the results of the EG are shown in Fig. 2, 3.
Rice. 2. Group 14E of the Vladikavkaz branch of the Financial University
Rice. 3. Republican Center for Social Rehabilitation of Minors
4. In the control groups, the results of repeated testing do not differ significantly from the primary results. As a result of the studies, we can draw the following conclusions: students tend to increase creativity, self-control, the desire for self-disclosure, self-development; boys and girls show a decrease in aggressiveness, anxiety , increased sensitivity, emotional tightness, distrust of adults; there is more flexible behavior, adequate self-esteem, a real assessment of their abilities and capabilities; students who have completed classes according to the “Development of the creative abilities of the individual” method have an understanding of the nature of things and oneself, self-acceptance , increasing empathy, activity and confidence, tolerance and attentiveness.
Links to sources 1. Vygotsky L. S. Psychology of art. –M.: Art, 1996. –474p.2.Ibid.3.Berulava M.N. –1998. – No. 1. -WITH. 20–25.4. Zeigarnik BV Personality theory in foreign psychology. -M.: Education, 1982. -128p.5. Soldatova VS Art as a method and means of psychological correction of emotional disorders // Cultural life of the South of Russia. -2003. –#2. -WITH. June 19–22. Vygotsky L. S. Decree. op.
Bekoeva Tatiana,
the Doctor of Philosophy, the associate professor of Pedagogics of North Ossetian State University of K.L.Khetagurov, [email protected] Eljbet, the Master of 2 course of faculty Psychology and sociology North Ossetian State University of K.L.Khetagurov, [email protected] necessary condition of selfupdating of the personalityAbstract. In the article selfupdating of the identity of the teenager which is means of its creative selfexpression is considered. Creativity is defined as the activity generating something qualitatively new and different originality, originality and socially unique uniqueness. Also the results of the conducted pilot research which passed on the basis of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation Vladikavkaz branch and the Republican Center of Social Rehabilitation of minors are given in the article. Keywords: creative selfexpression, selfupdating, creative potential, orientation of the personality, creativity.
