What meaningful parts. word formation

>>Russian language: Significant parts of a word. Word base and ending

SIGNIFICANT PARTS OF THE WORD. BASE AND END OF WORD

Theory A

In Russian, words consist of significant parts - morphemes.

Root (in Ukrainian: root), prefix (in Ukrainian: prefix), suffix (in Ukrainian: suffix), ending (in Ukrainian: completion) - significant parts of a word, or morpheme.

Morphemics is a section of grammar that studies the composition of a word.

Note!

Concepts should be distinguished part of a word and meaningful part of a word. A syllable or several syllables can be a part of a word; they do not have a meaning.

Significant parts of the word are morphemes, they necessarily have a meaning.

In Russian, as in Ukrainian, the same graphic signs are used to denote morphemes:

Practice A

1. Read the text of the Russian linguist Mikhail Viktorovich Panov.

IF IN BOTH HANDS SUITCASES

Morphemes. Is it something complicated? No, it's more simple.

They invented a special device - a hat lifter. You walk down the street, suitcases in both hands, and a friend meets you. You nod your head at him, and the hat-lifter politely takes off your hat and lifts it affably. The nod activates the hat lifter mechanism. There was news about this in the magazines, perhaps in jest.

I am sure that, having read the word hat-lifter, you understood it. Why? Do you know the words switch, fuse, amplifier, sound pickup, loudspeaker. They designate the device; and everyone has a part -tel. Means, -tel informs us: this word is the name of the device.

If a -tel means "device", then, it turns out, -tel- significant part of the word. The significant part of the word is called "morpheme".

Morphemes are: roots, prefixes, suffixes ( -tel- just a suffix), endings.

In the word hat lifter these parts: hat-o-under-under-him-a-tel. Root -nim-. Does he matter? Compare: with-it-a-t, under-it-a-t; -nim- denotes a physical action. What - this specifies the prefix.

The word is like a train. Each part is a special car. It can be attached to another train - like this:
-him-: with-him-a-be;
hat-: hat-a, hat-to-a;
at-: at-get up;
under-: under-brass-yva-t;
-tel: anti-ob-ice-en-and-tel.

All significant parts in this word are morphemes. A letter about serves to connect morphemes, but itself has no meaning - it means that this is not a morpheme.

Answer

Why is a morpheme called the significant part of a word?

Why connecting vowels about and e can't be called morphemes?

2. Write out words with a suffix from the text. Continue this series with your examples. "

3. Give examples of words with a prefix at-. Write them down.

4. Using the example of these words, explain how the composition of the word helps to understand its meaning.

City, urban, citizen, suburb.

Theory B

ROOT - this is the common part of related words, which contains the main meaning.

SUFFIX is the significant part of the word that comes after the root. The suffix is ​​used to form new words: village - rural, live - resident.

PREFIX - a significant part of the word that comes before the root. The prefix is ​​used to form words: city ​​- suburb.

ENDING - a significant part of the word that forms the form of the word: street - streets, street, streets.

Practice B

5. Compose words from morphemes. Label the morphemes.

Rod-, at-, -city-, -village-, -sk-, -ved-, -enk-, on-, -house-, -ik-, -rice-, -ova-, -t, -ti .

6. Write out single-root words from Nikolai Rubtsov's poem. Highlight their roots

LEVITAN
In the eyes of log shacks *
The glowing haze looks,
Above the bluebell meadow
The church is ringing the bells!

The ringing is roundabout and roundabout,
At the windows, near the columns, -
I hear ringing and bells,
And a bell ringing.

And each bell in the soul
For new joys and strength
Your meadows are ringing louder
Bells of your Russia...
*Shack- a small, poorly built or crumbling hut

Theory B

In writing, when transferring a word from one line to another, one letter cannot be torn off from one morpheme and attached to another morpheme. For example, you need to transfer: under-water, junction, tell-say and etc.

7. Write down the words and indicate possible hyphenation.

Approach, dump truck, loading, tell, distance, prompt, postcard.

8. Correct hyphenation errors.

Prompt, ra-put off, ott-yanut, paint, write, notebook, put, hide, recognize, shorten.

BASE AND END OF WORD
Theory G

The same word can have different forms: city ​​city, city, city; rural, rural, rural, rural; travel, travel, travel. Such words are called changeable(in Ukrainian: change the word).

All modified words consist of basics and graduation.

Practice G

9. Rewrite the text. In the underlined words, indicate the stem and ending.

Previously, they say, there is no swamp was, and small lake, though small, but deep and pure. They called him Crystal. key, because the underground fed him source. The water in the lake was cold, pure, but not simple, but healing. People began to go to the lake, and then the village was rebuilt.
(T. Kryukova)
Theory D

BASE is a part of a word without an ending: urban (urban- basis and -oh- the ending).

The base must include the root. The stem may include other morphemes - prefixes, suffixes.

ENDING - a significant part of a word that changes the forms of words. The ending can consist of one or more sounds (letters) or be zero: house, but to house-y, house-a; birch - birch-oh.

Invariable words have no endings and consist only of the stem: talking, having fun, riding.

Practice D

10. Read an excerpt from a poem. Write down the words in which the stem consists of one, two and three morphemes. Label these morphemes.

The storm has passed, and a branch of white roses
I breathe in the fragrance through the window.
Still the grass is full of transparent tears,
And thunder rumbles in the distance.
(A. Blok)

11. Write out words with zero endings in the first group, words without endings in the second, and all the rest in the third.

Suddenly, the sun, sparkles, village, expanse, house, suddenly, wind, distance, motionless, stands, space, from afar, spread, very, garden, fruit, drops, blooming, apple trees.

12. Write out words with zero endings from the text. To prove the correctness of your decision, next to the written word, write down another form.

And the sonorous forest is cheerful, and the wind between the birches
Already blows gently, and white birches
Dropping a silent rain of their diamond tears
And smile through their tears.
(I. Bunin)

N.F. Baladina, K.V. Degtyareva, S.A. Lebedenko. Russian language grade 5

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Morphemic parsing of a word is one of the most difficult, and after all, its correct spelling depends on how correctly the meaningful part of the word is defined. Morphemes are involved in the formation of new words: their names denote the ways of word formation. He studies parts of the word grade 5, then, in the seventh, they are repeated when studying the topic "Word formation". As you can see, knowledge of morphemic is one of the building blocks on which the language is built. Spelling is determined by the position relative to other morphemes, stress, lexical meaning and phonemes included in the composition. About what the significant parts of the word mean, what they are, how they are written, we will tell in this article.

Morphemics - the science of parts of a word

Morphemics is part of the science of language as a discipline that studies the significant parts of a word separately, as well as the composition of a lexeme. A morpheme is a meaningful part of a word that determines its meaning. Root and suffix, ending and prefix, stem - these are all morphemes.

The parts of the word are divided according to the role they play in the word, as well as according to their position relative to each other. The root is the most important meaningful part of the word. Without it, the lexeme cannot exist. He is always there. Other parts of the word are called affixes. Depending on the position, they are divided into prefixes (before the root) and suffixes (located after the root) and inflections. They differ in the role they play.

Some morphemes are involved in the formation of new words: suffix, prefix. Others (inflections) form grammatical forms.

Parts of a word? The answer is simple - they affect its meaning, grammatical or lexical. You can divide a word into parts, syllables or groups of syllables. But they will have nothing to do with the concept of significance.

Root

Let's start with the most important part, without which the word is not conceived - its root. It contains the main lexical meaning.

Another thing is closely connected with the concept of this morpheme - single-root words. These are lexemes that have the same roots. From nests are formed, large and small. So, the word yeast has only one single-root word - yeast. And the word star has a much larger nest: asterisk, stellar, interstellar, constellation and many others.

To isolate the root, it is necessary to determine the lexical meaning of the word. So, similar-sounding words can have different roots: hoarfrost meaning light frost and drizzle meaning drizzle. In the first case, the root is -frost-, in the second - -frost-. As you can see, the spelling of the significant parts of the word, and above all the roots, largely depends on their definition and lexical meaning.

There are also multiple roots. So, the root -vod- has at least two meanings. If we're talking about words lead, output, conductor, lead, this root denotes some action. In the words water, water, submariner the meaning of the root -water- denotes belonging to water.

Root orthograms

The root is the meaningful part of the word, the spelling of which must be treated with attention. After all, it contains the main lexical meaning. There are several spellings of this morpheme. They are connected with the alternation of sounds, vowels and consonants, as well as with those graphemes that are checked by a strong position.

Roots with alternating vowels must be remembered. The rule can be conditionally divided into several points:

  1. Checked by the position of the accent. So, in the roots -gar- / -gor- the letter is written a under stress, in all other cases - about: burn, tan. The same roots -zar-/-zor; -clan-/-clone-; -creature-/-creature-.
  2. Checked by the next letter. These are the roots -lag-(a)/-false-; -cas-(a)/-kos-; -rast-/-rasch-/-ros-, as well as numerous roots with alternation of e/i: -ber-/-bir; -der-/-dir-; -per-/-peer- and others. Examples: suppose/put; touch / touch; plant/grow/thickets; I take / take
  3. Accent checked. A word is selected so that the sound is under stress: to win is victory. The last is a test word in which the letter e is in a stressed position.

As for checking the required letter, you need to find a word so that the required group can be heard well: honest is an honor. The second word is test.

The ending

The ending is the formative part of the word. It expresses its grammatical meaning (gender, number, case). It may also be zero.

Since some parts of speech do not involve changes in grammatical form, they do not have an ending. Putting a zero ending in such is a gross mistake. It shows that a person does not understand what this meaningful part of the word expresses. These are the parts of speech:

  • Adverb.
  • General participle.
  • A small group of invariable adjectives (beige).
  • Comparative degree of adjectives.
  • A small group of possessive pronouns (her, them).

So, in the word "house" - and in the word "back" there is no ending, because this adverb is an invariable part of speech.

To correctly highlight the ending, you need to change the word by case, person or number. That part of the word, which at the same time varies and will be the ending: sang - sang-a, sang-i, sang-o or mountain-a, mountain-s, mountain-e.

Spelling endings

The correct spelling of the ending is checked for nouns as follows: you need to correctly determine the declension. The first declension in the dative and prepositional cases involves writing the ending -e: to the wall-e, about the wall-e. This does not apply to nouns ending in -iya.

The second declension requires the ending -e only in the prepositional case: about the house-e, about the cloud-e. The exception is words ending in -y / -y: about the planetarium, about heritage.

The third declension requires an ending - and in the dative, genitive and prepositional cases: about the daughter, about the mother.

As for the verb, it is required to correctly determine the conjugation: in I, the ending contains the letter e or u(u)(-eat/-ete/-ut, etc.). Examples: pash-eat, pash-et, pash-ut.

In II conjugation - letters and, and I)(-ish/-ite/-at, etc.). Examples: grow-ish, grow-ite, grow-yat.

prefix and suffix

What significant parts of the word are involved in the formation of new ones? It's a prefix and a suffix. A prefix is ​​a meaningful part of a word that comes before the root. The suffix is ​​behind it. Yes, from the word friend using the prefix do not form a word enemy, and if we use the suffix -ok, we get the word my friend. You can use both morphemes, then you get the word commonwealth. The word-formation methods used are called, respectively, prefixed, suffixal and prefixed-suffixal.

In addition to the derivational function, suffixes can also have a formative function. So, to form the past tense verb, the suffix -l- is used (sang, counted).

Spelling of verb suffixes

There are orthograms in the suffix for almost every part of speech. Let's analyze the most popular.

Verbs need to know the following rules:

  1. Suffixes -ova-/-eva-; -iva/-yva-. Spelling is checked by the word in the first person of the present tense, standing in the singular. If in this form -uyu / -yuyu is used, then the suffix -ova- / -eva- is written. Otherwise -iva-/-yva-.
  2. forms - participles - are determined by the conjugation of the verb from which this participle is formed. The first conjugation suggests -usch-/-yushch-, the second -ash-/-yashch-.

Spelling of adjective suffixes

Adjective suffixes follow the rules:

  1. Suffixes -ev-/-iv- must be checked with stress. In a strong position, the letter and is written, in a weak position, the letter e. For example, beautiful, fighting. The suffixes -chiv-/-liv- must be written both in stressed and unstressed positions.
  2. Spelling n and nn in depends on the structure of the word and on the suffix used. So, the word foggy is formed using the suffix n from the word fog. Is written nn, because nn is at the junction of two morphemes. Adjective suffixes -onn-/-enn- are always written with nn: revolutionary, vital.

Spelling of noun suffixes

The record holder for the presence of spellings in the suffix is ​​a noun. The rules are as follows:

  1. If we are talking about suffixes denoting professions, then before t, e, s, h, g spelled -chik-. For example, pilot, defector, paver, but lamplighter, ferryman. It should also be remembered that the suffix -tel- is written exclusively with e: teacher.
  2. A large group of diminutive suffixes also requires the application of rules. They are connected both with stress and with a change in the form of the word. The suffixes -ok-(-ek-), onok(-enok-) depend on the stress. In a strong position is always written about: chick, mug, but kitten.
  3. It is necessary to change and look at the form of the word in the following cases: -ek- or -ik- we check as follows: we put the word in the form of the genitive case. When a letter falls out, we write -ek-, otherwise - -ik-. For example: pocket (no pocket), key (no key). In the second case, the letter and remained, so it is preserved in the suffix. The suffix -ets-/-its- is checked by determining the gender. In the male there will be -ets-, female and middle - -its-: brother, but water, dress.

Spelling prefixes

Unlike suffixes, spellings in prefixes are the same for all parts of speech.

  1. Some of the prefixes need to be remembered, there are no variations in their spelling in Russian. The most common: with-; about-; from-; before; under. Examples: do, go around, fight off, crawl, sneak up.
  2. Variable prefixes ending in s / s must be checked by the sound with which the root begins. If from a voiced consonant or vowel - you need to write h, otherwise - with. call (h, from which the root begins, voiced) or perk up(root starts with P, muffled sound).
  3. If the root starts with and, then it should be replaced by s, when the prefix ends in a consonant. Background, hoax, artless.
  4. A special group of consoles pre-/pri-. Their spelling depends on the lexical meaning that the given morpheme expresses. So, if we are talking about incompleteness, proximity and approximation - it will be written at-. For example, seaside(near the sea), slightly open(not fully open) come(approximation).

Russian language lesson

Subject:"The composition of the word. Significant parts of the word "

Type of lesson: generalization of knowledge, repetition.

Planned results:

Personal - sustained cognitive interest in the Russian language

Communicative - hear and listen to other students, come to a common decision in joint activities

cognitive - make observations on linguistic units

subject - recognize morphemes, divide the word into morphemes, perform morphemic analysis

Metasubject - own various types of listening, carry out information processing of the text.

Tasks:

1. Fixing the concept of a morpheme as a meaningful part of a word.

2. Teaching the rules and skill of morphemic parsing of a word.

3. Development of spelling vigilance

During the classes:

Organizing time. Write the number in a notebook.

2. Setting the topic, the purpose of the lesson.

Look at the board, what icons do you see?

Decipher the icons: ending, base, root, prefix, suffix.

Let's call these concepts in one word -morphemes

- What is a morpheme?(a morpheme is the smallest meaningful part of a word)

What do you think the topic of our lesson could be? (composition of the word, significant parts of the word)

3. For work, I offer you a CARD in which exercises for work are prescribed. During our lesson, you will also be able to evaluate your performance and get a well-deserved mark.

Let's solve the riddle:

The word is divided into parts

Ah, what happiness!

Can every literate

Assemble the word from parts.

MORPHEMICS - a special section of the science of language

Let's analyze the word by composition.

1 step.

The ending (student's message) a significant part of the word, which forms the forms of the word, and also serves to connect words in a phrase, sentence. The ending can indicate a part of speech.

The ending of a word is determined by changing the form of the word.

Task: highlight the endings in the words.

Winter, wintry, snowflake, freeze. (Max. 4 points)

A question of increased difficulty : in what parts of speech can the ending be indicated?

2 step

The basis (message) is a part of a word without an ending. The basis is the lexical meaning of the word. At the heart of a word there can be one morpheme (root), but there can be more.

Task: identify the basics of words.

Change, school, call, teacher. (Max. 4 points)

Advanced question: what morphemes are included in the stem?

3 step

The root (message) is the main meaningful part of the word, which contains the common lexical meaning of all cognate words. In order to isolate the root, you need to pick up a single-root word.

Task: Find words with the same root, highlight the root.

An old man lived with his old woman

By the very blue sea;

They lived in a dilapidated dugout

Exactly thirty years and three years.

The old man was fishing with a net,

The old woman was spinning her yarn.

A.S. Pushkin.

Single-root words: old man - old woman - old woman (old-); spun - yarn (spun - / yarn -); thirty-three (three-). (max 3 points)

Advanced question:

4 step

Suffix (message) - a suffix is ​​a significant part of a word that comes after the root and serves to form new words. To correctly identify the suffix, you need to select a number of related words.

Task: to highlight the suffixes in the words.

Harmonist, pilot, hedgehog, little house. (max 4 points)

Advanced question: what meanings of the word can the suffix indicate?

birch - diminutive

cockroach - the meaning of exaggeration

soccer player - face meaning

5 step

A prefix (message) is a significant part of a word that comes before the root and serves to form new words. To select a prefix, you need to pick up a number of words with the same root and use a comparison to highlight this part of the word.

Task: highlight prefixes in words

ran away, write down, beautiful, boletus. (max 4 points)

Advanced question: what meanings can the prefix have?

This is especially noticeable with verbs. Let's do the exercise verbally and think about what kind of information the prefix can have.

I will call you words, you will select prefixes from them and determine their meaning:

Exit (you-; movement from something).

To go around (about; movement around something).

Run across (over-; movement through something)

To fly into (in-; movement into something).

Jump away (from-; movement away from something).

6 step

Perform morphemic analysis of words

Roadside, draw, book, pencil case.(max 4 points)

Summing up the interim results

calculate the maximum score

23 points - "5"

20-22 points - "4"

17-19 points - "3"

PHYSMINUTKA

Work with text:

Read the text and do the tasks for it.

_____________________________

The real winter has come. Snow covered the whole earth with a white carpet. Children enjoy winter. It's nice to ski on fresh snow. Serezha and Zhenya are playing snowballs. Lisa and Zoya are making a snowman. Skates glide merrily on smooth ice.

Determine the topic of the text and title it.

Find verbs with prefixes in the text, highlight them.

Name common words. Highlight the root.

Find nouns consisting of a root and an ending

From the last sentence, write out the words with the suffix -k-

Creative task

And now you will try to collect words from the morphemes I have indicated.

A) Take the same root as in the word "leans."

Add the prefix that is in the word "peel off."

Take the suffix from the word "conversion".

Add noun endings to the word. Wed gender, name of case(declension)

B) Take the root from the word “to believe”, the prefix from the word “application”, the suffixes from the word exclamation, and the ending from the word “numeral”. Hint: you get a word-part of speech denoting a sign of an object(adjective)

C) Take the prefix from the word “girlfriend”, the root from the word “toy”, the suffixes from the word “read”, and the ending in this word will be the same as in the word “chair” (played)

D) It will be a word with the same root as the word "pilot". Add to the root the same prefix as in the word "jumped". Both suffixes of this word are the same as in the verb "hear" (fly over)

Lesson summary:

Teacher: Guys, all of you worked very well today. But I would very much like you to evaluate the work of your classmates today. I suggest you express your perception of the lesson with the help of pictorial signs (emoticons)

Presentation and explanation of homework.

The word consists of parts: prefix, root, suffix, ending. They are also called morphemes. The prefix, root and suffix form the basis of the word, they are significant parts of the word. In other words: a word consists of a stem and an ending. The branch of science that studies the structure of words and how they are formed is called word formation. It is necessary to separate the concepts of morphemic and word-formation parsing.

Names and designations

Each part of the word has a name and a visual designation (tracing). Designations are, as it were, "markers" that are attached to the corresponding part of the word from above, below or by a stroke.

prefix (or prefix)
- root
- suffix and postfix
- the ending
- stem and connecting vowel (or interfix)

Let's show the notation of morphemes with examples: vanguard n th , paragraph, no exit

In notebook sheets, words are usually written with a ballpoint pen, and parts of the words are highlighted with a pencil or a ballpoint pen of a different color. On school boards, parts of words are highlighted with a small or marker in a color that differs from the color of the word. Our site contains a brief dictionary of morpheme parsing with a visual designation of morphemes.

Morpheme groups

Morphemes are divided into three groups:

  • root morpheme - root;
  • word-forming morphemes - prefix, word-forming suffix;
  • formative morphemes - ending, formative suffix.

The basis of the word includes the root and word-forming morphemes.

Fig 1. Schematic representation of parts of a word

Outside the framework of the school curriculum, a different terminology is used for non-root morphemes - affixes. There are other morphemes and their combinations, but they are not included in the school curriculum, so we do not consider them in detail.

Any of the morphemes may be absent in the word, including the root. However, some scientists believe that the absence of a root is actually the presence of a zero root.

Modification of morphemes

Parts of a word may be subject to the loss of a sound or the replacement of one sound by another. Such modifications can occur in single-root words and in different forms of the same word:
. in prefixes: from cut - tear off, divide to divide - paint;
. in the roots: to irrigate - irrigation, asks - begs, cherish - shore - safe;
. in suffixes: knot - knot a - knot;
. in the endings: water - water, in the forest - about the forest.

In Russian, words consist of significant parts - morphemes.

The root, prefix, suffix, ending are significant parts of a word, or morpheme.

Morphemics is a section of grammar that studies the composition of a word.

Note!

Concepts should be distinguished part of a word and meaningful part of a word. A syllable or several syllables can be a part of a word; they do not have a meaning.

Significant parts of the word are morphemes, they necessarily have a meaning.

In Russian, as in Ukrainian, the same graphic signs are used to denote morphemes:

ROOT - this is the common part of related words, which contains the main meaning.

SUFFIX is the significant part of the word that comes after the root. The suffix is ​​used to form new words: village - rural, live - resident.

PREFIX - a significant part of the word that comes before the root. The prefix is ​​used to form words: city ​​- suburb.

ENDING - a significant part of the word that forms the form of the word: street - streets, street, streets.

In writing, when transferring a word from one line to another, one letter cannot be torn off from one morpheme and attached to another morpheme. For example, you need to transfer: under-water, junction, tell-say and etc.

The same word can have different forms: city city, city, city; rural, rural, rural, rural; travel, travel, travel. Such words are called inflected. All modified words consist of a stem and an ending.

BASE is a part of a word without an ending: urban (urban- basis and -oh- the ending).

The base must include the root. The stem may include other morphemes - prefixes, suffixes.

ENDING - a significant part of a word that changes the forms of words. The ending can consist of one or more sounds (letters) or be zero: house, but to house-y, house-a; birch - birch-oh.

Invariable words have no endings and consist only of the stem: talking, having fun, riding.

So, let's repeat once again what parts the word in Russian consists of.

Root- the central part of the word, which contains the main element of the lexical meaning, for example: for-dry-a, forest-noy. A compound word has more than one root: peat mining, deaf-blind-mute.

Prefix(prefix) - the part of the word that is in front of the root, for example: shake, attach, close-open.

Suffix- part of the word between the root and the ending, for example: active-ist-to-a, cut-to-a, obsolete-e-l-ost.

The ending(inflection) - the part of the word with which the word most often ends and which expresses the meaning of gender, number, case and person, for example: spring-a, beautiful-th, rowing-y. After the end, there can be a return particle -sya (-s) and a particle -te, for example: write-et-sya, rolled-a-s, go-eat-te.

Syllable is a sound or several sounds uttered by one push of exhaled air. Any syllable necessarily includes a vowel sound. A syllable can consist only of a vowel or a combination of a vowel with one or more consonants: o-si-na, id-ti, mo-lo-dets.

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