The pineal gland has many names: the Third Eye, the Ajna Chakra, the Eye of Eternity, the All-Seeing Eye, the Eye of Shiva, the Eye of Wisdom, the Seat of the Soul (Descartes), the Dreaming Eye (Schopenhauer), and the Pineal Gland. It got its name because of the shape resembling a pine cone.

Oriental occultists assert that the pineal gland, with its special arrangement of nerve cells and small grains of brain sand, is closely connected with the volitional transmission and reception of mental vibration.

The pineal gland is a mass of nervous tissue found in the brain near the center of the skull and just above the top end of the spine. It has the shape of a small cone and is reddish-gray in color. It lies in front of the cerebellum and is attached to the third ventricle of the brain. It contains a large amount of hard particles, similar to grains of sand, known as brain sand.

Studies have shown that this substance is not present in children up to about 7 years of age, in demented people and in those who suffer from certain disorders of the mental organization. Occultists know that this sand is the key to the spiritual consciousness of man. It serves as a link between the mind and the body.

Scientists have also repeatedly suggested that brain sand crystals are capable of receiving radiation of a non-electromagnetic nature. So, back in the early 70s of the twentieth century, the famous Soviet physical chemist, professor of Moscow University Nikolai Ivanovich Kobozev, analyzing the phenomenon of consciousness, came to the conclusion that the molecular matter of the brain itself is not capable of providing thinking, this requires an external source of ultralight flows particles - psychons.

According to this hypothesis, a person does not think of his own free will, but because he has an epiphysis with brain sand that captures cosmic radiation. And psychons are the main carriers and carriers of mental and emotional impulses.

A hypothesis is put forward, according to which the brain sand in the pineal gland is the control center and carrier of the information hologram in the human body and other highly organized animals. This is very close to the concept of a quantum computer.

In the process of vital activity, living crystals are gradually overgrown with organo-phosphorus-calcium shells, that is, inside the epiphysis, in an environment supersaturated with calcium and phosphorus salts, they are gradually transformed into aggregates of brain sand. Unusual informational properties of brain sand, observed during experiments, indicate, according to the authors, that all information about a person remains recorded in them.

Currently, histochemists have found out what is the structure of brain sand. Sand grains range in size from 5 microns to 2 mm, in shape they often resemble mulberries, that is, they have scalloped edges. They consist of an organic base - a colloid, which is considered the secret of pinealocytes and is impregnated with calcium and magnesium salts, mainly phosphates. X-ray crystallographic analysis showed that calcium salts on the diffraction patterns of the pineal gland are similar to hydroxyapatite crystals. Brain grains in polarized light show double refraction with the formation of a Maltese cross. (!)

Due to the presence of calcium phosphate, grains of sand primarily fluoresce in ultraviolet rays, like droplets of colloid with a bluish-white glow. A similar blue fluorescence is produced by the myelin sheaths of the nerve trunks.

The most interesting thing is that it turns out that sand contains calcium hydroxyapatite in its composition. It was about him that it was discussed as one of the most suitable candidates for the role of the physical basis of a quantum computer! An amazing coincidence, and probably not accidental.

Combining data on the elemental base of a quantum computer with biological data on the pineal gland and the structure of brain sand, we can make a very interesting assumption: the pineal gland of the brain is an integral part of the quantum computer in our head, and brain sand is the physical basis of the quantum processor.

After the birth of a child, his quantum computer is still clean, it is not loaded with any programs that allow you to navigate in our dense world.

And the computer itself, as a device that can be used, is not yet ready for work - the final “assembly” has not yet been completed. It's like in the physics of quantum information: what's the point in the fact that any interacting systems are connected by non-local correlations - from this they do not become quantum computers for us. To get a quantum computer, you need to organize qubits that can be selectively manipulated, perform logical operations and get a result.

It is the same with a child - at first he is closer to the Subtle World, in his epiphysis there are still no qubits on which he could perform logical operations. Brain sand and hydroxyapatite crystals as physical carriers of qubits are formed gradually as the child grows up, when he begins to master mental constructions and logical operations.

A person has the opportunity to use the "magic" non-local properties of the entangled states of the qubits of his quantum computer. It turns out that all esoteric practices essentially mean that a person is trying to switch his brain from the classical mode of functioning to the quantum mode. Engaged in mystical practice, he is trying to use the non-local resource of entangled states and manage them, doing almost the same thing that physicists are striving for now, working on the technical implementation of a quantum computer!

It follows from the theoretical foundations of quantum mechanics that the presence of classical interactions is necessary for the appearance of additional quantum correlations. That is, in order for our soul to have the opportunity to realize itself and develop further, it must have a material basis, a guide in the objective world. Such a conductor may well be hydroxyapatite crystals in brain sand, which act as the physical basis of a quantum computer in our brain.

By the way, with ultrasound, the pineal gland becomes visible in the human fetus on the 49th day after its conception, at about the same time when the sex of the child becomes discernible. Nature first of all begins to form the processor of our future quantum computer, on which the rest of the hardware is already “winded”.

Formation begins from subtle quantum levels, and if reincarnation takes place, then it is at this time that the quantum astrosome is captured for the next incarnation. According to Buddhist ideas, the life force of the deceased needs just 49 days to enter the next incarnation.

It turns out that the opinion of the occultists is to some extent true that brain sand is a deposit of psychic energy, and the point of view according to which the pineal gland is the connecting link of the body and consciousness (the seat of the soul) also seems quite reasonable.

This conclusion is confirmed by a quotation from M.P. Hall: “A small child lives mainly in invisible worlds. His physical organism is still difficult to manage, but in those worlds with which he is connected through the open gates of the pineal gland, the child is aware of himself and actively acts. Gradually, certain manifestations of his higher consciousness are absorbed into the physical organism and crystallize in the form of the finest sand found in this gland. But until consciousness enters the body, there is no sand in this gland.”

And what happens to a person whose pineal gland is removed?

After the removal of the epiphysis, people experience the so-called "bi-placement". Here is one such description:

I have seen many neurosurgical patients who had their pineal removed due to a tumor. They classically exhibit a virtual bi-location where they exist both in ghostly reality and in the present. They exist in a vivid dream state while they are conscious, and can alternate between these two states of their consciousness.

When testing these patients, it is revealed that their orientation in this reality differs from the norm and may seem strange to a casual observer.

Curiously, these patients demonstrate fully fixed gaze with little discernible eye movement.

And even more curious is that when they move in this reality, they move the same distance in another reality. One gentleman, whom I helped to get to the bathroom, stopped halfway and for some time could not go further due to the fact that in his other reality he was at the races, and the place where we were in the corridor of the hospital was simultaneously perceived by him as the border of the track. We did not move until the path was clear of horses that could knock it down ...

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The death of thoughts that are negative or alien to human mentality leads to a decrease in electricity, an increase in temperature and magnetism.

Breaking thoughts and unfinished thoughts give rise to an environment in the center of which a ferromagnet is formed, and in which organic changes occur. Therefore, sand and, in rare cases, stones are found in the epiphysis.

A similar process occurs in other organs, for example, stones are formed in the kidneys, gallbladder and liver.

But this process is associated not only with the formation of sand and stones, but also with their dissolution.

Although the human body from a magnetic point of view is an inert material, what is its main content - water, which in its pure form under the influence of a magnetic field does not change its chemical structure. But under the influence of a magnetic field in its impurities, the morphology and cohesive force change.

For example, during magnetic treatment, calcium impurities (CaCо3) lose their ability to precipitate in the form of a dense stone and crystallize in the form of a fine suspension. Upon contact of magnetized water with salts that have already been released, their partial dissolution occurs, as well as destruction to the state of fine, easily removed sludge.

Thus, the magnetic treatment of water turns it into a diamagnet, the electrons of which change their movement, creating a magnetic field in the opposite direction.
This means that the aquatic environment of the human body is capable of lowering the magnetism of the environment and dissolving neoplasms that are not natural for the human body - sand, stones, salts, etc.

And only in case of some serious breakdown of either the body or the human psyche, water is not able to dissolve the formed stones, salts and sand. Although there is no constancy in this process, because sometimes the stones grow, and sometimes they decrease.

So why and why does the body create crystals? Scientists, having studied their properties, came to the conclusion that they can be used in medicine as prostheses for various organs.

At the same time, these stone prostheses disrupt the function of the organ in which they are formed. For example, kidney stones clog the ducts. The same effect is produced by stones in the gallbladder and bladder.

So why does the body need to create such prostheses that violate its own function?

Let us return again to the brain sand of the pineal gland. If sand is a prosthesis, does it mean that it replaces something? And he can replace only in the case when the part of the brain that he replaces has fallen into decay, worn out or disappeared altogether.

In the case of the human brain, this can only happen when, in the process of thinking, he made not just mistakes and small errors that can be eliminated during sleep, but made deliberate mistakes and mortal sins that are almost impossible to eliminate during sleep.

Obviously, significant efforts are needed to eliminate them. But will a person who has committed a deliberate crime and who has deliberately committed this crime, regardless of the consequences, want to do this? Of course not.

Therefore, it can be argued that only in such people the pineal gland turns into a crystalline body. However, some of them are not even aware of the existence of a crystal in their brain.

Others, on the contrary, know about it and, moreover, strive not to destroy it, but rather to increase it. And these people, of course, are magicians and sorcerers who are aware of the properties of brain sand or crystal.

All those who study the properties of brain sand are sure to quote H. P. Blavatsky, who, in her work The Secret Doctrine, writes: the only physiologists who ... summing up the facts that they (grains of sand) are absent in small children, in the elderly and in the feeble-minded, have drawn the inevitable conclusion that they (grains of sand) must be connected with the mind.

What a cunning move that allows you to turn magicians into the most intelligent and thinking people!

Maybe they are, but we must remember that their mind and thoughts carry evil, hatred, deceit, an insatiable thirst for power, and are aimed at fighting God, people and light.

And children, the elderly and feeble-minded people do not have brain sand, not because they do not think or think little, but because there are no evil thoughts and deliberate cunning in their hearts and minds. They have pure thoughts, naive desires and a lot of love for people and God.

Therefore, their pineal gland produces sufficient amounts of hormones and substances necessary for the body that dissolve crystalline formations and force other organs and glands to do so.

Under the action of hormones, the human body produces a sufficient amount of psi energy, which saturates its various fields. As a result, the human body can not only absorb the energy of external fields, but also partially release its own excess psi energy.

With the help of the hormonal system, a natural psi energy interchange occurs between a person and earthly nature.

The pineal gland of the brain is an integral part of the quantum computer in our head

Many have probably heard that there is a small organ in the brain - the pineal gland, or the pineal gland. It is believed that this is the "Third Eye". The pineal gland has many names: the third eye, the ajna chakra, the eye of eternity, the all-seeing eye, the Eye of Shiva, the eye of wisdom, the "seat of the soul" (Descartes), the "dreaming eye" (Schopenhauer), the pineal gland, etc. Even the "eye of the cyclops" I think it has a lot to do with it.

The pineal gland is a mass of nervous tissue found in the brain near the center of the skull and just above the top end of the spine. It has the shape of a small cone and is reddish-gray in color. It lies in front of the cerebellum and is attached to the third ventricle of the brain. It contains a large amount of hard particles, like grains of sand, known as brain sand. It got its name because of the shape resembling a pine cone. Oriental occultists maintain that the pineal gland, with its special arrangement of nerve cells and small grains of brain sand, is closely related to the volitional transmission and reception of mental vibration.

With a few extremely rare exceptions, this "sand", or golden-colored calculus, is only found in subjects after they are 7 years old. Fools have very few of these calculi; in congenital idiots they are completely absent.

Scientists have also repeatedly suggested that brain sand crystals are capable of receiving radiation of a non-electromagnetic nature. Thus, back in the 1960s and early 1970s, the well-known Soviet physical chemist, professor at Moscow University, Nikolai Ivanovich Kobozev (1903–1974), analyzing the phenomenon of consciousness, came to the conclusion that the molecular matter of the brain itself is not capable of to provide thinking, this requires an external source of flows of ultralight particles - psychons. According to this hypothesis, a person does not think of his own free will, but because he has a pineal gland with brain sand that captures cosmic radiation, and psychons are the main carriers and carriers of mental and emotional impulses.

A hypothesis is put forward, according to which the brain sand in the pineal gland is the control center and carrier of the information hologram in the human body and other highly organized animals. This is very close to the concept of a quantum computer.

In the process of vital activity, “living crystals” gradually “grow” with organo-phosphorus-calcium shells, that is, inside the epiphysis, in an environment supersaturated with calcium and phosphorus salts, they gradually transform into aggregates of “brain sand”. Unusual informational properties of "brain sand", noticed during the experiments, indicate, according to the authors, only that all information about the body remains recorded in them.

Histochemists have now figured out what the structure of brain sand* is. Sand grains range in size from 5 microns to 2 mm, in shape they often resemble mulberries, that is, they have scalloped edges. They consist of an organic base - a colloid, which is considered the secret of pinealocytes and is impregnated with calcium and magnesium salts, mainly phosphates. X-ray crystallographic analysis showed that calcium salts on the diffraction patterns of the pineal gland are similar to hydroxyapatite crystals. Brain grains in polarized light show double refraction with the formation of a "Maltese" cross.

Due to the presence of calcium phosphate, grains of sand primarily fluoresce in ultraviolet rays, like colloid droplets, with a bluish-white glow. A similar blue fluorescence is produced by the myelin sheaths of the nerve trunks.

The most interesting thing is that, it turns out, this "sand" contains calcium hydroxyapatite in its composition! It was about him that it was discussed as one of the most suitable "candidates" for the role of the physical basis of a quantum computer! An amazing coincidence, and probably not accidental.

Combining data on the elemental base of a quantum computer with biological data on the pineal gland and the structure of brain sand, we can make a very interesting assumption: the pineal gland of the brain is an integral part of the quantum computer in our head, and “brain sand” is the physical basis of the quantum processor

To turn on the biocomputer, you need the very “energy bursts” that were mentioned a little higher. They are necessary to form a "white dot". That is, the ascending energy flow is a "trigger", a kind of "button" that must be pressed in order to give a "signal to the monitor." Energy bursts are also required to turn off the "monitor".

There is an analogy with NMR methods and, in particular, with the practical implementation of a quantum computer, when a quantum "processor" is placed in an external magnetic field.

The analogy with NMR can be very useful and productive for understanding the basic principles of how a quantum computer works in the brain. It is no coincidence that the first experiments on the practical implementation of a quantum computer were carried out using NMR methods.

After the birth of a child, his quantum computer is still clean, it is not loaded with any programs that allow you to navigate in our dense world.

And the computer itself, as a device that can be used, is not yet ready for work - the final “assembly” has not yet been completed. It's like in the physics of quantum information: what's the point in the fact that any interacting systems are connected by non-local correlations - from this they do not become quantum computers for us. To get a quantum computer, you need to organize qubits that can be selectively manipulated, perform logical operations and get a result.

It is the same with a child - at first he is closer to the Subtle World, in his pineal gland there are still no qubits on which he could perform logical operations. Brain sand and hydroxyapatite crystals as physical carriers of qubits are formed gradually, as the child grows up, when he begins to master mental constructions and logical operations.

It turns out that the opinion of the occultists is to some extent true that brain sand is a deposit of "psychic energy", and the point of view according to which the pineal gland is the connecting link of the body and consciousness ("the seat of the soul") also seems quite reasonable.

This conclusion is confirmed by another quote from M. P. Hall's book: “A small child lives mainly in invisible worlds. His physical organism is still difficult to manage, but in those worlds with which he is connected through the open gates of the pineal gland, the child is self-aware and active. Gradually, certain manifestations of his higher consciousness are absorbed by the physical organism and crystallize in the form of the finest sand found in this gland. . But until consciousness enters the body, there is no sand in this gland.”

And what happens to a person whose pineal gland is removed?

After the removal of the epiphysis, people experience the so-called "bi-placement". Here is one such description*:

“I have seen many neurosurgical patients who had their pineal removed due to a tumor. They classically exhibit a virtual "bi-location" in which they exist both in dream reality and in the present. They exist in a vivid "dream" state (in a vivid dream state) while they are conscious, and can alternate between these two states of their consciousness.

When testing these patients, it is revealed that their orientation in "this" reality is somewhat different from the norm and may seem a little strange to the casual observer.

Curiously, these patients demonstrate fully fixed gaze with little discernible eye movement.

And even more curious is that when they move in "this" reality, they move the same distance in the "other" reality. One gentleman, whom I helped to get to the bathroom, stopped halfway and for some time could not go further due to the fact that in his “other” reality he was at the races, and the place where we were in the corridor of the hospital was simultaneously perceived by him as track border. We did not move until the path was clear of horses that could knock it down.

For those who are interested, here is the complete information. :

Http://oko-planet.su/phenomen/pheno...vnom-mozge.html

Brain sand (acervulus cerebralis) - accumulations of small layered bodies in the choroid plexuses of the ventricles of the brain, arachnoid and dura mater and pineal gland, formed with age due to dystrophic calcification.

Big Medical Dictionary. 2000 .

See what "brain sand" is in other dictionaries:

Dunes in Morocco Sand is a sedimentary rock, as well as an artificial material consisting of rock grains. Very often composed of the almost pure mineral quartz (substance silicon dioxide). The word "sand" is often used in the plural ... ... Wikipedia

Dunes in Morocco Sand is a sedimentary rock, as well as an artificial material consisting of rock grains. Very often composed of the almost pure mineral quartz (substance silicon dioxide). The word "sand" is often used in the plural ... ... Wikipedia

Dunes in Morocco Sand is a sedimentary rock, as well as an artificial material consisting of rock grains. Very often composed of the almost pure mineral quartz (substance silicon dioxide). The word "sand" is often used in the plural ... ... Wikipedia

Dunes in Morocco Sand is a sedimentary rock, as well as an artificial material consisting of rock grains. Very often composed of the almost pure mineral quartz (substance silicon dioxide). The word "sand" is often used in the plural ... ... Wikipedia

Dunes in Morocco Sand is a sedimentary rock, as well as an artificial material consisting of rock grains. Very often composed of the almost pure mineral quartz (substance silicon dioxide). The word "sand" is often used in the plural ... ... Wikipedia

CORPORA ARENACEA- CORPORA ARENACEA, sandy bodies (Latin corpus body and sand arenaceus), syn. corpora psammosa, small (about 20 bO/u) roundish formations, like grains of sand, of dense consistency, with concentric layering in the section. Their inner layers...

- (Epiphysis cerebri) the upper cerebral appendage, formerly considered a gland (gl. pinealis), and now considered as a vestige of a sense organ, namely, probably, an unpaired eye (see parietal eye). E. has the shape of a hollow cerebral protrusion ... ...

PINEAL GLAND- PINEAL GLAND, glandula pinealis (syn.: pineal body, corpus pineale, pineal gland, conarium, pineal gland, epiphysis cerebri), an unpaired organ, usually classified as intrasecretory, somewhat similar in shape to a squeezed spruce cone ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

- (glandula pihealis, s. conarium) is placed on the anterior pair of tubercles of the quadrigemina and looks like a spruce cone, the top of which is turned back. It consists predominantly of gray matter, in which only a few more or less ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Tue Nov 23 2004 Alexandr Gajvolya wrote to All
Subject: brain sand.

AG> A long time ago, studying sections of the human epiphysis under a microscope,
AG> encountered unusual formations, with the so-called. brain sand. Knows
AG> does anyone have anything about the subject?
My notebook on CNS physiology knows exactly... ;-) But I don't remember well. That's what
TSB writes:
"The endocrine nature of E.'s function has not been finally established. Its activity with
decreases with age, and it itself acquires the character of a rudiment containing
mineral deposits (carbonates, phosphates, calcium and magnesium) - the so-called
"brain sand" detected on radiographs.

AG> Where can I see information not only about the subject, but also about the epiphysis
AG> in general (Corpus pinealae)/
There is something on my screw.

"Epithalamus, Epithalamus, consists of the epiphysis (pineal gland, upper
cerebral appendage, Epiphysis) and leash (habenular) nuclei, nucl.
habenulae.
The pineal gland in the evolution of vertebrates developed on the basis of the so-called parietal
eyes of lower vertebrates, which formed as a derivative of one or two
outgrowths of the dorsal wall of the diencephalon - parietal proper
(parapineal) organ, located rostrally, and the pineal organ,
occupying a caudal position. Both of these formations can be the same
developed in the same animal and contain photosensitive elements
(armored and bony fish). In other vertebrates, the predominant structure
is a pineal organ (cyclostomes) or parietal (tuatara, some
lizards). In higher vertebrates, a reduction of the parietal organ occurred, and
pineal, losing photosensitive elements, turned into a gland
internal secretion - epiphysis.
A distinctive feature of this part of the diencephalon is its
asymmetry, which was previously tried to be explained by early atrophy of the left
parapineal organ, but now it has been shown that representatives of different
groups of vertebrates, the asymmetry of the complex is different: right-sided hypertrophy in
cyclostomes and left-sided - in cartilaginous fish and amphibians.
In cyclostomes, the pineal and parapineal organs are expressed differently. Pineal
well developed in lampreys, and in Mordacia mordax, which is considered an intermediate
form between lampreys and hagfishes, is absent. As part of the leash nuclei
allocate periventricular and superficial sections. Last on the right
significantly larger than the corresponding section in the left leash
nuclei, which determines the asymmetry of the complex. Afferents suitable for leashes,
go as part of the so-called medullary strips, striae medullares, and
originate mainly from the telencephalon and partly from the hypothalamus.
Efferents form tr. habenulo-interpeduncularis, addressed
interpeduncular nucleus of the midbrain. This path is also called bent
Meinert's bundle, fasc. retroflexus Meynerti. It contains
myelinated and unmyelinated fibers.
In cartilaginous fish (such as the shark Scyliorhinus canicula), the pineal organ
represented by a long tube with a distal closed section lying on
surface of the cranium. Its proximal end is open into cavity III
ventricle in the area between the leashes and the posterior commissure. Pineal parenchyma
organ contains photoreceptors, supporting and ganglion cells. Latest
form the pineal tract, tr. pinealis, which goes to the posterior commissure and
partly to the leash complex. The exact location of the fiber endings has not been determined.
Leading nuclei make up the rostral epithalamus in cartilaginous fish, left
the nuclei of the complex are superior to the right ones. characteristic of most vertebrates
the division into medial and lateral nuclei in sharks is just beginning. Both parts
of the complex are connected along the midline by a leash commissure, which includes
some sharks have neurons similar to the cells of their own nuclei
leashes and constituting the core of Bellonci. Skates don't have it. Main
afferents come from the telencephalon (along the brain stria), tectum and
tegmentum (tecto- and tegmento-habenular tracts).
In amphibians and ray-finned fish, the epithalamus consists of a complex of dorsal and
ventral habenular nuclei, and in amphibians, as noted above,
left-sided asymmetry is observed. The efferents of the leash nuclei are sent to
interpeduncular nucleus, and some of them pass through it without switching and are addressed
deep and dorsal nuclei of the midbrain tegmentum.
In higher vertebrates, the nuclei of the leashes are not as clearly expressed as in the lower ones, but
the nature of their relationship remains the same. Afferents mainly come from
telencephalic formations, and efferents are distributed among the structures of the middle
brain: in the iaterpeduncular nucleus, the reticular formation, and also (in
mammals - from the lateral nucleus) in the region of the mesencephalic raphe nucleus.
In higher vertebrates, regressive changes in the structure of the epiphysis are traced.
They are found within each class and especially among mammals. Them
the pineal gland is attached to the leash complex and contains cells that have received
the name pinealocytes, as well as interstitial cells like glial cells.
It is believed that pinealocytes are derivatives of sensory cells (Fig. 90),
which mediated the effects of light stimuli on the endocrine system,
and thus were photoneuroendocrine elements.
Change of functions, which led to the transformation of the pineal organ into a glandular
formation - the epiphysis, determined significant changes in the structure of the main
cells. In birds and mammals, the most significant changes occurred in
outer segments of pinealocytes.
As a result, in birds and mammals, these cells were thought to have lost
ability to respond to light. But recently it has been shown that pinealocytes
birds retained the ability to synthesize specific photoreceptor proteins and
reactions to light. Pinealocytes

G HI.. 7V.
Scheme of organization of pinealocytes in anamnia (a), sauropsids (b) and mammals (c)
(Oksche, 1988):
1 ~ typical photoreceptor pinealocyte; 2 - serotonin-containing pinealocyte; 3
-modified pinealocyte; 4 - mammalian pinealocyte; 5 - neuron; 6-
secretory granules; 7 - capillary; 8 - basement membrane; 9 - pores in
endothelium; 10 - sympathetic nerve ending; 11 - specialized synapse

birds and mammals - typical secretory glandular elements that synthesize
melatonin. The final proof of the unity of the origin of photoreceptor
pinealocytes of lower vertebrates and secretory cells of the epiphysis of higher vertebrates
served as immunohistochemical data on the presence in typical photoreceptor
pinealocytes of bony fish serotonin, a precursor of melatonin, a hormone
epiphysis.
The mechanism of the influence of the secretory cells of the pineal gland of birds and mammals on
circadian rhythm of physiological processes, since they are not directly
exposed to light stimuli, but this may be mediated
through interaction with the nuclei of the hypothalamus receiving retinal inputs
(for example, the suprachiasmatic nucleus). Breaking these bonds leads to
violation of the circadian rhythm in the work of the endocrine systems associated with the pineal gland.
In general, the structures of the epithalamus in a fairly differentiated form are presented
already in the most primitive living vertebrates and throughout evolution
characterized by the constancy of the composition and functions performed. So, pineal and
parapineal organs containing extraretinal photoreceptors in the lower ones,
provide control of the circadian rhythm of many physiological processes.
The pineal gland of mammals and birds, devoid of receptor cells, due to
hypothalamic inputs continues to play the role inherent in this department
brain. Leash nuclei in all vertebrates give rise to
habenulo-interpeduncular system of fibers. The latter is considered as
extrahypothalamic system of eating behavior, and in higher animals as an essential
part of the limbic system.