Causes of feudal fragmentation in Russia Preservation of significant tribal disunity under the dominance of subsistence farming. The development of feudal ownership of land and the growth of specific land ownership. The struggle for power between the princes and feudal strife. Constant raids of nomads and the outflow of the population to the north-east of Russia. The decline of trade along the Dnieper due to the Polovtsian danger. Growth of cities as centers of specific lands.
Consequences of feudal fragmentation in Russia Consequences Positive: 1. The flourishing of cities in specific lands. 2. Folding new trade routes Negative: 1.Princely strife. 2. Fragmentation of the principalities between the heirs. 3. Weakening of the country's defense capability and political unity. But at the same time, a single religion, language and power of the great Kievan prince were preserved.
Kiev principality Kyiv has lost its importance as the political center of the Russian lands, but continues to be considered the first among other principalities. Kyiv remained the Orthodox center of Russia. After the death of Mstislav the Great (1132), Kyiv loses control over the Russian lands and becomes the scene of a constant struggle for power.
The Chernihiv-Seversk Principality of Chernihiv, starting from the 11th century, repeatedly became the center of separatist movements directed against Kyiv. The princes in the Chernihiv land relied on powerful boyars and patrimonial landowners. Since Chernihiv was a borderland, its relations with the steppe were distinguished by great intensity and versatility. Repeatedly brought nomads to Russia as part of their detachments
Galicia-Volyn lands Features of development in the specific period: These lands are located in the zone of contact of several crops. Highly developed urban culture. the local aristocracy sought to achieve a significant share of power, to limit the princes of the ruling dynasties - they overthrew and invited the princes Political structure Veche - Prince - Boyars
Yaroslav Osmomysl (gg.) united the Volyn principality. Successfully opposed the boyars and other pretenders to the Volyn throne
Roman Mstislavovich (gg.) 1199 - united the Galician and Volyn principalities d. - Captured Kyiv and subjugated the Kiev principality. Its power is evidenced by the fact that it was here that the Byzantine emperor Alexei III Angel, who was expelled from Constantinople in 1204 by the crusaders, asked for political asylum.
Daniil Romanovich In 1205, the throne passed to one of the most famous princes who ruled in the region, Daniil Romanovich of Galicia (1205, 1211,). In 1221, Daniil regained Volhynia, and in 1234 Galich, again uniting them under his rule.
Peculiarities of development in a specific period: The leading branches of the economy are trade and handicraft. Weak development of agriculture due to the harsh climate. Wide development of crafts (salt production. Iron production, fishing, etc.). Special state-administrative structure Political structure Veche Boyarstvo Prince
Peculiarities of development in specific period The main branch of the economy is agriculture (presence of fertile lands). A constant influx of population due to the raids of nomads and the presence of normal farming conditions. Finding the principality at the crossroads of trade routes. Rapid urban growth. Unlimited nature of princely power and advisory powers of the veche.
Yuri Dolgoruky (gg.) Prince of Rostov, Suzdal, Pereyaslavl and Grand Duke of Kyiv. The sixth son of Vladimir Monomakh
Yuri Dolgoruky (gg.) During the life of Monomakh, he ruled in the Rostov-Suzdal land. Becoming independent in 1125, he moved the capital from Rostov to Suzdal.
Yuri Dolgoruky (years)
He pursued an active urban policy. The founder of the cities of Yuryev-Polsky, Dmitrov, Zvenigorod and others. He is considered the founder of Moscow (1147), because. in connection with his name, Moscow is first mentioned in the annals. He fought for the throne of Kyiv and occupied it in the years, years. According to legend, he was poisoned by the Kiev boyars.
Andrey Bogolyubsky (gg.) Aspired to create a metropolis isolated from Kyiv, but Constantinople did not allow it. He contributed to the formation of the cult of the Virgin in Russia. Initiator of new holidays: Savior and Intercession. From 1159 he fought for the subjugation of Novgorod, fought with the Volga Bulgarians. In the years temporarily subjugated Kyiv and Novgorod.
Andrey Bogolyubsky (gg.) The policy of Andrey Bogolyubsky, his desire to rule alone came into conflict with the veche and boyar traditions. As a result, a conspiracy was drawn up against him, and in 1174 he was killed by his inner circle.
Vsevolod the Big Nest (gg.) Son of Yuri Dolgoruky. Under Vsevolod III, North-Eastern Russia experienced its highest prosperity.
Vsevolod the Big Nest (gg.) Continued the policy of Andrei Bogolyubsky, consolidating his power in the principality and authority in Russia. Subjugated Chernigov, Kyiv, Ryazan, Novgorod. Successfully fought with the Volga Bulgaria and the Polovtsians. He took the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir. Active urban planner.
feudal division. France and Germany
History teacher MBOU "Secondary school s.Vostok"
Enotaevsky district
Astrakhan region
Travnikova M.N.
- What were the names of the land plots distributed to soldiers by Karl Martell
A) benefices B) estate C) put on?
2. The land plot received for military service and transferred from father to son was called
A) benefices B) feud C) put on
- What is the name of the social order that finally took shape in Western Europe in the 9th - 11th centuries.
A) capitalism B) slave C) feudalism?
- The king's own land was called
A) royal domain
B) royal fief
B) royal castle
5. What was the name of the "senior" feudal lord?
A) lord B) vassal C) king
6. What was the name of the feudal lord who depended on a larger landowner and received from him for military service and other duties land ownership and patronage
A) lord B) vassal C) king
7. Feudal duty, which consisted in the forced fulfillment of duties to the feudal lord, is
8. Food or cash payments paid by dependent peasants to feudal lords are
A) corvée B) quitrent C) tithe
9. Large groups of people with certain rights and duties that are inherited are called
A) estates B) classes C) groups
10. Name the number of large groups of feudal society:
A) those who pray
B) "those who fight"
C) those who work
Examination
1a, 2b, 3c, 4a, 5a, 6b, 7a, 8b, 9a, 10 a) clergy, b) chivalry, c) peasants
Answer Criteria:
0 errors - "5"
1-2 mistakes - "4"
3 - 4 errors "3"
5 mistakes - "2"
843 -
Treaty of Verdun dividing Charlemagne's empire
Between the grandsons of Charlemagne
Karl the Bald
Louis the German
After the death of Charlemagne in Western Europe began a period feudal fragmentation
- Under feudal fragmentation most often they understand the political and economic decentralization of the state, the creation on the territory of one state of practically independent from each other, independent state entities that formally had a common supreme ruler
West Frankish kingdom. France
- Page 55 Map of France at the beginning of the 11th century
- The power of kings was very weak.
- Many feudal lords were richer and more influential than the king, they considered him "first among equals."
- The last Carolingians were endowed with humiliating nicknames.
Weakness of royal power in France:
Louis
Stutterer
Karl Fat
Charles
Rustic
Louis
Lazy
The power of the last kings of the Carolingian dynasty during
France was significantly weakened. Contemporaries gave
Derogatory nicknames for kings.
987 - the election of a new king by the French feudal lords Capetian dynasty Hugo Capeta (987 - 996).
East Frankish kingdom. Germany
- After the death of the last Carolingian king, the dukes began to elect kings from among themselves. In 911 Conrad I was elected king.
- In the 10th century, the last nomadic tribes invaded Germany Hungarians who sowed terror and destruction. King Henry I managed to organize an effective defense against the Hungarians.
AT 955 German and Czech troops led by the German king Otto I defeated the Hungarians in a battle in southern Germany. Soon the invasion of the Hungarians stopped, and they switched to a settled way of life.
Otto I
Formation of the Holy Roman Empire.
AT 962 Otto I made a campaign against Rome, and the pope proclaimed him emperor. Under his rule, in addition to Germany, a part of Italy also fell. So the Roman Empire was restored once again and became known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
10th century
The policy of Otto I was continued by his grandson - Otto III (983 -1002)
- The successors of Otto III sought to restore the power of royalty in Germany.
- Their successes were great.
- Emperors sent their troops to Rome to appoint and remove popes.
- However, the strength and durability of the imperial power depended on the loyalty of the largest German dukes.
- § 8, questions 1-2, 4-5
Causes of feudal fragmentation 1. The formation of princely and boyar land ownership (the princes began to fight not for Kyiv, but for the expansion of the territory of their principality). 2. Strengthening the power of the princes, their independence from Kyiv. 3. The dominance of natural economy, the ability of individual principalities and cities to provide themselves with everything necessary. 4. Weakening of Kyiv due to Polovtsian raids. 5. The decline of the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks." 6. The inconvenience and complexity of the ladder system.
Time from the beginning of the XII to the end of the XV century. called the period of feudal fragmentation or specific period. On the basis of Kievan Rus by the middle of the 12th century. there were about 15 lands and principalities, by the beginning of the 13th century. - 50, in the 14th century Each of the principalities had its own dynasty of Rurikovich.
Reasons for feudal fragmentation Economic: 1. Reducing the value of the trade route "From the Varangians to the Greeks." 2. The rapid development of the productive forces of society, the progress of agriculture, handicrafts, domestic and foreign trade, the growing exchange of goods between individual Russian lands. 3. Development of large estates of monasteries and churches. 4. Development of natural economy.
Causes of feudal fragmentation Social: Complication of the social structure of Russian society: 1. large boyars, clergy, merchants, artisans, lower ranks of the city, including serfs, appeared; 2. the nobility was born, which was supposed to serve the master in exchange for a land grant; 3. in each center, behind the local princes were the boyars with their vassals, the wealthy elite of the cities, church hierarchs.
Causes of feudal fragmentation Political: 1. Reducing the importance of Kyiv as the political center of Russia. 2. Strengthening the positions of the local boyars. 3. Local princes did not want to share their income with the Grand Prince of Kiev, and in this they were actively supported by the local boyars, who needed strong local princely power. 4. Strengthening the internecine struggle between the princes of the Rurik dynasty.
Positive features. Negative consequences. the rapid development of peasant farming, the development of new arable land, the expansion and quantitative multiplication of estates, which for their time became the most progressive form of large-scale complex farming; flourishing craft; urban growth; development of trade in individual lands; Creation of new trade routes; constant strife between the princes began to deplete the strength of the Russian lands, weaken their defenses in the face of external danger; fragmentation of Russian lands into smaller principalities and lands between heirs; the collapse led to the activation of the opponents of Rus' Polovtsy;
1. Centripetal forces were preserved, which constantly opposed the centrifugal forces. First of all, it was the power of the great Kiev princes. 2. The all-Russian church also retained its influence. The Kiev metropolitans were the leaders of the entire church organization. The Church, as a rule, advocated the unity of Russia, condemned the internecine wars of the princes, and played a great peacemaking role. 3. A counterbalance to the forces of disintegration and separatism was the constantly existing external danger to the Russian lands from the side of the Polovtsians. The political collapse of Russia was never complete:
The Novgorod feudal republic - stood out in 1136. Location: from the Gulf of Finland to the Urals, from the Arctic Ocean to the upper reaches of the Volga. Location: from the Gulf of Finland to the Urals, from the Arctic Ocean to the upper reaches of the Volga. Feature: land unsuitable for agriculture. Feature: land unsuitable for agriculture. Occupation of the population: craft and trade. Occupation of the population: craft and trade. Government: Republic. Government: Republic.
Novgorod Boyar Republic VECHE the most important decisions and laws, election of officials, invitation and expulsion of princes Prince military leader and arbitrator POSADNIK presides over the veche, manages the city economy Thousand financial affairs, tax collection, analysis of complaints on commercial matters Bishop special treasury and sovereign regiment, mediating role since 1148. since 1136, the archbishop could not attend veche, acquire estates on the outskirts of the Novgorod land A.M. Vasnetsov Novgorod bargaining Sofia side (Kremlin) Trading side (bargaining, veche) Novgorod land spots
Novgorod land The main role in the economic and political life of Novgorod was played by large landowners - the boyars. From their top ("the best men" - "300 golden belts") the Council of Masters was formed. In the political system of Novgorod there were elements of oligarchic (aristocratic) rule.
Novgorod land Novgorod differed from other states in that the political system had a mixed character. It combined elements of democratic, oligarchic and monarchical rule. For three and a half centuries, Novgorod maintained its political system and independence despite attacks from the west (the Swedes in 1240 and the Crusaders in 1242). In 1478 Novgorod was forcibly annexed to the Muscovite state.
Rostov (Vladimir) - Suzdal Principality Rostov (Vladimir) - Suzdal Principality North-Eastern Russia Novgorod in the east, from Mozhaisk and Kolomna in the south to Ustyug and Beloozero in the north. Due to the remoteness from the capital of Kievan Rus, the power of the Kiev prince was fragile. Location: occupied the territory from Tver in the west to Nizhny Novgorod in the east, from Mozhaisk and Kolomna in the south to Ustyug and Beloozero in the north. Due to the remoteness from the capital of Kievan Rus, the power of the Kiev prince was fragile. Features: dense forests. Features: dense forests. Occupations of the population: agriculture, cattle breeding, fishing, salt extraction, beekeeping, beaver fishing. Occupations of the population: agriculture, cattle breeding, fishing, salt extraction, beekeeping, beaver fishing. State power: The power of the Kiev prince was opposed by a powerful layer of Rostov and Suzdal boyars (large landowners). At the same time, a significant princely domain was being formed here. State power: The power of the Kiev prince was opposed by a powerful layer of Rostov and Suzdal boyars (large landowners). At the same time, a significant princely domain was being formed here.
Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky (1090 - 1157) Son of Vladimir Monomakh. As a child, he was sent with his brother Mstislav to reign in Rostov. From 1117 he began to reign alone. From the beginning of the 30s, it began to be irresistibly drawn to the south, closer to the prestigious Kiev table. Already in 1132, he captured Pereslavl Russian, but he could only sit there for 8 days, his attempt to stay in Pereslavl failed in 1135. From 1147, Yuri constantly intervenes in inter-princely strife, trying to take Kyiv from his nephew Izyaslav Mstislavich. He succeeds only in 1155. But two years later, Yuri suddenly dies; he fell ill after a feast at the Kiev boyar Petrila and died five days later. After his death, the people of Kiev plundered his estate, thereby expressing a hostile attitude towards the former ruler. It was precisely the desire of Yuri from distant Rostov and Suzdal to “reach out” to Kyiv that probably gave reason to the scribe of the 16th century, the compiler of the Book of Degrees, to give the prince the nickname “Dolgoruky”. A strong prince who actively intervened in the affairs of his neighbors, defended his borders, built border fortresses. He laid one of them in Moscow, which was first mentioned in the annals under 1147. Therefore, Yuri is called the founder of Moscow. He “stretched” his hands to Kiev (Dolgoruky) and took the Kyiv throne in 1155, but died two years later, and his squad was killed by those who were dissatisfied with his rule.
Andrei Bogolyubsky (1111 - 1174) - Prince of Suzdal and Rostov (gg.) Grand Duke of Vladimir (gg.) Andrei Bogolyubsky - the second son of Prince Yuri Dolgoruky, Andrei's mother is an eminent Polovtsian princess. The first accomplishments of Andrei Bogolyubsky in the state field are associated with the name of his father and his politics. Yuri Dolgoruky all his life strove for the possession of the Kiev princely throne, to which he had rights, and therefore waged wars for him. He fought against the Rostov-Suzdal boyars (executed, expelled, seized their lands), relied on the support of the townspeople. He moved the capital of North-Eastern Russia from Rostov to Vladimir-on-Klyazma, but did not feel safe, so he built a princely residence in the village of Bogolyubovo 6 km from the city. Assigned to himself the title of Grand Duke, sought to unite some Russian lands, expanded the territory of the principality, the Volga Bulgars paid tribute to him. He led the Georgian-Armenian army in the struggle for the liberation of the city of Dvin - the Armenian capital, was married to the Georgian queen Tamara, had international authority. He tried to subdue Novgorod, in 1169 he captured Kyiv, but remained to rule in Vladimir and turns his capital into a major political center. The icon of the Mother of God of Vladimir was transferred to Vladimir from Kyiv, the white-stone Golden Gates and the Assumption Cathedral were built. During the boyar conspiracy, Andrei was killed in his residence.
Vsevolod "The Big Nest" (), Grand Duke of Vladimir, son of Yuri Dolgoruky. He received the nickname Big Nest for having many children (8 sons, 4 daughters). The heyday of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, Novgorod, Ryazan, Chernigov and Smolensk depended on it. Part of the Novgorod lands (along the Northern Dvina and Pechora) was ceded to the principality, in the east, the Volga Bulgars were driven out beyond the Volga. In international relations, the principality played a prominent role. The Pope offered to accept Catholicism. Huge territories with prosperous agriculture (Novgorod was supplied with bread), developed crafts and trade. Moscow becomes the most important administrative and cultural center. After the death of Vsevolod, strife arises, which leads to a weakening of the principality. The last prince Yuri Vsevolodovich (gg.) died in a battle with the Mongol conquerors on the river. Sit.
Galicia-Volyn Principality Location: Occupied a vast territory of South-Western Russia (Galicia in the south and Volyn in the north) from the Danube and the Black Sea region to the Neman and the middle reaches of the Bug, from the Carpathians to the Dniester and Prut. Location: It occupied a vast territory of South-Western Russia (Galician land in the south and Volhynia in the north) from the Danube and the Black Sea region to the Neman and the middle reaches of the Bug, from the Carpathians to the Dniester and Prut. Feature: fertile soils, boyar ownership of the land. Feature: fertile soils, boyar ownership of the land. Crafts: fishing, forestry, handicraft, salt deposits. Crafts: fishing, forestry, handicraft, salt deposits. State power: princely power is limited by the power of the boyars. State power: princely power is limited by the power of the boyars.
Galicia-Volyn principality This land was very fertile. The mild climate favored the development of arable farming here. Numerous forest and fishing industries successfully developed, skillful artisans worked. Salt deposits were of great importance for the region. All this contributed to the development of brisk trade. This land was very fertile. The mild climate favored the development of arable farming here. Numerous forest and fishing industries successfully developed, skillful artisans worked. Salt deposits were of great importance for the region. All this contributed to the development of brisk trade. A very wealthy and independent boyars also lived here, who wanted to take over the entire country. Therefore, patrimonial, hereditary, land tenure is formed here early. Constantly communicating with the masterful nobility of neighboring countries, local boyars adopted from her an independent style of behavior in relation to princely power. In their midst, uprisings broke out every now and then, if something was not according to them! A very wealthy and independent boyars also lived here, who wanted to take over the entire country. Therefore, patrimonial, hereditary, land tenure is formed here early. Constantly communicating with the masterful nobility of neighboring countries, local boyars adopted from her an independent style of behavior in relation to princely power. In their midst, uprisings broke out every now and then, if something was not according to them! Vladimir Volynsky was the eldest among the cities, with whom the young Galich successfully competed on the Dniester. In Vladimir-Volynsky, the descendants of Vladimir Monomakh ruled, and in Galich - the descendants of the early deceased eldest son of Yaroslav the Wise Vladimir and his son Rostislav. At first, the Galician and Volyn principalities were independent states. In 1199, Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich managed to unite them. Imagine, during his reign, he managed to stop the boyar strife, to become the owner of a vast territory! And all this thanks to his talented abilities. He went down in history as an outstanding commander and statesman. Vladimir Volynsky was the eldest among the cities, with whom the young Galich successfully competed on the Dniester. In Vladimir-Volynsky, the descendants of Vladimir Monomakh ruled, and in Galich - the descendants of the early deceased eldest son of Yaroslav the Wise Vladimir and his son Rostislav. At first, the Galician and Volyn principalities were independent states. In 1199, Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich managed to unite them. Imagine, during his reign, he managed to stop the boyar strife, to become the owner of a vast territory! And all this thanks to his talented abilities. He went down in history as an outstanding commander and statesman. The policy of his father was continued by his son, Daniel. The policy of his father was continued by his son, Daniel.
Yaroslav I Osmomysl (g.) Chronicle first mentions him in 1150 in connection with his marriage to Olga, daughter of Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Named in "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" - Osmomysl (which has eight meanings, that is, smart, wise). He extended the territory of his principality, adding the lands between the Dniester and the Carpathians, the lower reaches of the Danube. He had a large army, with the help of which he became one of the most powerful princes in Russia. He managed to temporarily capture Kyiv in 1159. He developed and strengthened many Galician cities. By his measures, was built in the Assumption Cathedral in Galich. With a wise policy during the 35-year reign, Yaroslav Osmomysl created a powerful state, which all neighbors reckoned with. After the death of Yaroslav, the long struggle between his heirs and the boyars weakened the principality.
Roman Mstislavich (gg.) In 1199, the Volhynian prince Roman Mstislavovich captured Galich and united it with Volhynia, dealt with the recalcitrant boyars. In 1203 he captured Kyiv and assumed the title of Grand Duke. Under him, one of the largest and most influential states in Europe was formed. He fought with the Polovtsians and Polish feudal lords, sought to dominate the southern Russian lands. After the death of Roman, his eldest son Daniel (gg.) took the throne.
Daniil Romanovich Galitsky (gg.) For almost 30 years he fought with the Hungarian, Polish and Russian princes, as well as the boyars. In 1238, he established his power, dealt with the boyar freemen and defeated the knights of the Livonian Order. He again united Galich, Volyn and occupied Kyiv in 1240. However, in the same year, the territory of Southwestern Russia was defeated by the Mongol-Tatars. A century later, Russia lost these lands: Volyn went to Lithuania, and Galich to Poland.
Territorial and political fragmentation is a natural stage in the history of all medieval early feudal monarchies + Growth of cities; Development of crafts, trade; The heyday and diversity of ancient Russian culture. – Weakening of the central authority; internecine wars; The decline of the military power of Ancient Russia.
Culture of Ancient Russia Writing Manuscripts on parchment: Ostromir Gospel of 1057, Svyatoslav's Izborniks of 1073 and 1076. etc. Graffiti: an inscription about the death of Yaroslav the Wise on the wall of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv Epigraphy: an inscription on the Tmutarakan stone Birch bark letters: notes scratched on pieces of birch bark
Culture of Ancient Russia LITERATURE Sermons and teachings: Hilarion's "Word on Law and Grace" (1049), Vladimir Monomakh's "Instruction" (1117) and others. Lives of the Saints: "The Tale of Boris and Gleb", "The Life of Theodosius" Nestor Heroic epic: "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" (after 1187) Chronicles: "The Tale of Bygone Years" by Nestor (1113) Publicism: "Word" and "Prayer" by Daniil Zatochnik (beginning of the 13th century)
Culture of Ancient Russia ARCHITECTURE Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir Church of the Intercession on the Nerl 1165 Dmitrievsky Cathedral in Vladimir Golden Gate in Vladimir
Formation of the Mongol state Temujin Genghis Khan (gg.) Kurultai 1206 Conquered: Northern China and Korea (gg.); Central Asia - the state of Khorezmshahs (gg.); Transcaucasia, North Caucasus, Sea of Azov and Crimea (gg.) Laws of Yasa Rigid discipline; Decimal staffing system, collective responsibility; Low hardy horses (3 per warrior), cavalry, excellent reconnaissance; The general should not get involved in the battle personally. Battle of Kalka May 31, 1223
Batu invasion of Russia December 1237 - the fall of Ryazan Beginning of 1238 - the devastation of Vladimir-Suzdal land Spring 1238 - retreat Spring 1239 - the ruin of Pereyaslavl Autumn-winter 1240 - a campaign against South Russia, the fall of Kyiv (6 December 1240) Spring 1241 - the capture of the Galicia-Volyn principality March 4, 1238 the battle on the river City Kozelsk 49 days In the years. Mongol-Tatars devastated Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary
Consequences of the invasion 49 out of 74 cities were destroyed (29 disappeared forever or turned into villages); A sharp decline in the population; The decline of agriculture, crafts, culture; Strengthening feudal fragmentation; The warriors were replaced by people from the common people (serfs), strengthening despotism.
Horde yoke Rus was deprived of independence The princes could rule only after receiving a label to reign Khans encouraged inter-princely strife A huge tribute to the Horde Military service "Living goods" The Golden Horde was founded by Batu Khan in 1242. The system of relations between Russia and the Horde ! Khans did not encroach on the position of the Orthodox Church
The influence of the Mongol-Tatar conquest on the history of Russia N.M. Karamzin G.V. Vernadsky Mongol-Tatars pushed the creation of a unified Russian state, but delayed the cultural development of Russia. CM. Solovyov V.O. Klyuchevsky S.F. Platonov Monogolo-Tatars had little effect on the internal development of Russian society. Soviet researchers Mongol-Tatars hampered the development of Russia, interfered with unification. The influence is noticeable, but not decisive.
RUSSIAN Struggle against Western aggression in the 13th century Swedes Germans Teutonic Order (since 1198) Order of the Sword-bearers (since 1202) Novgorod Vladimir Pskov Livonian Order (since 1237) Battle of the Neva July 15, 1240 Battle on the Ice 5 April 1242 Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky: “Who is with the sword…”
The meaning of the victories of Alexander Nevsky () Suspended "Drang nash Osten" ("onslaught on the East"). The Orthodox faith has been preserved. Moral significance (after the invasion of Batu). The growth of the authority and influence of Alexander Nevsky. P.D. Korin Alexander Nevsky
Alexander Nevsky and the Horde 1246 Alexander Yaroslavich - Prince of Novgorod and Kyiv Andrey Yaroslavich - Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal label Daniil of Galicia () fight against the Horde of Nevryuev's army 1252 Submission to the Horde, because: not enough strength; the threat of Catholicization from the West; position of the Orthodox Church. reprisals against rebellious Novgorod in 1257 and 1259; trips to the Khan in the Horde (, gg.). Grand Duke of Vladimir in the years.
Nevryuev's army is a punitive campaign of the Golden Horde troops under the command of Nevryuy, sent by Prince Sartak, co-ruler of his father Batu, at the request of Alexander Nevsky against his brother, Grand Duke of Vladimir Andrei Yaroslavich. Andrei was overtaken and defeated near Pereyaslavl, forcing him to flee to Novgorod, and then to Sweden. He plundered and burned Pereyaslavl, many villages and hamlets. The Horde was taken away "beschisla" people, horses and cattle. This was the first appearance of large Mongol-Tatar military forces in North-Eastern Russia after the invasion of Batu.
Russia in the period of feudal fragmentation of the 11th-13th centuries.
- In 1093, the reign of the grandchildren of Yaroslav the Wise began.
- Princely groups appeared:
- 1093-1096 strife between the Kiev-Pereyaslav army and Oleg's army
Kievskaya
(Svyatopolk)
Chernihiv-Pereyaslavskaya
(Vladimir Monomakh)
Tmutarakanskaya
Lubech Congress. 1097 year.
- Initiator: Vladimir Monomakh.
- Decisions of the Lubech Congress:
- "Let everyone keep his fiefdom" (i.e. each owns his own principality). This principle guaranteed the inviolability of the principalities, including from the side of the Kiev prince. This marked the beginning of political fragmentation.
- Joint struggle against the Polovtsy (1113-1125)
- However, the princes were powerless to establish order not only in the entire Russian land, but even within their princely circle of relatives and cousins and nephews. Immediately after the congress, a new strife broke out in Lyubech, which lasted for several years.
- Preservation of significant tribal disunity under the dominance of subsistence farming.
- The development of feudal ownership of land and the growth of specific, princely-boyar land ownership.
- The struggle for power between the princes and feudal civil strife.
- Constant raids of nomads and the outflow of the population to the north-east of Russia.
- The decline of trade along the Dnieper due to the Polovtsian danger.
- Growth of cities as centers of specific lands.
- The flourishing of cities in specific lands.
- Creation of new trade routes.
- Constant princely strife.
- Fragmentation of principalities between heirs.
- Weakening of the defense capability and political unity of the country.
EFFECTS
positive
negative
The largest lands of Russia in the era of feudal fragmentation
- Vladimir-Suzdal (Rostov-Suzdal)
- Galicia-Volyn principality
- Novgorod land
- Separation from Kyiv in the 30s. 12th century.
- Territory: northeastern Russia, the interfluve of the Oka and Volga.
- PECULIARITIES:
- The unlimited nature of the power of the prince and the advisory powers of the veche Prince Veche Boyars
Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
2. The main branch of the economy is agriculture due to the abundance of fertile lands suitable for crop production. 3. A constant influx of people in search of protection from nomadic raids. 4. The location of the principality at the crossroads of trade routes (along the rivers Oka and Volga). 5. Rapid growth of cities. Old: New: Vladimir, Suzdal, Moscow, Kostroma, Rostov, Yaroslavl Pereyaslavl-Zalessky Prince Yuri Dolgoruky (1125-1157)
- Ruled in the Rostov-Suzdal land.
- He pursued an active urban policy.
- Considered the founder of Moscow (1147)
- Fought for the throne of Kyiv.
- Poisoned by Kievan boyars.
- Since 1155, he independently settled in Vladimir.
- Since 1159, he fought for the subjugation of Novgorod, fought with the Volga Bulgars.
- In 1169-1170. temporarily subjugated Kyiv and Novgorod.
- Strived for church independence from Kyiv.
- Contributed to the formation of the cult of the Virgin.
- In 1174 he was killed by his inner circle.
- Subjugated Kyiv, Chernigov, Ryazan, Novgorod.
- Successfully fought with the Volga Bulgaria and the Polovtsians.
- He received the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir.
- Construction of the Dmitrovsky Cathedral.
- The heyday of the principality
- The leading branches of the economy are trade and craft.
- Wide development of crafts: salt production, iron production, fishing, hunting.
- Special state-administrative structure of Novgorod.
VELIKIY NOVGOROD
Peculiarities:
Administration of the Novgorod Boyar Republic.
Boyar Council
Posadnik
Tysyatsky
Mayors of the city districts
- The territory of the South-West of Russia, between the rivers Dnieper and Prut, Carpathians.
- POLITICAL STRUCTURE
GALICIA-VOLYNIA PRINCIPALITY
BOYARSTVO
- The ancient center of Russian arable land ownership.
- Development of rock salt mining and its supply to the territory of Southern Russia.
- Active foreign trade and urban growth.
- The struggle for supremacy in Russia and the capture of Kiev.
PECULIARITIES
Yaroslav Osmomysl 1152-1187
- The rise of the Galician principality. Successfully defended all-Russian interests in relationships with Byzantium.
- The Galician land maintained trade relations with Bulgaria and Byzantium; owning Small Galich, Yaroslav held in his hands the key of the Danube trade
- According to legend, he was very wise and educated human, knew 8 languages, for which he was nicknamed "Osmomysl"
- His power is noted in the "Tale of Igor's Campaign". Led stubborn fight with rebellious boyars. Died in 1187
- After the turmoil that began with the death of Yaroslav Osmomysl, the Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich managed to establish himself on the Galich throne.
- In 1199, he united the Galician land and most of the Volyn land as part of one principality.
- Leading a fierce struggle with the local boyars, Roman Mstislavich tried to subdue other lands of Southern Russia. He destroyed some boyars, expelled others from Galich, confiscated the boyar lands.
Principality administration
Daniel (Romanovich) Galitsky 1229-1264
- In 1223, Daniel of Galicia participated in the battle on the river. Kalka against the Mongol-Tatars (defeat), in 1237 - against the Teutonic Order (victory).
- In 1238, Daniil Romanovich established himself in Galich, and then briefly occupied Kyiv. Leading a stubborn struggle against princely strife and the dominance of the boyars and spiritual feudal lords, Daniil Romanovich relied on petty service people and the urban population.
- He promoted the development of cities, attracting artisans and merchants there. Under him, Kholm, Lvov, Ugrovesk, Danilov were built, Dorogichin was updated. Daniil Romanovich moved the capital of the Galicia-Volyn principality from the city of Galich to the city of Kholm.
- Time from the beginning of the XII to the end of the XV century. traditionally called the specific period. Indeed, about 15 principalities and lands formed on the basis of Kievan Rus by the middle of the 12th century, about 50 principalities by the beginning of the 13th century, and approximately 250 in the 14th century.
- The era of feudal fragmentation was a time of further economic and cultural development of the Russian lands. By the beginning of the 13th century, according to historians, we can talk about the formation of the Old Russian people in Eastern Europe as an important ethno-cultural whole.
- The fragmentation of the Russian lands contributed to the economic development of the Russian principalities. Arable farming has spread everywhere. An indicator of economic recovery was the growth in the number of cities. In Russia, on the eve of the Mongol invasion, there were about 300 cities - centers of highly developed crafts, trade, and culture.
- However, the Russian land was not reliably protected from strong outside interference.
- In addition, constant princely strife undermined the development of individual principalities and weakened their defenses.
- If the Russian principalities more or less successfully resisted the Polovtsian nomads in the South and the crusaders in the West, then they were completely unprepared to repulse those who rushed from the east in the 13th century. troops of Genghis Khan and his heirs.
Lesson objectives:
to teach to apply in a complex knowledge, skills, skills based on previously learned;
To develop the skills of students: draw conclusions, see cause-and-effect relationships, find errors.
develop the skill of control and self-control;
After reviewing the topic, students should know:
causes of feudal fragmentation;
main dates;
features of the development of principalities
princes - rulers
effects
Should be able to:
compare events and dates;
work with the table, with the test material.
Lesson form: generalization and repetition on the topic, electronic presentation
Forms of work: group, individual, frontal conversation.
Type of lesson: iterative-generalizing using a presentation.
Educational and methodical complex: Danilov A.A. Kosulina L.G. History of Russia. From ancient times to the end of the 16th century. Grade 6// Programs of educational institutions. History 6-11 cells. M., Education, 2009
Textbook: Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. Russian history. 6 cells M.: Enlightenment, 2011
Lesson resources:
map “Russian lands in the XII - early XIII centuries”;
electronic presentation;
response plan card
the name of the principalities.
Basic concepts:
feudal fragmentation, specific principalities, political organization of specific principalities.
Prominent figures:
Yaroslav the Wise
Svyatoslav
Vyacheslav
Izyaslav
Igor
Vsevolod
Literature:
History textbook, grade 6;
Additional literature on the course.
Lesson plan:
Preparatory stage. 4m
Working with a presentation 33m
Test tasks to consolidate the material5min
Summing up, grading.5min
Homework 3min
During the classes
1. The goals and objectives of the lesson are determined, the type of lesson is explained 5 min.
Introductory speech of the teacher with the aim of setting a problem task.
Today in the lesson we will summarize the knowledge of how the process of feudal fragmentation took place in Russia. We have to repeat the material while working with an electronic presentation
slide number 1,2
2. Work with the presentation. 35 minutes
slide number 2
2.1. Highlight the concept of "feudal fragmentation"
First, students give their definition, then check with slide number 3
2.2. What names is she associated with?
Slide number 3, 5. Students explain the participation of each prince and the dates of reign
2.3. Highlight the causes of feudal fragmentation
Students first independently name economic and political reasons.
The development of the economy led to the emergence of large landowners. They lived at the expense of their economy, they could support their prince.
New cities developed as political, cultural and economic centers.
His prince cared more about the development of these lands than the distant Kievan prince.
The power of the Kiev prince weakened.
Then check with Slides No. 10,11
2.4. Map study.
Teacher: “Which principalities became the most significant in the 12th-13th centuries?”
Students name Vladimir-Suzdal, Kiev, Galicia-Volyn
principalities and Novgorod land.
Show on the territory map:
Vladimir-Suzdal Principality;
Galicia-Volyn principality;
Novgorod Republic;
Kievan principality.
2.5. Compare the principalities by political structure, significance, for the state, main occupations.
Students are divided into four groups (they will need to present the principality they have inherited; in order for the grouping process to go faster, cards for the draw are prepared in advance. Groups of students are located in accordance with the geographical position on the map, on the tables are tablets with the names of capital cities.
Story plan.
Geographical position.
Economy.
Control system.
What is famous.
Then time is given for the preparation of the story in groups. One student answers, the rest get the opportunity to complete it.
The following features should be noted.
Kiev principality: a strong boyars, there could be two princes at the same time, it is honorable to be a Kiev prince.
Galicia-Volyn principality: western, trade with the west, salt mining, confrontation between the prince and the boyars.
Vladimir-Suzdal principality: the strong power of the prince, the nobility is the support of the prince.
Novgorod: a republic, crafts and trade are developed.
Slides 6, 7, 8, 9.
2.6. Highlight positive and negative effects.
Frontal conversation during which slide No. 12 is discussed
2.7. Conclusion on the topic.
The teacher's conclusion: “The transition to fragmentation is the heyday of medieval society, its economy, political forms and culture, clearly manifested in the variety of types of this development. State unity was not completely lost:
Russian principalities were connected by a complex system of vassal relations;
2.recognized the Grand Duke of Kiev as the head of this system.”
3. Checking the assimilation of the material
The test task of the presentation is running.
Slides #16-21
4. Grades are given.
5. Recording homework.
Write 5 questions about the topic.
1) After the death of Yaroslav the Wise, the Grand Duke of Kiev became:
A. Izyaslav
V. Svyatoslav
S.Vyacheslav
2) By the middle of the XII century, Russia split into
59 principalities
15 principalities
235 principalities
3) The prince was invited to
Novgorod land
Kiev principality
Galicia-Volyn land
4) In which principality did two princes manage at once?
Kiev
Galicia-Volyn
Novgorod
5) Determine the dates of the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky
1152-1187
1125-1157
1157-1174
Correct answers are A, B, A, A, C
 
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