In the autumn of 1992, an armed clash between residents of the Ingush and Ossetian nationalities took place on the territory of the Prigorodny district of the Republic of North Ossetia of the Russian Federation. The active phase of the conflict lasted from October 31 to November 6, according to the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation during this period, 583 people were killed on both sides, 939 people were injured, 261 people went missing, 1093 people were held hostage. In the zone of liquidation of the consequences of the conflict, 66 Russian servicemen were killed and almost 130 wounded, who took part in the disengagement of the warring parties and the subsequent maintenance of the security regime. According to various estimates, from 30 to 60 thousand inhabitants of the Ingush nationality were forced to leave the territory of their historical residence in the Prigorodny district of North Ossetia and Vladikavkaz, and most of them settled in neighboring Ingushetia.

The origins of the Ossetian-Ingush conflict can be found in Stalin's national policy: the post-war deportation of the Ingush and the arbitrary change of administrative boundaries in the region. In 1924, the Ingush Autonomous Region was created, which included, in addition to the present Ingushetia, the nearby territories of the settlement of the Ingush - the Prigorodny district and the right-bank part of Vladikavkaz. In 1934, the Ingush and Chechen regions were merged into the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region, Vladikavkaz (Ordzhonikidze) was completely ceded to North Ossetia, and the Prigorodny District became part of the ChIAO, which was soon transformed into the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. After the deportation of the Ingush and Chechens in 1944, the Prigorodny District was transferred to North Ossetia.

In 1957, when the repressed peoples were allowed to return from exile, Checheno-Ingushetia was restored, but the Prigorodny district remained part of North Ossetia. Returning there was not encouraged: Moscow was distrustful of the repressed peoples, and the republican authorities, fearing territorial claims, obstructed employment and registration. In 1982, the USSR Council of Ministers issued a resolution (N183) "On limiting the registration of citizens in the Prigorodny district of the North Ossetian ASSR." This decree was actually applied only to the Ingush.

Nevertheless, the Ingush returned, bought their yards from the Ossetians, lived illegally or were built and registered for bribes. Many studied and worked in Vladikavkaz, were treated in republican hospitals; and despite the tension in relations with the Ossetian population, the percentage of mixed marriages was quite high.

The ideas of "returning the lands" and "restoring historical justice" have been popular among the Ingush since their return from deportation. However, open demands to return the Prigorodny District were first voiced only in 1973, during open speeches by the Ingush intelligentsia in the city of Grozny. In the late 1980s, the problem began to be discussed actively. The catalyst for the conflict was the law "On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples", adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on April 26, 1991, the third and sixth articles of which provided for "territorial rehabilitation." It should be noted that S.A. Kovalev and some other human rights activists opposed the adoption of this law, precisely in connection with the danger of conflict, for which they were greatly condemned by the champions of historical justice.

The law stepped up the demands of the Ingush, giving them legitimacy and legal support. Against the backdrop of general social tension in the region, in conditions of free access to weapons and the absence of effective mechanisms for regulating contradictions, the growing confrontation led to an armed clash. Federal troops intervened in the conflict, which led to even greater losses among the Ingush and a mass exodus of the Ingush population from the Prigorodny district.

In the subsequent period, in the course of armed clashes between Ossetians and Ingush, shelling and explosions, including military and police posts and outfits, as well as as a result of single and mass graves found during the armed conflict, the number of those killed in the conflict zone increased by 2003. by 340 people, the number of wounded - by more than 390 people.

Return of internally displaced persons: problems

"The return of the Ingush is a multi-way chess operation," says Valery Smirnov, head of the department for social issues and work with internally displaced persons at the Special Representative Office of the President of the Russian Federation for the settlement of the Ossetian-Ingush conflict. Indeed, return is a difficult process, dependent on a number of complicating factors.

First, the Ingush and Ossetian sides still cannot reach a consensus on how many Ingush are eligible for state assistance in resettlement. Secondly, the return directly depends on the timeliness of the transfer of state assistance for destroyed housing. Third, overcoming a conflict is influenced by the moods and attitudes of people who survived an armed conflict more than a decade ago. All this is complicated by the economic backwardness of the region and the tense migration situation: after the Georgian-Ossetian conflict, according to various sources, the Prigorodny district accepted from 7.5 to 26,000 South Ossetian refugees from Georgia, some of whom live in houses and apartments that previously belonged to the Ingush.

Conflict of numbers: how many Ingush are eligible for state assistance in resettlement?

According to various estimates, as a result of the armed conflict in the Prigorodny District and the city of Vladikavkaz in North Ossetia, from 30,000 to 60,000 Ingush were forced to leave their homes and seek refuge in Ingushetia. In 1992-1993 The Migration Service of Ingushetia claimed that 61,000 Ingush citizens left the North Ossetian Republic; Chairman of the Supreme Council of the SOASSR A. Galazov on November 10, 1992, at a meeting of the 18th session of the Supreme Council of the SOASSR, announced the number 32,782.

The discrepancy in the figures is explained by the fact that before 1992 the percentage of the Ingush population living in the territory of North Ossetia without a residence permit was very high. In connection with the containment policy pursued by the republican authorities and the restriction of propiska in force since 1982, the Ingush lived for decades in the Prigorodny district without registering with the passport service. In 1992, these people could not confirm the fact of their residence and home ownership in RNO-A. According to Spec. representative offices, up to 50% of the housing built after the deportation was not issued or was issued incorrectly. With the expansion of the yards, new houses were not entered into the household books. In addition, until 1992, a common form of income for the Ingush was the so-called "otkhodnichestvo", the seasonal departure of work teams to central Russia and Central Asia. Up to 10,000 Ingush could fall into this category of "unrecorded" citizens. Thus, the situation that has developed today is the result of a policy of ethnic discrimination and an unreliable system of registration of citizens in the 1970s, 80s, 90s.

As the monitors of "Memorial" were explained in Spec. representative office, in 1993-95. a campaign was carried out to collect signatures of citizens who expressed a desire to return to RNO-A. The wish list included about 45,000 people. After the verification of signatures, the removal of repetitions and absurdities, 40,953 people remained on the list. Further, painstaking work was carried out to confirm the fact of residence of each family based on the data of the address and reference bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, local governments and executive authorities.

As a result of the audit, Spec. the representation received the figure of 31.224 persons or 5.516 families. These citizens are recognized the right to receive state assistance in returning to their places of residence in RNO-A.

State assistance to internally displaced persons

For internally displaced persons who have confirmed the fact of residence in the Prigorodny district of North Ossetia-A, the state provides assistance in the form of:

1. Covering the costs of moving property and family members from the place of temporary residence;
2. Provision of temporary housing (a trailer worth 80,000 rubles);
3. Provision of transport for the work of the visiting commission to measure the area of ​​home ownership or assess the condition of destroyed housing;
4. Allocation of funds for the construction, restoration or purchase of housing;
5. Free legal advice for IDPs, representing their interests in courts.

The amount of financial assistance allocated by the state for the construction, restoration or acquisition of housing is determined depending on the size and value of the lost home ownership, the cost of a square meter. m. of area and necessary building materials, as well as the number of family members. Compensation is paid in three stages and indexed depending on the growth of inflation. In contrast to the practice adopted in Russia of allocating a fixed amount as compensation for lost housing, the amount of assistance to migrants in the zone of the former Ossetian-Ingush conflict is theoretically unlimited. According to Spec. representative offices, at the moment a number of families have opened bank accounts for transferring amounts exceeding 1 million rubles.

Unfortunately, the scheme for determining the amount of compensation, which is so favorable for migrants, often creates difficulties in the actual implementation of payments. The amount of funds allocated by the federal budget for the restoration of housing and destroyed infrastructure in the zone of the Ossetian-Ingush conflict is strictly fixed and amounts to 200 million rubles a year. Rising prices and large amounts of compensation lead to the fact that annually allocated federal funds are not enough. According to the spec. representative offices, by the end of 2003 the amount of debt on already opened accounts exceeded 600 million rubles.

Delays in payments for the construction and restoration of housing are the main obstacle to the return of Ingush migrants to the so-called "problem-free" settlements.

Moral and psychological climate and "problem" settlements

On October 11, 2002, the presidents of North Ossetia - Alania and the Republic of Ingushetia signed the Agreement "On the Development of Cooperation and Good Neighborliness". For the first time since the end of the conflict, the leadership of the republics made such a noticeable political step towards meeting each other, replacing confrontational rhetoric with an attitude towards goodwill and constructive interaction. This step is all the more important because over the past decade, mutual rejection has been enshrined at the level of legislative acts of the parties.

The official assessment of the events of 1992 of the RNO-A was enshrined in the materials of the 18th session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (November 1992) and the II Congress of the Ossetian people (May 1993). In these materials, the conflict is interpreted as "prearranged, carefully planned, technically equipped, supported by the majority of the Ingush population of North Ossetia, a perfidious aggression of the Ingush gangs against the sovereign North Ossetian SSR" with the aim of capturing and seizing part of the Prigorodny district and the right bank of the city of Vladikavkaz, annexing them to the newly formed Ingush Republic". In the same leadership of the SO SSR, the thesis was adopted about "the impossibility of living together with the Ingush."

For a decade, the government of the republic has maintained that the multinational people of North Ossetia, which includes representatives of more than 100 ethnic groups, live in peace and good neighborliness with each other and all peaceful nations. Legally and at the level of mass consciousness, the Ingush were excluded from this category. With the help of Special Representation of the President of the Russian Federation on the settlement of the Ossetian-Ingush conflict, the thesis about the "impossibility of living" was canceled in 1997.

The assessment of the events of 1992 by the Ingush side was enshrined in the materials of the Extraordinary Congress of the Ingush people (February 1993) and the Decree of the People's Assembly - the Parliament of the Republic of Ingushetia dated September 21, 1994 N 47 "On the political and legal assessment of the events of October-November 1992 in the Prigorodny district and the city . Vladikavkaz Republic of North Ossetia". In these documents, the conflict is presented as "the forcible deportation of the Ingush population from the territory of North Ossetia, the ethnic cleansing of the Prigorodny district and the city of Vladikavkaz in North Ossetia." Article 11 of the Constitution of the Ingush Republic still states that "the return by political means of the territory illegally taken away from Ingushetia and the preservation of the territorial integrity of the Republic of Ingushetia is the most important task of the state."

Undoubtedly, such attitudes influenced both the development of the inter-republican political process and relations between national communities. At the moment, the Ossetian-Ingush conflict is a latent conflict. The monitoring carried out by the staff of the HRC "Memorial" in the Prigorodny district revealed, on the whole, a rather high level of tension in relations between the Ossetian and Ingush population. However, compared with previous years, the situation has changed markedly for the better.

The most favorable moral and psychological climate was noted in the villages where the return took place, especially where Ingush and Ossetian settlements do not form ethnic enclaves, and both Ossetians and Ingush live on the same street (for example, the village of Dongaron, Kurtat). A survey of the population showed that it is easiest to establish good-neighbourly relations with middle-aged people (40-50), who had previous experience of communicating with each other; it is more difficult for young people to make mutual contact. Adolescents and young adults who were in the process of becoming a conflict or in the post-conflict years live in isolation from each other.

An important role in maintaining disunity is played by separate schooling, which is practiced in some villages (the village of Chermen) of the Prigorodny district. The decision to introduce separate education was made by the leadership out of fear of possible excesses on national grounds. However, the teachers at the co-educational schools told the monitors of "Memorial" (Dongaron village, Kurtat) that there are no ethnic conflicts in their schools.

Despite a significant reduction in tension in the region as a whole, there are a number of settlements where the return does not go. These are the so-called "problem villages", where, according to the authorities of North Ossetia-A, the moral and psychological climate for the return of the Ingush is not ripe. The problem settlements of the Prigorodny district are: the village of Turk, the village of Oktyabrskoye, the village of. Ir, s. Chermen (partially), p. Tarskoe (partially), p. Kambileevskaya (partially), Vladikavkaz.

In Vladikavkaz, the return is extremely slow, despite the fact that a number of families managed to restore the right to own their capital apartments. So, according to Spec. representative offices, at the end of 2003, 113 apartments in the city of Vladikavkaz were returned to the former owners of the Ingush nationality voluntarily or administratively (through the court). Several families regained ownership in the village. Oktyabrskoye, however, according to the available data, they do not live in these apartments, they rent them out to tenants.

Problematic villages also include settlements that fall into the so-called water protection zone. According to the Decree N186 of the Government of North Ossetia-A dated July 25, 1996, five settlements ( Turk, Chernorechenskoye, Yuzhny, Balta and Redant-2) belong to the "zone of sanitary protection of sources of drinking water supply" of Vladikavkaz. Households in this area are subject to demolition, and citizens living in them - to resettlement. 80% of the houses marked for demolition belong to the Ingush.

According to the State Committee of the Republic of Ingushetia until 1992 in the settlements of the so-called water protection zone lived, (persons/families):

• Turk - 1994 / 398
• Chernorechenskoe - 1996 / 356
• Southern - 3271 / 584
• Balta - 970 / 162
• Redant -2 - 1983 / 331

Currently, all residents of these villages are internally displaced persons. The situation is aggravated by the fact that at the federal level the final decision on the boundaries and technical and economic parameters of the water protection zone is constantly being postponed, thus delaying the solution of the problem of the return of Ingush families to North Ossetia-A.

Return dynamics: 1992-2005

Officially, the return of the Ingush to RNO-A began in 1994. Currently, Ingush migrants are actually returning to 13 villages in the Prigorodny district. Until 1992, the Ingush lived in 29 settlements of North Ossetia, but after the conflict, they applied for return only to 16 villages. Thus, not a single family expressed a desire to return to the Mozdok region of North Ossetia-A, although the conflict bypassed this region. Apparently, the migrants are afraid to return to the villages, where the Ingush population is small and dispersed.

According to the Representative Office of the Special Representative of the President of the Russian Federation for the Settlement of the Ossetian-Ingush Conflict, as of January 1, 2004, 3,942 families of Ingush forced migrants (21,560 persons) were provided with state assistance in return. These citizens are counted as those who returned to RNO-A.

Thus, according to the data of the Special Representation, the state has already provided assistance to about 80% of citizens whose registration and (or) residence before the conflict in North Ossetia is officially confirmed.

These data differ significantly from the data of the State Committee for Refugees and Forced Migrants of the Republic of Ingushetia. According to the information provided by the State Committee, as of January 1, 2004, 11,988 people returned to 13 settlements of the Prigorodny district of North Ossetia-A.

This discrepancy in numbers is due to the fact that the employees of Spets. Representations consider as returnees all those who received state support for return in the form of opening personal accounts or providing temporary housing, regardless of whether the family was actually able to return. Employees of the State Committee of the Republic of Ingushetia rank only those citizens who actually live in the territory of the Prigorodny district as returnees. However, due to the fact that it is difficult to develop a reliable mechanism for registering citizens who actually live in the area, the numbers of Spec. representations are usually mistaken for official ones.

In recent years, the dynamics of return to the Prigorodny district has decreased compared to previous years. According to the special representative of the President of the Russian Federation for the settlement of the Ossetian-Ingush conflict A.V. Kulakovsky, "this is due to the fact that the base of those returning to "problem-free" settlements is close to completion, where almost everyone who wanted to return" .

According to the specialist of the Department of Ethnopolitical Studies of the North Ossetian Institute for Humanitarian and Social Research of the Vladikavkaz Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Associate Professor A. Dzadziev, the reasons lie in the fact that "prerequisites and opportunities have not yet been created for the return of the Ingush to a number of settlements with a difficult moral and psychological situation In the minds of many Ossetians living in the zone of liquidation of the consequences of the Ossetian-Ingush armed conflict, the thesis about the impossibility of cohabitation of Ossetians and Ingush, voiced at one time (but later withdrawn) by the leadership of the republic and the All-Ossetian socio-political movement "Alanty Nykhas" continues to dominate ".

Forced migrants from the Prigorodny district, living on the territory of the Republic of Ingushetia and in the village. May RSO - A

At the end of 2003, according to various sources, from 14,000 to 20,000 Ingush forced migrants from North Ossetia continue to remain in the territory of Ingushetia and beyond its borders. Basically, these are residents of the so-called "problem villages", villages that fall under the water protection zone and the city of Vladikavkaz. IDPs live in the private sector and in barracks on the territory of the Republic of Ingushetia, as well as in the town of refugees "Maisky", located on the territory of North Ossetia-A near the border with Ingushetia.

This category of citizens does not receive assistance from the state and humanitarian organizations. The living conditions of IDPs in wagons (settlement Maysky) and barracks (RI) do not meet the minimum requirements for human housing. Monitoring conducted by the staff of the HRC "Memorial" in the village. Mayskoye and the barracks located on the territory of the Republic of Ingushetia showed that due to the emergency state of temporary housing, the health of IDPs is at serious risk: in winter, due to frequent and prolonged power outages, chronic diseases develop in unheated rooms; the lack of humanitarian support and the near 100% unemployment among IDPs is leading to increased cases of malnutrition among children. Many children do not attend school due to lack of warm clothes.

After Beslan: return stopped for 9 months and resumed again

The return of the Ingush to the Prigorodny region of North Ossetia-A was suspended in September 2004 after the tragedy in the city of Beslan. The central press has repeatedly linked the tragic events in the city of Beslan with the Ossetian-Ingush conflict of 1992, despite the fact that the terrorists in the Beslan school did not put forward demands related to changing the status of the Prigorodny district, and the composition of the terrorist group was multinational. As a result, the unsubstantiated mythology about the "Ingush trace" of Beslan firmly entrenched itself in the mass consciousness of some residents of North Ossetia, which led to the inevitable growth of interethnic tension in the region. To the credit of both peoples, incidents on national grounds were avoided.

On April 17, an agreement was reached between the state committees of the Republics of North Ossetia-Alania and the Republic of Ingushetia, as well as the Ministry of Nationalities of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, on the return of four Ingush families to their place of permanent residence in the village of Chermen, about which a corresponding protocol was signed.

On April 20, the families of Arsamakovs (8 people), Bogatyrevs (4 people), Kusievs (4 people) and Mizievs (10 people) put trailers and personal belongings on trucks and headed towards North Ossetia. At 8:15 am the convoy was stopped at checkpoint-105. As the checkpoint staff explained to the refugees, the former Ossetian neighbors are against the return of Ingush families to their farmsteads, so moving is impossible. It turned out that these four families had to return to that part of Chermen, which had previously been closed to the return of the Ingush.

The families spent ten days at the administrative border of RNO-A and Ingushetia. Among them are two veterans of the Great Patriotic War - Saadu Arsamakov (87 years old) and Zhugurkhan Kusieva (78 years old) straight from the front was deported to Kazakhstan. Zhugurkhan Kusiyeva, a veteran of the rear, a shock worker of communist labor, was awarded the medals "Veteran of Labor", the Order of Labor Glory.

Within ten days, representatives of the republican and federal authorities came to the administrative border. Human rights activists expressed concern that two veterans of the war will meet the 60th anniversary of the Victory in trailers near the Ossetian-Ingush border.

Fortunately, this did not happen. Representatives of the Southern Federal District helped organize Saad Arsamakov's trip to Moscow to participate in the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the Victory. A. V. Yarin, Deputy Head of the Department for Domestic Policy of the Southern Federal District, promised the residents of four families to look into the situation, to identify those who resist their return immediately after May 9, to settle them in their courtyard in the village of Chermen. In return, he asked to drive away the convoy with trailers from the administrative border of North Ossetia and Ingushetia. On April 30, the return of Ingush families to the "open" villages of the Prigorodny district of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania resumed. On April 30, two families of Albakov Kureysh Alaudinovich (5 people) and Getagazov Movli Dzhabrailovich (5 people) returned to the village of Dachnoye; On May 4, the family of Bogatyreva Molotkhan (7 people) moved to the village of Chermen, on May 5, 3 families returned to the village of Dachnoye - Khadzieva Marzhan Gazmogomedovna (6 people), Yandiev Akhmed Mikailovich (4 people) and Yandiev Magomed Sandroevich (8 people). Only 35 people. As of May 15, four families have not returned to Chermen. On May 10, the veteran Arsamakov will return from Moscow and will wait with hope for the promised return.

1. HRC "Memorial" has to state with regret that the Ossetian-Ingush conflict is a forgotten conflict at the all-Russian and international level. The war in the Chechen Republic pushed the problem of the Ingush forced migrants into the background. At the same time, several thousand Ingush have spent 11 years in trailers and tents. "Memorial" appeals to Russian and foreign non-governmental organizations and the media with a request and recommendation to cover the problem of forced migrants from the Prigorodny district from their regions and countries, include the problem of Ingush refugees in reports, and visit places of compact residence of Ingush migrants in the schedule of business trips around the region.

2. HRC "Memorial" believes that peacekeeping work at the local level, in rural communities, aimed at 1) preparing the Ossetian population for living together with the Ingush (especially in the so-called "closed villages"); 2) rapprochement of ethnic groups (especially youth). In this regard, "Memorial" considers it expedient to study and use the international peacekeeping experience of work in local communities, developed in the course of post-conflict construction in the Balkans and the Middle East.

3. "Memorial" recommends abandoning the practice of separate education in schools. The Ossetian-Ingush conflict is dangerous with the possibility of new outbreaks of violence, and the involvement of new generations in the conflict through segregation can have unpredictable consequences.

4. HRC "Memorial" recommends responsible officials of the federal and republican scale not to delay the solution of the problem of the return of the Ingush. This is especially true for solving issues related to bureaucratic delays. Thus, "Memorial" considers it expedient to determine the boundaries of the water protection zone as soon as possible, on the basis of an expert, politically neutral opinion, and begin the process of resettling the people living there.

6. "Memorial" recommends that the federal and republican authorities begin the process of political settlement of the Ossetian-Ingush conflict in order to eliminate the causes of the confrontation between Ossetians and Ingush, that is, to remove the territorial dispute over the status of the Prigorodny district of North Ossetia from the agenda.

For example, citizens who lost their home ownership as a result of hostilities in Chechnya were provided with compensation in the form of 300,000 rubles. Families who lost their homes during floods and river floods received an average of 50,000 rubles in compensation.

Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 28, 1993 N 177 "On the political assessment of the tragic events that occurred in October-November 1992."

Decree N 89 of the Government of the Republic of North Ossetia-A of May 18, 1998 "On the resettlement of citizens living in the zone of sanitary protection of sources of drinking water supply."

Kulakovskiy A.V. Details of the representation of the special representative of the President of the Russian Federation on solving the problems of eliminating the consequences of the Ossetian-Ingush conflict in 2002 // Information-analytical collection No. 7, 2003.

More than 70 families of forced migrants who previously lived in the middle part of the village. Chermen, in 1998 received funds for the restoration of destroyed housing, but could not use them due to the fact that local residents, with the connivance of the head of the local administration, prevented their return to their plots.

State. the committee provided an annual breakdown of the figures since 2000 only, as well as the final figures.

Kulakovskiy A.V. Details of the representation of the special representative of the President of the Russian Federation on solving the problems of eliminating the consequences of the Ossetian-Ingush conflict in 2002 ... P. 51.

The Prigorodny district was transferred to North Ossetia in 1944 after the deportation of the Ingush to Central Asia.

May-June 2005

Russian Armed Forces
VV MIA of Russia Ingushetia

Wars of the post-Soviet space
Nagorno-Karabakh - South Ossetia (1) - Abkhazia (1) - Georgia - North Ossetia- Transnistria - Tajikistan - Chechnya (1) - Abkhazia (2) - Dagestan - Chechnya (2) - Kodori Gorge (1) - Kodori Gorge (2) - South Ossetia (2) - North Caucasus - Kyrgyzstan

Ossetian-Ingush conflict- ethno-political conflict on the territory of the Prigorodny region of North Ossetia (Russian Federation), which led to armed clashes on October 31 - November 4, 1992, numerous victims of the Ossetian and Ingush population. As of 2012, it has not been settled.

background

Before 1944

Ingush and Ossetian settlements on the territory of the plains and foothills of present-day North Ossetia and Ingushetia have been known since the end of the 17th century. With the arrival of Russia in the Caucasus, a number of territories inhabited by the Ingush were transferred to the Cossacks. On the lands that previously belonged to the Ingush, a striped strip was created, which was a line of Cossack villages that separated the flat and mountainous Ingushetia. The Ingush, however, did not accept this state of affairs. The confrontation with the Cossacks continued constantly, despite the fact that the tsarist government supported the Cossacks. By the beginning of the revolution, Terek Cossacks and Ingush lived together on the territory of the modern Prigorodny District, as well as parts of the border territories. During the civil war, the Ossetians, except for those who were in the Terek Cossacks, mostly took the neutral side, the Cossacks mostly took the side of the Whites, the Ingush - the Reds. The support of the power of the Soviets by the Ingush was due to the promises of the Reds to return the lands inhabited by the Cossacks to the Ingush.

After the end of the civil war, the Ingush demanded that the Soviet authorities fulfill this promise. In connection with the latter, during the formation of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, a significant amount of lands inhabited by Cossacks were returned to the Ingush, while the Terek Cossacks were evicted. Until 1924, the territory of North Ossetia and Ingushetia was part of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1924, the Gorskaya ASSR was abolished and divided into autonomous regions along ethnic lines. The territory of the current Prigorodny district to the east of Vladikavkaz was part of the Ingush Autonomous Region (back in the days of the Gorskaya ASSR, since 1922) and was mainly populated by the Ingush. On January 15, 1934, the Chechen Autonomous Region and the Ingush Autonomous Region were merged into the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region, which in 1937 was transformed into the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ChIASSR).

Prigorodny district within the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Ingush movement for the return of the Prigorodny district

On June 4, 1992, Law No. 2927-1 "On the Formation of the Ingush Republic as part of the Russian Federation" was adopted.

Armed conflict

Previous events

Map of disputed territories

In October 1992, a series of murders of citizens of Ingush origin took place on the territory of the Prigorodny district. On October 20, an Ingush girl was crushed by an Ossetian armored personnel carrier, and two days later, two Ingush were shot dead by the Ossetian traffic police. Then, on October 20, the State Commission of Russia, after negotiations with the leaders of the People's Council of Ingushetia (NSI), decided to draw the border between North Ossetia and Ingushetia as of February 23, 1944, i.e. The Prigorodny district was supposed to become part of Ingushetia, but the Ossetian side opposed this. On October 24, in the capital of Ingushetia, Nazran, a joint session of the three district councils of Ingushetia and the deputy group of the Prigorodny district of North Ossetia "expressing the will of the Ingush people and in order to protect their relatives living in North Ossetia" made a decision contrary to the legislation of Russia

This decree entrusted the leadership of the detachments to the departments of internal affairs of the three regions of Ingushetia; to ensure security, volunteers and Ingush living in the Prigorodny District were allowed “use of personal firearms and other weapons…”. In response, the Supreme Soviet of the North Ossetian SSR issued an ultimatum demanding the disarmament of the Ingush detachments and the unblocking of all settlements, otherwise threatening to conduct a military operation using the republican guard and the people's militia.

fighting

On the evening of October 30, heavy machine gun fire began on the Ingush quarters in the villages of Kambileevka and Oktyabrskoye. On the night of October 31, 1992, in the villages of Dachnoye, Oktyabrskoye, Kambileevskoye, Kurtat, clashes took place between Ossetian and Ingush armed formations. At 06:30 on October 31, armed detachments that entered the territory of the Prigorodny district from Ingushetia, near the village of Chermen, disarmed the post of internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, attacked the traffic police post and the village police station. Within a few days after that, armed clashes took place in the Prigorodny district of the North Ossetian SSR, in the city of Vladikavkaz and adjacent villages, in which Ossetian and South Ossetian volunteers, on the one hand, and Ingush armed formations (including those who came here from Ingushetia) participated the other side, and then - units of the Russian army and internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.

Both sides interpret the 1992 armed clashes differently. In the materials of the XVIII session of the Supreme Council of the North Ossetian SSR of November 1992 and the II Congress of the Ossetian people of May 1993, armed clashes were presented as "Prearranged, carefully planned, technically equipped, supported by the majority of the Ingush population of North Ossetia, the treacherous aggression of the Ingush gangs against the sovereign North Ossetian SSR". In his book “Stories on the History of North Ossetia”, Doctor of Historical Sciences R. Bzarov writes:

“On the night of October 31, 1992, Ingush detachments invaded the land of North Ossetia. The Ingush started a war to capture part of the Prigorodny district. Fighting continued for five days in the Prigorodny district and on the outskirts of Vladikavkaz. Thousands of volunteers stood up to defend Ossetia. People of different nationalities came out to defend their homes, their common homeland. Battle-hardened South Ossetian detachments rushed across the pass to help. The enemy was defeated and driven back to their territory. The Ossetian people proved to the whole world their unity and readiness to defend their homeland. The year of the Patriotic War in the South and North showed once again that the main goal is the shortest road to peace - the unification of Ossetia.

In the materials of the Extraordinary Congress of the Ingush people, held in February 1993, and the Resolution of the People's Assembly of the Republic of Ingushetia, the conflict was presented as "forced deportation of the Ingush population from the territory of North Ossetia, ethnic cleansing of the Prigorodny district and the city of Vladikavkaz of North Ossetia".

Effects

According to the Russian prosecutor's office, during the clashes as a result of the conflict, 583 people died (350 Ingush and 192 Ossetians), 939 people were injured (457 Ingush and 379 Ossetians), another 261 people went missing (208 Ingush and 37 Ossetians). 13 out of 15 villages of the Prigorodny district were destroyed, in which the Ingush lived compactly. Up to 90% of the cultural and historical values ​​of the Ingush people were lost. Special correspondents of the newspaper Kommersant, who visited North Ossetia, wrote about what they saw:

The result of the “separation” was the completely extinct and scorched Prigorodny district, from which the entire 30,000th Ingush population was deported. Not far from the village of Alkun, on the mountain trails in Ingushetia, we saw a stream of Ingush refugees from North Ossetia that has not stopped since November 2. People walked day and night in the snow and rain. Many are undressed, only small children are wrapped in blankets. The Ingush called this path the "path of death", dozens of women and children, several dozen civilians, have already died on it, having fallen into the gorge, several dozen civilians have died from hypothermia. There were cases of childbirth and miscarriages in the mountains. Assistance to the refugees was carried out on the basis of the bare enthusiasm of the Ingush tribesmen on the other side of the border.

According to the Statistical Administration of the Council of Ministers of the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, as of January 1, 1989, 32,783 people of Ingush nationality lived in North Ossetia, including 16,529 people in the Prigorodny district. The number of 32,783 Ingush in North Ossetia is also recorded in the 1989 census. According to the conclusion of the Commission of the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 1990, about 40 thousand people were registered in the Prigorodny district, of which 17.5 thousand were Ingush. As of October 31, 1992 (on the eve of the conflict), according to the passport service of the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 34,500 Ingush lived in the republic. As a result of the conflict, the Ingush population of Vladikavkaz and the Prigorodny region (with the exception of part of the inhabitants of Karts, Mayskoye and Ezmi) almost entirely fled from North Ossetia to Ingushetia. According to the Federal Migration Service of Russia, there were up to 46,000 officially registered Ingush internally displaced persons in Ingushetia. The Migration Service of Ingushetia reported 64,000 displaced people. The discrepancy between those registered on the eve of the conflict and forced migrants is due to the fact that not all Ingush who lived in the Prigorodny District had a residence permit, i.e. were not officially registered.

Situation after the conflict

Since the conflict, the parties have repeatedly signed agreements to overcome its consequences. The last of them was signed after the election of Murat Zyazikov as President of Ingushetia in 2002 . The signed agreements, however, did not eliminate all the existing problems. The Ingush demand the return of refugees to the Prigorodny District and the implementation of federal laws "On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples" and "On the formation of the Ingush Republic." The Ingush side is convinced that North Ossetia is delaying the process of returning migrants, while North Ossetia believes that the Ingush overestimate the number of refugees, and point out that the Prigorodny District still does not have the necessary moral and psychological climate for the joint residence of representatives of the two peoples.

Some of the refugees were returned, but in some villages, the return of the Ingush is resisted by local residents - Ossetians. The situation was complicated by the ongoing conflict between Georgia and South Ossetia, as a result of which North Ossetia itself was also forced to host Ossetian refugees from South Ossetia.

Attempts to resolve the conflict

Conflict resolution under Putin

The emphasis in the program was placed on active participation in the post-conflict settlement of public organizations, especially youth, multilateral consultations on settlement problems and the creation of social conditions for the realization of young people of two ethnic groups.

see also

• List of Russian generals killed in the North Caucasus

Notes

1. Ossetian-Ingush conflict: history and current state
2. Chronicle of military events in the suburban area of ​​North Ossetia-A " Information agency OSinform
3. Brief essay on the population, the territory of the conflict, history (Russian), Human Rights Center "Memorial".
4. XX - century " iratta.com: Ossetia - Alania and Ossetians - Alans
5. V.A. Shnirelman Being Alans: Intellectuals and Politics in the North Caucasus in the 20th Century. - Moscow: New Literary Review, 2006. - P. 228.
6. N.F. Bull North Caucasus. State building and federal relations: the past in the present. - M .: Grif and K, 2011. - S. 228. - ISBN 978-5-8125-1567-6
7. V.A. Shnirelman Being Alans: Intellectuals and Politics in the North Caucasus in the 20th Century. - Moscow: New Literary Review, 2006. - P. 229.
8. N.F. Bugai, A.M. Gonov Caucasus: peoples in echelons (20-60s). - M .: INSAN, 1998. - S. 207. - ISBN 5-85840-295-X
9. Timur Muzaev. CHECHEN REPUBLIC OF ICHKERIA (rus.), International Institute for Humanitarian and Political Studies.
10. Human Rights Center "Memorial"
11. Olga Allenova. Suburban dead end (Russian), Magazine "Power" (02.05.2005).
12. V.A. Shnirelman Being Alans: Intellectuals and Politics in the North Caucasus in the 20th Century. - Moscow: New Literary Review, 2006. - P. 297.

Formed without borders and not yet having state authorities, the Ingush Republic, literally five months after its proclamation, was forced to solve problems associated with the influx of tens of thousands of refugees expelled on ethnic grounds mainly from the Prigorodny district and the city of Vladikavkaz and other settlements of North Ossetia .

Among the ethnic conflicts of the post-Soviet period, the Ossetian-Ingush conflict of October-November 1992 was the first in terms of the time of its occurrence on the territory of Russia. And during all this time it continues to remain unliquidated and has unresolved problems to its credit.

In North Ossetia, these events were called "armed aggression of the Ingush national extremists", in Ingushetia - "ethnic cleansing", in the official Russian press they call the "Ossetian-Ingush conflict". But whatever these events are called, their results are tragic.

By 1992, the main part of the Ingush of North Ossetia lived in the Prigorodny district and the city of Vladikavkaz in the places of their former historical residence. As is known, after the restoration in 1957 of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, liquidated 13 years earlier, the Prigorodny district and the historically Ingush settlements that later administratively entered the city of Ordzhonikidze (Vladikavkaz) remained part of the North Ossetian Republic.

The Ingush, who returned to part of the settlements already in North Ossetia, settled down for 35 years and to a large extent integrated into the local socio-political and socio-economic life. There were certain problems, but the union center, as you know, then strictly regulated national relations. Hence the stability of socio-political life in the region, although it sometimes showed its negative sides.

The new federal government, which declared itself democratic, in 1991-1992 adopted a number of populist and declarative documents that were not supported by the mechanism for their implementation. This is, first of all, the Law of the Russian Federation "On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples" dated April 26, 1991 and the Law of the Russian Federation " On the formation of the Ingush Republic as part of the Russian Federation» dated June 4, 1992.

Even after five months from the date of the formation of the Ingush Republic, state authorities were not formed here. The local authorities were of an enclave nature and were not bound by activities regulating the creative and legal process. The federal center was engaged in its own arrangement and was literally and figuratively intoxicated with the undivided power that it inherited, especially in its material part. And in these conditions, she was simply not up to Ingushetia.

Against this background, the tragedy of the Ingush and Ossetian peoples happened.

As a result of the tragic events of the autumn of 1992 in North Ossetia, more than 60 thousand citizens of Ingush nationality were expelled from their places of permanent residence in North Ossetia-A, of which about 40 thousand people had official registration. More than 20 thousand Ingush lived in North Ossetia, not being able to register, due to the operation of closed resolutions: the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 183 of March 5, 1982 " On the restriction of registration of citizens in SOASSR"and the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of North Ossetia of September 14, 1990" On limiting the mechanical growth of the population of the Prigorodny District».

Within a few days - from October 31 to November 5 - ethnic cleansing was carried out in North Ossetia, as a result of which 405 Ingush died and 198 went missing. Ossetian losses amounted to 102 people killed and 12 missing. About 10,000 Ingush were taken hostage, some of whom were killed or went missing. The most famous places where hostages were kept: Palace of Culture with. Sunzha of the Prigorodny district, the DOSAAF building on Gadiev St., a hostel on Pavlenko St. and the basements of a medical institute in Vladikavkaz, a vegetable store in the village of Mayramadag, a sports hall of school No. 1 in Beslan and others.

The Ingush were expelled from 19 settlements of the republic. Looted, burned and destroyed more than 3.5 thousand households of Ingush citizens. Villages with a predominantly Ingush population were practically wiped off the face of the earth.

The forced migrants from North Ossetia, who arrived mainly in Ingushetia, were placed for the first time in buildings of institutions and organizations unsuitable for this, kindergartens, schools, hastily built temporary structures, camps consisting of wagons. A significant number were housed in private houses of the local population. The republic searched and found an opportunity to provide them with food, clothing, basic household utensils, etc.

Part of the forced migrants went to Grozny, the CIS countries, mainly to Kazakhstan. The Ingush Republic accounted for most of the forced migrants.

Neither the adopted normative legal acts, nor the numerous appeals of the Ingush to the high authorities of the Russian Federation restored their constitutional rights. Only in August 1994, almost two years after the ethnic cleansing, did the sluggish process of the return of internally displaced persons begin.

More than 160 documents have been adopted by federal government bodies to restore the constitutional rights of the victims of the conflict over more than 20 post-conflict years, hundreds of bilateral and trilateral agreements have been signed, and the problem of eliminating the consequences of the 1992 tragedy has not been resolved. The heads of both republics signed dozens of treaties and agreements to restore the constitutional rights of citizens, the republican (Ingushetia and North Ossetia) government bodies issued about 200 normative acts.

Only the President of the Russian Federation adopted more than 90 decrees, orders and instructions on the elimination of the consequences of the Ossetian-Ingush conflict of October-November 1992.

The first ethnic conflict on the territory of the Russian Federation still continues to be unresolved.

7 settlements of their former permanent residence remain completely unofficially closed for the return of internally displaced persons of Ingush nationality, 6 villages are partially closed. In order to prevent the return of the Ingush in North Ossetia, a number of decrees of the republican government were adopted on the so-called water protection zone, according to which the territories of the settlements of Chernorechenskoye, Terk, Yuzhny, Balta, Chmi and Redant cannot be re-populated by residents. Until now, the city of Vladikavkaz, the villages of Ir, Oktyabrskoye, Terk, Chernorechenskoye, the village of Popov, the village of Yuzhny, in which they previously lived compactly, remain “closed” for the return of internally displaced Ingush nationalities, and the villages of Chermen, Kambileevskoye, Tarsk.

According to n. Chernorechenskoye, Terk and Yuzhny settlements are subject to the Decree of the Government of the North Ossetia-A dated July 25, 1996 No. 186 " On the zone of sanitary protection of sources of drinking water supply” and dated May 18, 1998 No. 89 “On the resettlement of citizens living in the sanitary protection zone of drinking water sources (s. refused to return to their places of residence.

On November 30, 2007, by the Law of North Ossetia, the villages of Terk and Chernorechenskoye, contrary to the opinion of the citizens of the Ingush nationality who lived in them and made up up to 95 percent of their population, were abolished.

Many surviving Ingush houses and apartments in Ingush settlements were illegally settled by immigrants from South Ossetia, most of which, by decision of local judicial authorities, were transferred to their possession.

With the help of numerous artificial and illegal conditions for return, a significant part of the Ingush could not return to their former permanent residence in the Prigorodny district and the city of Vladikavkaz and were forced to settle in Ingushetia and other regions of Russia and the CIS countries.

Although the official press of North Ossetia claims that the majority of Ingush have returned to their places of permanent residence, in fact only 12-13 thousand Ingush out of 60 thousand have returned. This is without taking into account the demographic growth, which, as you know, among the Ingush is one of the highest in the country.

Destructive forces, at best hindering the realization of the constitutional rights of citizens, continue their activities.

At present, the main document defining measures to eliminate the consequences of the conflict and the vector of development of inter-republican cooperation is Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated October 6, 2004 No. 1285 “On measures to improve the activities of state bodies to develop relations between the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania and Ingushetia".

Based on the results of consideration of the appeal of the leadership of the Republic of Ingushetia, the President of the Russian Federation D.A. Ossetian nationality for 2010-2012.

The program of joint actions of state authorities, public and political organizations of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania and the Republic of Ingushetia for the development of good neighborly relations between the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania and the Republic of Ingushetia for 2010, approved by the leadership of both republics on December 17, 2009, was in effect.

Artificially created barriers to return to the places of their former residence forced many migrants from North Ossetia to settle down in the Republic of Ingushetia or in other regions. The results of repeated surveys of forced migrants conducted by the FMS of Russia in 2005-2006 testify to the desire of 95% of them to return exclusively to their former places of residence on the territory of RNO-A.

The Federal Migration Service of Russia, which was instructed by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 6, 2004 No. 1285 to ensure the legal rights of citizens affected by the conflict, did not fulfill the functions assigned to it.

Despite repeated appeals from the leadership of the Republic of Ingushetia, the issue of canceling paragraph 5 of the Order of the FMS of Russia dated 07.04.2008 remains unresolved. No. 83, according to which the rights of citizens of Ingush nationality to return to their farmsteads are directly dependent on the desire and opinion of neighbors of Ossetian nationality, which fundamentally contradicts Article 27 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. According to this paragraph of the order of the FMS of Russia, the basis for refusing to return to the Ingush family is the real or virtual unwillingness of the local population. This is called the absence of a moral and psychological climate for Ingush and Ossetians to live together. Thus, in a veiled form, the thesis adopted in 1994 by the Parliament of North Ossetia that Ingush and Ossetians cannot live together is valid. Officially, it has been canceled, but it is already operating on the basis of a federal document.

The process of integration of the Ingush population into the socio-economic and socio-political life of North Ossetia is proceeding slowly. Not a single Ingush works in any republican state authority of North Ossetia-Alania. This is despite the fact that foreign citizens, fellow tribesmen of the titular nation, work in all institutions in large numbers.

There is also no representative of the third largest nation in the Parliament of the Republic. Moreover, in order to exclude such a phenomenon, the electoral districts in the Prigorodny district are artificially formed in such a way that they do not get into the supreme legislative assembly of the republic.

One single Ingush works in the Prigorodny district administration, two head the administrations of the district's settlements, the Ingush population of which is 80-90%.

Citizens of Ingush nationality living in RNO-A experience difficulties in exercising their legal rights.

Separate education of children in the village continues. Chermen. About 1,500 students of Ingush nationality are studying in schools in the settlements of the return of internally displaced persons in RNO-A. Of these, only in secondary school No. 37 of the village of Kartsa and with. Kurtat Ingush children study together with children of Ossetian and other nationalities. The rest of the Ingush children study separately or do not study at all in their own schools. and forced to study in schools in Ingushetia.

Segregation policy implemented in schools n. settlement Kurtat, Dongaron, Tarskoe, Chermen and Tarskoe of the Prigorodny district.

The Ingush have no opportunity to get a job, do business. As a rule, they are not hired by law enforcement agencies, except in the village. Maiskoe. According to available data, only slightly more than 200 residents of Ingush ethnicity have permanent jobs in various institutions of the Prigorodny District, which is 2.3 percent of the economically active part of the Ingush population.

If the mention of the Ingush people as an aggressor has already left the official press of North Ossetia, it is mentioned in fundamental sources with the clear goal of preserving this image in the souls of not only adults, but also the younger generation of this republic.

Suffice it to mention the textbooks on the history of North Ossetia for all age categories of schoolchildren.

Latest Ingushetia news on the topic:
1992. Ossetian-Ingush conflict

In accordance with Article 41 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every citizen has the right to health care and free medical care,
04/05/2019 Serdalo

14:28 — REGNUM In Ingushetia these days they remember a sad date in the history of the people - the 25th anniversary of the Ossetian-Ingush conflict. A rally was held at the memorial to the victims of the fall of 1992 in Nazran on the morning of October 30. It was attended by representatives of authorities, public and youth organizations, students and schoolchildren, reported IA REGNUM in the press service of the head of the region.

The rally ended with a collective prayer for the dead. On the memorial there are plates with the names of about 500 dead during the armed conflict and more than 190 missing. Today, in the Prigorodny District, in memory of the victims of these tragic events, the Road of Life monument, the author of which is the People's Artist of Russia, will be unveiled Murat Polonkoev.

Head of Ingushetia Yunus-Bek Yevkurov appealed to the inhabitants of the republic with an appeal not to forget the bitter lessons of history and to do everything so that the Ingush people would no longer have such tragedies.

“We understand that neither the Ingush nor the Ossetian peoples needed this conflict, we have always lived in an atmosphere of mutual understanding and friendship. And today we pay tribute to the deep memory of those who died in the tragic days of the autumn of 1992, we mourn those who, contrary to common sense, became victims of senseless armed violence. , — wrote the Ingush leader in an address.

He noted that one of the most mournful dates in the modern history of the people of Ingushetia affected the fate of many thousands of people. According to Yevkurov, "The conflict was not needed in the first place by the common people, but the ill-conceived policy did its dirty work."

The monument, which opens today in the Prigorodny district, will remind all Ingush of those mournful days and how they managed to save most of the population from a big disaster. Sunzhensky district had, according to the head of the district administration Issy Khashagulgov, accept and accommodate people who fled through the mountains from the conflict zone.

“In a long line through the Assinsky gorge, along untrodden paths, the inhabitants of the villages of the Prigorodny district descended to the flat part of the Sunzhensky district. For thousands of people, this difficult and dangerous path turned out to be a real life path. , - the Internet newspaper Ingushetia quotes Khashagulgov as saying.

In total, more than 60 thousand people were forced to flee from their places of permanent residence in the Prigorodny district and the capital of North Ossetia. For them, a special camp was set up in the vicinity of the foothill village of Alkun. Refugees were helped with clothes, food, medical care.

Recall that in October-November 1992, the Ossetian-Ingush conflict broke out on the territory of the Prigorodny district of North Ossetia. During October 1992, several representatives of the Ingush were killed in the region. At the session of the three district councils of Ingushetia and the deputy group of the Prigorodny district, a decision was made to create self-defense units. They were supposed to protect the settlements of the Prigorodny district of North Ossetia, where the Ingush lived, until all the lands seized during the repression of the Ingush in 1944 were transferred to Ingushetia.

However, the Supreme Soviet of the North Ossetian SSR demanded the disarmament of the Ingush detachments and the unblocking of all settlements. Otherwise, the deputies threatened to carry out a military operation using the republican guard and the people's volunteer corps. The confrontation heated up, none of the parties wanted to give in, considering their claims to the Prigorodny district to be fair.

As a result, on the evening of October 30, heavy machine gun fire began on the Ingush quarters in the villages of Kambileevka and Oktyabrskoye. On the night of October 31, clashes between Ossetian and Ingush armed groups took place in these villages, as well as in the villages of Dachnoye and Kurtat.

The active phase of the armed conflict lasted five days - until the fourth of November. On November 1, troops were brought into the conflict zone. President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin imposed a state of emergency on the territory of both republics. During the confrontation, 608 people died (490 Ingush and 118 Ossetians), several tens of thousands of people were forced to leave their homes. Great damage was done to residential buildings and businesses.

It is said that the Ingush lived in the past in the Kurtatinsky and Dargavssky gorges, but under the onslaught of the Kabardians and Ossetians, they went to the Sanibansky gorge, and later through the Chmi region - to the right bank of the Terek. The last two gorges are located in the western part of the Prigorodny district.

“The Ossetians of Slonate have long paid taxes to the Ingush for the use of the land on which the villages of Lars, Chmi, Baltash were located”

On the plane, adjoining at different times to the mountainous Ingushetia, then to the mountainous Ossetia, the Kabardians lived, whose presence gradually began to shift to the west. Instead, Ingush and Ossetians began to migrate here. The first Ingush aul based on a plane in the 17th century was Ongusht (now the village of Tarskoye), after which the Ingush got their name. In 1750-1760, at the exit to the plain of the Kambileevka and Sunzha rivers, the Ingush auls Sholkhi, Ahki-Yurt, and in 1770 on the territory of the present Prigorodny district (eastern part) the village of Kambileevskoye was founded (Ingush. GIalgIay yurt, which literally means "Settlement Ingush", "Ingush village"). By 1770-1780, the Ingush guard posts reach present-day Nazran. At the end of the 18th century, the Ingush made raids on the left bank of the Terek, on the plains adjacent to the Ossetian mountains. Ingush ideologists attached an important role to one of these attacks, carried out on Ossetians in 1784 in the area near the present Alagir, proving that the Ingush lands at the end of the 18th century stretched from the Vladikavkaz fortress "up to the walls of Alagir".

With the arrival of Russia in the Caucasus, a number of territories inhabited by the Ingush were transferred to the Terek Cossacks. On the lands that previously belonged to the Ingush, a striped strip was created, which was a line of Cossack villages that separated the flat and mountainous Ingushetia. The Ingush, however, did not accept this state of affairs. The confrontation with the Cossacks continued constantly, despite the fact that the tsarist government supported the Cossacks. By the beginning of the revolution, Terek Cossacks and Ingush lived together on the territory of the modern Prigorodny District, as well as parts of the border territories. During the civil war, the Ossetians, except for those who were in the Terek Cossacks, mostly took a neutral position, the Cossacks mostly took the side of the Whites, the Ingush - the Reds. The support of the power of the Soviets by the Ingush was due to the promises of the Reds to return the lands inhabited by the Cossacks to the Ingush.

After the end of the civil war, the Ingush demanded that the Soviet authorities fulfill this promise. In connection with the latter, during the formation of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, a significant amount of land inhabited by Cossacks was returned to the Ingush, while the Terek Cossacks were evicted. Until 1924, the territory of North Ossetia and Ingushetia was part of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

By a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of July 7, 1924, the Mountain ASSR was abolished and divided into the North Ossetian and Ingush Autonomous Regions, as well as the Sunzhensky Okrug. The city of Vladikavkaz became an independent administrative unit, directly subordinate to the Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR, but was the administrative center of both regions. The governing bodies of the Ingush Autonomous District were located on the right bank of the city, and the North Ossetian Autonomous District - on the left bank. Both autonomies became administrative units within the North Caucasus Territory.

Territorial claims already arose between the regions themselves, the most significant of which were the border dispute over the Kurpian forests, ownership of plots in the area of ​​​​the southern gardens of Redant, as well as the villages of Kantyshevo and Dolakovo. On February 16, 1925, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee decided “in amending the resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of January 12, 1925, to include the Balta region within the autonomous region of Ingushetia, establishing a border in this region between the autonomous regions of Ingushetia and North Ossetia along the mountain range. Leave the Chmi and Lars regions within North Ossetia with a border along the Terek River ". In addition, part of the territory between Batakoe-Kau and Psedakh was ceded to Ingushetia. Later, on June 5 of the same year, the Presidium of the North Caucasian Regional Executive Committee approved the decision of the administrative commission on the delimitation of the Kurpi forests, placing responsibility for their protection on the leadership of both autonomies.

In the early 1930s, two events take place, which, in the words of A. Tsutsiev, had an impact. On October 13, 1928, the bureau of the North Caucasian regional party committee, following the report of A. A. Andreev, decided to transfer Vladikavkaz to the North Ossetian Autonomous Region. This decision aroused objections from the secretary of the Ingush regional party committee I. B. Zyazikov and the chairman of the regional executive committee A. I. Gorchkhanov. I. B. Zyazikov noted:

"a great influence on the whole dynamics of Ossetian-Ingush relations and on the position of both peoples in the Russian-Soviet system"

Rumors about the decision of the regional committee quickly spread throughout the region, which caused a mixed reaction among the population. In Ingushetia, they led to discontent and aggravation of relations between Ossetians and Ingush. Part of the Ingush intelligentsia accused the regional leadership of "myopia and criminal inaction in the struggle for the city". The Bureau of the Ingush Regional Committee decided to protest the decision of the North Caucasian Regional Committee of the Party on the transfer of Vladikavkaz to North Ossetia to the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. On October 18, party conferences and meetings were held in the primary party organizations. Members of the Vladikavkaz city activists of the Ingush party organization, as well as communists of the Prigorodny district and other districts of the Ingush region and meetings of rural activists protested. In view of the rejection by the majority of party organizations of Ingushetia of the decision of the North Caucasian regional party committee, the bureau of the regional committee of the party adopted a resolution on October 20, according to which it relieved itself of responsibility for the current socio-political situation and completely shifted it to the Ingush regional party committee. Thanks to the active work of the Ingush regional party committee, on December 13, the Orgburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, having considered the issue of transferring Vladikavkaz to the North Ossetian Autonomous Region, decided to remove it from the agenda. Meanwhile, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks instructed the regional party committee and the regional executive committee to work out the issue of merging the Chechen and Ingush regions. The latter, by the way, was due to the different views of the national elite on the development of national statehood: some advocated the creation of the Mountain Federation in the North Caucasus and its entry into the RSFSR; the second, headed by the chairman of the Ingush regional executive committee, Inaluk Malsagov, advocated the unification of Chechnya and Ingushetia; still others, led by Zyazikov, defended the positions of preserving the Ingush Autonomous Region.

“Earlier it was supposed to include two districts in the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - Psedakhsky and Malgobeksky. However, given that the collective farms of Kabardino-Balkaria are provided with twice as much arable land as in North Ossetia, they found it expedient to transfer the Psedakhsky district to North Ossetia ... "

While still in Kazakhstan, the head of the Ingush family received a note in his personal file, which determined the place of his residence upon his return. At the same time, none of the Ingush received an order to settle in Vladikavkaz or in the Prigorodny district of the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Despite this, the Ingush began to return en masse to the Prigorodny district. Like the Chechens, they sought to settle in their native places, but by that time their homes were already occupied by other people. The directive classified as "secret" by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic B. Zangiev dated October 31, 1956, sent to the chairman of the Nazran District Executive Committee S. G. Khadartsev, contained a ban. In December 1956, in the Kosta-Khatagurovsky (now Nazranovsky) district, things even came to clashes, when an Ingush who returned with his family claimed his rights to a house occupied by an Ossetian family (then 1 Ingush died in a fight, 3 more Ossetians were injured). At the beginning of 1957, the Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR, N.P. Dudorov, reported to the Central Committee of the CPSU:. Many Ingush settled or bought houses, but did not register.

"institutions and individuals to sell houses or rent out living space for apartments to the Ingush who returned from the settlement"“The Ingush, who arrived in the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, numbering 5,700 people, refused to leave for Alagirsky, Kirovsky and other regions of the republic and demand their resettlement in the mountains. Ordzhonikidze"

The ideas of "returning the lands" and "restoring historical justice" have been popular among the Ingush since the return from deportation. So, in January 1957, the Ingush delegation (37 people) traveled to Moscow with a request to transfer the Prigorodny District to the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. On January 31, it was accepted by the department of party organs of the Central Committee of the CPSU for the RSFSR. At this meeting, the delegates from the Ingush justified the "historical rights" of their people to the territory of the Prigorodny district and the unwillingness of the Ingush to live "under the rule of the Ossetians."

In the early 1980s, the ethnopolitical situation in the region escalated sharply. Unrest was noted among the Ossetian population of a number of villages in the Prigorodny district (Oktyabrskoye, Kambileevskoye, Chermen). At crowded meetings, demands were made for the forced eviction of the Ingush from the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; there were leaflets threatening the Ingush. The culmination was the riots on October 24-26, 1981 in Ordzhonikidze, caused by the murder of an Ossetian taxi driver by an Ingush. The funeral demonstration that took place in the city quickly turned into a protest against the republican leadership. To restore order, army units were brought into the capital. Clashes broke out between the military and protesters in the central districts of the city. The most radical part of the demonstrators attacked the prison and tried to enter the Ingush region, but were stopped by the troops. More than 800 people were detained, 40 of them received various terms of imprisonment. On January 14, 1982, the Central Committee of the CPSU issued a resolution “On major shortcomings in the work of the North Ossetian regional committee of the CPSU on the ideological, political, international education of workers” and released the First Secretary of the North Ossetian regional party committee B. E. Kabaloev from his post. The Council of Ministers introduced a temporary restriction on the registration of citizens in the Prigorodny district, but the Ingush regarded this step as discrimination against the rights of representatives of the Ingush ethnic group.

Tensions in Ossetian-Ingush relations continued to persist throughout the 1980s. The commission of the Central Committee of the CPSU, which traveled in 1987 to the North Ossetian and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics in order to verify the implementation of the Central Committee's resolution of January 14, 1982, found that over 100 "nationalist manifestations" were recorded in the region in 1984-1986, including killings and beatings "on the basis of hostile relations between the Ingush and Ossetians" . According to the commission of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the local Ossetian authorities showed.

“Inattentive attitude to the settlements where the Ingush and Kumyks mainly live. In these villages, the material base of cultural institutions, public education, and the service sector is worse developed.

In response to the appeals of the Ingush population, the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on March 26, 1990 created a commission that concluded that the demands of the Ingush to return to them the territories that were part of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic until 1944, including the Prigorodny district, were justified. On May 23, Bembulat Bogatyrev spoke at the First Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, once again raising the topic of restoring Ingush autonomy. Moreover, in his speech, he stated that the city of Ordzhonikidze "was founded by the Ingush 3.5 thousand years ago." In turn, the Ossetians held a 100,000 protest rally against Ingush claims on May 24 in Ordzhonikidze. These protests were repeated on September 14 at the Extraordinary Session of the Supreme Soviet of the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. On it, the Ingush were reminded of the gangster revelry during the Great Patriotic War, the links of gangs with the Wehrmacht and the brutal reprisals against the Red Army, and the tragedy in Khaibach was called " slander on the Soviet army".

“Are you for the creation of the Ingush Republic as part of the RSFSR with the return of the illegally seized Ingush lands with the capital in Vladikavkaz?”

On June 4, 1992, Law No. 2927-1 "On the Formation of the Ingush Republic as part of the Russian Federation" was adopted.

“expressed these demands in a frankly rude form, fomented hysteria at rallies in the months preceding the disaster, were the initiators of the creation of outposts of armed formations on the territory of the Prigorodny district”

Both sides interpret the 1992 armed clashes differently. In the materials of the XVIII session of the Supreme Council of the North Ossetian SSR of November 1992 and the II Congress of the Ossetian people of May 1993, armed clashes were presented as "Prearranged, carefully planned, technically equipped, supported by the majority of the Ingush population of North Ossetia, the treacherous aggression of the Ingush gangs against the sovereign North Ossetian SSR". In his book “Stories on the History of North Ossetia”, Doctor of Historical Sciences R. Bzarov writes:

“On the night of October 31, 1992, Ingush detachments invaded the land of North Ossetia. The Ingush started a war to capture part of the Prigorodny district. Fighting continued for five days in the Prigorodny district and on the outskirts of Vladikavkaz. Thousands of volunteers stood up to defend Ossetia. People of different nationalities came out to defend their homes, their common homeland. Battle-hardened South Ossetian detachments rushed across the pass to help. The enemy was defeated and driven back to their territory. The Ossetian people proved to the whole world their unity and readiness to defend their homeland. The year of the Patriotic War in the South and North showed once again that the main goal is the shortest road to peace - the unification of Ossetia.

In the materials of the Extraordinary Congress of the Ingush people, held in February 1993, and the Decree of the People's Assembly of the Republic of Ingushetia, the events of the autumn of 1992 were named "forced deportation of the Ingush population from the territory of North Ossetia, ethnic cleansing of the Prigorodny district and the city of Vladikavkaz of North Ossetia".

According to the Russian prosecutor's office, 608 people (490 Ingush and 118 Ossetians) died during the clashes as a result of the conflict. Among the dead were 41 women (33 Ingush, 5 Ossetians), children under 15 years old - twelve (all from the Ingush side), people over 60 years old - 49 people (42 Ingush, 7 Ossetians). 939 people were injured (457 Ingush and 379 Ossetians), another 261 people were missing (208 Ingush and 37 Ossetians). 13 out of 15 villages of the Prigorodny district were destroyed, in which the Ingush lived compactly. Up to 90% of the cultural and historical values ​​of the Ingush people were lost. According to the Ministry of Nationalities of Russia, the material damage in the conflict zone amounted to about 20 million dollars. Political scientist S. M. Markedonov reports that the total material damage was estimated at 12 billion rubles. (in 1992 prices). .

As a result of the conflict, the Ingush population of Vladikavkaz and the Prigorodny District (with the exception of part of the inhabitants of Karts, Maisky and Ezmi) almost entirely fled from North Ossetia to Ingushetia. Special correspondents of the newspaper Kommersant, who visited North Ossetia, wrote about what they saw:

The result of the “separation” was the completely extinct and scorched Prigorodny district, from which the entire 30,000th Ingush population was deported. Not far from the village of Alkun, on the mountain trails in Ingushetia, we saw a stream of Ingush refugees from North Ossetia that has not stopped since November 2. People walked day and night in the snow and rain. Many are undressed, only small children are wrapped in blankets. The Ingush called this path the "path of death", dozens of women and children, several dozen civilians, have already died on it, having fallen into the gorge, several dozen civilians have died from hypothermia. There were cases of childbirth and miscarriages in the mountains. Assistance to the refugees was carried out on the basis of the bare enthusiasm of the Ingush tribesmen on the other side of the border.

The dead Ingush were buried at the cemetery in Nazran. In 2012, a "memorial to the memory of the victims of the autumn of 1992" was opened here.

According to the Statistical Administration of the Council of Ministers of the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, as of January 1, 1989, 32,783 people of Ingush nationality lived in North Ossetia, including 16,529 people in the Prigorodny district. A number of 32,783 Ingush in North Ossetia was also recorded in the 1989 census. According to the conclusion of the Commission of the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 1990, about 40 thousand people were registered in the Prigorodny district, of which 17.5 thousand were Ingush.

As for the size of the Ingush population as of October 31, 1992 (on the eve of the conflict), here the state structures of North Ossetia provide different information. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of North Ossetia, at the indicated moment, 37.5 thousand Ingush lived in the republic, and according to the State Statistics Committee of North Ossetia, the Ingush population of the republic was 34.7 thousand people. An even smaller figure is given by the passport service of the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, according to which 34,500 Ingush lived in the republic.

According to the Federal Migration Service of Russia, there were up to 46,000 officially registered Ingush internally displaced persons in Ingushetia. The Territorial Migration Service of Ingushetia reported 64,000 displaced people. The Ingush side explains the discrepancy between those registered on the eve of the conflict and forced migrants by the fact that not all Ingush living in the Prigorodny district had a residence permit, that is, they were not officially registered.

Since the conflict, the parties have repeatedly signed agreements to overcome its consequences. The last of them was signed after the election of Murat Zyazikov as President of Ingushetia in 2002 . The signed agreements, however, did not eliminate all the existing problems. The Ingush demand the return of refugees to the Prigorodny District and the implementation of federal laws "On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples" and "On the formation of the Ingush Republic." The Ingush side is convinced that North Ossetia is delaying the process of returning migrants, while North Ossetia believes that the Ingush overestimate the number of refugees, and point out that the Prigorodny District still does not have the necessary moral and psychological climate for the joint residence of representatives of the two peoples.

Some of the refugees were returned, but in some villages, the return of the Ingush is resisted by local residents - Ossetians. The situation was complicated by the ongoing conflict between Georgia and South Ossetia in the Southern Federal District.

The emphasis in the program was placed on active participation in the post-conflict settlement of public organizations, especially youth, multilateral consultations on settlement problems and the creation of social conditions for the realization of young people of two ethnic groups.