In Russian, there are three types of mood of verbs: indicative, imperative and conditional. The latter is also called the subjunctive. This is a very important classification, because each listed form helps to determine how the sentence mentioned is related to reality. The chosen mood of the verb may imply a request or command that the action has happened, is happening or will happen in reality, and also that it is only desired or will take place if some conditions necessary for this are met.
The first type is indicative, which is also called "indicative". This form means that the action has happened, is happening or will actually happen. Verbs in the indicative mood change with tenses. Moreover, for imperfective verbs, all three tenses take place: past, present and complex future (for example: I thought - I think - I will think, I did - I do - I will do, I searched - I search - I will search), and for the perfect form - only two: the past and the simple future (for example: figured out - figured out I did - I will do, I found - I will find). In the future and present tenses, the vowel at the end of the stem of the infinitive disappears in some cases (for example: hear - hear, see - see).
The second type is conditional or subjunctive mood, which is also called the "subjunctive". This form means that the action did not actually happen, but only is desired, planned in the future, unrealizable, or will be carried out if some necessary conditions are met. (For example: I would fly into space to study distant stars. In a year I would like to go to the sea. I would read other people's minds. I would go for a walk if the rain stops.) Verbs in the present and future tense are not used to form the conditional mood. It is composed exclusively with the help of the past tense verb (that is, the basis of the infinitive, adding the suffix “-l-” to it), as well as the particle “by” or “b”. These particles can be both before the verb and after it, and also be separated from it by other words. (For example: I would go to the museum. I would love to go to the museum). Verbs in the conditional mood change by number, and in the singular also by gender, but never change by person and, as already mentioned, by tense. (For example: I would look, I would look, I would look).
The third type is imperative mood, which is also called "imperative". This form means a request, advice, order, or a call to action. Imperative verbs are most often used in the 2nd person. In this case, they have the zero ending in the singular and the ending "-te" in the plural. They also don't change over time. The imperative mood is formed with the help of the stem of the verb in the present or simple future tense, to which the suffix "-and-" is added, or in some cases a zero suffix. (For example: Remember, you must do it! Stop doing nonsense! Watch this movie!)
The use of the 1st person plural forms is also possible. It is used to encourage joint action, in which the speaker will also participate. Then the imperative mood is formed using the infinitive of the imperfective verb or the perfective verb in the future tense, before which the following words are placed: come on, come on. (For example: Let's go to the cinema. Let's make breakfast. Let's try this dish.)
Forms of the 3rd person singular and plural are used to form the imperative mood when it is necessary to express the motivation for action of people who are not participating in the dialogue. In this case, it is formed using a verb in the form of the present or simple future tense and the following particles: yes, let, let. (For example: Let him buy bread. Let them come to me. Long live the king!)
From time to time, to soften the order, the particle "-ka" is added to the verbs of the imperative mood (for example: Go to the store. Show me the diary. Bring me a book.)
In some cases, there are exceptions when mood forms are used in a figurative sense, namely in a meaning that is usually characteristic of another mood.
So a verb in the form of the imperative mood can take on the meaning of the conditional mood (for example: Without his will, nothing would have happened. If he had not noticed the loss in time, trouble would have happened.) or the indicative mood (for example: And she suddenly once and say that she had already seen this man. And he take it and do it your way!)
A verb in the indicative mood can take on the meaning of an imperative. (For example: Get up quickly, you'll be late! Let's go dig potatoes.)
The verb in the conditional mood can also take on the meaning of the imperative. (For example: I'd say it like it is. Would you help your friend in need.)
All for study » Russian language » Mood of the verb: imperative, indicative, conditional
To bookmark a page, press Ctrl+D.
Link: https://website/russkij-yazyk/naklonenie-glagola
In Russian, there are subjunctive, imperative and indicative moods. The beauty for us, as native speakers of the Russian language, is that by name we intuitively understand the essence of these grammatical categories, even if we cannot explain this from the standpoint of linguistics. used when there is a certain condition for an action to take place. we use when we command or order someone to do something, and the indicative mood - when we tell something, express our thoughts. But this is a philistine approach. Let's look at the category of mood from the position of linguistics.
So, any, and not just indicative, mood expresses the relation of action to reality from the position of the one who speaks. Therefore, we can consider inclination as an intentional, that is, depending on the goal of the speaker, category. To determine the mood, the position of the subject is always determined first, since it determines whether the action is desired, possible, or intended.
Reality and the possibility of action in 3 tenses - present, past and future - expresses the indicative mood. Example:
I never thought that Beijing is such a beautiful city.
Looking through old photographs, he involuntarily recalled the past.
It seems that nothing can be returned.
Tiredly leaning on a stick, the old man hobbled along the snow-covered alley.
Next week I'll go and talk to him, and by then you'll have all the documents ready.
Signs of the indicative mood are endings that indicate the person and the indicative mood can be perfect and imperfective and have the form of gender and number.
The indicative mood in English is close to that in Russian. It performs the same functions and also shows that the action can be carried out at different times.
The imperative mood shows the expression of will to the second person, the addressee of the message. Inclination can act as an order, a request. All forms of the imperative mood are used in the 2nd person only in the active voice.
There are verbs from which it is not formed. It is "to be able", "to see", "to want". The fact is that these verbs denote an action that cannot be controlled by a person. Some linguists endure the indicative mood as a kind of imperative, or rather, its forms and combinations with the particle "let". For example:
Leave the kids alone, let them play.
Let it be as it is, no need to change anything.
As well as poetic forms with a particle "yes":
Long live the peaceful sky, happiness and the sun!
The examples described are called synthetic forms of the imperative.
The subjunctive expresses a theoretically possible action. This action
can be realized if certain conditions are met. The mood is formed by adding the particle "by" to the verb, that is, analytically:
If yes, if only mushrooms would grow in your mouth!
That's why it's so important. This part of speech is necessary in order to correctly name and describe the action. Like other parts of speech, it has its own morphological features, which can be permanent and non-permanent. So, permanent morphological features include person, gender, time, number. Let's deal with such a concept as the inclination of a verb in Russian. How to define it? All these questions can be answered in this article.
In contact with
What is inclination?
This is a grammatical feature of the verb, which helps to change the word. This category is required for express process relation, which just calls this word, to reality.
Important! The verb forms are indicative, imperative and conditional.
.Depending on how words express their attitude to those processes that actually occur, verbs have moods:
- direct;
- indirect.
By direct is meant the indicative mood, which allows you to objectively convey the action. Example: We watched a movie yesterday.
Indirect is an imperative or imperative mood. It serves to express those processes that do not coincide with reality. For example: I would read this novel tomorrow, but I will go to visit.
Thinking about the definition of a verb
Kinds
The classification is based on the features and peculiarities of the lexical meaning of verbs.
In modern times, there are three types:
- Indicative.
- Conditional.
- Imperative.
The first type usually denotes the action that actually going on and could happen in the past, can happen in the present, and can happen in the future. For example: I will do my homework on Thursday.
The second type denotes an act that will be performed in the future, but already under a certain condition. For example: I would do my homework on Thursday, but I'm going to the theatre.
The third type is either an order to do something or a request. For example: Be sure to learn your lessons tomorrow.
Three types of verb mood
How to determine the mood of a verb
In order to determine this, it is necessary to understand how the action occurs and what grammatical characteristics it has. So, verbs in the indicative show a real act, so this word will change from time to time.
If the verb is in the imperative form, then it is the action will be performed by some other person. Such words usually encourage some kind of activity.
Therefore, the action will not be actually performed, but required. Most often, to get the imperative verb form, they use a specific tense, for example, the future or present, to which the suffix -i must be added. But it is possible without it. For example, catch, scream, die. If it is used in the plural, then the ending te is added respectfully to the ending of such a word. For example, catch, scream, die.
The conditional mood refers to those actions that could happen if all the necessary conditions were present. By the way, the conditional is also called the subjunctive. This form is easy to determine in the text, since it usually always has a particle would or b. For example, I would jump into the river if I had a swimsuit.
Important! Any verbal word form can be used in oral and written speech not only in the literal sense, but also figuratively. Usually, the figurative meaning completely changes the meaning of the word, so this category also changes.
indicative
The most common verbal word form in Russian is considered to be indicative, since it allows us to say that what actually happens to a person, object, or person. Only the indicative time can be determined, and how this action is performed will depend on what it is: in reality or it will be in the future.
Another feature of this form is the change in persons and numbers. If the verb is perfective, then it can change over time:
- The present.
- Future.
- Past.
Every time here is formed in its own way. So, the future tense is formed with the help of the word "to be", which is added to the verb in the indefinite form. But this is a complex form of the future tense, and a simple form is. For example: I clean my apartment all day long. (present time). I cleaned my apartment all day long. (past time). I'll be cleaning the apartment all day long. (bud. vr.).
The indicative mood can be found in various types of speech, and therefore in many speech situations these verb forms are the most common.
Conditional
Words that are used in a conditional form indicate those actions that can occur, but some conditions are necessary for this. For example: I would pass this test if they helped me. To form such forms, you just need to put the verb in the past tense and attach the particle would or b. The particle can be placed anywhere in the sentence. It is necessary in order to highlight the word you need, which can be any part of speech.
The subjunctive, or conditional, has its own peculiarities of use. It allows not only to express some kind of action that could occur if special facilities were created for this, but also helps to express desires and dreams, doubts and fears.
The subjunctive mood in Russian helps to express the shades of the action condition. Examples: I would like to go to the sea if my job didn't keep me going. There would be no trouble!
imperative
Imperative verbs induce the listener to do something. Such words, diverse in emotional and grammatical design, can be both polite when they contain some kind of request, and an order. For example: Please bring a book. Bring a book!
Mood forms
1) Verbs in the indicative mood denote an action that is happening, has happened and will happen. From the very name - "indicative" - it follows that the action takes place in reality, in reality.
A verb in the indicative mood can change over tenses: for example, I play, I played, I will play.
2) Verbs in the conditional mood denote an action that could occur under certain conditions.
The conditional mood is formed using the particle "would", as well as the form of the past tense: learn, read.
3) Verbs in the imperative mood denote an action that someone asks or orders to perform.
Such verbs in most cases are used in the form of the second person (sit down, stand up), as well as with the particle "-ka" (read-ka, run-ka). Imperative verbs are often accompanied by an exclamation point.
Rules: indicative mood
To determine what mood the verb is, you need to look at the sentence in which it is used, pay attention to the presence of the particle "would" or the fact of a request, an order.
Most often there are verbs of the indicative mood - this is the form that we use in everyday life.
Indicative verbs can be seen in narrative, descriptive and reasoning texts, since this form is almost universal.
Verbs in the indicative mood can be in any tense - past, present or future. This is due to the fact that the indicative mood does not carry almost any emotional coloring (unlike, for example, the imperative, which is possible only in the future tense).
Also, the verb in the indicative mood can change according to the category of the person, as well as the category of the aspect - to be perfect or imperfective.
It must be remembered that in some cases the verbs of the indicative mood can be used in the meaning of the imperative mood: "Go, go!", "And bring me kvass" - as a rule, such a choice is made so that the appeal sounds polite, and not like an order.
An indicative verb can contain an interrogative intonation. But the reverse connection is also possible: the use of the verb of the imperative mood in the meaning of the indicative - "Someone and whisper in my ear ..." - to create the effect of description.
This choice, as a rule, is explained by the desire of the author to give his text a brighter stylistic coloring. In neutral speech, such techniques are usually not used.
Russian verbs can be used in three moods: indicative, conditional and imperative. Let's consider each inclination in more detail.
Indicative
The indicative mood of the verb serves to convey the presence or absence of an action within any time (past, present or future). The main difference between verbs in the imperative mood is that they can change over time. Read more about verb tense in the article. So, if the verb is in the present, past or future tense and conveys a real action, then it is used in the indicative mood.
Example: The cup is (was, will be) on the table.
Conditional mood
Used to express an action that can only be performed under certain conditions. A distinctive feature is the addition of the particle "would" ("b"), which can be placed anywhere in the sentence. Used only in the past tense.
Example: The cup would have been on the table if he had not taken it.
Imperative mood
Serves to convey the will of the speaker (request, advice, order). Most often it is in the second person. The number in this case can be both singular and plural. Example: Put (place) a cup on the table.
If the imperative mood is used in the third person, then it will necessarily have a future tense, and the words “let” (sometimes “yes”) are added to it. Example: Let him put the cup on the table.
If such a verb is used in the first person, then it must be plural. Sometimes the word "come on" is added. Example: [Come on] Put the cup on the table. In the presence of all these signs, we can say that the verb is used in the imperative mood.
