Tasks.
"2. Card at the blackboard"
View document content
“3. Cards»
| The time of existence on Earth, the volume of the brain, the use of tools and fire: Australopithecus, a skilled man, archanthropist, paleoanthropist. | Write down the last name, first name, class, question. You have 10 minutes for a short but as complete answer as possible. Characteristics of the structure and lifestyle of people of the modern type. |
| Write down the last name, first name, class, question. You have 10 minutes for a short but as complete answer as possible. Characteristics of the structure and lifestyle of ancient people. | Write down the last name, first name, class, question. You have 10 minutes for a short but as complete answer as possible. The origin of people and the resettlement of the modern type. |
View document content
"4. Codegram. Human Races"
Topic: Factors of human evolution. Races
1. Factors of evolution
Biological factors: hereditary variability, natural selection, isolation, genetic drift, population waves - have shaped the modern type of man.
For 40,000 years, the physical appearance of a person has not changed, but the factors continue to operate, although the role of selection has decreased.
Social factors: social lifestyle, tool activity, speech and thinking come out on top.
2. Human races
E 
E 
Asian American (Mongoloid) - hard straight hair, flattened face, strongly protruding cheekbones, epicanthus (?)
Three large races, at least 25 small races, many racial groups - the result of hereditary variability, natural selection, isolation, genetic drift. Lead to morphological adaptations!
View document content
"Factors of Human Evolution"
Lesson. Factors of human evolution
Tasks. To form knowledge about the biological and social factors of human evolution. To characterize human races, the formation of morphological features of human races as a result of adaptation to various living conditions.
Check students' knowledge and repeat the material on the topic "First people", report on the test at the next lesson.
1. Factors of evolution
Biological factors of evolution - hereditary variability, natural selection, population waves, isolation and genetic drift - led, as a result of life on trees, to the appearance of primates with their binocular color vision and long fingers. The adaptation of some primates to life in open spaces led to movement on two legs, natural selection fixed mutations useful for new conditions. Those who were most adapted to walking upright survived, the freed hands were used to collect and carry food and objects. Larger ones survived - it is easier for them to defend themselves from predators and they dominate the group. Among the Australopithecus, those who learned how to make tools began to survive, selection fixed the increase in the brain, changed the hand.
With the advent of the modern type of man, the biological factors of evolution lose their leading significance. The leading role of natural selection is decreasing, life in society ensures the upbringing and transfer of accumulated experience, protection from animals and bad weather, and food security. Over the past 40,000 years, the physical appearance of man has not changed much. But Biological factors continue to operate in the modern world. The mutation process continues to operate, and most mutations are harmful and accumulate in a recessive state, combinative variability spreads them and creates a variety of combinations of gene alleles that are unique in each organism. The role of isolation is decreasing, but it is precisely this that preserves the human races.
Social factors come first. social way of life, tool activity, speech. As a result of social life, a complex abstract thinking. If earlier the strongest survived predominantly, then in neoanthropes an important factor in evolution becomes altruism, caring for your neighbor. Benefits were received by those tribes in which people of the older generation are preserved, keeping the experience of making tools, hunting and education.
T 
2. Human races. Failure of racism
The settlement of neoanthrope populations to Europe, Asia and Australia, along the Bering Bridge to the American continent, their further isolation, led to morphological adaptations, adaptations to various climatic conditions. Large and small human races have formed - systematic divisions within the species Homo sapiens, which includes the entire population of the Earth.
There are three major races: Eurasian - caucasoid, equatorial - Australo-Negroid, and Asian American - Mongoloid. Within each race, small races and racial groups are distinguished. All races belong to the same species, as evidenced by the fecundity of interracial marriages. In addition, all races are equal biologically and psychologically.
For a Negroid character race, dark skin, curly hair, a wide and flat nose. Dark skin of the negroid race due to melanin pigment protects the body from excess ultraviolet rays and overproduction of the vitaminD. Anti-rachitis vitamin D is formed in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet rays and is necessary to maintain calcium balance in the body. If there is too much vitamin D, calcium in the bones is more than normal, they become brittle. Europeans living in latitudes with less solar radiation have lighter skin, less melanin, and therefore a sufficient amount of vitamin D is formed.
The Mongoloid race is characterized by skin with a yellowish tinge, a flat face with wide cheekbones, straight black hair, slit eyes and a developed epicanthus - a swollen upper eyelid. These features are adaptations to life in certain light conditions in open spaces.
In every race there are people who consider their race special, superior. Racists stick hypotheses of polycentrism, believe that races have various origins that there are "higher" and "lower" races. Some races allegedly descended from Cro-Magnons, some from Neanderthals, some in general from Pithecanthropes. They explain the economic and cultural backwardness of some peoples by racial inequality, and not by socio-economic factors. But there is no scientific evidence in favor of racial disparity. Morphological features of races are the result of adaptations to specific living conditions.
Questions for the test on the chapter "The Origin of Man"
Which metaphysician placed man, along with prosimians and apes, in the group of primates? Who suggested, who proved that man descended from hominids?
List five characteristics of mammals that are characteristic of humans.
How are humans classified as primates?
Give three examples of embryological evidence of human animal origin.
Definition of atavisms and three examples of atavisms in humans.
Definition of rudiments and three examples of rudiments in humans.
When and from whom did primates originate?
Which apes are pongids (great apes)?
Which monkey has 97.5% similar DNA to human DNA and the same amino acid sequence in hemoglobin?
What is the brain size of a pongid? How many chromosomes do pongids have?
List the anthropomorphoses that appeared in anthropogenesis as a result of upright walking.
What are the consequences of the herd way of life of human predecessors?
What biological factors of evolution led to the emergence of man from apes?
What social factors led to the emergence of man?
What monkeys did dryopithecus originate from?
Who is the closest ancestor of pongids and hominids?
Who is the closest ancestor of Australopithecus?
Who is the closest ancestor of archanthropes?
What is the historical age, V brain of Australopithecus?
What is the historical age, V of the brain of a skilled man?
What is the historical age, V of the brain of Homo erectus?
What is the historical age, V brain of paleoanthropes?
What is the historical age, V of the brain of neoanthropes?
Who are the archanthropes?
Who are the paleoanthropes?
Who are neoanthropes?
Who are the hominids?
What morphological features does the Caucasian race have?
What morphological features does the Negroid-Australoid race have?
What morphological features does the Mongoloid race have?
Homework assignment. Prepare for the test. Topics for abstracts, presentations: "Bigfoot, hypotheses and facts", "Fight for fire", "Human races", "Man of the future", "Bones tell", "Homeland of mankind" and others.
Man differs from animals in the presence of speech, developed thinking, and the ability to work. How was modern man formed? What are the driving forces of anthropogenesis?
Anthropogenesis (from the Greek - man and - origin) is the process of historical and evolutionary formation of a person, which is carried out under the influence of biological and social factors.
Biological factors, or the driving forces of evolution, are common to all living nature, including man. These include hereditary variability and natural selection.
The role of biological factors in human evolution was revealed by Ch. Darwin. These factors played a big role in the evolution of man, especially in the early stages of his formation.
A person has hereditary changes that determine, for example, hair and eye color, height, and resistance to environmental factors. In the early stages of evolution, when a person was highly dependent on nature, individuals with hereditary changes that were useful in given environmental conditions (for example, individuals distinguished by endurance, physical strength, dexterity, quick wit) mainly survived and left offspring.
The social factors of anthropogenesis include labor, social lifestyle, developed consciousness and speech. The role of social factors in anthropogenesis was revealed by F. Engels in his work "The role of labor in the process of transformation of apes into humans" (1896). These factors played a leading role in the later stages of human development.
The most important factor in human evolution is labor. The ability to make tools is unique to man. Animals can only use individual objects to get food (for example, a monkey uses a stick to get a treat).
Labor activity contributed to the consolidation of morphological and physiological changes in human ancestors, which are called anthropomorphoses.
An important anthropomorphosis in human evolution was bipedalism. For many generations, as a result of natural selection, individuals with hereditary changes conducive to upright posture have been preserved. Adaptations to upright posture gradually formed: an S-shaped spine, an arched foot, a wide pelvis and chest, and massive bones of the lower extremities.
Upright walking led to the release of the hand. At first, the hand could perform only primitive movements. In the process of labor, she improved, began to perform complex actions. Thus, the hand is not only an organ of labor, but also its product. A developed hand allowed a person to make primitive tools. This gave him significant advantages in the struggle for existence.
Joint labor activity contributed to the rallying of the members of the team, necessitated the exchange of sound signals. Communication contributed to the development of the second signaling system - communication with the help of words. At first, our ancestors exchanged gestures, separate inarticulate sounds. As a result of mutations and natural selection, the oral apparatus and larynx were transformed, and speech was formed.
Labor and speech influenced the development of the brain, thinking. So for a long time, as a result of the interaction of biological and social factors, human evolution was carried out.
If the morphological and physiological characteristics of a person are inherited, then the ability to work, speech and thinking develop only in the process of upbringing and education. Therefore, with prolonged isolation of the child, he does not develop at all or develops very poorly speech, thinking, and adaptability to life in society.
Man, like any other biological species, was formed in the process of evolution and is the result of the interaction of its driving forces. Anthropogenesis is based on such biological factors as hereditary variability, the struggle for existence and natural selection. C. Darwin believed that it was natural selection, and especially one of its forms, sexual selection, that played the main role in anthropogenesis.
The role of social factors in the process of human origin is considered in the work of F. Engels "The role of labor in the process of transformation of a monkey into a man" (1896). F. Engels showed that it was labor, social life, consciousness and speech that distinguished man from the animal world.
Background of anthropogenesis. The highly developed ability to orientate in the environment and the division of functions between the fore and hind limbs were essential prerequisites for further morphophysiological progress during the transition of tree monkeys to a new habitat, to open treeless spaces.
Movement on two legs at first was ineffective and did not provide any special advantages in the struggle for existence compared to other mammals. However, when the forelimbs were freed from the function of walking, the direction of natural selection changed. The shortcomings in movement speed, low muscular strength and the lack of powerful fangs and claws were compensated for by the use of tools for defense and attack. Due to the vertical position of the body, the amount of perceived information significantly increased, which made it possible to react in time to the approach of a predator. Since all this is directly related to survival, the pressure of natural selection increased in this direction.
Labor as a factor in human evolution. The release of the hand from the support function, according to F. Engels, was a necessary condition for its further improvement. The hand became a very special organ that could act at a distance with the help of various objects. In addition, the hand began to be used for the manufacture of tools. This skill has been acquired over a long period of time.
In the process of making and using tools, the hand improved functionally and morphologically, which had an impact on the entire body. Some researchers have noted a link between hand function and the development of certain areas of the brain. Increasing pressure of natural selection in an unprecedentedly short time has led to a significant increase in the size of the brain in hominids. For about 1 million years, the average volume of the cranium almost doubled (Fig. 6.25). Apparently, the intensity of selection in this direction was determined by the need to rationally use tools and the need for an effective system of communication, i.e. speech.
Thus, bipedalism freed the forelimb to turn it into an organ of labor activity. The growing volume of perceived information, together with work activity, led to the rapid development of the brain and the ability to group adaptive behavior.
Public way of life as a factor of evolution. The difficulty of the survival of the ancestors of hominids in the difficult conditions of the struggle for existence during the transition to a terrestrial way of life was aggravated by low fertility. It was easier for a group to resist predators than for individuals. Human ancestors made up for the shortcomings of natural organs with artificial tools. Thus, labor already at its origin was social.
Labor contributed to the rallying of ancient people into collectives. Cases of mutual support and joint activities became more and more frequent. The older members of the team taught the younger generation to find natural materials necessary for the manufacture of tools, taught the methods of making such tools and their use.
Social work had a great influence on the development of the brain and sense organs. Joint labor activity required coordination. There was a vital need for the exchange of information. In the process of evolution, the ancestors of modern man underwent such changes in the vocal apparatus and brain that led to the appearance of speech.
The interconnected development of social labor, speech and consciousness has led to the improvement of the entire human organism and humanity as a whole.
Features of the process of human evolution. The evolutionary transformations of human ancestors, due to the pressure of natural selection, were the biological prerequisites for the development of social relations. Improving the ability to make various tools and use them in their defense, as well as in obtaining food, was a decisive success factor in the struggle for existence and qualitatively separated man from the animal world. However, this did not exclude the effect of the general laws of the development of living nature on man. Biological and
social factors in the process of human evolution operate in parallel, but at different speeds: the first - with a slowdown, the second - with acceleration.
In the early stages of anthropogenesis, natural selection was of decisive importance. First, there was a selection of individuals more capable of making primitive tools for obtaining food and protection from enemies. Gradually, the object of selection becomes such a property characteristic of hominids as herding and the relatively developed forms of communication associated with it. Moreover, individual selection formed mainly morphophysiological features of the organization of the human type (upright walking, developed hand, large brain), and group selection improved social organization (forms of relations in the herd).
A characteristic feature of anthropogenesis is the unidirectionality of evolutionary transformations associated with the gradual development of upright posture, an increase in the ability to accumulate and practical use of information about the environment (the development of the brain and hand), and the improvement of the collective lifestyle.
Having mastered the culture of producing perfect tools of labor, cooking, and arranging dwellings, a person isolated himself from adverse climatic factors to such an extent that he got out of the strict control of natural selection and to a large extent began to depend on social conditions and upbringing.
Qualitative differences of a person. The first representative of the genus Homo - skillful man isolated from the animal world on the basis of labor activity. Not just the use of a stick or stone as a tool, but the production of various tools was the line that separated man from humanoid ancestors.
Monkeys often use sticks and stones to get food, as do many animals (one of the Galapagos finches, the sea otter). No matter how striking the manipulations of animals with various objects, they are either accidental, or arose on the basis of conditioned reflexes, or are caused by programmed behavioral features and do not directly determine their survival.
The general plan of the structure of the human body is the same as that of all mammals. Differences are associated with upright walking, the presence of speech and the ability to work. The human skeleton differs from the skeleton of all mammals, including great apes, in the shape of the spine, chest and pelvis, structural features of the limbs, and their proportions.
In connection with upright posture, four curves of the spine were formed in a person. The balance of the skull on the cervical vertebrae is ensured by moving the foramen magnum closer to the center of the base of the skull (Fig. 6.26).
Bipedalism and labor activity of a person also affected the proportions of the body. The bones of the lower limbs in humans are longer than the homologous bones of the upper limbs, the stable position of the body on long legs is ensured by the shortening of the spinal column (Fig. 6.27). The chest is flattened in the dorsal-abdominal direction, the pelvic bones are bowl-shaped (a consequence of the pressure of the organs of the chest and abdominal cavity) (Fig. 6.28). The monkey's originally flat grasping foot acquired an arched structure (Fig. 6.29). The human hand is distinguished by its small size, thinness and mobility, the ability to a variety of movements. The thumb is set aside and can be opposed to all the others, thanks to which a person is able not only to grab an object, as monkeys do, but also to clasp it, which is of great importance when working (Fig. 6.30).
In connection with the development of the brain, the brain part of the skull reached its largest size (up to 1500 cm 3). In terms of volume, it is 4 times larger than the front one (in primates, this ratio is 1: 1). The lower jaw is horseshoe-shaped, with a protruding chin, which is associated with speech activity and the development of the muscles of the tongue.
A distinctive feature of the higher nervous activity of a person is the presence of a second signaling system, under which I.P. Pavlov understood the word; as well as the abstract thinking associated with it, the construction of logical chains and generalizations.
A person is characterized by a special, not related to genetic mechanisms, form of information transmission in a number of generations - the continuity of culture, knowledge, traditions. The experience acquired by a person throughout his life does not disappear with him, but becomes an integral part of the universal culture. All this became possible thanks to the development of speech, and then writing.
Morphophysiological features of a person are inherited. However, the human body is not yet a person in the social sense. Abilities for labor activity, thinking and speech develop in the process of individual development of a person on the basis of upbringing and education. Outside of human society, the formation of specific human qualities is impossible.
There are cases of development of children under the age of 5 years in isolation from other people. After returning to normal conditions, their ability to speak and think either developed very poorly or did not develop at all (depending on the age at which the child entered isolation).
Anthropogenesis is based on biological (hereditary variability, struggle for existence and natural selection) and social (labor, social life, consciousness and speech) factors. Labor was already social in its inception. It was easier for a group to resist predators than for individuals. Joint labor activity required coordination of actions, necessitated signaling not only with gestures, but also with sounds, which led to the appearance of speech. The interconnected development of social labor, speech and consciousness has led to the improvement of the entire human organism and humanity as a whole. The general plan of the structure of the human body is the same as that of all mammals. Differences are associated with upright walking, the presence of speech and the ability to work. A distinctive feature of the higher nervous activity of a person is the presence of a second signaling system.
1)Bilateral symmetry of the body
2) digestive system with mouth and anus
3) different types of mouth organs
4) a body developing from three germ layers
2. The main significance of the mucus secreted by the skin glands of the fish,
lies in
1) increased sensitivity of the lateral line organs
2) protecting the scales from the settlement of unicellular algae on it
3) supplying scales with nutrients
4) reducing the friction of the body of the fish on the water
3. What factor of human evolution is classified as social?
1) hereditary variability
2) the struggle for existence
3) natural selection
4) development of the second signal system
How is the human chest cavity separated from the abdominal cavity?
1) peritoneum
2) ribs
3) aperture
4) pleura
In what lobe of the cerebral cortex are the centers that control
arbitrary movements?
1)
frontal
2)
temporal
3)
occipital
4)
parietal
Involved in the formation of antibodies
1)
erythrocytes
2)
platelets
3)
phagocytes
4)
lymphocytes
In which of the following vessels of the circulatory system is
the lowest blood velocity?
1)
inferior vena cava
2)
carotid artery
3)
aorta
4)
alveolar capillary
What human organ can serve as a "model" in the manufacture of flexible
shower hoses?
1)
esophagus
2)
aorta
3)
trachea
4)
spine
In the process of plastic metabolism in the human body
1)
release of energy and synthesis of ATP
2)
glycogen is made from glucose
3)
fats are converted into glycerol and fatty acids
4)
proteins are oxidized to water, carbon dioxide and ammonia
What color are the retinal cones selectively sensitive to?
1)
yellow
2)
orange
3)
green
4)
grey
HIV infection can be transmitted
1)
during a joint lunch
2)
during a conversation
3)
during sexual intercourse
4)
at the time of the handshake
Determine the type of injury according to the following description: lower leg unnatural
twisted, increasing pain is observed, at the site of injury develops
swelling, no movement.
1)
sprain
2)
ankle dislocation
3)
soft tissue injury of the leg
4)
open fracture with bone displacement
The appearance of the ozone screen in the Earth's biosphere was associated with
1)
initiation of the process of respiration
2)
energy conversion in food chains
3)
the appearance of chlorophyll
4)
dispersal of living organisms over the entire surface of the earth
Are the following statements about modified plant organs correct?
A. Modified roots include rhizomes, tubers and bulbs.
B. Peas have antennae, which are modified
leaves.
1)
only A is correct
2)
only B is correct
3)
both statements are correct
4)
both statements are wrong
What features are characteristic of representatives of the class Cartilaginous fish?
Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they
indicated.
1)
lack of gill covers
2)
axial skeleton bony or osteocartilaginous
3)
no swim bladder
4)
only external fertilization
5)
live in rivers, lakes, ponds
6)
live in the seas and oceans
Establish a correspondence between the trait and the type of cell for which it
typical. To do this, for each element of the first column, select
position from the second column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.
SIGN CELL TYPE
1)
plant cell
2)
mushroom cell
BUT)
the presence of a cell wall made of chitin
B)
presence of plastids
AT)
having a cell wall made of cellulose
G)
starch
D)
the presence of a reserve substance in the form
glycogen
Put the processes related to reproduction in the correct order
and development of birds, starting with nesting. Write in your answer
corresponding sequence of numbers.
1)
oviposition and incubation by females
2)
fertilization of eggs in the oviducts of the female by the seminal fluid of males
3)
building nests or repairing previously used ones
4)
the appearance of offspring and the manifestation of care for him
5)
the formation of whites and other membranes in eggs
Fill in the text "Human Nervous Tissue" with the missing terms from
the proposed list, using digital designations for this.
Write in the text the numbers of the selected answers, and then the resulting
enter the sequence of numbers (in the text) in the table below.
HUMAN NERVOUS TISSUE
The main cells that form the nervous tissue are called ___________ (A).
They consist of a body and cytoplasmic processes. One of the branches
a nerve cell is usually longer than all the others, it is ___________ (B).
Also, one or more short, strongly
branching processes; they are called ___________ (B). accumulation of bodies and
short processes in the central nervous system form
___________ (G).
LIST OF TERMS:
1)
satellite cells
2)
neurons
3)
nephrons
4)
dendrite
5)
axon
6)
Gray matter
7)
white matter
8)
ganglion
3) various types of oral organs 4) a body developing from three germ layers 2. The main significance of the mucus secreted by the skin glands of the fish is 1) increasing the sensitivity of the lateral line organs 2) protecting the scales from the settlement of unicellular algae on it 3) supplying the scales with nutrients substances 4) reducing the friction of the body of the fish on the water 3. What factor in human evolution is considered social? 1) hereditary variability 2) struggle for existence 3) natural selection 4) development of the second signal system 4 How is the human chest cavity separated from the abdominal cavity? 1) peritoneum 2) ribs 3) diaphragm 4) pleura In which lobe of the cerebral cortex are the centers that control voluntary movements? 1) frontal 2) temporal 3) occipital 4) parietal 1) erythrocytes 2) platelets 3) phagocytes 4) lymphocytes take part in the formation of antibodies
1. Which of the signs of a person refers to atavism? a) appendix b) tail c) wisdom teeth d) third eyelid 2. firstprimitive tools were made by a) Austrolopithecus b) skilled man c) Neanderthal man d) Cro-Magnon man 3. The closest relative of a person is a) orangutan b) macaque c) monkey d) limur 4. The first representatives of the species Man is a) Diopithecines b) Australopithecus c) Neanderthals d) Cromvenians
"Social human rights" - Social human rights. Tasks: to help students understand their rights enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation .; - arouse students' interest in solving problems of social rights; cultivate tolerance; - Responsible attitude to assigned work. - What are the main directions of the social policy of our state.
"The main stages of human evolution" - Propliopithecus. Heredity, variability. Parapithecus. The struggle for existence, natural selection. Orangutan. Australopithecus. FIRST MODERN (Cro-Magnon, modern man). Generalization about the stages of anthropogenesis. Dryopithecus. Man and great apes are two different branches of the family tree.
"Human evolution" - Heraclitus - organisms develop according to the laws of nature. Factors of anthropogenesis. Gibbon. Cro-Magnon. Gorilla. 1.Heredity 2.Variability 3.Isolation 4.Struggle for existence 5.Natural selection. Biochemical - the similarity of the chemical composition of the intracellular environment of humans and animals. Lesson Objectives: To learn how to find the necessary information on the topic.
"Human evolution biology" - Tasks: a) Determine which human predecessors switched to a terrestrial lifestyle and upright posture? Stages of human evolution. A fragment of the lesson on the topic: “The driving forces of anthropogenesis. What changes in the skull are associated with the appearance of a second signaling system in humans - speech? d) Compare the tools of labor of anthropoids and hominids.
"The concept of evolution" - The ratio of micro- and macroevolution. Global evolutionism. The nictitating membrane is a "rudiment" of a person. Evolution implies universal gradual development, orderly and consistent. selection practice. The concept of "evolution". Lamarck's views on the adaptive nature of the evolutionary process were advanced for their time.
"Man and Evolution" - Anaximander from Miletus (610-547 BC) Aristotle, Democritus, Empedocles. Ramapithecus. The thumb is opposed to the rest of the fingers. C.N.S apparatus. Chimpanzee. Pongids. Anthropology. UNSPECIALIZED INSECTIVORUS MAMMALS. Carl Linnaeus - 18th century. Semi-monkeys Pliopithecus Gibbons. Axial skeleton - Tubular structure Respiratory - chord.
