How to do a morphological analysis of the union. Lesson summary "Subordinating conjunctions

Part of speech. General value.
Morphological features: a) coordinating or subordinating; b) simple or compound.

Sample parsing

Kashtanka looked around and saw that a regiment of soldiers was walking down the street straight at her. (A. Chekhov.)

Oral analysis

And- union.

First, connects homogeneous predicates looked back and saw.
Secondly, it has morphological features: composing, simple.

What- union.

First, connects the parts of a complex sentence: The chestnut looked back and saw(what?) - that a regiment of soldiers was walking down the street straight at her.
Secondly, it has morphological features: subordinating, simple.

Written analysis

And- union.

_ _ _ and _ _ _
Morph, confession: op., simple.

What- union.

, (what...).
Morph, acknowledgment: sub., simple.

382. Analyze and characterize unions. Make their morphological analysis. Write off, placing the missing commas and inserting spellings in place of gaps and brackets.

1. This morning at five o'clock in the morning, when I opened the window, my room was filled with the smell of flowers growing in a modest front garden ... ..t my letter (n, n)th table with their white petals ..kami. 3. Further on, like an amphitheater, mountains are piled (?) All blue and fog (n, n) and on the edge of the horizon stretches (?) A silver (n, n) chain of snow peaks starting with Kazbek and ending with two-headed ..m Elbrus.

(M. Lermontov)

383. Title the text. What style is he? What does the author advise children? Why ^^"^ books should always be with you? Make a morphological analysis of unions. Write off by putting missing commas, opening brackets and inserting missing letters. Name the types of orthograms in place of gaps and brackets. Explain the setting of the colon.

Whoever you become, my y (n, n) friends, wherever the paths-roads call you, may your favorite books always be near you!

A huge, pr..red world of life .. of our country and our peers (?) nicknames opens (?) in millions of books. Children's book authors are your best friends.

X .. it would be nice if you guys were really friends with the works of our classics: Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Nekrasov, Leo Tolstoy, Gorky. After reading the books of these writers, you will feel stronger, be able to more deeply evaluate your actions and the actions of those around you, feel the beauty of the beautiful Russian language.

(S. Mikhalkov)

384. The writing. Read an excerpt from I. Goncharov's novel Oblomov. How did Ilya Ivanovich, the father of the protagonist of the novel, relate to reading? Do you agree with his opinion that reading is a luxury? Write an essay on the topic "The book is our friend and adviser." Gather the necessary evidence. Use the statement at the beginning of the textbook and the text from the previous exercise.

Ilya Ivanovich will sometimes take a book in his hands - it doesn't matter to him, any. He did not even suspect an essential need in reading, but considered it a luxury, such a thing that one can easily do without, just as one can have a picture on the wall, one may not have it, one can go for a walk, one may not go: from this he doesn't care what the book is; he looked at her as if she were a thing intended for entertainment, out of boredom and nothing to do.

Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating unions are also divided into several groups depending on the expressed meanings (see Table 46).

In table. 46 shows semantic conjunctions, i.e. denoting certain meanings (more precisely, logical-semantic relations between word forms or parts of a complex sentence). As opposed to them, asemantic conjunctions are distinguished, indicating only the subordination of the subordinate clause, usually attaching explanatory clauses. A feature of such unions is the function of attachment, which does not introduce additional complex shades into the statement. In its purest form, "attachment" is realized by the union what (The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states, what all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights).

The use of subordinating (as well as coordinating) conjunctions in complex sentences will be discussed in more detail in the "Grammar. Syntax" section.

Table 46 Groups of subordinating conjunctions

Group of unions by value		Usage examples
Temporary	when, after, before as, once, barely, barely... like	After Budapest fell and Vienna was taken, ward radio did not turn off even at night(E. Nosov)
Causal	because, as, because of, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because of, thanks to, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, as a result of the fact that, especially since	Need to add vents, because each cow evaporates ten kilograms of water per day by breathing(S. Antonov); Because what* the plank was hastily knocked together, its roof in the ridge caved in*(V. Povolyaev)
Conditional	if, if...then, if, in case if, provided that, if (simple)	But how can I take the initiative, if I I don't respect my boss(G. Semenov); Foma Fomich was ordered to appear, threatening by force when* failure*(F. Dostoevsky)
concessions	although, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, no matter what, despite all that	In the evening, an engineer arrived on the "Gazik", and, although there was absolutely no help from him, in the hut it became calmer(S. Antonov)
Consequences	so, as a result	Lusha came to an empty hut, sat on a chair and cried loudly, sobbing, so was heard on the street(S. Antonov)
	to, in order to, in order to, so as to, then to	He got up, to leave, but involuntarily lingered(L. Seifullina)
Comparative	as, as if, as if, like, as well as, similar to, kind of like, as if	The steppe went away, broad and flat, Like sea(L. Sobolev); On the Red Square, as if through the mists of time, the outlines of walls and towers are unclear(A. N. Tolstoy)
Comparative (when coinciding with subordinating unions on a formal basis, they are not opposed to coordinating unions in meaning)	if...then, while, while, whereas, as, than... the

Here we also note that some subordinating conjunctions can be used in the structure of a simple sentence. For example, union to attaches the circumstance of the goal expressed by the infinitive (Here we've just decided to take turns talking about, so that kill time(A. Novikov-Priboy), union as attaches the nominal part of the compound predicate ( dreams as freestyle birds ), circumstance of the mode of action ( like thunder there was a deafening explosion) and can act as a preposition as (So, I advise you like a buddy be careful (M. Lermontov).

Unions as part of speech are replenished with new formations mainly from two sources: 1) due to adverbs and particles ( rather, after all, but, by the way, quicker, more precisely, etc.): Our shelter is small, but calm(M. Lermontov) ; The root "snow" in the word snowdrop stands out as a morpheme, more precisely (rather) morph, compared to the root in the word "snowman"; 2) due to derivative denominative prepositions, to which either a pronoun is attached then with union what (due to + that, what; in connection with the fact, what), or in which the pronoun is inserted that with unions what, to, if (for that reason; for that purpose, to; just in case, if).

allied words

Some categories of pronouns can be used as conjunctions. These include nouns who, what, pronouns-adjectives which, which, whose, what, pronouns-numerals how many, how much, pronouns-adverbs where, where, where, when, as, why, from what, why. They are called allied words, since they serve to connect parts of a complex sentence. Unlike unions, which are used only to formalize the connection between parts of a complex sentence, allied words act in the subordinate part as one or another member of the sentence. For example, in a sentence We did not know, where our school friend came and why he did not visit us, allied words where and why not only connect the subordinate parts with the main one, but also act in the subordinate clauses as circumstances, respectively places and reasons, and in the sentence I know a person, which came from there allied word which also not only connects the subordinate part with the main part, but also acts in the first as the subject.

The allied word is characterized by a double syntactic connection: on the one hand, with that member of the main part to which the subordinate clause belongs, on the other hand, with that member of the subordinate part to which the allied word itself refers. But there may be an exception here, if we are talking about the word which.

For example: 1) Appeal - , which has the right to review the case; 2) An appeal is an appeal against a decision to a higher authority., in which have the right to review the case; 3) Appeal - This is an appeal against a decision in a higher instance., in which appealed by the appellant. In the first sentence, the union word which has the gender and number form of the noun instance, to to which the entire subordinate part belongs together with this word, but its case is determined by the syntactic role it plays in the subordinate part - the subject, therefore it is in I.p. In the second sentence, the gender and number of the word which also depend on the noun being defined appeal, and the case is from the verb-predicate there is(what?), which determines the syntactic role of the allied word - addition. In the third sentence, the gender and number of the allied word are again determined by the noun appeal, case - verb-predicate draws(to whom?), hence its syntactic function - addition.

Morphological analysis of the union

Analysis plan: 1. Part of speech. General value. 2. Morphological features: a) coordinating or subordinating; b) simple or compound.

Parsing sample: , because representatives of all sports participated in them.

Oral analysis. one. And- union. Connects similar circumstances at the stadium and in a swimming pool. 2. Has morphological features: writing, simple.

2. because- union. Connects parts of a complex sentence Competitions were held at the stadium and in the pool(why?), because representatives of all sports participated in them. It has morphological features: submissive, simple.

Written review. 1.I - union. and 2. Morph, confession: op., simple.

1. Because - union and , because . 2. Morph, recognition: sub., comp.

Recall the order of morphological analysis of the preposition.

1. We write out from the sentence with the word to which it refers, we find out their role in the sentence.

2. Determine the morphological features:

immutability;

Semantic relations expressed by a preposition;

Structure: simple or compound;

What case form is used with.

Sample: In the course of the trip, we swam across the river twice (V. Arseniev).

In continuation (of the campaign) - the preposition is used to connect the verb swam with the word form in the continuation of the campaign, "morphological features: immutability, expresses temporary relationships, compound, derivative, used with a noun campaign in the form of genus. p.

Through (river) - a preposition, used to connect the verb crossed the river with the noun, morphological features: immutability, expresses spatial relationships, simple, non-derivative, used with the noun river in the form of wines. P.

Union - a service part of speech that serves to connect members of a simple sentence, parts of a complex sentence, whole sentences or parts of a text.

The general grammatical meaning of the union is the expression of coordinating or subordinating relations.

Union ranks by structure

By structure, unions are divided into:

Into simple ones, consisting of one word (a, and, if, how, what, etc.);

Compound, consisting of two or more words (due to the fact that, in order to, despite the fact that, etc.);

Repetitive (that ... that, not that ... not that, etc.);

Double (both ... and, not only ... but also etc.).

Union ranks by origin

By origin, unions are divided into non-derivative and derivative.

Non-derivative (primitive) unions (a, but, or) are not divided into morphemes and do not have a generating basis.

Derivative unions (but, however, although) consist of several syllables and correspond to certain independent parts of speech.

Ranks of unions by meaning and grammatical functions

By meaning and grammatical functions, conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.

Coordinating conjunctions (a, yes, and, or, neither ... nor, however, also, also, then ... then, etc.) express relations of equality and serve to connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a compound sentence, parts of a text: In some places in the clearings, birds flew and chirped plaintively (K. Paustovsky) - the union and is used to connect homogeneous predicates; The sky overhead was very bright, white, and closer to the ground it thickened, and its color resembled lead (K. Paustovsky) - unions a, and serve to connect parts of a complex sentence.

By meaning, coordinating conjunctions are divided into three groups: connecting, adversative, divisive.

Connecting unions and, yes (in the meaning of and), also, also, neither ... nor, not only ... but also others express connecting relations (enumeration relations) between homogeneous members of a sentence, equal parts of a complex sentence or text: The cricket sings very loudly and pays no attention either to my steps or to the clinking of cups (K. Paustovsky).

And quietly slumbering green forest, And in the silver of forest lakes - More slender than his columns, Still fresher than pine crowns And delicate foliage.

Opposite unions but, yes (in the meaning of but), however, and others express the relationship of comparison or opposition of homogeneous members of a simple sentence, equal parts of a complex sentence or parts of a text: I will put not the genus, but the mind in governors (A. Pushkin); Everything passes, but not everything is forgotten (I. Bunin).

Separating unions or, either, then ... then, not that ... not that, etc. express the relationship of alternation or mutual exclusion of phenomena, actions, events: Are you my fallen maple, icy maple, that you stand bending under a white blizzard? Or what did you see? Or what did you hear? (S. Yesenin).

Subordinating conjunctions (what, so that, as if, due to the fact that, despite the fact that, when, etc.) express the relationship of subordination (dependence) of one part of a complex sentence to another or parts of the text: The water collapsed so terribly that, when the soldiers ran down, raging streams were already flying after them (M. Bulgakov); I can't say that I thought then only about my painting (V. Garshin).

By value, subordinating conjunctions are divided into the following categories:

Explanatory: what, to, how, etc.;

Conditional: if, if, if, times, etc .;

Temporary: when, barely, only, as soon as, since, etc.;

Causal: because, because, since, for, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, etc .;

Goals: to, in order to, etc .;

Concessions: despite the fact that, although others;

Consequences: so,

Comparative: as if, as if, exactly, as if, etc.

Spelling unions

1. A particle not with unions is written separately: not that ... not that, not only ... but also others: Through the noise of the waves, either sighs or soft, gentle-sounding cries reached them (M. Gorky) .

2. Derivative unions, too, also, but so that, because, because, formed from independent parts of speech, they are written together. They should be distinguished from homonymous combinations of pronouns and adverbs with particles and prepositions.

Consider table 39.

Table 39

Unions

Homonymous combinations

1. But - an opposing union, equal in meaning to the union but: Branil Homer, Theocritus, but read Adam Smith (A. Pushkin). To - a subordinating union: To wait for such an evening, it was necessary to live a hundred years (K. Paustovsky) Also, also - connecting unions, close in meaning to the union and: His young sons also looked at themselves from head to toe (N. Gogol); The strange old man spoke very drawlingly, the sound of his voice also amazed me (I. Turgenev) 1. Because, because - causal unions, close in meaning to the union because: And because this is impossible, he despaired (A. Chekhov) ; In the village, spring is expected not only because it brings warmth and sun (P. Proskurin)

For that building - a demonstrative pronoun and a preposition for (building), written separately: She turned gray during the time that we did not see each other (K. Paustovsky) Whatever - an interrogative pronoun with a particle would be written separately. The particle could be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence: And whatever she does, whatever she takes, everything turns out beautifully for her (I. Turgenev) Compare: And whatever she does, whatever she takes would - everything comes out beautifully with her. The pronoun and the adverb are written separately with the particle. The particle can be omitted: I can say the same about Anna Karenina (K. Paustovsky). - Wed: I can say the same about Anna Karenina, And he is a regular member of the club, still humble, just as deaf (A. Pushkin). - Wed: And he is a member of the club in good order, everyone is so humble, so deaf. Pronouns with prepositions from that (place), by that (bridge) are written separately, they are members of the sentence, you can ask them: Children moved away from that house (from which house?) A long distance; You should not judge me only by what (to judge by what?) what I do (I. Turgenev)

The order of morphological parsing of the union

1. We define the relationship that the union expresses in the sentence.

2. We find out the morphological signs of the union:

Simple, compound, repeating or double;

Non-derivative or derivative;

Composing or subordinating.

Sample: A nurse came up and strictly demanded that the soldiers leave (L. Stepanov).

And - union, simple, non-derivative, composing, connecting, used to connect homogeneous predicates came up and demanded.

To - union, simple, derivative, subordinating, explanatory; connects parts of a complex sentence.

Particles

A particle is a service part of speech designed to express the shades of the meaning of words and sentences, as well as to form words.

The general grammatical meaning of the particles lies in the expression of additional semantic shades: The night was approaching, but the thought of sleep did not even come to mind (K. Paustovsky) - the particle does not give a negative meaning to the verb-predicate, the particle even enhances the meaning of the action.

A particle is an invariable part of speech, is not an independent member of a sentence, but can be included in the members of a sentence as a clarifying component: Wherever you turn. from everywhere came the singing of the oriole, the squeaking of the hoopoe and the falcon (A. Chekhov); Let the forest rage in the rain, let the nights be gloomy and rainy (I. Bunin).

Particle Discharges by Structure and Significance

According to the structure of the particles are divided:

Into simple ones, consisting of one word (would, whether, after all, out, etc.);

Compounds, which include two or more words (just what for, hardly, etc.).

There are word-building, form-building and semantic particles.

Word-forming particles serve to form a word with a new lexical meaning. Word-forming particles include particles (sometimes called morphemes) -something, -or, -something, something, which serve to form indefinite pronouns: someone, something, anyone, anyone, someone, some, etc.

Particles not and neither, turning into a prefix, can also serve to form new words with the opposite meaning: truth is not true, friend is foe, who is someone, what is nothing, when - never.

Formative particles serve to form mood forms of the verb: the particle would (b) participates in the formation of the subjunctive mood of the verb: I would study, read, would say; particles let, let, yes, let are used to form the form of the imperative mood: let it come, let it answer, let it come, let's talk.

Sense particles are divided into the following categories:

Interrogative, containing the question: is it really, is it (or), is it really: Is life really noisy, noisy, like your dress? (A. Blok);

Amplifying, emphasizing words that are most important for understanding the meaning: even, already, already (already), after all, after all, etc.: I’m even scared to look at the immense mass of water ... (S. Aksakov);

Indicative, pointing to an object, distinguishing it from a number of others: here (and here), out (and out), here (here) and others: Here the sun rises, it shines because of the arable land (I. Nikitin);

Exclamatory, expressing surprise, admiration and other emotions: what for, how and others: What a charm these fairy tales are! (A. Pushkin);

Distinguishing-restrictive, highlighting an object or phenomenon (only, only, almost, though etc.): I cut out a sonnet at noon only for the one who is at the top (I. Bunin);

Definitive-clarifying, having a clarifying meaning (exactly, just, etc.): And the mosquito dug right into the aunt’s right eye (A. Pushkin);

Modal particles expressing doubt (hardly, hardly, etc.): Aphorism is perhaps the best form for presenting philosophical judgments (L. Tolstoy);

Negative particles (not and neither): The trees are crowded, calm, not a single branch moves (G. Fedoseev).

Particle Spelling

1. Separately with the words of different parts of speech, particles are written no matter what: No matter what happens, people must continuously do their job (K. Paustovsky); There are no different roads for water, all the ways sooner or later will lead it to the ocean (M. Prishvin); But the Russian heart is still the same. And kindness, and the same songs! (L. Tatyanicheva).

2. Particles are written through a hyphen -something, -or, -something, something, -ka: Tell me, uncle, is it not for nothing that Moscow, burned by fire, was given to the Frenchman? (M. Lermontov); It was on some kind of holiday (N. Leskov); There are many rich people for whom death alone is good for something (I. Krylov); Basargin listened to the considerations of his assistants, wrote down something (K. Paustovsky).

The particle is still written with a hyphen after verbs and adverbs: We went for a walk. In the evening it rained again. With other parts of speech, this particle is written separately: There was definitely dust (N. Leskov); How did I not pay attention to such words before - to the fact that she did not exclude some cases (I. Bunin).

Particles not and neither with words of different parts of speech can be written both together and separately.

Particle spelling not with different parts of speech

Apart

Slitno

1. With verbs, gerunds, short forms of passive participles, numerals, pronouns (except for negative ones): do not leave, do not know; not reading, not deciding, "not built, not sown", not two, not three", not you, not to us, not yours, not this 2. With nouns, adjectives, participles, adverbs in -o, if present or implied opposition: not the truth, but a lie", not a deep river, but a shallow one", not finished, but only begun work", speak not loudly, but in a whisper 3. With full forms of participles, if they have a dependent word: not completed on time task, a conversation that does not stop in the yard 4. With adjectives, participles, adverbs in -o in the presence of words, by no means, far, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all close, far from indifferent, not at all old, not at all slippery, not at all close, "by no means obsolete, far from well-packed, not at all justified, not at all cleaned, not in the least interfering", not at all true, not at all sweet, not at all dark, not at all scary 5. With the words ready, must, sorry, must , necessary, obliged, etc.: not happy, should not, not ready, not obliged, not necessary, not n really

1. With nouns, adjectives, verbs, participles, gerunds, adverbs, words of the category of state that are not used without: slob, ignoramus, ridiculous, bewildered, dislike, perplexed, unbearable, indignant, out of place, it is impossible 2. With nouns, adjectives and adverbs in -o, if the word can be replaced by a synonym without not: not true (lie), shallow (shallow), not close (far) 3. With full participle forms without a dependent word: an unfinished story, an idle mechanism 4. In indefinite pronouns: someone , something, some, several, some

Spelling particle neither with different parts of speech

Particle neither can be negative and amplifying. The negative particle is always written separately with the words of other parts of speech, except for pronouns: What a shame! As if on purpose, not a soul (N. Gogol); Wherever you look, young faces are everywhere (V. Ketlinskaya).

The intensifying particle is not used in the presence of negation with the predicate: Alyosha has never seen a tree covered with such a fine polish (K. Paustovsky).

The combinations of nothing else (other) and no one else (other) have the meaning of opposition. Here it is not a negative particle and is written separately. The opposition can be expressed by the union as, standing after this expression, or the union a, standing before this expression: It was nothing but a lake, "None other than a brother came," A brother came, and no one else.

The combinations nothing else (other), no one else (other) are not connected with the opposition. They are usually used in sentences where there is already a negation, less often in sentences without negation. Neither in this case is a prefix and is spelled together: Nothing else bothered him, "No one other than the watchman remained in the building", It could not be anyone else.

The particle is not used in stable phrases: neither day nor night, neither this nor that, nor light nor dawn; not two nor one and a half; neither fish nor fowl; neither more nor less.

Attention! By all means, out of nowhere, as if nothing had happened. It should be distinguished: not one (many) - not one (no one); not once (many times) - never (never).

When you know the unions, then you will be able to put commas without difficulty. If, of course, you can apply punctuation rules!

But unions are very difficult to distinguish from pronouns and adverbs, homonymous particles (as, only, though, same, and, a) and prepositions.

It is necessary to analyze the words in a sentence: particles usually express semantic shades (amplifying, restrictive), and unions connect homogeneous members and parts of a complex sentence.

Unions can also be similar to pronouns and adverbs (what; how, when, barely, yet), to combinations of prepositions and pronouns (but - for that, because - from that, because - by that, moreover - moreover, moreover - with what), pronouns and particles (to - what, too - the same), adverbs and particles (also - the same).

There are few universal tricks to distinguish alliances. First: to determine its service role, that is, what it binds. Second: replace it with a synonym union. The particle can be rearranged to another place or completely omitted.

We reason like this. In the sentence: Everyone is late, me too. - the word ALSO can be replaced by a synonym AND (Everyone was late, and I.). In another sentence (I completed the same task as you.), the SAME particle can be omitted.

In fact, unions need to be recognized “by sight”, to distinguish their groups by origin, structure, use and meaning. Those unions that cannot be divided into morphemes are called non-derivative (a, but, and, yes, either, or, however, for, if). Derivatives come from combinations with pronouns, adverbs, prepositions (to, also, because, due to the fact that).

If the union consists of one word, then it is simple (and, yes, as if, although), of several - compound (due to the fact that, despite the fact that, because, since). There are no complex unions.

If the union is used once, then it is single, if it is repeated two or more times, then it is called recurring (neither ... nor, or ... either, not that ... not that), but if it breaks up into two parts, then double (not only ..., but; as ..., so; if ..., then; than ..., those; insofar ..., since; although ..., but) .

All unions are divided into two groups: coordinating (connecting homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a complex sentence) and subordinating (connecting parts of a complex sentence).

Coordinating conjunctions convey different meanings:

1) connecting express enumeration	and, yes \u003d and, and-and, no-no, like ..., so, not only ..., but also
2) adversative - oppositions and differences	but, but, yes = but, however, the same, but
3) separating - mutual exclusion, alternation	or, or-or, either, or-either, not that, not that, that, whether, whether, whether
4) connectives are used to express additions, comments	yes, and, too, also, also, moreover, also
5) explanatory - for explanation	that is, namely, or, somehow

There are much more subordinating conjunctions than coordinating ones:

1) explanatory	What, to, as if, whether
2) temporary	When, as soon as, as soon as, while, since, after, until, until, barely, before
3) causal	Because, since, for, because, due to the fact that, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that
4) target	So that, so that, in order to, so that, so that
5) conditional	If, once, if, provided that, if, if, if, if, if, when
6) comparative	As, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, as if, as
7) concessions	Although, at least, let, let, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, no matter how
8) consequences	So, before that, as a result of which

PLAN OF MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF UNIONS

I. Part of speech. General grammatical meaning (in which sentence it is used, scheme).

II. Morphological features.

1. Discharge by composition (simple or composite).

2. Discharge by origin (non-derivative or derivative).

3. Discharge by function (composing or subordinating).

4. Rank by value.

5. Discharge by use (single, repeated, double).

Using sentences from Jan Larry's fascinating story "The Extraordinary Adventures of Karik and Vali", we will show examples of parsing different alliances. Do not forget that the union must be written out in its entirety if it is compound or double. We will not draw diagrams here due to technical difficulties.