This article is devoted to the question of what terms are in Russian. Some concepts from the list will also be analyzed for those students who are preparing to take the unified state exam.
The terms from it must be learned by heart in order to understand such a complex issue as the means of stylistic expressiveness in the Russian language. The reader will learn a lot of new and useful information, in particular about the authors of some words, without the existence of which a modern person cannot imagine his life.
Definition
First of all, you need to figure out which words are terms in the Russian language and which are not. It is worth saying that, unlike all other concepts, scientific definitions have features that distinguish them from all others.
Firstly, they have a clear interpretation, which, as a rule, is included in professional and other dictionaries.
Secondly, ideally, scientific terms in Russian should not have synonyms. Also, they cannot have other meanings than the main one.
Thus, the question of what terms are in the Russian language can be answered: it is glory, which have an extremely clear definition and are used mainly in professional industries.
Exceptions to the rules
However, there are words whose meaning may change depending on the area in which they are currently used. Further, as an example, the case will be given when in Russian the term has two meanings. So the word "economy" has the following definitions. Firstly, it is a branch of the existence of the state, and secondly, this is the name of the activity of a specialist in finance. But, ideally, a scientific definition should not have more than one definition, right? Yes it is. However, the words used in the professional lexicon become so accustomed to the everyday speech of workers in certain industries that they begin to exist and "behave" in the same way as it happens with ordinary vocabulary units.
This means that we can state the fact that nothing that is characteristic of ordinary words is alien to terms. They, like all their "relatives", acquire other meanings, change their original meaning, acquire a number of synonyms, and so on and so forth.
Next, a few more examples of what terms are in Russian will be given, examples of definitions that ideally meet the requirements for specific words will also be named. Those that deviate from these norms will also be considered.
Examples
If we take the word “magnesium” known to every chemist, then we can confidently say that this concept denotes the corresponding element in the periodic table. This word has no other definitions. And accordingly, this example of a term in Russian can be called ideal. That is, this word has no synonyms and other meanings, except for the main one.
If you turn to the dictionary of linguistic terms of the Russian language, then you can also find many similar words in it.
For example, if we consider the definition of the concept of "hyperbole", then in the dictionary entry one can read something like this: "A figure of stylistic expressiveness, which consists in the deliberate exaggeration of a particular phenomenon." Another example can be given: an epithet is a poetic definition that highlights a sign of a particular object or phenomenon.
Speaking about these linguistic terms of the Russian language, we can also call them ideal, since they have no synonyms and other meanings, with the exception of the main ones.
word formation rules
Discussing the question of what terms are in the Russian language, one should also mention that such words often have their own way of word formation, characteristic of their field of knowledge in which they are used.
For example, in astronomy, to designate different layers of space, it is customary to use names formed by adding the morpheme "-sphere" to any root. So, the term "atmosphere" is used to refer to oxygen, which is located in near-Earth space. Above it, as you know, is the stratosphere, mesosphere, and so on. Therefore, having heard an unfamiliar word, which includes this element, we can confidently assert that the meaning of this concept is close to already familiar words, which include the same morpheme.
However, it should be borne in mind that in different fields of science, the same prefixes and suffixes can be used to denote different phenomena. So, geologists use the suffix "-it" to form the names of the rocks they discover. Examples are the names of stones such as jadeite, malachite, jade, and so on. In medicine, this affix is also used, but already as part of the word used to form the names of diseases.
Words such as tonsillitis, peritonitis and others belong to this cohort.
In the same way, in the literature on other scientific disciplines, one and the same lexeme can be found, used to denote different concepts that are not similar either in meaning or in any other way. Thus, the term “league” in music theory denotes a musical notation used to explain that a given passage of a piece must be played with a continuous stroke. In political science, this concept is used in the sense of "union, association", such as the League of Nations and other organizations.
Although these two terms have some common features: in both cases there is an indication of a union, but, one way or another, these are two different terms. And accordingly, we can talk about several meanings that this word has.
Although many experts argue that in this case it is necessary to talk not about ambiguity, but about the existence of this concept in several different scientific fields. If we consider this phenomenon from this point of view, it turns out that for each science this term is unique, that is, it has one single meaning that does not have synonyms.
How are terms formed?
There are at least three ways in which you can create a name for a newly discovered scientific or other phenomenon.
Such words are often formed in prefixed and suffixal ways from the roots of the Russian language.
The following concepts can serve as examples of such terms: driver (from the word "drive"), manager, cleaning lady, and so on.
Also, very often, when searching for a name for a new phenomenon, scientists stop at a foreign language term that has been used for quite some time in academic circles by specialists from another state.
Numerous legal and economic terms that are international, that is, used in many countries, can be cited as examples of such borrowings. These are such words as: inflation, corruption, amnesty and many others.
It is worth noting that there are hundreds of times more words that were pumped into our language from a foreign lexicon in scientific use than in the commonly used vocabulary.
This is explained, first of all, by the desire of scientists to cooperate with their foreign colleagues in order to conduct research that requires the work of a large number of specialists. But such a circumstance often causes the appearance of Russian-language analogues for such names. Moreover, there are many people who strive to cleanse their native language from foreign impurities. Therefore, it is not uncommon to find dictionary duplicates, one element of which is of foreign origin, and the other is Russian.
As an example, we can cite such pairs of words as: pilot - pilot, driver - driver and others.
The third option for the formation of terms in the Russian language is when the meaning of an already existing word acquires a new shade. So it was created, for example, the name of a part of the molecule - the nucleus.
Justified and unjustified terms
There is also such a criterion as the justification for using a particular name. This usually means the correspondence or inconsistency of this term with its content.
So the name of the technical means for moving around the Earth's satellite is called a lunar rover. This name fully justifies the functions that this machine performs.
If we turn to the question of whether the use of the name "atom" for small constituent parts of molecules is justified, then the answer to it will most likely be negative. After all, this word in Greek means "indivisible." This definition does not correspond to the real state of affairs. Atoms, as you know, in turn, contain protons, neutrons and electrons. In this case, the use of this term is due to historical reasons, namely: this word began to be used back in those days when the knowledge of chemistry was not as perfect as it is now. And since language is a fairly conservative phenomenon, the term, which has been used for a long time, continues to exist to this day.
About authors
Answering the question of what terms are in Russian, it is worth mentioning one more essential feature of these words. Unlike other vocabulary, scientific definitions most often have a specific author. History has preserved information about who first introduced this or that name into use. For example, it is known for sure that the name for extraterrestrial vehicles was proposed by Korolev.
It was he who began to call rockets spaceships.
More about aeronautics
There is also a legend that such fame as “airplane” and “pilot” was invented by the famous poet of the early 20th century Velimir Khlebnikov. But it is not so. Indeed, this famous futurist created a vocabulary for the then-nascent Russian aviation. In this small book, his recommendations were collected on how to name some objects and phenomena from this area. However, none of those words came into use.
Scientific style of speech
It's time to talk about in which texts you can most often find complex sentences with terms. In the Russian language in the senior classes of the general education school, they pass stylistics. This science studies, among other things, various types of speech. More often you can find references to five styles: scientific, journalistic, artistic, official business and colloquial. The first of them is characterized by the presence of numerous terms in the texts.
Along with this, scientific works contain a large number of complex sentences. The structure of these works, as a rule, is extremely clear and often follows an established pattern. The chapters of such works are usually numbered.
As examples of these works, one can cite term papers that every student faces.
From neologism to term
The list of terms of the Russian language, which is proposed to be learned by graduates of secondary schools in preparation for the unified state exam, also includes the word "neologism". This is the name of the names of objects and phenomena that have just appeared in the language. These lexical units have not yet become familiar to native speakers and are perceived by them as something unusual.
After some time, such words either become part of the common vocabulary, or turn into scientific terms, if they exist within a certain field of knowledge.
There are the following types of neologisms:
1. Invented by a specific person or those whose authorship is uncertain.
2. Appeared as a result of word formation according to the laws of a certain language, or those that were borrowed from foreign dictionaries.
As mentioned earlier, most often the enrichment of the Russian language occurs at the expense of Latin and Greek. It is in this way that most of the linguistic terms that are presented in the list for preparation for the unified state exam in the Russian language were created.
He introduced into Russian such concepts as "atmosphere", "thermometer", "substance", "expertise" and many others.
Without these terms, it is impossible to imagine science at the present stage of development.
Conclusion
In this article, the question of what are the terms of the Russian language and their meanings was analyzed.
The material contains the characteristics that the words used in the scientific literature must meet. Ideally, each scientific term should be unique, that is, it cannot have synonyms and other meanings. But in reality, not all words used in certain areas of knowledge meet these requirements.
This is partly due to the fact that such phenomena of the Russian language as the desire of its speakers to find equivalents for all foreign words in their native speech and use the vocabulary of one field of knowledge, the lexicon characteristic of another science to enrich it, are not alien to terms.
Information about this lexical concept will be useful for students of secondary schools in preparation for the exam. As a rule, they are asked to memorize a list of Russian language terms with definitions. Some of the words from this list have been analyzed in this article. In addition, students may find it useful and general information about what terms are. This information is given in several chapters of this material. It will also be useful to study articles from encyclopedic dictionaries about this phenomenon and manuals, which contain words and terms in the Russian language.
TERM
TERM
1. In formal logic, a concept expressed by a word (philosophical). Three terms of the syllogism.
2. A word that is the name of a strictly defined concept. Precise, imprecise term. Good, bad term. New term. Philosophical terms. Technical terms. Special terms (denoting special concepts of individual branches of science, art, technology, industries, etc.). “... for the masses it is necessary to write without such new terms, which require special explanation ...” Lenin .
|| A special word and expression adopted to denote something in a particular environment, profession. Terms of card games. Chess terms.
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940.
Synonyms:
See what "TERM" is in other dictionaries:
- (from lat. terminus border, limit, end), 1) name with a touch of special. (scientific) of its meaning, specified in the context of c.l. theories or branches of knowledge. 2) In antiquity. philosophy, a concept that fixes stable and enduring aspects ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
- (lat. terminus). 1) an accepted conditional expression, a name characteristic of any science, craft. 2) term. 3) among the Romans: the god of borders, to whom the festival of terminalia was established. 4) border post, column. 5) in logic: the name of the concept, ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
- (Terminus). Roman deity of borders, originally the god of the boundary and boundary stone. A temple was built for him by King Numa, and the feast of Terminalia was celebrated in his honor. (Source: "A Concise Dictionary of Mythology and Antiquities." M. Korsh. St. Petersburg, ... ... Encyclopedia of mythology
Term- TERM is a word that has a special, strictly defined meaning. Used in science and technology. In connection with the general history of science and technology, the most magnificent development of which is associated with the 19th and 20th centuries, the terms, by their origin, ... ... Dictionary of literary terms
See the word ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. term name, word; differentiation, numerator, antilogarithm, continuum, quotient, determinant, extremum, factorial, ... ... Synonym dictionary
- (from Latin terminus border limit), a word or combination of words denoting a special concept used in science, technology, art. In modern logic, the word term is often used as a common name for nouns in the language of logico ... ...
- (from the Latin terminus border, limit), a word or combination of words denoting a special concept used in science, technology, art ... Modern Encyclopedia
- (lat. terminus limit border), in Roman mythology, the god keeper of boundary marks, was revered among the peasants. His feast of the terminalia was celebrated on February 23... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (lat. terminus limit, border) a word or phrase denoting empirical or abstract objects, the meaning of which is specified within the framework of scientific theory. Depending on the presence or absence of a denotation (referent) T. in the determined ... ... The latest philosophical dictionary
TERM, a, husband. A word or phrase is the name of a certain concept of some kind. special field of science, technology, art. Technical terms. Terms of mathematics. Dictionary of musical terms. | adj. terminological, oh, oh. Explanatory ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
Books
- 101 terms of tax law. Brief legislative and doctrinal interpretation, Reut Anna Vladimirovna, Paul Alexey Georgievich, Solovieva Natalya Aleksandrovna, Pastushkova Lyubov Nikolaevna. The scientific and practical publication is a summary of tax, legal and economic views on 101 terms of tax law, including both terms enshrined in ...
§ 149. The term "terminology" in modern linguistics is used in different meanings. In accordance with the structure of this term (it is a combination of the word "term" and the Greek. logos-"word, doctrine") it denotes the doctrine of terms, a section of linguistics (lexicology) that studies terms, or the corresponding scientific (scientific and applied) discipline. However, this term is rarely used in this sense.
Recently, to designate this concept, some linguists use the term "terminology", which is similar in structure.
Terminology in linguistics is most often called a set of terms used in a particular language or in a certain field of human activity.
In the latter meaning, i.e. to designate the concepts of a certain field of knowledge or any field of activity, the compound term "terminological system" or the complex formation "terminological system" created on its basis is often used.
The concept of the term
§ 150. In understanding a term as a unit of terminology, or an element of a terminological system, the opinions of linguists differ significantly, which is reflected in the definition (explanation) of this concept by different scientists.
It is quite obvious that a term, like any other symbolic unit of a language, has an exponent, or signifier, and content, or signified, however, researchers have different ideas about the exponent and content of a terminological sign.
The exponent (signifier) of a terminological unit is traditionally considered to be a word, although most modern linguists consider not only a single word, but also a combination of different words, more precisely, a phrase as an exponent of a term. When defining the concept of a term as the closest generic concept, some scientists call, respectively, the word (see, for example, the works of R. A. Budagov, A. A. Reformatsky, M. I. Fomina, N. M. Shansky), others - word or combination of words, phrase, expression, compound name, etc. (see the works of O. S. Akhmanova, B. N. Golovin, A. V. Kalinin, V. I. Kodukhov, R. Yu. Kobrin, and others). At present, no one seems to doubt that a term can be not only a single word, but also a phrase, although there is no complete clarity on the question of which phrases can be terms and which terms are not (for more details, see . below).
There is no consensus on the issue of the morphological properties of the term, its part-of-speech affiliation. Some linguists recognize as terms only nouns and substantive phrases, i.e. phrases with a supporting word - a noun, others do not consider this feature to be mandatory for the term, i.e. recognize as terms significant words of different parts of speech and phrases built on their basis, called compound terms. In modern linguistics, the first point of view prevails, which seems to be more convincing.
According to AI Moiseev, for example, "the linguistic form of expression of terms are nouns and phrases based on them." According to him, "terms are words and phrases of a strictly nominative function, namely, a certain type of nouns and phrases based on them", "this is a strictly nominative part of special and general vocabulary and phraseology in the form of nouns and phrases based on them" . The legitimacy of such a view of the term is confirmed, in particular, by the fact that "only certain categories of nouns and stable combinations based on them have a nominative function in the strict sense." As for the words of other parts of speech, they are indirectly related to terminology. According to B.N. Golovin, terms are limited "by the properties of parts of speech: adjective, verb, adverb are included in terminological connections not independently, but through the medium of a noun."
Compound (two-word and multi-word) terms usually include only subordinating phrases, i.e. phrases with subordinating connection of components. At the same time, in the works of some authors, among compound terms, not only subordinating, but also coordinating phrases are considered, such as, for example: space and time, language and consciousness, word and concept. Some linguists, who theoretically deny that coordinating phrases belong to terms, practically recognize them as terms. So, B. N. Golovin, who, when defining the concept of a term (see below), emphasizes the idea of the terminology of precisely subordinate phrases, in the terminological index placed in the textbook "Introduction to Linguistics", among compound terms he also names such phrases: letter and sound, units of language and units of speech, word meaning and object, sentence and judgment, word and thinking and others like it. Obviously, it should be recognized that such phrases denote not one, but two different concepts and are not separate compound terms, but combinations of different terms.
"A combination of words based on a coordinative connection equally names two concepts and objects at the same time, which contradicts the logic and laws of the terminating process. With the help of such a terminological combination, we rather have a designation of a problem formulated by two independent terms as the relationship of two scientific phenomena."
A distinctive feature of the content of the term, its signified, is that it has a professional meaning, denotes a certain scientific, industrial, technical, etc. concept. This is recognized by all linguists dealing with the problem of the term, although the connection between a term and a concept is interpreted by linguists in different ways. In accordance with this, several concepts are distinguished in the understanding (and definition) of a term: 1) a term is a word (or phrase) that names a concept, i.e. performs a nominative function (G. O. Vinokur, E. M. Galkina-Fedoruk, etc.); 2) a term is a word that expresses a concept, i.e. performs an expressive, expressive function (A. A. Reformatsky, S. M. Burdin, etc.); 3) a term is a word denoting a concept, i.e. performing a significative function (E. I. Amosenkova, R. N. Infantieva, N. N. Levinsky, etc.); 4) a term is a word that defines a concept, i.e. performing a definitive function (V. V. Vinogradov, S. A. Askoldov, etc.).
In the special linguistic literature, other features are often attributed to terms, for example: unambiguity, i.e. the presence of no more than one meaning within a given terminological system; accuracy, severity of expression of value; semantic motivation; consistency, i.e. relationship with other terms of a certain thermal system; lack of synonymy; lack of homonymy; lack of emotionally expressive coloring, etc. Such features are manifested in terms extremely inconsistently: some of them are not characteristic of all terms, while others apply not only to terms, but also to commonly used words and phrases, which many linguists pay attention to. "All other features usually attributed to terms and terminology in general: accuracy of meaning, unambiguity, consistency, lack of synonymy, etc. - nothing more than their tendency or their desirable qualities, or, finally, the requirements for a "good", rationally constructed terminology".
When defining the concept of a term, linguists most often limit themselves to pointing to the nearest generic concept (i.e. a word or a word or phrase) and one of the essential distinguishing features is the presence of a professional meaning. Terms (from lat. terminus- "border, limit") are usually called words (or words and phrases) that have a special meaning, i.e. denoting special, professional concepts.
Compare, for example, the following definitions: Term... A word that is the name of a certain concept of some kind. special field of science, technology"; "A term is a word or phrase that is the name of a scientific, technical, agricultural, etc. concept", this is "a word or a compound name created to denote the concept of science and technology, different areas of knowledge".
Taking into account the above grammatical features (the substantive nature of a word or phrase and the presence of a subordinating connection between the components of a phrase), a term can be defined as a word that is a noun, or a subordinating phrase with a supporting word - a noun, denoting a professional concept. This essentially definition can be formulated in a more concise form: a term is the name of a professional concept, expressed as a noun or a substantive phrase with a subordinate connection of components.
Recently, some linguists have been offering more complete, more extensive definitions of the concept of a term, trying to take into account all its features, which the authors consider essential.
In understanding and explaining the term, the most difficult is the problem of the boundaries of the term. Within the framework of this problem, issues related to the distinction between a term and a commonly used word or phrase, the distinction between proper terms and nomenclatural names, nomenclatural signs, or yeomen, which are usually understood as "names of typical objects of a given field of knowledge", are still controversial and still unresolved. "names of typical objects of a given science (in contrast to the terminology, which includes the designation of abstract concepts and categories)". According to B. N. Golovin, among the "most difficult in terminology" is the question of the boundaries of the compound term; on this issue in the literature there are extremely opposite opinions.
UDC 001.4:81"33
TERM: DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT AND ITS ESSENTIAL FEATURES N. N. Lantyukhova, O. V. Zagorovskaya, T. A. Litvinova
The place of terms in the lexical system of the language and the relationship between the term and the commonly used word are determined. Linguistic features of terminological vocabulary are revealed.
Key words: term, language, definition, terminology.
The concepts of term and terminology are key in science; the term provides accuracy, clarity and understanding of scientific thought. However, despite the most important place of these concepts in the system of scientific knowledge and a large number of studies, there is still no consensus on a number of fundamental issues of terminology: for example, there is no generally accepted definition of the term, there are discussions about the requirements for the term, its grammatical expression, not the question of the place of terminology in the composition of the language has been resolved, etc.
In this paper, we will consider the existing opinions about the place of the term in the composition of the language, define its most important features and, based on this, try to give a definition of this concept.
Terminology is part of a special vocabulary, which includes words and phrases that name objects and concepts of various areas of a person's professional activity and are not commonly used. A comprehensive study of special vocabulary as the main component of a language for special purposes begins in the 20th century. Terminology as the most important part of special vocabulary has been actively studied since the beginning of the 20th century. It becomes obvious that this is a special area of vocabulary, a system organized according to its own laws and requiring its own methods and methods of study.
Despite the large number of studies devoted to terms (see the works of G. O. Vinokur, A. A. Reformatsky, D. S. Lotte, B. N. Golovin, V. M. Leichik, V. P. Danilenko, O. V. Zagorovskaya, T. L. Kandelaki, A. A. Superanskaya, S. V. Grineva, L. A. Kapanadze, A. S. Gerda, S. D. Shelova
Lantyukhova Natalya Nikolaevna, post-graduate student, Voronezh Institute of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, e-mail: [email protected]
Zagorovskaya Olga Vladimirovna, Doctor of Philology Sciences, Prof., Voronezh State Pedagogical University, e-mail: [email protected] Litvinova Tatyana Aleksandrovna, Ph.D. philol. Sciences, Voronezh State Pedagogical University, e-mail: [email protected]
© Lantyukhova H. H., Zagorovskaya O. V., Litvinova T. A., 2013
and many others), one of the main problems of understanding and studying the term as a linguistic category in modern Russian linguistics is its definition. During the study of the features of the term and terminology, a significant number of definitions of the concept of "term" have accumulated. A. V. Superanskaya explains the existence of various interpretations of the concept of "term" primarily by the fact that "... for representatives of different disciplines, it is associated with their own special concepts and ideas, has an unequal amount of content and is defined in its own way" .
However, in all logical definitions of the term, its connection with the concept is put forward in the first place. Compare: “Terms are special words, limited by their special purpose; words that tend to be unambiguous as an exact expression of concepts and naming things"; “a term is a word (or phrase), the linguistic sign of which is correlated (associated) with the corresponding concept in the system of concepts of a given field of science and technology”; “term - a word or phrase of a special (scientific, technical, etc.) language, created (accepted, borrowed, etc.) to accurately express special concepts and designate special objects”; “a term is a word (or phrase) that is a unity of a sound sign and a corresponding concept correlated (associated) with it in the system of concepts of a given field of science and technology” .
Thus, on the basis of the foregoing, the ability of a term to designate a certain scientific concept, we consider it to be its most important feature: “for a term, the named concept is at the same time the named object, i.e., the “name-concept” connection dominates. Behind the term there is always an object of thought, but not thought in general, but a special thought limited to a certain field.
Numerous disputes are also caused by the problem of determining the place of terminology in the composition of the language. There are two main points of view on this issue: supporters of the normative approach (D. S. Lotte, L. A. Kapanadze, N. Z. Kotelova, E. N. Tolikina, A. V. Kosov, etc.), deriving terminology from composition of the national language, coming
lead to the conclusion about the artificiality of the term as a special unit and consider terminology as a system of artificially created signs, such requirements are imposed on the term as a fixed content (definiteness), accuracy, unambiguity, lack of synonyms, brevity, etc., other scientists are supporters of the descriptive approach ( N. P. Kuzkin, A. I. Moiseev, R. A. Budagov, R. Yu. Kobrin, V. P. Danilenko, B. N. Golovin and others) - recognize terminology as an integral part of the vocabulary of the literary language, they essentially refuse to limit the term to any formal requirements, emphasizing the need to study the real processes of the terminology functioning. According to G. O. Vinokur, “terms are not special words, but only words in a special function ... Any word can act as a term, no matter how trivial it is.” As V.P. Danilenko notes, “terminology is regarded as a subsystem of the general literary language, that is, the terminology is within the boundaries of the general literary language, but as an independent “sector”. Such an “administrative-territorial” position of terminology determines, on the one hand, the general trends in the development of the general literary language, on the other hand, a certain freedom, independence in the development of terminology and even the possibility of its influence on the development of the general literary language.
At present, the descriptive approach is the most recognized theory in special studies. However, the shortcomings inherent in this theory (for example, the lack of a generally accepted definition of the term), controversial and undeveloped aspects (the normative nature of the terminology, its specificity in relation to the common language) gave rise to other theories. This is, for example, the concept of "language substratum" proposed by
V. M. Leychik, according to which the term is “a complex three-layer formation, including a) a natural language substrate - a material (sound or graphic) component of the term structure, as well as an ideal (semantic) component of this structure, determined by the term’s belonging to the lexical system of one or another natural language; b) a logical superstratum, that is, meaningful features that allow the term to denote a general - abstract or specific concept in a system of concepts; c) terminological essence, that is, meaningful and functional features that allow the term to perform the functions of an element of a theory that describes a certain special area of human knowledge or activity. Also among the alternative theories is the point of view of A. V. Superanskaya and her followers: taking a position in understanding the essence of the term, in some respects similar to the point of view
the existence of polysemy, synonyms and antonyms, multicomponent terms, the expression of terms by different parts of speech, etc.), she believes that “terminology forms an autonomous section of the vocabulary of the national language, which has little in common with the literary language, an independent zone with its own patterns, sometimes inconsistent with the norms of the literary language", and the meaning of a separate term is revealed only in the system of concepts.
In addition to the correlation of the term with the concept, in modern terminology there are a number of other important requirements that the term must meet: unambiguity, accuracy, compliance with the norms of the literary language, brevity, lack of emotionality and expressiveness, motivation, consistency, etc. These conditions are the requirements for the term in ideally, however, in practice, terms are found that do not correspond to them, but successfully serve conceptual goals. Thus, the question of the obligatory nature of certain requirements remains currently highly debatable.
For example, the requirement of unambiguity is refuted when studying specific term systems, where polysemy is a very common phenomenon (see, for example,). Today, the prevailing opinion is that the unambiguity of a term is not a prerequisite, but only a trend, a state to which any term system aspires; in practice, the unambiguity of the term is achieved "thanks to the restrictions that the conditions of each terminological field impose on it" . However, it should be noted that in many cases, even within the same terminological field, a term may have not one, but several lexical meanings, since the meaning of a term is determined, on the one hand, by the objective content of the corresponding concept, and, on the other hand, by a certain subjective beginning that is introduced by the researcher. in order to clarify the boundaries of the content of a special concept denoted by the term.
The requirement for accuracy is also controversial. In our opinion, the most legitimate is the point of view of scientists who believe that the accuracy of the term is achieved primarily by the accuracy of terminology. Obviously, inaccuracy, vagueness of meaning is typical for terms in the period of formation or rethinking.
Among the requirements for the term, they also name the correspondence of the term to the norms of the literary language, orthoepic, lexical, derivational, grammatical, spelling. However, it should be noted that any professional language in the process of its functioning can acquire some grammatical, stylistic and other features, which often leads to the emergence of professionalisms in a special area of communication. So about-
At the same time, in our opinion, it is necessary to distinguish between lexical units, which are a professional version of the norm, from words that do not meet the rules of the literary language or go beyond it.
The requirement of brevity also cannot be considered mandatory. Moreover, the requirement for brevity may conflict with the requirements for accuracy and consistency. As A. V. Superanskaya rightly points out, “a term is not an everyday word, and accuracy in it is more important than brevity. In this regard, the verbosity of the term cannot be considered as its drawback. If any concept is designated with the help of a phrase consisting of a group of words that agree well with each other, this ensures the consistency of the term and shows the connection of this concept with others.
The requirement of motivation, that is, “semantic transparency, which allows you to get an idea of the concept called by the term”, is also ambiguous. As a rule, as the most important expression of the motivation of the term, its systematicity is noted, i.e., the possibility of reflecting in the structure of the term the connection of the called concept with other concepts and the place of this concept in a given conceptual system. However, most researchers agree that this criterion does not play a decisive role, since the term still has a definition and occupies a certain place in the system. “In different languages, the motivation of a word referring to the same subject may be different. For example, the Russian word "linen" is motivated by color (white), English. linen - raw material (flax), German Wäsche - the main feature (erasable). The associations that served as the primary motivation can persist in the future, they can change, and completely disappear in the process of functioning in speech. So, the Russian expression "colored linen" ... testifies to the complete loss of this word of its original motivation ".
Such a criterion of the term as implementation means preference for more widely used terms when compiling terminological recommendations.
Another issue that causes large-scale discussions in modern linguistics is the question of the grammatical expression of terms. According to a number of researchers (G. O. Vinokur, N. A. Shcheglova, A. A. Reformatsky, O. S. Akhmanova and others), the term can only be expressed by a noun or a phrase based on a noun. Regulation on sub-
Bibliographic list
1. Akhmanova, O. S. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language / O. S. Akhmanova. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Rus. yaz., 1986. - 448 p.
2. Vinokur, G. O. On some phenomena of word formation in Russian technical terminology / G. O. Vi-
The underlined nominativity of the term was refuted by many scientists (S. D. Shelov, I. G. Kozhevnikova, Yu. B. Zhidkova, V. P. Danilenko, A. V. Superanskaya, etc.). Currently, it is believed that terms can be nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and other parts of speech. Terms expressed by adjectives, adverbs and participles, as a rule, pass into the category of terminological elements - components of a phrase, but this does not exclude their use as terms in the texts of specialized literature and in professional communication.
S. D. Shelov argues that “in a terminological dictionary focused on the conceptual, semantic system of a given field of knowledge, there is no need to have nominal forms “at the entrance” at all costs ... it is enough to define only that form of terminological expression that requires its own definition in this subject area. Therefore, in some terminological dictionaries, the input form of a term is the part of speech that is directly encountered in the definitional context. Thus the thesis
that a term is always either a noun or a substantive phrase can hardly be taken to establish the linguistic specificity of the term.
Thus, summarizing what has been said and sharing the point of view of a number of other scientists, we mean by a term a word or phrase that is correlated with a special concept, phenomenon or subject in the system of any field of knowledge. We believe that the most important features of terminological language units are, first of all, correlation with a certain scientific concept, accuracy and consistency. The requirements of unambiguity and brevity, in our opinion, cannot be considered as obligatory for modern term units, since many terminological nominations often turn out to be polysemantic and multicomponent.
We consider terminology to be an integral part of the vocabulary of the literary language, independent, but not isolated, which implies the subordination of terminology to the general trends in the development of the literary language on the one hand, but also some independence on the other. We see the function of a scientist to a greater extent in the study and description of the state of terminological systems than in their rigid artificial regulation; normative restrictions imposed on terms, in our opinion, rather slow down, limit the development of term systems than help them.
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TERM: DEFINITION AND ITS ESSENTIAL FEATURES
N. N. Lantyukhova
PhD student, Voronezh Institute of State Fire Service of EMERCOM of Russia, e-mail: [email protected] O. V. Zagorovskaya
D. Sc. in Philology, Prof., Voronezh State Pedagogical University, e-mail: [email protected]^ A Litvinova
PhD in Philology, Voronezh State Pedagogical University, e-mail: [email protected]
A place of terms in a lexical system of language and correlation of a term and a word in general use were determined. Linguistic features of terminological lexicon were revealed.
Keywords: term, language, definition, terminology.
Introduction to terminology
The essence of the term is quite complex and contradictory, and at present there is no generally accepted definition of it. More than two dozen definitions can be found in the scientific literature. Each science seeks to highlight the features that are essential from its point of view.
The definitions of the term not only do not mutually exclude, but enrich and complement each other. Using this concept, the authors often do not mean its entire scope, but only individual elements (essential features). In table. 1. some definitions of this definition are shown.
Essential features of the concept of "term"
Table 1
| № | The authors) | Definition and essential features |
| Azrilyan A.N. | Term - words or phrases - the names of a certain concept of some special field of science, technology, art | |
| Dal V.I. | Term - a word, expression, saying, name of a thing or technique, conditional expression | |
| Leichik V.M, | The term is a lexical unit of a certain language for special purposes, denoting a general - concrete or abstract - concept of the theory of a certain special field of knowledge or activity. | |
| Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. | Term - the name of a specific concept of any field of science, technology, art | |
| Reformatorsky A.A. | Terms are special words, limited by their special purpose; Terms are words that tend to be unambiguous as an exact expression of concepts and naming things. | |
| Ushakov D.N. | A term is a concept expressed by a word; a word that is the name of a strictly defined concept, a special word and expression adopted to refer to something in a particular area, profession | |
| Volodina M.N. | A term is a word or phrase of a special sphere of use, created (borrowed, accepted) for the exact expression of special concepts and based on the definition |
The word "term" (from Latin terminus - limit, border), denoting the final pillar on the lists; edge, outcome, result, in the terminological meaning has been used since the time of Plato. In those days, the term was understood as concepts expressed in words or phrases, if they were given a strict definition. The ancient Greeks used the word "logos" for designation.
In the Explanatory Dictionary of D.N. Ushakov, the term is defined as a word that is the name of strictly defined concepts, that is, its tendency to accuracy and unambiguity is emphasized. In the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov, some clarification is introduced into this definition, namely, it is indicated that the term is a word that is the name of a certain concept of any special field of science or technology. In both dictionaries, a term is defined as "the name of a concept".
So, experts in the theory of knowledge say that a term is a fixation in a word of the results of cognition or creativity, “the name of a clot of meaning”. Being at the "nodal points" of theories and concepts, the terms serve as "centers of crystallization" of new knowledge. From this, by the way, it follows that an unsuccessful system of terms can not only impede the development of the subject area, but even slow down the process of cognition (for example, the terminology born in connection with the theory of caloric in thermodynamics - student confusion). Philosophers argue that a term is a dynamic phenomenon that is born and develops in the process of cognition (transition from a mental category - a concept - to its verbal formulation and choice of a word used as a reference to this concept). At the same time, depending on the required detailing of knowledge, different signs of natural language can be used to denote the same concept.
The logical definition of the term emphasizes that the terms are not associated with concepts in general, but with the abstract concepts of a particular theory or concept (the so-called "concepts").
It is also emphasized that the term is associated with the concept through a definition. This means that a word cannot be called a term until the concept is defined. Failure to comply with this principle causes fuzzy formulations, misunderstandings, and sometimes frank "arguments about nothing."
Summing up, we give the definition of V. S. Kulebakin and Ya. A. Klimovitsky (with a slight correction): “A term is the unity of a sound sign (word or phrase) and the concept correlated with it (by definition) in the system of concepts of this field of knowledge” .
We will proceed from the fact that the term (lat. terminus - limit, boundary, boundary sign) is a word or phrase that expresses the concept and designates special objects (things) in specific areas of human activity (specific functional areas of science and technology). It follows that the term;
a) expresses and names a certain scientific and technical concept or a specific subject in a specific scientific and technical field (also referred to as a special language, sublanguage or language for special purposes - Language for Special Purposes);
b) serves as a means of communication in a special scientific and technical field, a means of describing scientific concepts, scientific and technical phenomena and a technical device, a means of cognition and scientific and technical search; (c) exists not just in the language, but as part of a certain terminology - is a member of this terminological system * and, as such, correlates with other terms of the system, especially with related ones, participates in the classification and differentiation of scientific and technical concepts in this area.
