Almost every person, regardless of social status, knows what a nickname is. It does not always correspond to the image of its owner, for example, a large person can be called a Kid, or vice versa. A similar phenomenon is present not only in people's lives. You may be surprised, but cities also have nicknames. Even the metropolis, which millions of tourists aspire to get into, New York, is called the "Big Apple". Why? Let's look at all existing versions.
Jazz
Ardent jazz fans have their own version of why New York is called the "Big Apple". It's no secret that Americans are very fond of jazz music. The peak of popularity of this musical direction came in the first half of the last century. The best bands, which brought real delight to the listeners, gathered in New York, where they expected to receive even greater fame and earn a fortune. Among musicians, a phrase appeared that eventually became popular. It sounded like this: “The apple tree is full of apples, but if you are lucky to perform in New York, then you can assume that the biggest apple is already in your pocket.” The expression became a catchphrase, and the nickname was assigned to the metropolis. But there is another version of why New York is called the "Big Apple". It is also directly related to jazz.
Jazz Manhattan
Some musicians starting their careers in the thirties of the last century remember the jazz ensemble that Manhattan has chosen. The guys regularly arranged impromptu concerts, which gathered a huge crowd of fans, and the place for performances began to be called the "Big Apple". Subsequently, the "nickname" spread to the entire island, and over the years to the city.
Jazz dance and song
In the 30s of the last century, as we have already mentioned, jazz was incredibly popular among Americans. At this time, a real hit was released, which was called "Big Apple". New Yorkers were very fond of dancing to it, and even a new dance appeared with a similar name. Radio host Walter Winchell liked it so much that he constantly called the metropolis "The Big Apple" on his broadcasts.
Sports New York
Enthusiast etymologist Barry Popik and Professor Gerald Cohen of the University of Missouri disagreed with the suggestion that New York is called the "Big Apple" because of jazz musicians. They did their own research and found one of the earliest uses of the term in relation to the city. On May 3, 1921, the next issue of the New York Morning Telegraph came out, in which there was an article by the then-famous sports columnist John Fitzgerald. The author wrote that in New Orleans he heard another name for New York - "Big Apple". He wondered why they said that about the largest city in the United States.
The man found out that races are very often held in New York, which attract the most experienced jockeys, bringing their horses. Local residents, knowing how much stallions love apples, have always been waiting for such events in order to profitably sell their harvest. Therefore, the jockeys gave their own name to the city - "Big Apple".
The version comes from Brighton Beach
Tourists who find themselves in this most beautiful American metropolis, as a rule, book an excursion, during which they receive maximum information about the city. From guides living in Brighton Beach, you can learn one of the most common versions of why New York is the "Big Apple". Guides say that the name itself has existed for several hundred years, and it appeared thanks to immigrants who arrived in the city from other continents. People who left their homeland began to engage in agriculture and plant orchards, and the tree that gave the first harvest was the apple tree.
Bird's-eye
Among the hypotheses that many researchers puzzle over, there is a simple version. Some people are sure that New York got its name at the moment when an airplane first flew over it. The pilot, who looked around the city, noticed that the city limits very much resembled an apple.
Popularization of the name
One can ponder for a long time why New York is called the "Big Apple", considering different versions, but one or another source cannot be called reliable. Be that as it may, this name is very popular with the locals. Thanks to a marketing ploy by the New York Travel Bureau that took place in the 70s of the twentieth century, the “city nickname” became incredibly popular. Today, the inscription "Big Apple" can be found almost everywhere: on souvenirs, on billboards placed throughout the city, in the names of various establishments, on products made in New York. In the center of Manhattan is the Apple brand store, built in the form of a huge glass cube. It is also a kind of symbol of the city, because it has a well-known logo - a large bitten apple.
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Which city is called the "big apple"? And why?
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"The Big Apple" is New York's most famous nickname. Originated in the 1920s.
There are several versions of the origin of the term.
1. According to research conducted by amateur etymologist Barry Popik and Professor Gerald Cohen of the University of Missouri, the term originated in the 1920s. It was promoted by New York Morning Telegraph sportswriter John Fitzgerald, who first used it in the May 3, 1921 issue. On February 18, 1924, in a column entitled "Around the Big Apple," he explained that he had heard the expression in New Orleans. Horses love apples, and racing in New York is, according to jockeys, "a big apple."
2. According to another version, the expression originated among jazz musicians who had a proverb: "There are a lot of apples on the tree of success, but if you managed to conquer New York, you got a big apple." In the 1930s, there was a song and dance called "The Big Apple". In the 1940s and 1950s, the nickname was used by journalist and radio host Walter Winchell.
In the early 1970s, the New York City Bureau of Tourism organized an advertising campaign to popularize the term. The campaign was successful.
In 1997, the corner of West 54th Street and Broadway, where John Fitzgerald lived from 1934-1963, was officially designated the Big Apple Corner by Mayor Rudolph Giuliani.
According to the reference and information portal "Russian Language", in Russian spelling only the first word is capitalized: "Big Apple" or City of the Big Apple.
To find out what the "Big Apple" really is, you need to stay with New York eye to eye - just you and the metropolis. Walk along the "museum mile", squint from the bright lights of Broadway, reach the sky from the height of the Empire State Building and look at the legendary Statue of Liberty.
It is impossible to remain indifferent to this city. It is so contrasting, so bright and extraordinary that it seems as if you are Alice in the Looking Glass and found yourself in another, parallel world!
This metropolis of almost eight million is not without reason called the United States in miniature: everything that is only in this huge country is one hundred percent in New York. Fashion trends, a mix of nationalities, languages and religions, assorted merchandise, in the end, the very rhythm of life is purely American.
And yet, if you want to see the real America, you have to go to the province, not to the metropolis. New York is really the "Big Apple", everything is brought together there and every day is like a holiday. The human flow on the streets does not thin out either in the morning or in the afternoon. Everyone is buzzing like bees in a hive and hurrying somewhere about their business. Involuntarily, once again you are convinced: for Americans, time is money.
It is impossible to remain indifferent to New York. Impressions are the same as the city itself - contrasting and bright.
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This is New York. The apple is the symbol of the city. There are several versions of why New York was called the Big Apple.
The most common version: the term "Big Apple" appeared in the 1930s, when New York gradually gained fame as the capital of jazz. There was a proverb among jazz musicians: "There are a lot of apples on the tree of success, but if you managed to win New York, you got a big apple."
In the 19th century, there were many brothels in New York and a fresh young prostitute was called a bullseye. This name was launched by the French aristocrat Evelyn Claudine de Saint-Emeraude, who emigrated to New York and opened one of the first salons where young men from wealthy families could meet girls who were called "Eve's apples."
The term "Big Apple" originated in the 1920s. and was first used by New York Morning Telegraph sportswriter John Fitzgerald. At this time, New York racetracks are very famous. Fitzgerald says that in New Orleans he heard this expression from jockeys: “Horses love apples, and racing in New York is a big apple. He picks up this expression and uses it to describe the world of New York racing. He calls his chronicle "Around the Big Apple".
And New York guides from Brighton Beach say that the association between the "apple" and New York arose because the first tree planted by the first settlers and gave fruit was an apple tree, and therefore the apple became a symbol of New York.
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One ensemble of jazz musicians liked to call the place of their performance "apple". So, during their speech in Manhattan, these guys did not have the courage to call the city of New York just an apple, and they called the place of their speech “The Big Apple”.
varieties and strains of microorganisms. a) genetics; b) evolution; c) selection.
2. The first stage of animal breeding is….A. unconscious selection. B. Hybridization. domestication. D. Methodological selection.
3. What is the effect of heterosis? a) a decrease in hardiness and productivity; b) an increase in hardiness and productivity; c) an increase in fertility.
4. Does the effect of heterosis persist with further reproduction of hybrids? a) yes; b) no; c) sometimes.
5. In what organisms is polyploidy found? a) plants; b) animals; c) microbes.
6. In the early stages of domestication, a person made a selection:
A) natural B) methodical; C) stabilizing; D) unconscious
7. Obtaining mule animals in breeding was achieved by applying the method:
A) artificial selection; B) artificial mutagenesis;
C) interspecific hybridization; D) cloning;
8. Centers of origin of cultivated plants were opened
A) I.V. Michurin; B) S. Chetverikov; C) V.N. Vavilov; D) K.A. Timiryazev9. 9. Closely related crossing is otherwise called:
A) outbreeding; B) inbreeding; C) heterosis; d) cloning;
10. Artificial selection as opposed to natural:
A) more ancient; B) is carried out by environmental factors;
C) is carried out by a person; D) preserves individuals with traits useful for the body.
1) 1 3) 3
2) 2 4) 4
A 12. The figure shows erythrocytes. What organism contains such formed elements in the blood?
1 person
2) mouse
3) horse
4) frog.
A 13. Which of the statements correctly describes the movement in the systemic circulation?
1) begins in the left ventricle and ends in the right atrium
2) begins in the left ventricle and ends in the left atrium
3) begins in the right ventricle and ends in the left atrium
4) begins in the right ventricle and ends in the right atrium.
A 14. Respiratory movements in humans occur due to
1) changes in the speed of blood movement through the vessels of the pulmonary circulation
2) smooth muscle contractions
3) wave-like movements of the ciliary epithelium of the respiratory tract
4) changes in the volume of the chest cavity.
A 15. Which organ in the figure is indicated by the letter A?
1) blood vessel
2) bladder
3) renal pelvis
4) ureter.
A 16. The receptors of which analyzer are excited by gaseous chemicals?
1) olfactory 3) auditory
2) skin 4) taste.
A 17. An example of a dynamic stereotype is
1) suddenly finding a way out when solving a mathematical problem
2) salivation at the word "cake"
3) cycling in the park
4) the flight of a nocturnal insect into the bright light of a lantern.
A 18. In a smoker, gas exchange in the lungs is less efficient because he:
1) the walls of the alveoli are covered with foreign substances
2) cell death of the respiratory mucosa occurs
3) the activity of the nerve centers worsens
4) hypertension develops.
A 19. Which vessel is damaged in Figure A?
1) lymphatic
2) capillary
3) vein
4) artery.
And man
Remember!
What is the role of man in the biosphere?
Early stages of human development. The influence of mankind on the biosphere began at the moment when people switched from gathering to hunting and farming. According to scientists, already in the life of Pithecanthropes (the most ancient people) hunting was of great importance. At their sites, which are more than 1 million years old, bones of large animals are found.
Approximately 55–30 thousand years ago, during the Stone Age (Paleolithic), the economic basis of human society was the hunting of large animals: deer, woolly rhinoceros, mammoth, horse, tour, wild bull, bison and many others. Neanderthals (ancient people) already had dozens of types of stone tools that they used as daggers and spearheads, for scraping and cutting carcasses. Being skilled hunters, they drove animals to cliffs and swamps. Such actions were only within the power of a coordinated team.
In the Upper Paleolithic, hunting became much more perfect, which played a huge role in the development of mankind (Fig. 172). Neoanthropes (modern humans) made tools from bone. An important innovation was the creation of a spear thrower, with which the Cro-Magnons could throw spears twice as far. Harpoons made it possible to catch fish efficiently. The Cro-Magnons invented bird snares and animal traps. Hunting for a large game was improved: reindeer and ibex were pursued during their seasonal migrations. Hunting techniques using knowledge of the area (driven hunting) made it possible to kill hundreds of animals, which led to the predatory extermination of animals. When studying Cro-Magnon sites, archaeologists discovered huge accumulations of bones. So, in the territory of the modern Czech Republic, the remains of the skeletons of 100 mammoths were found in one place, in the ravine near Amvrosievka in Ukraine - the skeletons of 1000 bison, and near the city of Solutre (France) - the skeletons of 10 thousand wild horses. Hunting for Cro-Magnons has become a constant source of highly nutritious food.
Rice. 172. Cro-Magnon hunting. Rock paintings from a cave in Spain
About 10 thousand years ago, the glacier receded, a sharp warming set in, forests replaced the tundra in Europe, and many large animals died out. Such changes completed a certain stage of the economic development of mankind.
In the next era (the New Stone Age), along with hunting, fishing and gathering, cattle breeding and agriculture are becoming increasingly important. Man domesticates animals, breeds plants. The development of mineral resources begins, metallurgy is born. Mankind is increasingly using the resources of the biosphere for its needs.
With the transition to cattle breeding and agriculture, man began to destroy the established natural communities. Huge herds of domestic ungulates knocked out the vegetation, and semi-deserts replaced the steppes and savannahs. The use of fire to destroy vegetation and free land for crops led to the replacement of forests by savannahs. However, these destructions of communities have not yet had a global impact on the biosphere as a whole.
Modern era. Over the past two centuries, the pace of development of society has accelerated dramatically. The population of the planet increased significantly, industrial production increased, more and more land was used for agricultural land. A qualitatively new stage has begun in the development of the biosphere, when human activity, which transforms the Earth, has become commensurate in scale with geological processes. Vernadsky wrote that the biogeochemical role of man in the 20th century began to significantly surpass the role of other, the most biogeochemically active organisms. There is not a single piece of land or sea left on Earth where traces of human activity could not be found. Anthropogenic impact on the biosphere in the XX century. took on a global character and threatened its stable existence.
According to scientists, for the entire time of human existence, about 100 billion people have lived on Earth. This means that approximately one in seventeen of all people who have lived on our planet are currently living. At the same time, when the Egyptian pyramids were erected (about 4 thousand years ago), 50 million people lived in the world (today so many live in England alone), at the beginning of our era - 200 million. In the first half of the 19th century. the world's population exceeded one billion, and in the second half of the 20th century. still more than tripled (Fig. 173).
Rice. 173. Population Growth
Human influence on wildlife consists of direct and indirect changes in the natural environment.
Overexploitation and pollution of the biosphere disrupt the balanced existence of natural communities, leading to a decrease in species diversity. The construction of cities, the laying of roads and tunnels, the construction of dams are not aimed directly at the destruction of existing ecosystems, but have a serious impact on nature. However, there is also a direct impact on living organisms, such as logging.
Not so long ago, forests covered almost a third of the land. The global destruction of forest vegetation was caused by the need for new agricultural land - fields and pastures. Tropical forests are disappearing at an especially rapid rate. According to scientists, about 12 million hectares of forest are currently cut down annually, which is the size of the territory of England, and almost the same number die due to irrational management and selective felling of the most valuable tree species. Deforestation greatly worsens the state of the biosphere as a whole.
In place of the cut down forest, the shade-loving vegetation of the lower tiers disappears, light-loving plants that are resistant to lack of moisture and high temperatures settle. The animal world is changing. The surface runoff of water is increasing, which leads to a change in the hydrological regime of water bodies and increases the likelihood of floods. Deforestation increases soil erosion and increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Rice. 174. Extinct species of animals: A - dodo; B - tarpan; B - wingless auk
But not only forests are disappearing. The steppes of Eurasia and the prairies of the United States, the ecosystems of the tundra and coral reefs are communities whose existence is under threat, and their number is growing every year.
Over the past 300 years, more species have become extinct on Earth than in the previous 10 millennia. This list includes the tour and the dodo, the Steller's cow and the wild horse tarpan, the African blue antelope and the passenger pigeon, the Turan tiger and the wingless auk (Fig. 174). Scientists estimate that currently, on average, one species is dying out every day. Thousands of animal species are on the verge of extinction or have survived only in nature reserves. Small populations with limited habitat are especially vulnerable. So on the verge of extinction in the 90s. 20th century there was a giant panda, which is found in southwestern China and feeds exclusively on young bamboo shoots (Fig. 175). Population growth and the clearing of forests for agricultural land led to the fact that the area of the bamboo jungle was sharply reduced and the pandas began to die of starvation. The created reserves and a special program of panda breeding in captivity using artificial insemination made it possible to prevent the extinction of the species and increase its number to a thousand individuals.
Mankind is interested in the conservation of species diversity not only from an ecological point of view. Most people recognize ethical and aesthetic reasons, which are sometimes difficult to support with objective data and arguments. There are also utilitarian reasons.
Question 1. How did the activities of primitive man affect the environment?
Already more than 1 million years ago, pithecanthropes obtained food by hunting. Neanderthals used a variety of stone tools for hunting, drove the prey collectively. Cro-Magnons created snares, spears, spear throwers and other devices. However, all this did not introduce serious changes in the structure of ecosystems. The impact of man on nature intensified in the Neolithic era, when cattle breeding and agriculture began to acquire increasing importance. Man began to destroy natural communities, without, however, having a global impact on the bio-sphere as a whole. Nevertheless, unregulated grazing, as well as the clearing of forests for fuel and for crops, already at that time changed the state of many natural ecosystems.
Question 2. What period of development of human society is the emergence of agricultural production?
Agriculture appeared after the end of the glaciation in the Neolithic (New Stone Age). This period is usually dated to 8-3 millennium BC. e. At this time, a man domesticated several types of animals (first a dog, then ungulates - a pig, a sheep, a goat, a cow, a horse) and began to cultivate the first cultivated plants (wheat, barley, legumes).
Question 3. What are the reasons for the possible occurrence of a shortage of water in a number of areas of the world.
Lack of water can occur as a result of various human actions. During the construction of dams, changes in the course of rivers, a redistribution of the runoff occurs: some territories are flooded, others begin to suffer from drought. Increased evaporation from the surface of reservoirs leads not only to the formation of a water deficit, but also changes the climate of entire regions. Irrigated agriculture depletes the reserves of surface and soil water. Deforestation on the border with deserts contributes to the formation of new territories with a lack of water. Finally, the reasons may be high population density, excessive needs of industry, as well as pollution of available water supplies.
Question 4. How does deforestation affect the state of the bio-sphere?material from the site
Deforestation catastrophically worsens the state of the biosphere as a whole. As a result of felling, surface water runoff increases, which increases the likelihood of floods. Intensive soil erosion begins, leading to the destruction of the fertile layer and pollution of water bodies with organic substances, flowering of water, etc. Deforestation increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which is one of the factors intensifying the greenhouse effect; the amount of dust is growing in the air; the danger of a gradual decrease in the amount of oxygen is also relevant.
The felling of large trees destroys established forest ecosystems. They are replaced by much less productive biocenoses: small forests, swamps, semi-deserts. At the same time, dozens of plant and animal species may disappear irrevocably.
Currently, the main "lungs" of our planet are equatorial rainforests and taiga. Both of these groups of ecosystems need extremely careful treatment and protection.
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