Letterer
Grammar
How to use abbreviations correctly?
What is the difference between an abbreviation and an abbreviation?
Word abbreviation translated into Russian from Italian as "abbreviation" (abbreviatura, from Latin brevis "short"), from the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century this word was used in its original, etymological meaning, as evidenced, for example, by the interpretation of this word in the Florentine dictionary Pavlenkov: abbreviation- "abbreviation in writing and printing" (Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. 1907). However, today only nouns formed from truncated segments of words are called abbreviations ( chief accountant, commander in chief, permanent representative, Rospechat), from the initial sounds of several words (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ITAR-TASS, MKAD) or from the names of their initial letters (FSB, MVD, RSL).
How are words shortened?
There are several ways to abbreviate words: abbreviation, graphic abbreviation and word truncation.
Abbreviation- this is the addition of two or more words and their subsequent reduction: unified + state + exam = USE; chief + accountant = chief accountant. The words obtained as a result of abbreviation are called abbreviations or compound words.
Graphic abbreviation It is a way of shorthand for words. It is used to save time that must be spent writing and space on the sheet. With graphic abbreviation, letters or syllables are omitted from the word (the omission is indicated by a dot, dash or slash). The word is written briefly, but pronounced in full: kg - kilogram; pr-in - production; and. about. - acting; billion - billion; Rostov n/a – Rostov-on-Don.
truncation is the formation of a new word by discarding the final part of the original word. Truncated words are often used in colloquial speech: specialist - specialist, fan - fan, teacher - teacher.
How are abbreviations formed?
There are the following types of abbreviations according to the method of formation:
abbreviations formed from the initial letters of each word (initial abbreviations): USE - Unified State Examination; RZD - Russian Railways; OSAGO– compulsory motor third party liability insurance.
abbreviations formed from a combination of the initial parts of words: Commander-in-Chief, Ministry of Health;
abbreviations of a mixed type, consisting of both initial parts of words and initial letters: social security, KAMAZ, GLONASS;
abbreviations consisting of a combination of the initial part of the word with the whole word: office equipment, Sberbank, Rospechat;head of the department, platoon commander, manager, Ministry of Education and Science;
abbreviations consisting of a combination of the beginning of the first word with the beginning and end of the second, or only with the end of the second: moped(motorcycle-bike), destroyer(destroyer).
How are the abbreviations pronounced?
Difficulties arise with the pronunciation of initial abbreviations (formed from the initial letters of each word). Such abbreviations can be read by letter names, by syllables, as well as in a mixed way.
If the initial abbreviation contains only letters denoting consonant sounds, then such an abbreviation is read by the names of its constituent letters: the USSR[es-es-es-er], NTV[en-te-ve], ROC[er-pe-tse].
If the abbreviation contains letters denoting vowel sounds, then such abbreviations can be read “by syllables”, like ordinary words: MFA[mid], university[university], GUM[hum], Moscow Art Theater[mkhat], USE, MAPRYAL [ma-pr "al]. However, if the vowel sound in the abbreviation is final or initial, then the abbreviation is usually read by the names of the letters: Moscow State University[em-ge-woo], MDA[em-de-a], USP[u-te-pe], computer[e-ve-em], ABS [a-be-es]. But: media[media], SKA[ska].
Some abbreviations are read partly “by syllables”, partly by letter names: traffic police[gi-be-de-de].
When pronouncing a number of abbreviations, colloquial names of letters are used: [ne] instead of [en], [se] instead of [es], [fe] instead of [ef], etc.: AtoN[es-ne-o], USA[se-she-a], FBI[fe-be-er]. Moreover, instead of the name of the letter [el], in abbreviations they always pronounce [el]: ZhZL[zhe-ze-el], NHL[en-ha-el], Komsomol[ve-el-ka-es-em].
How to pronounce Germany and USA?
Originally an abbreviation Germany read by the names of the letters: [ef-er-ge]. But since the letter F in colloquial speech it is pronounced as [fe], which is explained by the economy of speech means, in particular, articulation laws (and our “linguistic laziness”, as K. S. Gorbachevich believes), today the pronunciation of the Federal Republic of Germany is fixed as [fe-er-ge], compare: FSB [fe-es-be] and [ef-es-be].
Behind the abbreviation USA according to tradition, the pronunciation [se-she-a] was fixed: it is read by letters, but not as it is customary in the literary language, but as letters With[es] and W[sha] is called colloquially.
Where to put the accent in the abbreviation?
When pronouncing initial abbreviations the stress usually falls on the last syllable: USE, GIA, FIFA, EI RTs, FANO. If the abbreviation is pronounced by the names of the letters, then this syllable is usually the name of the last letter of the abbreviation: housing and communal services [zhe-ka-ha], microwave [es-ve-che], VDNH [ve-de-en-ha], OLRS[o-el-er-e s].
Stress in foreign abbreviations that do not have a verbatim interpretation must be checked in a dictionary: ON TO, UNE SCO.
How to write abbreviations?
Initial abbreviations written in capital letters: UN, MFA, RF. Dots or spaces between letters are not put, but a space is used between two independently used abbreviations: IRYa RAS, MFA RF.
Words formed from initial abbreviations by adding suffixes are written in lowercase letters: text message(from SMS),kaveenshchik(from KVN), traffic cop(from GAI), foreign ministry(from MFA). Otherwise, uppercase letters are preserved: mini-KVN, SMS-mailing.
Abbreviation university It is customary to write in lowercase letters. Variant spelling - at the abbreviation MARRIAGE REGISTRY (marriage registry).
Compound words formed from segments of words, are written in lowercase letters: special forces, secretary of state, chief accountant. At the same time, the abbreviated names of institutions and organizations are written with a capital letter, if their full name is written with a capital letter: Sberbank, Rospechat, Ministry of Education and Science.
Writing mixed abbreviations(formed from combinations of initials and word segments) should be checked in a dictionary, since their spelling is not uniform: KamAZ, GLONASS, IAEA, social security.
How to write foreign language abbreviations?
Foreign abbreviations can be transmitted in the Russian text in Latin (the same as in the source language) and letters of the Russian alphabet. Further - about how to write foreign language abbreviations in Russian.
If the abbreviation is read "by syllables" (like a normal word), then it is written in capital letters: NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization) , UNESCO(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), CERN(European Center for Nuclear Research) , FIFA(International Federation of Football Associations), FIA(International Automobile Federation) , FIDE(International Chess Federation).
If the abbreviation is read by foreign names of letters, then it is written in lowercase letters, using hyphens: iq. Abbreviated proper names begin with a capital letter: BBC, CNN, IBC.
Foreign-language abbreviations can turn into independent common nouns in Russian, which are written in lowercase letters without hyphens: PR(from PR - public relations), HR(HR - human resources), DJ, VJ, Dividi.
How to determine the gender of an abbreviation?
Grammatical difficulties are associated with the definition of the gender of initial abbreviations.
Genus letter initial abbreviation(read by the names of the letters) depends on the reference word in the decoding of the abbreviation: Moscow State University(university) accepted new students; ECtHR(court) spoke out; CIS(commonwealth) took the initiative; ROC(church) called for an end to the bloodshed.
Genus sound initial abbreviation(read “by syllables”) depends not only on the gender of the reference word, but also on the external phonetic appearance of the abbreviation, more precisely, on its ending. So, if the abbreviation ends in a consonant, then it can agree on the masculine gender, despite the fact that the reference word belongs to the feminine or neuter gender. Moreover, in some cases, agreement on the masculine gender is the only possible one. For example, only masculine words university(although institution), MFA(although ministry), marriage registry(although record). In some cases, fluctuations are observed: for example, MKAD- masculine in colloquial speech, feminine in stylistically neutral contexts. In some cases, masculine agreement is not possible: HPP, CHP - nouns are only feminine. The generic affiliation of such abbreviations should be consulted in dictionaries.
Genus foreign abbreviation is determined by the key word in Russian transcription: FIFA (federation) made a decision; CERN (center) conducted research. However, in some cases, the external phonetic appearance of the word can influence the generic affiliation. For example, the abbreviation NATO is used as a masculine noun (as a result of the influence of the combination with the words alliance, bloc, treaty), feminine (according to the key word organization) and neuter (according to phonetic appearance, compare with other words in -O: coat, subway, cinema). The UNESCO abbreviation experiences fluctuations in gender (the phonetic appearance suggests the middle gender, and the key word organization- female).
When should abbreviations be inflected?
Grammar difficulties associated with declension sound initial abbreviations with a masculine reference word: at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or at the Foreign Ministry? At the Moscow Art Theater or at the Moscow art theatre? Civil Registry Officer or MARRIAGE REGISTRY? Made according to GOST or according to GOST? CERN Research or CERN?
"Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language" by L. K. Graudina, V. A. Itskovich and L. P. Katlinskaya (Moscow, 2008) recommends inflecting abbreviations VAK, GOST, Moscow Art Theater, VGIK, Youth Theater, AIDS, OMON. Other abbreviations in strict business writing are not declined. In colloquial speech, declension is possible: traffic jam on the Moscow Ring Road, an employee of the registry office.
When should abbreviations not be used?
Abbreviations and abbreviations should save not only space on the page, but also the reader's time. Therefore, abbreviations in the text are acceptable if the reader does not often have to refer to additional reference sources to decipher them.
It is undesirable to use little-known, uncommon abbreviations and abbreviations if the text is addressed to the general reader. It is necessary to distinguish between generally accepted (understandable to the general reader) and special (understandable to specialists) abbreviations and abbreviations.
L. A. Baranova. Dictionary of abbreviations of foreign origin. M., 2009.
The main types of abbreviations and their spelling
Abbreviations are of several types:1. Initial - these are abbreviations that consist only of the initial letters of the original phrase (for example: "UN" - United Nations, "NII" - Research Institute, "MFA" - Ministry of Foreign Affairs). These abbreviations are read as words or. Sometimes the pronunciation of letters does not match their name in the alphabet. In the word "FBI" the letter "F" is read as [fe], and the word "LFK" is pronounced [elfeka]. Please note that only in capital letters are written words that are read by the names of letters, and also read by sounds, if at least one word in the original phrase is capitalized. Traditionally, the abbreviations "university", "bunker", "rono", "dot" are written in lowercase letters.
2. Compound words are abbreviations consisting only of truncated words (“Minfin” - Ministry of Finance); from truncated words and letter designations, the so-called mixed abbreviations ("GlavAPU" - the Main Architectural and Planning Department, "AzSSR" - the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic); as well as from the whole and truncated words (“spare parts”, “savings bank”). The capital letter at the beginning of complex abbreviated words is written in the name of the institutions, and in mixed abbreviations, truncated words and other letters are written with a capital letter, denoting other words in the phrase (exception: "GULAG" - Main Directorate of (executive labor) camps). The rest of the abbreviated words are written in lowercase letters.
There are abbreviations that are written in accordance with the sound of the letters in their original expressions (for example: “eser” - socialist revolutionary).
There are also abbreviations with two spellings: “state of emergency” or “chepe” - an emergency, “armored personnel carrier” or “beteer” - an armored personnel carrier.
Declension of abbreviations and their derivatives
When declining abbreviations, the endings are written in lowercase letters, without separation by a hyphen (for example: “workers of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs”, “prisoners of the Gulag”).Suffixal derivatives of abbreviations are written in capital letters (“tsskovsky”, “unovsky”, “traffic cop”). In prefixed derivative words, abbreviations retain their spelling in capital letters, and prefixes are written together or
In business speech, abbreviations perform important functions - informative compression and saving space in business papers. They should be used in such a way that they are understandable to everyone who reads the document. Therefore, at the first use of the abbreviated name in the text, it must be opened in brackets, and then used in an abbreviated form, for example: consulting group (CG).
There are the following abbreviations: abbreviation, graphic abbreviation, word truncation.
Abbreviation
Abbreviation- this is the addition of two or more words and their subsequent reduction: unified + state + exam = USE; chief + accountant = chief accountant. The words obtained as a result of abbreviation are called abbreviations or compound words.
Graphic abbreviation
Graphic abbreviation It is a way of shorthand for words. It is used to save time that must be spent writing and space on the sheet. With graphic abbreviation, letters or syllables are omitted from the word (the omission is indicated by a dot, dash or slash). The word is written briefly, but pronounced in full: production - production; and about. - acting; million - million; Rostov n / a - Rostov-on-Don.
Word truncation
truncation is the formation of a new word by discarding the final part of the original word. Truncated words are often used in colloquial speech: specialist - specialist, fan - fan.
According to the method of formation, the following types of abbreviations are distinguished:
- Abbreviations formed from the initial letters of each word (initial abbreviations): RZD - Russian Railways; PTU - vocational technical school;
- Abbreviations formed from a combination of the initial parts of words: Ministry of Health - Ministry of Health;
- Abbreviations of a mixed type, consisting of both the initial parts of words and initial letters: social security, KamAZ, GLONASS;
- Abbreviations consisting of a combination of the initial part of the word with the whole word: office equipment, Rospechat, Ministry of Education and Science;
- Abbreviations consisting of a combination of the beginning of the first word with the beginning and end of the second, or only with the end of the second: moped (motorcycle-bike).
Rules for writing abbreviations
Initial abbreviations are written in capital letters: UN, MFA, RF. Dots or spaces between letters are not put, but a space is used between two independently used abbreviations: IRYa RAS, MFA RF.
Words formed from initial abbreviations by adding suffixes are written in lowercase letters: text message (from SMS), kaveenshchik (from KVN), traffic cop (from GAI), foreign ministers (from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs). In other cases, capital letters are preserved: mini-KVN, SMS mailing.
The abbreviation "university" is traditionally written in lowercase letters. Variant spelling - at the abbreviation "ZAGS" (registry office).
Compound words formed from segments of words are written in lowercase letters: special forces, secretary of state, chief accountant. At the same time, the abbreviated names of institutions and organizations are written with a capital letter if their full name is capitalized: Sberbank, Rospechat, Ministry of Education and Science.
The spelling of mixed abbreviations (formed from combinations of initials and segments of words) should be checked in a dictionary, since their spelling is not uniform: KamAZ, GLONASS, IAEA, social security.
Letter
Compiled from the alphabetic names of the initial letters of the words that form the original phrase.
- KGB (ka-ge-be) - State Security Committee (USSR, Belarus, other countries and union republics)
- junior researcher (em-n-es) - junior research fellow
- RSFSR (er-es-ef-es-er) - Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
- TFKP (te-ef-ka-pe) - the theory of functions of a complex variable (complex analysis)
As part of Russian letter abbreviations, the reading of some letter names may not coincide with their generally accepted names in the alphabet.
So, the letter "F" ("ef") can be pronounced like "fe":
- FBI [fe-be-er] - F federal b Yuro R research
- Exercise therapy [el-fe-ka] - l medical f physical to ulura
- RFF [er-fe-fe] - R adio f physical f acultet
The letters "C" ("es") and "Sh" ("sha") as "se" and "she":
- USA - United States of America
Meanwhile, in accordance with the norms of the Russian language, such a reading is still considered incorrect, despite the frequent commission of such errors by officials and media representatives.
Sound (acronym)
Formed from the initial sounds of the words of the original phrase. Unlike the alphabetic abbreviation, it is pronounced as a single word, and not letter by letter (“GUM” as gum, not GeUeM).
- TASS - Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (today ITAR-TASS)
- DDL - data description language
Alphabetic
Formed partly from the names of the initial letters, partly from the initial sounds of the words of the original phrase
- TsDSA (tse-de-sa) - Central House of the Soviet Army
- DOBDD (do-be-de-de) - Department of Road Safety (formerly GU STSI)
- STSI (gi-be-de-de) - State Inspectorate for Road Safety
Backronym
An abbreviation based on an already existing word. At the same time, the backronym can both explain the original meaning of the word, and give the word a new meaning.
- Spam - Seriously Pissing-off Advertising Mail (rus. Seriously Promotional Promotional Mail ). (The decryption gives a new meaning to the word Spam. This word was originally the name of a brand of cheap canned meat SPAM with extremely aggressive advertising.)
- CASCO - Comprehensive Automobile Insurance In addition to Liability. It is also actually a decoding of the Spanish word casco (frame, body), which is called this type of insurance.
A backronym can also be a humorous shorthand for an existing acronym.
- VKP(b) - All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
- OBZh - Society of Pregnant Women ( option: Conservation of Pregnant Women), Society of Homeless Wives
Recursive (recursive acronym)
The decoding includes the abbreviation itself.
- PHP - PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
- Wine - Wine Is Not an Emulator
There is also a recursive acronym that refers to itself indirectly, this is the abbreviation HURD . Here, the letter H stands for the abbreviation HIRD, in which, in turn, the letter H stands for the original abbreviation HURD. Moreover, the words "Hurd" and "Hird" in English are spellings of "Herd" ("Herd"), thereby adding another pun to the decoding.
Compound words (syllabic abbreviation)
Addition of the initial parts of two or more words
- collective farm - collective farm;
- Komsomol - communist youth union;
- obkom - regional committee;
- party committee - party committee;
- prodmag - grocery store.
- Rosglavstankoinstrumentsnabsbyt - Main Directorate for the supply and marketing of machine tools, forging and pressing equipment, tools and abrasive products under the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR
Adding the beginning of one word to another word in a phrase
- maternity hospital - maternity hospital
- drama club - drama club
- television network - television network
- spare part - spare part
- act of terrorism - act of terrorism
Addition of the initial part of the word with the form of the indirect case of the noun
- head of the department - head of the department
- earplugs - "take care of your ears" (the name of earplugs)
Addition of the beginning of the first word with the beginning and end of the second or only with the end of the second
- moped - mo (tocycle) + (bike) ped
Graphic abbreviation
- "t. etc." - etc;
- "t. e." - i.e;
- "t. to." - as;
- "t. n." - so-called;
- "t. about." - thus;
- "t. P." - the like;
- "t. with." - so to speak;
- "n / a" - no data.
Mixed cut
The initial part of the word is combined with the abbreviation
- RosNII - Russian Research Institute
- BelAZ - Belarusian Automobile Plant
Tautological reduction
Set phrases in which an abbreviation (usually of foreign origin) is used simultaneously with a word (usually a translation of the last word) that is included in this abbreviation
- HIV virus
- -protocol
- SMS message
- VIP person
- GIS system
- AvtoVAZ - Automobile Volga Automobile Plant
- BTA Bank - Bank Turan Alem Bank
Borrowed words that were originally abbreviations in the native language
- spam - from English. spam - S houlder of P ork and h AM(“pork shoulder and ham”), and according to other sources, from English. SP iced h AM (An interesting fact is that in the literature on creating network protocols, services, and other things, SPAM stands for System Post Automatic Mail, which means Automatic Mailing System. By the way, such a decoding is more suitable both in meaning and in principle).
- laser - from English. laser, short for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
- quasar - from English. quasar, short for QUASi stellAR radio source- "quasi-stellar radio source".
- Internet - from English. Internet, short for Interconnected Networks- interconnected networks.
- bomzh is a colloquial word used in Russian journalism and everyday vocabulary, which arose from the abbreviation characteristic of the official documents of the Soviet police - "BOMZH". This abbreviation denoted persons without a fixed place of residence.
Abbreviations-words (semantic)
Initial letters are a normal word
- SMILES Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification
- SMART - English. Smiles ARbitrary Target Specification, System Management Arts
History of occurrence
Abbreviations, or abbreviations, have long been used in writing by all peoples with a written language. The purpose of the abbreviations was to save space on the carrier of textual information (birch bark, ceramic tablets, parchment, etc.) and to quickly write frequently used words and expressions. One of the first abbreviations appeared in ancient inscriptions, later they became widespread in manuscripts. With the help of the so-called suspensions, that is, using the initial letters of words, the Romans first abbreviated proper names (S. - Gaius, Q. - Quintus), and later other words (cos. - consul, v. c. - vir clarissimus, "bright husband") . The repetition of the same letter meant sets, number (coss. - consules, vv. cc. - viri clarissimi). Similar abbreviations are found in Greek cursive papyri and inscriptions on coins. Abbreviations were also used to reduce units of measure and weight. Roman jurists resorted to suspension so often that codes of abbreviations (Notae iuris) and systems (rules) of abbreviations of letters were compiled, which subsequently reached the Middle Ages. One of these systems was the system of "Tyron badges" - which are the basis of Roman tachygraphy (quick writing). The ancient Roman abbreviations, or Tyrotanian marks, passed along with the Latin language into the Middle Ages, where they are found primarily in inscriptions and on coins, and then in manuscripts, especially from the 11th century, also in charters, from which they do not disappear until XVI century inclusive. The abbreviations found in later Latin manuscripts and letters usually consist of omissions, and even more often - of letter combinations.
Since uppercase Greek and Latin letters came into use, there have been true contractions for syllables, double consonants, double vowels, and whole words. In Greek manuscripts, there are many similar signs, partly transferred to the printed editions of Greek writers, from which they completely disappeared only in modern times. Therefore, in the ancient Greek grammars, you can find a list of the most common abbreviations. The method of contracture, i.e. shortening a word with its initials and endings, was first used by the Greeks to abbreviate the so-called Nomina sacra ("sacred names"), for example θς instead of θεός ("god"). The Romans borrowed this system and applied it to ordinary concepts (frs - fratres, brother, gra - gratia, gratitude). The symbol for abbreviation, the line above the abbreviation, changed around the 3rd century AD from the previously usual dot. Abbreviations were also borrowed from cursive writing, for example = "esse" ("to be"), - "est" ("to be").
Already in late Roman cursive, almost all kinds of abbreviations were used. In the Middle Ages, abbreviations became more common, especially in legal, medical and theological texts.
Use
In everyday life, when saving space and time is required, they are content with commonly used simple abbreviations. The latter consist either of abbreviations of phrases or of abbreviations of words. Abbreviations of phrases, consisting in the omission of non-essential members of speech, easily reproduced from its general connection (auxiliary verbs, individual particles of speech, etc.) Abbreviations of words consist partly in the omission of individual letters and syllables and the omission of a significant part or even the entire word, with the exception of the initial letters, partly in certain characters that replace words.
present tense
In writing, they are used only for a private or personal need for shorthand; but in those papers that are assigned to be read by others, especially printed ones, they try to avoid them. Only in some cases exceptions are allowed:
- in scientific papers, with citations, bibliographic indications, technical documentation, etc., abbreviations cannot be avoided;
- in individual sciences, like mathematics, computer science (programming languages, databases, CAD), astronomy, physics, chemistry, natural history, grammar, music, etc. abbreviations and even drawings are necessary;
- for SI and CGS units;
- to indicate coins;
- in special reference publications - calendars, lexicons, bibliographies;
- finally, in some literary works, especially English ones, abbreviations of some words that are incessantly used, out of old habit, are retained.
declination
Letter abbreviations, perceived as masculine words, are declined through an apostrophe: BAK's ruling, in our Housing Office, from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported, regardless of the type of the core word of the decryption: ZhEK - “housing and maintenance office” (feminine).
Introductory remarks
Abbreviations are nouns consisting of truncated words included in the original phrase, or truncated parts of the original compound word, as well as the names of the initial letters of these words (or their parts). The last component of abbreviations can be a whole (untruncated) word. They make up the following structural types.
1. Abbreviations of the initial type, which are divided into: a) alphabetic, pronounced by the names of the initial letters of words (or parts of a compound word): Moscow State University, computer, vocational school, UFO, road accident; b) sound, consisting of the initial sounds of words (or parts of a compound word), i.e. read like a regular word: university, research institute, Moscow Art Theater, hydroelectric power station, thermal power plant, Youth Theater, AIDS, OMON, c) alpha-sound: CSKA[tse-es-ka] - Central Sports Club of the Army.
2. Abbreviations, also called complex abbreviated words, consisting of: a) a combination of parts of abbreviated words: Ministry of Finance - Ministry of Finance, local committee - local committee, supply manager - head of household, moped - motorcycle-bike; b) from a combination of initial parts and initial sounds (abbreviations of a mixed type): GULAG - Main Directorate (corrective labor) camps, GlavAPU - Main Architectural and Planning Department; c) from a combination of the initial part of the word (words) with the whole word or one of its forms: spare parts, savings bank, Goskomsport; head of the department, commanders.
§204
Letter abbreviations are usually written in capital letters, for example: Moscow State University, CIS, Germany, computers, vocational schools, Central Committee, FBI.
Much less often, another way of writing letter abbreviations is used, aimed at conveying the sound of words, - by the names of the letters, for example: SR(word abbreviation: socialist revolutionary), ceu (valuable indication). Some letter abbreviations can be written in two ways - by letters and by their names, for example: state of emergency and chepe (emergency), armored personnel carrier and BTEER (armored personnel carrier), Cheka and Cheka.
In the declension forms of letter abbreviations and in words formed from letter abbreviations with the help of suffixes, only the second way of transferring the abbreviation base is used - by letter names, for example: armored personnel carriers(from armored personnel carrier), KGB officer(from KGB), KGBist(from GB), kaveenshchik(from KVN), tsekovsky(from Central Committee), tseskovsky(from CSKA), esengevskiy(from CIS), cabash(from KB), gepeushny(from GPU).
§205
Sound initial abbreviations are written in capital letters, for example: UN, MFA, NOT, OMON, GAI, AIDS, HPP, GRES. By tradition, some (few) sound abbreviations are written in lowercase letters: university, university, pillbox, pillbox. Separate sound abbreviations can be written in both uppercase and lowercase letters, for example: NEP and NEP, registry office and marriage registry.
When declining sound abbreviations, the endings are written only in lowercase letters (without separating the ending from the abbreviation with a hyphen or apostrophe), for example: ZIL workers, work in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the play was staged by the Moscow Art Theater.
Suffix derivatives of sound abbreviations are written only in lowercase letters, for example: UN, TASS, MID, anti-AIDS, riot police, traffic cop.
§206
In prefixed, compound words and compound names characterized by continuous or hyphenated writing, alphabetic and sound abbreviations retain capital letters, for example: supercomputer, minicomputer, microhydroelectric power station, MHD generator, VHF transmitter, UHF therapy, MW oven, microwave rays, TV broadcasting, HIV infection, DNA containing.
§207
Borrowed (without translation into Russian) sound abbreviations of foreign languages are written in capital letters, for example: NATO, UNESCO, UPI(information Agency), PEN Club.
In alphabetical abbreviations - proper names (names of institutions, associations), consisting of the names of letters of a foreign alphabet, connected by hyphens, the first capital letter is written, the rest of the letters are lowercase, for example: BBC(British Broadcasting Corporation), CNN, CBS. Common nouns formed in the same way are written with a lowercase letter and together, for example: DJ, PR.
§208
Compound abbreviated words denoting the names of institutions and organizations are written with a capital letter and together, if the corresponding full name is written with a capital letter, for example: Moscow City Council, Vnesheconombank, Ministry of Fuel and Energy.
Compound words that are not proper names are written in lowercase and together, for example: collective farm, executive committee, special correspondent, special forces, secretary of state.
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Note 1. In complex abbreviated words of a mixed type, formed from initial abbreviations and truncated stems, the initial part is usually written in capital letters, and the truncated part in lower case, for example: NIIkhimmash, TsNIIchermet, GlavAPU, KamAZ, BelAZ; but: GULAG, SIZO(detention center) GOST(state all-Russian standard), ROSTA(Russian Telegraph Agency), Dneproges. At the same time, compound names in which the initial part is followed by an unabbreviated word (words) in the indirect case are written separately, for example: Research Institute of Gas, Research Institute of Direct Current. Note 2. Union and in sound abbreviations and complex abbreviations, it is transmitted by a lowercase letter, for example: AiF("Arguments and Facts"), YuzhNIIGiM(Southern Research Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Land Reclamation), Moment(Mikoyan and Gurevich), Chip("Reader and Writer"). Note 3. In the names of aircraft, consisting of the first two letters of the designer's surname and a digital designation attached to them with a hyphen, the first capital letter is written, and the second is lowercase, for example: Tu-154, An-22, Il-62. |
Graphic abbreviations
Graphic abbreviations, unlike abbreviations, are not independent words. When reading, they are replaced by the words of which they are abbreviated; exception: and. about.(acting). It is necessary to distinguish between graphic abbreviations and spellings with them, on the one hand, and compound words (see § 208): compare, for example, head department and head of department, member - corr. and corresponding member, corr. paragraph and bureau.
§209
The abbreviation is usually followed by a period. Words are usually abbreviated after a consonant, for example: G.(year, city) t.(volume), R.(river), gr.(citizen), R. and rub.(ruble), them.(name), prof.(professor), however, there are abbreviations after the vowel - the first letter of the word, for example: a. l.(author's sheet), about.(lake, island, father).
In graphic abbreviations, the double consonants of the root before the dot are preserved, for example: ass.(assistant), Doll.(dollar), ill.(illustration), ott.(print), adm. - terr.(administrative-territorial). If the double consonant is at the junction of the root and the suffix, then only the first consonant is retained in the contraction, for example: Russian(Russian), walls.(wall); but: ross.(Russian).
After doubled letters (usually denoting the plural), the dot is put only once, for example: centuries(century), gg.(years, gentlemen) ll.(sheets), ss.(pages), tt.(volumes).
Abbreviated names of units of measurement are written without dots, for example: kg(kilogram), c(centner), ts(ton-force), gs(gram-force), Sat(style), Mks(Maxwell). Abbreviations are also spelled million(million) and billion(billion).
§210
Graphic abbreviations also use hyphens and slashes.
The omitted middle part of the word in the abbreviation is indicated by a hyphen, for example: b-ka(library), grn(citizen), w-d(plant), district(district), f-t(faculty).
A hyphen also connects the first letters of parts of a compound word, for example: railroad(railway), s.-x.(agricultural), s.-d.(social democrat); in these cases, a dot is placed after each of the letters in the abbreviation. See also: "Non-alphabetic characters", § 111, paras. 12.
Oblique abbreviations are used instead of phrases, less often - compound words, for example: and I(PO box) c/t(cinema), cotton(cotton), rpm(revolution per minute), r/s and r/sch(checking account); in these cases, dots are not put after the abbreviated elements of words. See also: "Non-alphabetic characters", § 114, paragraph 2.
