The crowning of the kingdom In June 1547, a terrible Moscow fire caused a popular revolt against the relatives of Ivan's mother, the Glinskys, to whose charms the crowd attributed the disaster. The rebellion was pacified, but the impressions from it, according to Grozny, let “fear” into his “soul and trembling into

Accession and coronation to the kingdom The great and joyful day for the Russian people was February 21, 1613: on this day the “stateless” time ended in Russia! It lasted three years; for three years, the best Russian people struggled with all their might to get rid of enemies, save the church,

The wedding ceremony for the kingdom is an ancient and very complex custom. In this article, we are talking only about some significant differences in the crowning of the kingdom in the XV-XVII centuries.

Among the indispensable attributes of the wedding to the kingdom, various regalia were used at different times, many of which are on display at the Armory. Among them is a power symbolizing the Earth. At the time of the emergence of power among the symbols of state power, it was already well known that the Earth was round. Do not assume that people found out much later. Another, no less significant regalia is the scepter. This sign comes from the mace, a symbol of the power of the commander.
In ancient times, weddings for the great reign took place in the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. Alexander Nevsky was married to the reign of Novgorod in Sophia of Novgorod. In Moscow, the son of Vasily Dmitrievich, the grandson of Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy, Prince Vasily Vasilyevich (Dark) in 1432, was first married for the Grand Duchy. Vasily II received a label for the great reign from the Tatar Khan. The ceremony took place in the old Assumption Cathedral, built in 1326 with the blessing of Metropolitan Peter during the reign of Ivan (I) Kalita.

In 1492, in the Assumption Cathedral, which has survived to this day, the wedding ceremony of the grandson of the living Grand Duke Sovereign Ivan III Vasilyevich, Dmitry Ivanovich, took place. Thus, Ivan Vasilievich appointed his grandson, the son of the deceased heir, Ivan Ivanovich, as his successor. It is known for certain that in this ceremony barmas were laid on Dmitry Ivanovich - the prince's mantle. The symbolism of the barm is very complex, in Byzantium, from where we borrowed all the attributes, this regalia was not there, and the closest attribute in time, from which the barm can come, is rooted in Ancient Egypt. The museum's exposition includes bars made much later. These are barmes of Turkish work belonging to Alexei Mikhailovich.
In 1534, three-year-old Ivan IV Vasilyevich, later nicknamed the Terrible, was crowned in Moscow. In 1547, he was remarried to the kingdom, but with the title of king. In 1547, first of all, a chain with a cross was laid on Ivan Vasilyevich, and only then a golden crown - the Cap of Monomakh.
There are several versions about the origin of the Cap of Monomakh. Most likely, this is the crown of the work of oriental masters. This version is supported by the presence of lotus flowers among the elements of the openwork ornament, clearly indicating its Asian origin.

During excavations near the ancient city of Saray, archaeologists found buckles with exactly the same decoration in the form of a lotus flower. But the Cap of Monomakh, apparently, was made in a larger city - Bukhara or Samarkand, and, as a gift, was brought to Russia.
Eight plates, which make up the main volume of the Cap, symbolize 8 parts of the world, and the king wearing this headdress is the ruler of the eight parts of the world. Its weight is about 700 grams. The cross on the Cap appeared later.

For the first time, the Cap of Monomakh was used during the coronation of Dmitry Ivanovich in 1498. The last time a crown was placed on the head of Ivan Alekseevich was in 1682. In subsequent times, the ancient regalia was present in solemn ceremonies.
There was no chrismation at the wedding ceremony for the kingdom of Ivan IV Vasilyevich. He was called God's anointed after the fact, without an actual ceremony. For the first time, chrismation was included in the ceremony in 1584, when the last tsar from the Rurik dynasty, the son of Ivan IV, Fyodor Ioannovich, was crowned king.

During the wedding to the kingdom of Boris Godunov in 1598, he was first awarded the orb.

In 1606, the coronation ceremony of Maria Mnishek took place in the Assumption Cathedral. Moreover, she was crowned before the wedding. In European states, the wife of an emperor or king was crowned with him or after the coronation of the spouse. For example, Mary de Medici was crowned by her husband Henry IV a few days before his death in 1610, the emperor seemed to feel the end was approaching. In Moscow, False Dmitry decided that he needed to marry a royal person, and the day before the wedding, Marina Yuryevna was crowned without being married.
In 1613, at the coronation of 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, a chain was used for the first time. An inscription is engraved on the chain - this is the full title of the king. The chain is very complex, the rings of the chain are intricately intertwined. It symbolizes a single state, the chain of the state is inextricable, this can be seen in its structure. Each ring is connected not to one, but to three subsequent links.

The regalia of Mikhail Fedorovich are also presented in the Armory. The hat of the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty is the heaviest in the collection, it weighs about 2 kg.

The wedding ceremony for the kingdom of Alexei Mikhailovich in 1645 was particularly pompous. Several crowns were used on it, the tsar changed them.
In 1682, two kings were married to the kingdom. 10-year-old Peter and 16-year-old Ivan. For Peter, they made a crown of the second outfit. It is not as refined as the Cap of Monomakh, but it repeats the structure of the main crown. It is also made of eight gold plates and crowned with a cross.
The diamond crowns of the two kings are slightly different from each other. Ivan's crown is decorated only with diamonds, and chrysolites are included in Peter's crown. The decorations are laid out in such a way that two-headed eagles are composed of them.

The history of the double throne is interesting. It was remade from the old throne of Alexei Mikhailovich of German (Augsburg) work. The result of the alteration is too clearly visible. The steps leading to the throne are noticeably narrower than the width of the seats.
Peter's payment of 1691 was used in all court ceremonies, including the receptions of ambassadors until 1718. Peter was forced to wear it in order to comply with the court etiquette of that time.

The material was prepared on the basis of the lecture hall of the Kremlin, the lecture “Ceremonial court ceremonial”. Used photos posted in the public domain.

Crowning the kingdom

Crowning the kingdom solemn, sacral in nature, the acceptance by the monarch of the symbols of his power. The state act of crowning the kingdom declared the territorial integrity of the Russian state, the political sovereignty and unity of the Russian nation, which was guaranteed by the autocratic power of the tsar. This act regulated in detail the rite of the Crowning of the kingdom (the initial rite of placing on the great reign), a characteristic feature of which was a combination of secular and spiritual rites. The latter consisted in the sacrament of chrismation - the extraordinary gift of the Holy Spirit, communicated only to the prophets, apostles and sovereigns. This rite affirmed the sacredness of the person of the sovereign (“anointed of God”) as the earthly vicar of God, who has divine attributes: a throne (throne) and a staff. "Planting on the table" was in Russia a ritual ceremony of accepting the grand duke's power and was performed in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Among the most ancient attributes of the sovereign's "rank" is a "golden cap" with a fur trim (its appearance is associated with the influence of Turkic traditions, where such a headdress served as a symbol of vassalage). As the Muscovite state was liberated from dependence on the part of the Golden Horde, the grand ducal cap lost its former status; It received its name "Monomakhov's hereditary golden cap" under Ivan IV the Terrible. In the rank of putting on a great reign, the grand ducal barmas and the “golden great” belt also appeared, under Grand Duke Vasily I, the so-called life-giving cross was attached to them, on which Russian sovereigns gave a kiss of the cross at the Wedding to the kingdom.

The rite of wedding to the kingdom was first introduced by Ivan III, who considered himself the successor of the Byzantine emperors; On February 4, 1489, Ivan III crowned his grandson Dmitry to the “great reign of Vladimir and Moscow and Novgorod”, placing barms and the cap of Monomakh on him. The wedding was accompanied by a magnificent feast at the Grand Duke. The wedding to the kingdom of Ivan IV the Terrible took place on January 16, 1547, according to the order of the wedding of Dmitry. In the doctrine of the divine origin of royal power, officially enshrined under Ivan IV, the monarch was called the hereditary sovereign from his “ancestors”, the successor of an ancient dynasty dating back to the Roman and Byzantine “cesars”. The succession of the Byzantine crown to the Russian sovereign was finally confirmed by a conciliar charter of the clergy of the Eastern Orthodox Church, sent with the blessing of the Patriarch of Constantinople to Tsar Ivan IV in 1561, together with the book of the royal wedding of the Byzantine emperors. In the conciliar (“affirmative”) charter of 1561, the rank of tsar in Russia was approved, and the entire order of the sacred action (“the rite of crowning the kingdom”) was set out. For the first time, the ceremony of the Crowning of the kingdom in its entirety, according to the order of the wedding of the Byzantine emperors, was performed on May 31, 1584 at the Crowning of the kingdom of Fyodor Ivanovich. The main component of the ceremony was the “great” exit of the sovereign with his retinue to the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin (for the “great” exits at the wedding, the Golden, later Red Porch of the Faceted Chamber was intended). Inside the Cathedral of the Assumption, a special royal place (the "chamber of 12 steps") was arranged on the side of the western doors for Metropolitan Dionysius to lay the royal crown on the head of the king. At the same time, for the first time, as a coronation regalia, a Russian sovereign was assigned a power (“sovereign apple”) with a pommel in the form of a cross as a symbol of power over all the lands of the Orthodox world. After chrismation and communion in the altar, the procession of the sovereign from the Assumption to the Archangel Cathedral took place. The crowning of the kingdom was accompanied by a military festival on the Maiden's Field. On September 3, 1598, the Crowning of Boris Godunov took place (the ceremony was performed by Patriarch Job). The crowning of the kingdom and the chrismation of Fyodor Borisovich Godunov, who inherited the throne, were not performed due to the short duration of his reign. The wedding to the kingdom of False Dmitry I took place on July 22, 1605 (first, in the Assumption Cathedral, he was crowned by Patriarch Ignatius and presented with a scepter and orb, then in the Archangel Cathedral, Archbishop Arseny crowned him with a Monomakh's cap). On May 8, 1606, in spite of the protest of Archbishop Hermogenes, Patriarch Ignatius anointed and crowned Marina Mniszek, who refused to be baptized and receive communion. On June 1, 1606, Metropolitan Isidor of Novgorod crowned Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky as king. Due to the absence of the patriarch, the ceremony of the wedding ceremony for the kingdom of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (July 11, 1613) was performed by Metropolitan Ephraim of Kazan. On September 28, 1645, Patriarch Joseph crowned Alexei Mikhailovich, for whom new regalia were made in Constantinople: in 1658 the golden scepter of the “second outfit”, in 1662 - power, in 1665 - “tiara” (barmas). At the Crowning of the kingdom (June 16, 1676) of Fyodor Alekseevich, the wedding ceremony was again carefully regulated in accordance with the wedding ceremony of the Byzantine emperors. On June 25, 1682, the wedding of two co-ruler brothers Ivan Alekseevich and Peter Alekseevich took place. For this rite, a double silver throne was specially made;

With the adoption of the title of "Emperor of All Russia" by Peter I, the wedding ceremony was replaced by a coronation, which led to significant changes both in the church ceremony and in the composition of the regalia.

O.G. Ulyanov.

Moscow. Encyclopedic reference book. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1992 .

See what "Wedding to the kingdom" is in other dictionaries:

Coronation, accession, accession to the throne, accession to the throne, coronation, enthronement Dictionary of Russian synonyms. crowning the kingdom n., number of synonyms: 6 enthronement ... Synonym dictionary

WEDDING TO THE KINGDOM- (coronation rite) the solemn presentation of the symbols of his power to the Tsar, accompanied by the Sacrament of Confirmation and other church rites ... Legal Encyclopedia

The Red Gate, through which the coronation procession traditionally followed. Crowning the kingdom, the coronation ceremony of Russian monarchs, known since the time of Ivan III, the conductor of the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bpra ... Wikipedia

A solemn ceremony that arose originally in the East, from here it passed to Byzantium and from the latter was borrowed by Russia. The first more accurate information about the V. of sovereigns does not go back more than half of the 5th century. According to the description of Byzantine historians, V. ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

- (rite of coronation), the solemn presentation of the symbols of his power to the Tsar, accompanied by the Sacrament of Confirmation and other church rites. The rite of coronation of Orthodox monarchs has been known since ancient times. The first literary mention of him came ... ... Russian history

WEDDING TO THE KINGDOM- see Art. Tsar … Orthodox Encyclopedia

It took place in 1605. Unlike all other coronation ceremonies in the Moscow Kingdom, the order of the coronation of False Dmitry I was threefold: Patriarch Ignatius laid the traditional Monomakh's cap and barmas in the Assumption Cathedral, then he also laid ... ... Wikipedia

The Christian rite of laying a crown (crown) on the heads of believers when they enter into a church marriage, as well as at the coronation of monarchs (crowning a kingdom) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

I; cf. to Get married (1 2 digits). ◁ Wedding, oh, oh (2 characters). B. rite. In th dress. In th candles. * * * wedding 1) the Christian rite of placing a crown (crown) on the heads of those entering into a church marriage. 2) Solemn, which was sacred in nature ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Wedding- church. marriage ceremony. It is named so because crowns (crowns) are held over the heads of the spouses. In the rite of V., in the very fact of crowning the young, purely ecclesiastics intersected. and Russian folklore ritual traditions. Folklore character are many. signs,… … Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

Books

• Split. In 3 books. Book 1. Crowning the kingdom, Lichutin Vladimir Vladimirovich. Vladimir Lichutin for the first time in modern prose addresses the topic of the Russian religious schism - this national drama that befell Russia in the 17th century and accompanies the Russian people to this day. ...

the solemn presentation of the symbols of his power to the Tsar, accompanied by the Sacrament of Chrismation and other church rites.

The rite of coronation of Orthodox monarchs has been known since ancient times. The first literary mention of him came to us from the 4th century, from the time of Emperor Theodosius the Great. The divine origin of royal power was not then in doubt. This view of power was reinforced by the Byzantine emperors and the opinion about the Divine origin of the very signs of royal dignity. Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (931-959) writes in his instructions to his son: "If someday the Khazars or the Turks, or the Russians, or any other of the northern and Scythian peoples demand, as a sign of slavery and subordination, that royal insignia be sent to him: crowns or clothes - then you should know that these clothes and crowns were not made by people and not invented and made by human art, but in the secret books of ancient history it is written that God, having appointed Constantine the Great as the first Christian king, sent him these clothes and crowns through His angel " .

The confession of faith was an indispensable requirement of the rank of coronation. The emperor first solemnly proclaimed it in the church and then, written, with his own signature, handed over to the patriarch. It contained the Orthodox Nicene-Tsargrad Creed and a promise to keep the apostolic tradition and the establishment of church councils.

God was pleased to arrange so that the successors of the Byzantine emperors were Russian grand dukes, and then tsars. The first royal insignia was given to St. Vladimir "for his courage and for his piety," according to the words of the holy Metropolitan Macarius. It happened for a reason - "such a talent is not from a person, but according to God's fates inexpressible transforming and translating the glory of the Greek kingdom to the Russian tsar." Ivan the Terrible himself fully shared this view of the continuity of the Russian kingdom. He wrote about himself: "Our sovereign calls the tsar because: his progenitor, the Grand Duke Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, how he himself was baptized and baptized the Russian land, and the Greek tsar and the patriarch crowned him the kingdom, and he was written tsar."

The rite of the wedding of John IV to the kingdom did not differ much from how his predecessors were married. And yet, the accession of Ivan the Terrible was a turning point: in the formation of the Russian people as a God-bearing nation, Russian statehood as a religiously meaningful faith-protective structure, Russian self-consciousness as an awareness of liturgical duty, Russian "churched" worldview as a prayerful sense of the providence of everything that happens. The catholicity of the people and its sovereignty merged into one, embodied in the personality of the Russian Orthodox Tsar. Grozny became the first Anointed of God on the Russian throne. Several editions of the detailed description of the rite of his wedding that have come down to us leave no doubt: John IV Vasilievich became the first Russian sovereign, at whose wedding the Church Sacrament of Chrismation was performed over him.

The anointing of kings with holy ointment (a fragrant oil of a special composition) has its basis in the direct command of God. Holy Scripture often speaks of this, reporting on the anointing by the prophets and high priests of the Old Testament kings as a sign of granting them the special grace of God for the charitable management of the people and the kingdom. The Orthodox catechism testifies that "chrismation is a sacrament in which the believer, when parts of the body are anointed with holy chrism, in the name of the Holy Spirit, the gifts of the Holy Spirit are given, returning and strengthening in spiritual life."