Forced Choice Method

Forced Choice Method (given choice method, forced choice method) is based on the selection of the most characteristic descriptions for a given employee, corresponding to effective and inefficient work. The expert must answer a series of questions (statements) about how the employee performs his job. Each such statement has its own significance (value), expressed in conventional units or points, as a rule, from 1 to 5 (where 1 is the lowest score, and 5 is the highest score) (Table 3.20).

Table 3.20

Forced Choice Evaluation Form for Sales Manager

The use of this method has recently been seriously criticized due to the fact that it does not allow for the process of open communication with both the employee and the evaluating expert.

Method of behavioral rating scales

Method of behavioral rating scales (known as BARS - behaviorally anchored rating scales) is based on the fact that employees of the organization are independently polled about various examples of behavior and determine which behaviors are effective for the chosen position and which are ineffective. Examples of behavior in the position are determined by managers, evaluators, etc. Cases are combined into small sets, each of which is given a definition (Table 3.21).

Table 3.21

	Finds out important information for the client and makes the necessary phone calls, even if this is not part of his duties	BUT
	Often spends an hour or more with a client to identify sources of client difficulties and problems	AT
	Usually remains calm even with an irritated client	With
	If the answer to the client's problem does not arise immediately, often tells the client that he does not have the necessary information	D
	Sometimes up to 10 minutes does not pay attention to the waiting client, even if at this moment it is not very busy	E
	Regularly makes customers wait 10 minutes or more and responds to them in an annoyed manner	F

In addition, the second group of people, who are also well aware of this work, are asked to rank the behavior described in the case (to establish how effectively or ineffectively it reflects the performance of duties in the corresponding cluster set). These examples are then summarized and given back to the interviewees to ask them to place the examples on the scale. The ratings most often repeated by different respondents are taken as a basis for constructing behavioral rating scales.

One of the main points in the implementation of this method is to determine the levels of effectiveness of mastering the practical skill necessary for the successful completion of the tasks assigned to the employee. Here, under the average level of efficiency (for example, "3" on a five-point system), in the modern theory of human resource management, it is customary to understand acceptable skill possession (that is, sufficient for an employee to successfully cope with his duties). If most of the employees worked perfectly (according to the results of the assessment) or, conversely, very poorly, then it is necessary to review the selected standards, determine the causes of the imbalance and, if necessary, correct them. The method of behavioral rating scales is quite complicated and requires high qualifications in preparation, and it is advisable to use it for those jobs in which behavioral characteristics in various work situations are important.

Descriptive Method

Descriptive Method assessment (or the narrative method, assessment through writing an essay) consists in describing the performance of the candidate (employee) of his duties or describing the quality of the performance of the employee's duties by the expert and developing a further plan for improving performance. This method can be used in evaluating the work of an employee performing specific tasks that cannot be described according to certain standards, but it has disadvantages similar to the shortcomings of the biographical evaluation method described above.

Example of a descriptive method

Ivanov Ivan Petrovich worked on project No. 2345 for 23 days. He conducted an experiment during which he developed a building mixture for further patenting of the company. 4 people were involved in the experiment. The expected profit from the application of the invention for the company is 30 million rubles.

Project manager

creative department of the company

"MP1-Cr" ___________________ I. K. Goncharov

• Borisova E. A. Evaluation and certification of personnel. St. Petersburg: Piter, 2002. S. 109.
• Khrutsky V. E., Tolmachev R. A. Personel assessment. M.: Finance and statistics, 2007. P. 71.

Functional-semantic types of speech - such types of monologue speech, which are characterized by their own goals and objectives, the same type of content, composition and speech features. The following types of speech are distinguished - description,

Description as a functional semantic type - definition, subject and purpose

Description is a type of speech that lists the permanent or temporary features of an object.

Type of speech - description (definition)

Subject of description defined initially and revealed through the enumeration of signs, permanent and temporary.

The description is static, the action does not develop, while the description can be given both in the present (which is most often encountered, verbs are used in the form of the present tense, imperfective form), and in the past and future tense (in this case, time acquires a relative, generalized character). In the description, the combination of tenses of the verb is not possible.

Purpose of description

Purpose of description — d give the recipient the most complete picture of the subject.

The leading part of speech in this type is noun, adjective.

The description is characterized by the use of simple sentences, often with homogeneous members of the sentence.

Construction principle- parallelism (uniformity of constructions), intonation - enumerations.

1. Beginning - designation of the object (subject of description), general idea of ​​the subject;

P. The main part is a listing of signs from more significant to less significant;

Describing an object, it is necessary to ensure the unity of the image, the unity of view on the object and the logical sequence in its description.

Types of descriptions

Definition

This is the shortest description. It consists in correlating a concept with the closest generic concept (Antonyms are words ...) and indicating the specific differences of a given concept or phenomenon (Antonyms are words with the opposite meaning).

When defining a concept, you can use an example-illustration

(The Russian economy is the economy of the period of transition from right-hand traffic to left-hand traffic. - definition-comparison; Poetry is something opposite to prose. - definition-contrast; "Blue orange" - this is lexical incompatibility - definition-example).

Explanation

This is a kind of transformation of the definition and is distinguished by a detailed form of presentation of the material. For example,

The ratio of language and speech can be likened to the ratio of watch parts and assembled watches. Language provides material for the structure of speech. Just as it depends on the watchmaker what the clock will be, so it depends on the speaker what his speech will be.

Characteristic

Another kind of description. When compiling a description, it is necessary to indicate only the essential features of a given object or phenomenon, while in a detailed description, both essential and non-essential features are indicated (depending on the purpose of the author).

See our presentation on this topic:

A characteristic shortcoming in the preparation of a descriptive text may be the selection of features or their incorrect order in the presentation.

Materials are published with the personal permission of the author - Ph.D. O.A. Maznevoy (see "Our Library")

Did you like it? Do not hide your joy from the world - share

When a person hears the words "model" and "modeling", pictures from his childhood usually run through his mind's eye: small copies of cars and planes, a globe, a mannequin, models of buildings ... These and many other things often reflect some common properties or functions of real items or objects, only in a more simplified form. Using such models, it is easier to explain the features of the original. The information model, whose examples clearly and clearly explain many difficult-to-understand processes, also obeys the basic requirements of modeling.

Goals

The foregoing can lead us to the following conclusion: models, being a likeness of real objects or processes, should not reflect all the properties of the originals, but only those characteristics that in a certain situation are more in demand for their application. There is no need to display the entire variety of object properties - this can lead to the complication of the model and the inconvenience of its use. Therefore, it is very important to understand the purpose for which the model was created, what parameters should be reflected in this particular case. When modeling, it is necessary to strictly adhere to such a logical chain: "object - goal - model".

information model. Examples. System Analysis

When forming the purpose of modeling, the question arises of the correctness and completeness of creating a list of qualities and characteristics of the future model. The description of the object of modeling is often called the term "information model". Examples of its use can be seen in various forms: graphic, verbal, tabular, mathematical and many others. The more accurate the information model, the more qualitatively and fully it reflects the set of properties of the original object. Therefore, it is necessary to select only the most necessary parameters for modeling and establish links between them. This process is called system analysis.

Presentation Form

One of the characteristics of the information model is the form of its presentation, which is closely related to the purpose of creating an image. If one of the requirements for the project is its visibility, then a graphical information model is used. It is not difficult to find examples of this: electrical diagrams, maps of the area, various graphs and drawings. Moreover, the same data, for example, a graph of temperature changes during a month, can be presented in various forms, for example, in tabular or text.

Using Simulation

When an information model is formed, its parameters can be used to study a real object, predict its behavior in various conditions, and perform calculations. Mixed information models are often used. Examples of the use of this form of modeling can often be found in construction, when individual characteristics of a complex object, for example, a building, are formed and reflected in the form of drawings, mathematical calculations of strength and permissible loads.

Another striking example of a mixed information model is a geographic map with its topographic symbols, inscriptions, and tables. Such a model can also be presented in the form of graphs, charts, tables, diagrams. The latter are conditionally divided into maps, flowcharts and graphs.

Classification

For the convenience of working with information models, they are conditionally divided into several large blocks: by area of ​​use, by time factor, by branch of knowledge and by presentation form. They can also be divided according to the type of construction (tabular, hierarchical and network), according to the form of data representation (sign and figurative-sign) and according to the object (description of the properties of an object or process).

Typical examples of figurative information model

The forms of models of this type are distinguished by a graphic image of an object fixed on some kind of information carrier (film, paper, board).

Various photographs, drawings, graphs can be attributed to this type of models. Examples of a figurative information model are often found in educational institutions, where posters provide a lot of information in graphical form. Another option for its use is illustrations in any school textbook, such as a diagram of the formation of troops at the battle of Stalingrad. Examples of a figurative information model can also be seen in scientific organizations, where objects are separated according to their external characteristics.

Classification of models by time

Models can be static or dynamic. The characteristics of an object at a certain time slice describe static information models. Examples of their use can be found in the construction of a house, when its strength and resistance to static load are considered. Or in dentistry, which describes the state of the patient's oral cavity during the current appointment: the number of fillings, the presence of defects, etc.

If we consider the dynamics of changes in the patient's condition over several visits or over several years, then a dynamic model will be used to describe the same characteristics.

Examples of dynamic information models are found when dealing with factors or characteristics that change over time. Among them are temperature changes, seismic vibrations, etc.

Verbal patterns

Informational models also include verbal models, which are presented in a conversational or mental form. They are also called "verbal information models". Examples of such modeling can be observed when driving a car: the situation on the road, traffic lights, the speed of neighboring cars, etc. are analyzed by a person. In this case, a certain behavior model is developed. If the current situation is modeled correctly, then this section of the path will be safe. If not, there is a high chance of an accident.

Also, verbal models include a rhyme that flashed through the poet's brain, or an image of a landscape that has not yet been applied to the canvas in front of the artist's mind's eye.

The verbal type also includes a descriptive information model, which is a written or oral description of an object by means of a language. An example of a descriptive information model: prose in fiction books, descriptions in fiction, textual description of events and objects.

iconic models

If the characteristics of an object appear in the form of special signs, displayed by means of a formal language, then they are sign information models. Examples of these surround us from all sides: graphs, diagrams, texts, etc.
Sign and verbal models are closely interconnected: a mental image can be clothed in a sign form, and a sign model forms a certain mental image. For example, after reading a description of a phenomenon, a person creates a model for himself, and, having met this phenomenon in life, he can recognize it by the formed model.

Sign information models can be divided into geometric, verbal, mathematical, structural, logical, special.

Mathematical models

As a variant of the sign one can consider a mathematical information model. Its peculiarity is that the characteristics, parameters or processes are represented by mathematical formulas. Also, this view describes the relationship between the quantitative characteristics of objects. For example, knowing the mass of a body, we can calculate the speed of its free fall at a certain point in time. In this case, information objects are usually presented in the form of mathematical ones.

Mathematical models can be divided into many types: static, dynamic, discrete, continuous, simulation, probabilistic, logical, multiple, algorithmic, game, etc.

Tabular Models

A model whose objects or properties are presented in the form of a list, and their values ​​are located in the cells of a rectangular table, is called a tabular model. This is one of the most common types of information transfer. With the help of tables, it is possible to form static and dynamic information models in various application areas. In life, we use this, for example, when we create a transport schedule, a TV program, a weather diary, etc.

Types of tabular information models

There are three types of tables: binary, "object-property", "object-object". In order to give examples of tabular information models, it is necessary to analyze their structure.

In object-to-object tables, the objects are listed in the first row and in the first column. The rest of the cells reflect the relationship between them. A table in which the columns and rows contain the names of cities, and the information content shows the presence of a qualitative nature of the connection between them (the presence of a direct road), can serve as an example of the "object-to-object" type.

In tables of the "object-property" type, each row contains the parameters of one object or event, and the columns contain information about their characteristics or properties. An example of a structure of this type can be information about the change in the state of the weather on different days.

Hierarchical and network information models

Tabular models are useful for small object systems. When creating a complex system, the model can become too large and inconvenient to use precisely because it is presented in the form of a rectangular table. For example, if you create a tabular scheme of subway lines with station objects and an indication of whether there is a transition or intersection between them, then such a table will have a huge redundancy - more than ten thousand values, and it will be very difficult to use it.

Hierarchical systems are usually presented in a graphical form, in the form of graphs - connections between objects distributed over levels. All elements of the upper levels are composed of elements of the lower ones, and the elements of the lower level belong to only one element of the higher level. A particular example of this type of model is the family tree.

Network models are more compact, as they reflect the most important connections between objects. Most often they are presented in a visual graphical form. An example of such a network model is the scheme of subway lines.

Using information models in the process of modeling on a computer

It is convenient to perform simulation using computer technology. The process itself can be divided into several stages.

First, an information model is built: the definition of the research being conducted, the selection of important parameters of the object that correspond to this goal, and the removal of non-essential parameters.

At the second stage, a formalized model is created: a descriptive information model is expressed by means of a formal language, relations between quantities are fixed, and the necessary restrictions are placed on their change.

At the next stage, the formalized model is transformed into a computer model, that is, the compilation of an algorithm, calculations, writing programs or using specialized software.

After verifying that the model was created correctly and that it fits the intended purpose, direct use begins. If necessary, a correction is made.

The use of computer technology greatly simplifies the creation of information models, their modification, correction. It is possible to place a simulated object in any environment and check its behavior or transformation of characteristics in various conditions, without exposing it to these factors.

"Office Cybernetics" - Mark. Problematic teaching method. Book. Parents. Knowledge. Management and organization of methodological support for project activities in educational institutions. For example, "the goal is to build a new multi-storey residential building." If not, then intermediate. In the case of goal mediation, there is some ongoing process.

"School Project" - Religious Statistics. What subjects could be excluded from the school curriculum? Learning tasks. Menu of the future. How many children do you have in your family? Some people don't like that classes start very early. active independent activity of students aimed at creating a new product.

"Projects" - The group collects information on various media. An appropriate organization of the subject-cognitive space of the group is necessary. A clearly defined expected, socially oriented outcome of the participants' activities. The degree of creativity is high, but role-playing dominates.

"Student projects" - Stimulating the flow of ideas. Identification of contradictions associated with the peculiarities of perception. Technology of work on a student project. Getting a general idea of ​​the future direction. Project planning stage. Analytical stage. Tasks. Presentation of the obtained results. Stages of project activity.

"Project Evaluation Criteria" - How many years, months and days did Robinson Crusoe live on the island? What about content? In a project, evaluation is related to goal achievement and success criteria. What happens if we draw more than 3 routes? How to evaluate the work of children in a telecommunications project? Why did mathematics get the artist's brush?

"Project Management" - Content Management: Tools and Methods. Exits. Content management: outputs, results. The definition of content is context. Content management / projects and products. Process 3) Project Charter 4) Preliminary Scope Description 5) Project Management Plan. Content Planning / Outputs.

Comments of the teacher on the studied material

Types of speech: description, narration, reasoning

This page has theory, tables and examples on the topic.

Definitions for types of description, narration, reasoning are on another page about types of speech in Russian.

All our statements can be reduced to three general types of speech: description, narration and reasoning.

The main task of the author in the description is to indicate the signs of what is being described. Therefore, to texts of this type, you can ask questions: what is the subject of the description? what does he look like? what are the characteristics of it? how it functions etc.

There are several main types of description: description of an object, animal or person, description of a place, description of the state of the environment and the state of a person.

Let us give examples of different types of description.

Description of an object, animal or person

1.The color of the autumn honey agaric is yellowish-gray. It can be dirty brown, and darker towards the middle of the cap. The stem is thin, dense, white at the cap, gray at the base, sometimes brown.

2.On the left hand of the seller sits a tiny cheerful fox terrier. He is extremely small and cute. His eyes sparkle fervently, miniature paws are in constant motion. The fox terrier is made of some kind of white matter, the eyes are made of cast glass (according to A. Kuprin).

3.Only one person belonged to our society, not being a military man. He was about thirty-five years old, and for that we revered him as an old man. Experience gave him many advantages over us; besides, his usual sullenness, tough temper and wicked tongue had a strong influence on our young minds. Some mystery surrounded his fate; he seemed Russian, but bore a foreign name. Once he served in the hussars, and even happily; no one knew the reason that prompted him to retire and settle in a poor place, where he lived together both poorly and wastefully: he always walked, in a worn black frock coat, and kept an open table for all the officers of our regiment (A. Pushkin).

Location Description

The village of Manilovka could lure a few with its location. The manor's house stood alone in the south, that is, on a hill, open to all the winds that it might take a fancy to blow; the slope of the mountain on which he stood was dressed in trimmed turf. Two or three flowerbeds with lilac and yellow acacia bushes were scattered on it in the English style; in some places five or six birches in small clumps raised their small-leaved thin tops (N. Gogol).

Description of the state (environment or person)

1.A grey, tearful morning stands in the yard. Raindrops drum on the windows. The wind cries in the pipes and howls like a dog that has lost its owner (according to A. Chekhov).

2.Despair took over me. Anger at himself twisted his chest tighter and tighter. Hatred for the accursed, soul-exhausting silence was mixed with anger at oneself (A. Gaidar).

The main task of the author in narration is to report on the sequence of actions or events. Therefore, the following questions can be asked to texts of this type: what is the sequence of actions (events)? what happened first and what happened next?

Here are some examples of storytelling.

1.Carlo entered the closet, sat down on the only chair, and turning the log this way and that, began to cut a doll out of it with a knife. First of all, he cut out the hair on the log, then the forehead, then the eyes ... He made the doll a chin, neck, shoulders, torso, arms ... (according to A. Tolstoy).

2.Pour a glass of oatmeal flakes with three glasses of hot water or milk, bring to a boil. Then add salt and sugar to taste. Cook over low heat while stirring for 15-20 minutes. Then add butter to taste.

Reasoning as a type of speech is fundamentally different from description and narration. Description and narration are used to depict the surrounding reality, while reasoning conveys the sequence of human thoughts. The main task of the author in reasoning is to substantiate this or that put forward position (thesis), to explain the reasons for this or that phenomenon, event, its essence. Therefore, the following questions can be asked to texts of this type: why? what is the reason for this phenomenon? what follows from this? what are the consequences of this phenomenon? what does it mean? The argument usually consists of two parts. One part contains a statement (thesis) that needs to be proved, or a conclusion that follows from the proof. In the other part, the justification of the thesis is given: arguments (arguments, evidence) and examples are given.

The order of reasoning can be represented as follows:

(from thesis to arguments).

(from arguments to conclusion).

We give examples of reasoning.

1.The names of Ruslan's two rivals - Rogday and Farlaf - are by no means an artistic fantasy of the young Pushkin. Their author took, probably, from Karamzin's multi-volume History of the Russian State. Karamzin, describing the heroic feasts of Prince Vladimir, speaks of the famous Rakhdai, who, fighting, "expanded the boundaries of the state in the west." As for Farlaf, Karamzin mentions this name when describing the reign of Prophetic Oleg. Farlaf was one of the boyars of this prince.

2.The name Gvidon ("The Tale of Tsar Saltan") is clearly not of Russian origin. In its sound, the Italian name Guido is guessed. A foreign origin can also be seen in the name of King Dadon (“The Tale of the Golden Cockerel”). Everything will become clear when we turn to the famous chivalric novel about the exploits of the knight BOVO D "ANTON, in which both the "glorious King Gvidon" and "King Dadon" act, because it was from there, apparently, that Pushkin took these names.

Let's summarize the difference in speech types in the following table.

		The main questions characteristic of this type of speech
Description	Indicate the signs of the described object, person, place, state.	What is the subject of the description? What does he look like? What are the characteristics for him?
Narration	Report a sequence of actions or events.	What is the sequence of actions (events)? What happened first and what happened next?
reasoning	Substantiate this or that put forward position (thesis), explain the essence, causes of this or that phenomenon, event.	Why? What is the reason for this phenomenon? What follows from this? What are the consequences of this phenomenon? What does it mean?

In speech practice, different types of speech are often combined with each other, and in this case they are described, noting the leading type of speech and elements of other types of speech (for example, "reasoning with elements of description").