The Persian state had a huge impact on the history of the Ancient World. Formed by a small tribal union, the state of the Achaemenids lasted about two hundred years. The splendor and power of the country of the Persians are mentioned in many ancient sources, including the Bible.

Start

For the first time, the mention of the Persians is found in Assyrian sources. In an inscription dated to the ninth century BC. e., contains the name of the land of Parsua. Geographically, this region was located in the Central Zagros region, and during the mentioned period, the population of this region paid tribute to the Assyrians. Tribal unions did not yet exist. The Assyrians mention 27 kingdoms under their control. In the 7th century the Persians, apparently, entered into a tribal union, since references to kings from the Achaemenid tribe appeared in the sources. The history of the Persian state begins in 646 BC, when Cyrus I became the ruler of the Persians.

During the reign of Cyrus I, the Persians significantly expanded the territories under their control, including taking over most of the Iranian plateau. At the same time, the first capital of the Persian state, the city of Pasargada, was founded. Part of the Persians was engaged in agriculture, part led

Rise of the Persian Empire

At the end of the VI century. BC e. the Persian people were ruled by Cambyses I, who was dependent on the kings of Media. The son of Cambyses, Cyrus II, became the lord of the settled Persians. Information about the ancient Persian people is scarce and fragmentary. Apparently, the main unit of society was the patriarchal family, headed by a man who had the right to dispose of the life and property of his loved ones. The community, at first tribal, and later rural, for several centuries was a powerful force. Several communities formed a tribe, several tribes could already be called a people.

The emergence of the Persian state came at a time when the entire Middle East was divided between four states: Egypt, Media, Lydia, Babylonia.

Even in its heyday, Media was actually a fragile tribal union. Thanks to the victories of King Cyaxares of Media, the state of Urartu and the ancient country of Elam were conquered. The descendants of Cyaxares could not keep the conquests of their great ancestor. The constant war with Babylon required the presence of troops on the border. This weakened the internal politics of Media, which the vassals of the Median king took advantage of.

Reign of Cyrus II

In 553, Cyrus II revolted against the Medes, to whom the Persians paid tribute for several centuries. The war lasted three years and ended in a crushing defeat for the Medes. The capital of Media (the city of Ektabani) became one of the residences of the ruler of the Persians. Having conquered the ancient country, Cyrus II formally retained the Median kingdom and assumed the titles of Median lords. Thus began the formation of the Persian state.

After the capture of Media, Persia declared itself as a new state in world history, and for two centuries played an important role in the events taking place in the Middle East. In 549-548 years. the newly formed state conquered Elam and subjugated a number of countries that were part of the former Median state. Parthia, Armenia, Hyrcania began to pay tribute to the new Persian rulers.

War with Lydia

Croesus, the lord of powerful Lydia, was aware of what a dangerous adversary the Persian state was. A number of alliances were made with Egypt and Sparta. However, the Allies did not manage to start full-scale military operations. Croesus did not want to wait for help and went out alone against the Persians. In the decisive battle near the capital of Lydia - the city of Sardis, Croesus brought his cavalry to the battlefield, which was considered invincible. Cyrus II sent out warriors on camels. The horses, seeing unknown animals, refused to obey the riders, the Lydian horsemen were forced to fight on foot. The unequal battle ended with the retreat of the Lydians, after which the city of Sardis was besieged by the Persians. Of the former allies, only the Spartans decided to come to the aid of Croesus. But while the campaign was being prepared, the city of Sardis fell, and the Persians subjugated Lydia.

Expanding the boundaries

Then came the turn of the Greek policies that were on the territory.

At the end of the 6th century, the Persian state expanded its borders to the northwestern regions of India, to the cordons of the Hindu Kush and subjugated the tribes living in the basin of the river. Syrdarya. Only after strengthening the borders, suppressing rebellions and establishing royal power, Cyrus II turned his attention to powerful Babylonia. On October 20, 539, the city fell, and Cyrus II became the official ruler of Babylon, and at the same time the ruler of one of the largest powers of the Ancient World - the Persian kingdom.

Reign of Cambyses

Cyrus died in battle with the Massagetae in 530 BC. e. His policy was successfully carried out by his son Cambyses. After a thorough preliminary diplomatic preparation, Egypt, another enemy of Persia, found itself completely alone and could not count on the support of the allies. Cambyses carried out his father's plan and conquered Egypt in 522 BC. e. Meanwhile, in Persia itself, discontent was ripening and a rebellion broke out. Cambyses hurried to his homeland and died on the road under mysterious circumstances. After some time, the ancient Persian state provided an opportunity to gain power to the representative of the younger branch of the Achaemenids - Darius Hystaspes.

The beginning of the reign of Darius

The seizure of power by Darius I caused discontent and grumbling in the enslaved Babylonia. The leader of the rebels declared himself the son of the last Babylonian ruler and became known as Nebuchadnezzar III. In December 522 BC. e. Darius I won. The leaders of the rebels were put to public execution.

Punitive actions distracted Darius, and meanwhile rebellions rose in Media, Elam, Parthia and other areas. It took the new ruler more than a year to pacify the country and restore the state of Cyrus II and Cambyses to its former borders.

Between 518 and 512, the Persian empire conquered Macedonia, Thrace and part of India. This time is considered the heyday of the ancient kingdom of the Persians. The state of world significance united dozens of countries and hundreds of tribes and peoples under its rule.

The social structure of ancient Persia. Reforms of Darius

The Persian state of the Achaemenids was distinguished by a wide variety of social structures and customs. Babylonia, Syria, Egypt long before Persia were considered highly developed states, and the recently conquered tribes of nomads of Scythian and Arab origin were still at the stage of a primitive way of life.

Chain of uprisings 522-520 showed the inefficiency of the previous scheme of government. Therefore, Darius I carried out a number of administrative reforms and created a stable system of state control over the conquered peoples. The result of the reforms was the first effective administrative system in history, which served the rulers of the Achaemenids for generations.

An effective administrative apparatus is a clear example of how Darius ruled the Persian state. The country was divided into administrative-tax districts, which were called satrapies. The sizes of the satrapies were much larger than the territories of the early states, and in some cases coincided with the ethnographic boundaries of the ancient peoples. For example, the satrapy of Egypt territorially almost completely coincided with the borders of this state before its conquest by the Persians. The districts were led by state officials - satraps. Unlike his predecessors, who were looking for their governors among the nobility of the conquered peoples, Darius I put only nobles of Persian origin in these positions.

Functions of governors

Previously, the governor combined both administrative and civil functions. The satrap of the time of Darius had only civil powers, the military authorities were not subordinate to him. The satraps had the right to mint coins, were in charge of the economic activities of the country, collected taxes, and ruled the court. In peacetime, the satraps were provided with little personal protection. The army was subordinated exclusively to military leaders, independent of the satraps.

The implementation of state reforms led to the creation of a large central administrative apparatus headed by the royal office. State administration was conducted by the capital of the Persian state - the city of Susa. The large cities of that time, Babylon, Ektabana, Memphis, also had their own offices.

Satraps and officials were under the vigilant control of the secret police. In ancient sources, it was called "the ears and the eye of the king." The control and supervision of the officials was entrusted to the Khazarapat - the chief of the thousand. State correspondence was conducted on which almost all the peoples of Persia owned.

Culture of the Persian Empire

Ancient Persia left a great architectural heritage to the descendants. The magnificent palace complexes in Susa, Persepolis and Pasargada made a stunning impression on contemporaries. The royal estates were surrounded by gardens and parks. One of the monuments that have survived to this day is the tomb of Cyrus II. Many similar monuments that arose hundreds of years later took the architecture of the tomb of the Persian king as a basis. The culture of the Persian state contributed to the glorification of the king and the strengthening of royal power among the conquered peoples.

The art of ancient Persia combined the artistic traditions of the Iranian tribes, intertwined with elements of Greek, Egyptian, Assyrian cultures. Among the items that have come down to the descendants, there are many decorations, bowls and vases, various goblets, decorated with exquisite paintings. A special place in the finds is occupied by numerous seals with images of kings and heroes, as well as various animals and fantastic creatures.

The economic development of Persia in the time of Darius

A special position in the Persian kingdom was occupied by the nobility. The nobles owned large land holdings in all the conquered territories. Huge plots were placed at the disposal of the "benefactors" of the tsar for personal services to him. The owners of such lands had the right to manage, transfer allotments as inheritance to their descendants, and they were also entrusted with the exercise of judicial power over subjects. The system of land use was widely used, in which the plots were called allotments of a horse, bow, chariot, etc. The king distributed such lands to his soldiers, for which their owners had to serve in the army as horsemen, archers, and charioteers.

But as before, huge tracts of land were in the direct possession of the king himself. They were usually rented out. The products of agriculture and cattle breeding were accepted as payment for them.

In addition to the lands, canals were in the immediate royal power. The administrators of the royal property rented them out and collected taxes for the use of water. For the irrigation of fertile soils, a fee was charged, reaching 1/3 of the landowner's crop.

Persia workforce

Slave labor was used in all sectors of the economy. The bulk of them were usually prisoners of war. Bonded slavery, when people sold themselves, did not become widespread. Slaves had a number of privileges, for example, the right to have their own seals and participate in various transactions as full partners. A slave could redeem himself by paying a certain dues, and also be a plaintiff, witness or defendant in legal proceedings, of course, not against his masters. The practice of recruiting hired workers for a certain amount of money was widespread. The work of such laborers was particularly widespread in Babylonia, where they dug canals, made roads, and harvested crops from royal or temple fields.

Financial policy of Darius

Taxes were the main source of funds for the treasury. In 519, the king approved the basic system of state taxes. Taxes were calculated for each satrapy, taking into account its territory and land fertility. The Persians, as a conquering people, did not pay a cash tax, but were not exempt from tax in kind.

Various monetary units that continued to exist even after the unification of the country brought a lot of inconvenience, so in 517 BC. e. The king introduced a new gold coin, called the darik. The medium of exchange was the silver shekel, which was worth 1/20 of a darik and served in those days. On the reverse of both coins was placed the image of Darius I.

Transport routes of the Persian state

The spread of the road network contributed to the development of trade between the various satrapies. The royal road of the Persian state began in Lydia, crossed Asia Minor and passed through Babylon, and from there to Susa and Persepolis. The sea routes laid by the Greeks were successfully used by the Persians in trade and for the transfer of military force.

The sea expeditions of the ancient Persians are also known, for example, the voyage of the navigator Skilak to the Indian shores in 518 BC. e.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

Persians

Persians, units Persian, Persian, m. People. constituting the main population of Iran (by its former name - Persia).

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.

Persians

Ov, unit Persian, -a, m. and (obsolete) Persian, -a, m. The former name of the Iranians; now - the name of the nation of farces, which makes up about half of the population of Iran.

well. Persian, and

adj. Persian, -th, -th.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

Persians

The people constituting the main population of Iran (formerly called Persia).

representatives of this people.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

Persians

PERSIANS (Farsi, self-name - Irani) people in Iran (about 21.3 million people). The total number of St. 21.9 million people (1987). Persian language. The believers are Shia Muslims.

Persians

farses (self-named ≈ Irani, plural ≈ Iranian), a nation that makes up about half of the population of Iran 16 million people). They live mainly in Central (south of the Elburz Range) and Eastern Iran. They speak Persian. Anthropologically, they belong to the southern branch of the large Caucasian race. The penetration of Iranian tribes into the territory of modern Iran presumably dates back to the 2nd millennium BC. e. (according to some scientists - from Central Asia, according to others - from Transcaucasia). The Persian tribes occupied a dominant position in the state of the Achaemenids. Arab, Turkic, and Mongol tribes also took part in the further formation of Poland. In the middle of the 19th century the formation of P. into a nation began; the process of assimilation by the Persians of other peoples of Iran (especially those who speak the language of the Iranian group) continues at the present time. By religion, they are Shia Muslims. Islam spread in the 7th century, after the conquest of the country by the Arabs. Prior to this, P. professed Zoroastrianism, which was preserved in a slightly modified form among the Gebrs. The majority of P. are rural residents whose main occupations are agriculture (largely based on artificial irrigation), horticulture and vegetable growing, and cattle breeding. Carpet weaving, hand weaving, and other domestic industries are well developed. The workers living in the cities are artisans, merchants, employees, and others. The workers also make up a significant part of the workers of the country. In P.'s family relations, the traditions of Muslim law are still strong. Only in 1963 did women receive voting rights, but their actual inequality in public and family life persists. The oral folk art of P., their theatrical poetry, literature, and other aspects of medieval and modern culture are very rich. See also Art. Iran.

Lit .: Peoples of Western Asia, M., 1957 (lit. p. 556≈57).

M. S. Ivanov.

Wikipedia

Persians

Persians, (, , , outdated. ) - the Iranian people, the main population of Iran (according to various estimates, from 40% to 60%), the ethnolinguistic community of numerous regional population groups of Iran, Tajikistan and Afghanistan, for which the native language is Farsi, represented by various dialects. The largest and leading component of the Iranian nation, united by a common sedentary agricultural and urban culture.

Persians (Aeschylus)

"Persians"- the tragedy of the ancient Greek playwright Aeschylus, presented in 472 BC. e. (The choreographer was eighteen-year-old Pericles). It was part of a tetralogy, which also included the lost tragedies Phineus and Glaucus and the satyr drama Prometheus the Firestarter. These works were not united by a common plot, which was a rare case for Aeschylus.

This is the only tragedy of Aeschylus and one of only three Greek tragedies known to us, which is based not on a mythological, but on a historical plot - the crushing defeat of the Persian king Xerxes I in the naval battle of Salamis with the Greek fleet. Aeschylus himself was a possible participant in this battle. In addition, he definitely participated in other episodes of the Greco-Persian wars.

The action takes place in Susa, the Persian capital.

Persians (disambiguation)

Persians:

• term Persians called the inhabitants of all territories and historical formations referred to as "Persia" (see Persia), including, see ancient Persians
• in a stricter sense, an ethnonym Persians applied to Persian speakers to distinguish them from other inhabitants of Iran, some of whom also speak the languages ​​​​of the Iranian group (Kurds, Balochi, etc.), as well as to Persian speakers who have long lived outside of modern Iran (see Large Iran).
• """ "Persians" - the tragedy of the ancient Greek playwright Aeschylus.
• abbreviated name of the cat breed (Persian), used in everyday life

Examples of the use of the word Persians in the literature.

The Egyptians were finally conquered by the Persians after Persians settled in Babylon.

The tribes of the Aryans, who were more interested in war than in religious cults, and in particular the Scythians, Medes and Persians have long been pressing on the northern and northeastern borders of the Assyrian state.

Scythians, Medes and Persians pressed on its northern borders, it was not possible to pacify Babylon in any way.

When later Persians began to subjugate the Greek cities of Asia Minor, they set there pro-Persian tyrants from the local nobility.

We see how Persians in desperation huddled around their master on the banks of the turbulent current.

The advantage of the Greeks in the narrow passage of Thermopylae was that Persians they could not use their cavalry or chariots here.

Fearing the Greeks Persians pulled their ships ashore and surrounded them with a wall.

If Persians avoided fighting and tried to stretch his communications as far as possible, they might have been able to defeat him.

It was again a huge gathering of diverse detachments, and the main stake Persians again they did to use their obsolete weapons - war chariots.

Only two peoples in this period did not succumb to this trend: the Jews, who already had their faith in the one God of Heaven and Earth - Yahweh, and Persians who had a monotheistic cult of the Sun.

On the third day, the Arabs received reinforcements, and by evening Persians made an attempt to end the battle by sending their war elephants to the ranks of the Arabs.

The true cross that was taken away Persians from a dozen years ago, and which Heraclius restored to its original place, again found itself outside the power of Christians.

Now the Turks and Persians became emirs on a par with the Arabs, and the army was reorganized along the Sasanian model.

But Persians, who possessed Hellenistic learning, were not the only teachers with whom the Arabs communicated.

Depending on which side had the advantage in the war between Germany and its opponents, Persians who did not care at all about these European problems, fawned over or attacked the British.

Around the VI century BC. Persians appeared on the arena of world history. With phenomenal speed, they managed to turn from an unknown tribe into a formidable empire that lasted several hundred years.

Portrait of ancient Persians

What the ancient Iranians were like can be judged by the ideas of the peoples who lived next to them. For example, Herodotus wrote that initially the Persians wore clothes made of skins, as well as felt caps, which they called tiaras. They didn't drink wine. They ate as much as they had. Gold and silver were treated with indifference. They differed from neighboring peoples in high growth, strength, courage and incredible solidarity.

It is interesting that the Persians, even having become a great power, tried to follow the precepts of their ancestors.

For example, during the coronation ceremony, the newly-made king had to put on simple clothes, eat some dried figs and drink sour milk with them.

At the same time, the Persians could take as wives as many women as they saw fit. And this is without taking into account the concubines and slaves. It is also interesting that the laws did not forbid marrying even close relatives, whether they were sisters or nieces. In addition, there was a custom according to which a man did not show his women to outsiders. Plutarch wrote about this, pointing out that the Persians hid from prying eyes not only wives, but even concubines and slaves. And if they needed to be transported somewhere, then closed wagons were used. This custom is reflected in art. So, for example, in the ruins of Persepolis, archaeologists have not been able to find a single relief with a female image.

Achaemenid dynasty

The era of Persian omnipotence began with King Cyrus II, who belonged to the Achaemenid family. He managed to quickly subjugate the once mighty Media and several smaller states. After that, the eyes of the king fell on Babylon.

The war with Babylon was just as quick. In 539 BC. Cyrus set out with his army and fought the enemy army near the city of Opis. The battle ended with the complete defeat of the Babylonians. Then large Sippar was captured, and soon Babylon itself.

After this triumph, Cyrus decided to curb the wild tribes in the east, who, with their raids, could disturb the borders of his state. The king fought with the nomads for several years, until he himself died in 530 BC.

The next kings - Cambyses and Darius - continued the work of their predecessor and further expanded the territory of the state.

So, Cambyses managed to capture Egypt and make it one of the satrapies.

By the time of the death of Darius (485 BC), the Persian Empire occupied a vast territory. In the west, its borders rested on the Aegean Sea, in the east - in India. In the north, the power of the Achaemenids extended to the deserted deserts of Central Asia, and in the south - to the rapids of the Nile. It is safe to say that Persia at that time subjugated almost the entire civilized world.

But like any empire that possessed such a vast territory, it was constantly tormented by internal unrest and uprisings of conquered peoples. The Achaemenid dynasty collapsed in the 4th century BC, unable to withstand the test of the army of Alexander the Great.

Sasanian power

The Persian Empire was destroyed, and its capital, Persepolis, was plundered and burned. The last of the kings of the Achaemenid dynasty, Darius III, with his retinue, went to Bactria, hoping to gather a new army there. But Alexander managed to catch up with the fugitive. In order not to be captured, Darius ordered his satraps to kill him, and themselves to flee further.

After the death of the king in conquered Persia, the era of Hellenism began. For ordinary Persians, it was like death.

After all, there was not just a change of ruler, they were captured by the hated Greeks, who quickly and harshly began to replace the original Persian customs with their own, and therefore completely alien.

Even the arrival of the Parthian tribe, which occurred in the 2nd century BC. didn't change anything. The nomadic Iranian tribe managed to expel the Greeks from the territory of ancient Persia, however, it itself fell under the influence of their culture. Therefore, even under the rule of the Parthians, only the Greek language was used on coins and in official documents.

But the worst thing was that the temples were built in the Greek image and likeness. And most Persians considered this blasphemy and sacrilege.

After all, Zarathushtra bequeathed to their ancestors that it was impossible to worship idols. As a symbol of God, only an unquenchable flame should be considered, but he should have made sacrifices. But the Persians were unable to change anything.

Therefore, out of impotent malice, they called all the buildings of the Hellenic period "the buildings of the Dragon."

The Persians tolerated Greek culture until 226 AD. But in the end, the cup overflowed. The uprising was raised by the ruler of Pars Ardashir, and he managed to overthrow the Parthian dynasty. This moment is considered to be the birth of the second Persian state, headed by representatives of the Sassanid dynasty.

Unlike the Parthians, they did their best to revive the very ancient culture of Persia, the beginning of which was laid by Cyrus. But this was not easy to do, since the Greek dominance almost completely erased the legacy of the Achaemenids from memory. Therefore, as a "guiding star" for the resurrected state, a society was chosen, about which the Zoroastrian priests spoke. And it so happened that the Sassanids tried to revive a culture that in reality never existed. Religion was at the forefront.

But the people of Persia enthusiastically accepted the ideas of the new rulers. Therefore, under the Sassanids, the entire Hellenic culture began to quickly dissolve: the temples were destroyed, and the Greek language ceased to be official. Instead of statues of Zeus, the Persians began to build altars of fire.

Under the Sassanids (3rd century AD) there was another clash with the hostile Western world - the Roman Empire. But this time this confrontation ended with the victory of the Persians. In honor of the significant event, King Shapur I ordered a bas-relief carved on the rocks, which depicted his triumph over the Roman emperor Valerian.

The capital of Persia was the city of Ctesiphon, once built by the Parthians. That's just the Persians significantly "combed" it to match their newfound culture.

Persia began to develop rapidly due to the competent use of the irrigation system. Under the Sassanids, the territory of ancient Persia, as well as Mesopotamia, became literally permeated with underground water pipes made of clay pipes (kariz). Their cleaning was carried out with the help of wells dug at intervals of ten kilometers. Such modernization allowed Persia to successfully grow cotton, sugar cane and develop winemaking. At the same time, Persia became almost the main world supplier of a wide variety of fabrics: from woolen to silk.

The death of an empire

The history of the Sasanian dynasty ended after a fierce and bloody war with the Arabs, which lasted for almost twenty years (633-651). It is difficult to blame the last king Yazdeget III for anything. He fought with the invaders to the very end, and was not going to give up. But Yazdeget died ingloriously - near Merv, a miller stabbed him in a dream, encroaching on the king's jewels.

But even after the official victory, the Persians now and then raised uprisings, however, unsuccessful. Even internal unrest in the caliphate did not allow the ancient people to gain freedom. Only Gugan and Tabaristan, the last fragments of the once great power, lasted the longest. But they were also captured by the Arabs in 717 and in the 760s, respectively.

And although the Islamization of Iran was successful, the Arabs could not assimilate the Persians, who managed to preserve their identity. Closer to the 900s, under the new Samanid dynasty, they managed to gain independence. True, Persia could no longer become a great power again.

You don't have to go very far to find out who the ancient Persians considered themselves to be. "I, Darius, Persian, son of a Persian, Aryan with Aryan roots ...", says their famous leader, who ruled in 521 - 486 BC ( see left - the image of a Persian warrior from the time of Darius I on a glazed brick, which is kept in the Louvre, Paris. Pay attention to the color of the eyes; click on the image to enlarge the image).
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The descendants of the Persians - modern Iranians, despite their Islam, also remember well who their ancestors were. So, for example, an article about the history of this country, posted on the websites of Iranian embassies abroad, usually begins with the words: " Iran is the oldest Aryan civilization... And, perhaps, everyone agrees with this - even the most ill-wisher of Iran.
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However, among us, the Slavs, who, unlike the vast majority of other peoples, are directly related to this civilization, according to genetic science, such a statement can only cause, at best, distrust - they say, well, which of them, these swarthy Muslims, Aryans. Yes, and in our own involvement in the almighty ancient Persians somehow hard to believe. For a thousand years, we have been so intensely burned with religious napalm and zombified that today not everyone can believe that we are something else.
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However, it is not necessary to react so categorically to information just because it seems incredible to us. It needs to be checked.

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Even the most superficial look at the results of genetic research will convince us that the average inhabitant of today's Iran is still 20 percent really an Aryan - a Slav. In addition, it turns out that the Iranians, although on a smaller scale, also have another Slavic haplogroup - the Varangian-Russian haplogroup! That is, the average Iranian is still more than 20 percent Slavic. And this in the 21st century after almost a thousand years of existence in an isolated state among a not too friendly environment, thanks to which the Persians could not help but undergo intense assimilation!
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When, in addition to everything else, we turn to ancient sources that shed light on what the appearance of the ancient Persians was, we will finally make sure that the Persians were tall, fair-haired people with blue eyes, and not a people whose appearance is characteristic of the inhabitants of the Middle East region. In addition to meaningful texts, many images have been preserved, which adequately reflect the appearance of an ordinary citizen of the ancient Persian state ( See left:"Head of the Dead Persian", 230 - 220 BC, Terme Museum, Rome; click on the image to enlarge the image).
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When getting acquainted with historical sources, it is also impossible not to notice the fact that the territory of modern Iran began to be settled by migrants from the North somewhere in the 9th millennium BC, and, as it becomes clear, this settlement took place in several stages. It is also striking that at different stages of history the SAME PEOPLE of migrants from the North had different names.
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I will not list them, so as not to confuse the dear reader. The situation is very similar to the story of the so-called " Slavs"when the consanguineous people were artificially brazenly divided into many certain" radimichi", "Vlachs", "Etruscans", "polyan", "Antes", "Germans"etc., gave them different religions in the teeth instead of their Universal Cosmic Worldview based on KNOWLEDGE, and not on FAITH, smashed them, in addition, to " Western", "Eastern", "southern" or even, " white and piebald"in order to expose them as separate tribes or even races hostile to each other, so that we are the modern descendants of those supposedly" tribes"Never found the ends.
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So, for example, it is very painful to see on the pages of history textbooks something like: " Scythians(or Slavs) The Black Sea region was not lucky, because from the south they were constantly threatened by Persian raids..." From everything it is clear that the author of such lines is so zombified by traditional clichés that no matter what scientific degree he has, the benefit of such a historian will be zero. The poor fellow, apparently, never even thought that as " Scythians" (Slavs) and " Persians"from the point of view of genetic science are integral parts of the same people ( look on the left - this is how many of the"Persians" even today, despite the past millennia. These are ordinary Iranian citizens from different strata of modern Iranian society; click on the picture to enlarge the image and clear up your doubts about who the ancient Persians were and what they looked like outwardly).
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In fact, everything happened much easier. Climatic conditions of the last " small"The cold snap pushed the carrier of the R1a haplogroup Slavyanin-Aria from his Arctic ancestral home to the south. He got to Iran mainly using the Ra river basin ( Volga) and the waters of the Caspian Sea, which, by the way, in those days was much larger and occupied the space up to the confluence with the Aral Sea.
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On the way to Iran Slav-Aryan at one of the stages of his journey to the south - ATTENTION, THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT! - genetically" touched"the carrier of the Russo-Varangian haplogroup I - his brother Slavyanin-Rus, who, as we already know, was the original inhabitant of the European continent, and partially assimilated with him, adding to his markers of the Slav-Aryan also the genetics of the Slav-Rus.
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In turn, Slavyanin-Rus at the same time fully scooped up the Slavic-Aryan genes of refugees from the north. It happened no less than 10,000 years ago in the geographical region where today's Belarus and adjacent territories lie. This is how the genetic composition of Belarusians, northern Ukrainians and Russians of the Smolensk region of Russia was formed, which, unlike the vast majority of other peoples, has retained its primary characteristics to our time and which, by its properties, embodies an elite sample of the genetic core of the white Caucasoid.
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It simply could not be otherwise, since the territory of today's Belarus, Ukraine and the west of Russia was at the time of the Slavic-Aryan exodus from the North the eastern border of the settlement of the Slavs-Rus. Elementary logic suggests that the Slavs-Aryans could not wedge in large numbers into the possessions of the already well-established in Europe Russ, who were at approximately the same level of technological progress as the Aryans. The Aryans needed living space and they found it by going further south.
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Nevertheless, since the migration of the Slavs-Aryans had to be quite long, in the zone of their direct contact with the Slavs-Rus, which passed exactly through the land where Belarus, northern Ukraine and the Smolensk region of Russia now lie, a certain sort of permanent relationship was formed between these two great nations. These relations eventually led to the formation of a powerful Russian-Aryan community, which later, spreading throughout North-Central Europe and also forming its outposts in the Apennine Peninsula, the Balkans and the Middle East, finally embodied in a number of famous statehoods of antiquity and the Middle Ages.
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This circumstance is responsible for the presence of haplogroup I among the inhabitants of today's Iran, which, as you know, is far from Europe - the area of ​​​​traditional settlement of the carrier of haplogroup I Slavyanin-Rus. As we already know, artifacts in the territory of the settlement of genetic Slavs are necessarily characterized by the presence of swastika motifs, and Iran is no exception here ( see on the left above - an ornamental chain dated to the 1st millennium BC, found in Iran, Kularaz in the Gilan region).
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It should be noted that Iran is the easternmost point on the geographical map, where the presence of the Russo-Varangian genetics of the Slavic-Ruses reached. The fact that the ancient Persian was with the current Slavs and, in particular, with the Belarusians, in blood relationship, is confirmed not only by genetics.
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In conclusion, I repeat: if we take a look at the inhabitants of today's Iran, we cannot fail to notice that among them there are many representatives with the most Caucasian appearance. Take a look again and you will be convinced once again that, for example, the speaker of the Iranian parliament, Mr. A. Larijani, looks more like a Belarusian teacher than a person from the Middle East ( see left above Mr. Larijani).
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To see among modern Iranian citizens a white person from among the indigenous people is not a very difficult matter. In Iran, there are still a lot of not only light-skinned, completely European-looking people, but also real blondes ( right: children from a village in northwestern Iran).

who are the Persians?

1. The Persians made children out of iron
2. The people are like that. Once there was a great Persian empire, and now a small state of Iran.
3. Persians are Persians!
4. Persians are the people of Iran (Persia), they are mistakenly called Iranians because of the name of the country, Iran is Persia, they just asked the authorities to officially call their country Iran. It is a mistake to call them Iranians, because in the Iranian language group, in addition to the Persians, there are many other Iranian peoples (related to the Persians, of course). Therefore they should be called Persians.
5. Is it lazy to type on Wikipedia?
6. modern Tajiks, Iranians and Afghans
7. Inhabitants of present-day Iran
8. Persians are different ancient peoples of Tats, Talyshs, Kurds…
9. It was an ancient people who inhabited the territory of modern Iran. In 538 B.C. e. they were ruled by King Cyrus. He conquered the land of Babylon and sacked its capital. In battles, Cyrus never showed cruelty, respected the customs of the vanquished and revered the local gods.

   During the reign of Cyrus, the Persian state reached its highest peak. All peoples who agreed to recognize his authority (Jews, Greeks, Babylonians) were allowed to keep their national dress, religion and even government.

   In response to the constant concern of this unusual king for his people, the Persians called him the father of nations. In 530, Cyrus died in a battle with the Massagets on the eastern bank of the Amu Darya River.

   Later, the Persians were ruled by King Darius. He expanded the borders of the kingdom to the Balkans in the east and India in the west. However, the conquered lands were governed fairly.

   The whole kingdom was divided into 20 provinces, each province was headed by a governor who ruled on behalf of the king. He was called satrap, and the province satrapy. Various parts of the state were connected by a network of caravan trade routes.

   The system of single monetary circulation also contributed to the development of trade. Darius introduced a strict order in the collection of taxes. In most satrapies, taxes were taken in silver, and every year more than two hundred tons of silver entered the storerooms of Darius. That is why Darius received from his contemporaries the nickname huckster.
   2) Persian - abbreviated character
   3) cat breed

10. Inhabitants of ancient Iran. And there is a slang "Persian" - a character in the game)))))
11. P? ERSY (Farsi, self-name Irani), a people in the Middle East, the main population of Central (south of the Elburs Range) and Eastern Iran. The number in Iran is 35.199 million people (2004). They speak Persian and anthropologically belong to the southern branch of the large Caucasian race. Shia Muslim believers. The penetration of Iranian tribes from the north into the territory of modern Iran presumably dates back to the second millennium BC. The Persian tribes occupied a dominant position in the state of the Achaemenids. In the future, the Persians were also influenced by the Arab, Turkic and Mongolian peoples. The process of assimilation by the Persians of other peoples of Iran (especially those who speak the language of the Iranian group) continues. Islam spread among the Persians in the 7th century, after the Arab conquest. Prior to this, the Persians professed Zoroastrianism, which was preserved in a modified form among the Gebrs. Most of the Persians are rural residents, whose main occupations are agriculture (largely based on artificial irrigation), horticulture and vegetable growing, and cattle breeding. Carpet weaving and hand weaving are well developed. In family relations, the traditions of Islamic law are strong. The Persians have rich traditions of oral folk art and poetry.
12. modern Iranians Tajiks Afghans, here they are Persians
13. now Iran, or as the person above said)
14. Pérs, Persian-speakinǵśns are an ethno-linguistic community of numerous regional groups of the population of Iran and some adjacent countries, for which the native language is Persian, represented by various dialects. The largest and leading component of the Iranian nation, united by a common sedentary agricultural and urban culture.