Lesson type: combined.
The purpose of the lesson: Students must figure out why Alexander the Great was able to conquer the Persian empire.

Lesson objectives:

1. 
   Educational objective: To acquaint students with the eastern campaign of the Greek-Macedonian troops. To bring students to an understanding of the reasons for the death of the Persian kingdom and the formation of the power of Alexander the Great.
2. 
   Developing task: To continue the formation of skills to work with a historical map, on the basis of a textbook test and documents, characterize the participants in historical events, evaluate their activities.
3. 
   Educational task: Assess the legitimacy of the actions of Alexander the Great towards the conquered peoples. Cultivate a sense of respect and compassion.

Educational equipment:

Map of the Conquests of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. e. ";

Historical source, table;

Multimedia.

During the classes.
1.Org. moment.
2. Actualization of basic knowledge on the topic: "The cities of Hellas are subject to Macedonia."
Frontal conversation with students:
- Macedonia is located on ______________________.

In the middle of the 4th century BC. e. Macedonian king was _____________.

Reasons for the conquest of Greece by Macedonia:

one.___________; (The Greeks fought among themselves, this weakened the country.)

2.___________; (Philip created a strong, powerful army.)

3.___________; (Philip's ability to quarrel opponents.)

3. Transition to the study of a new topic.

So, we found out that under the onslaught of a strong Macedonian army, Greece lost its independence. After the death of Philip, his son Alexander became the head of state. He continued the work of his father, carried out a campaign to the East. The powerful power of the Persians collapsed under the blows of the Macedonian army. Why? This is what we will learn in the lesson.

Task for students: Why was Alexander able to conquer the Persian state?

4. Studying a new topic.
Plan.

1. 
   Victory of the troops of Alexander the Great.
2. 
   The death of the Persian kingdom.

On the board - the topic of the lesson, new words: p. Granik, Iss, Parmenion, p. Gaugamela.

1. 
   Student's report about Alexander the Great.

1. 
   Map work.

- Remember how parts of the world are located on the map?

1. 
   Teacher's story:

3rd slide. Alexander's campaigns to the East.

Task for children: In the process of the story, the table is filled in (date, battle and the result of the campaigns of Alexander the Great) and the map - the movement of the troops of Alexander the Great.

Spring 334 BC e. forever remained a memorable date in the history of Hellas. It is associated with the beginning of a campaign in Asia Minor, when the Macedonian fleet on 160 ships crossed the Hellespont - the current Dardanelles between the Mediterranean and Marmara seas. Every Greek in those days knew that the name keeps the memory of the beautiful royal daughter Gela, the granddaughter of the lord of the winds Eol, who, fleeing from the machinations of the evil stepmother, drowned in these waters while crossing. Having reached the middle of the Hellespont (translated as "the sea of ​​​​Gella"), Alexander made a libation from a golden cup, sacrificing a bull to the god Poseidon and female sea deities - the Nereids.

In ancient times, they said that the shore opposite is the gate of Asia. There were possessions of the Persians that were to be conquered in order to avenge the devastation of Hellas during the Greco-Persian wars, repeating the feat of the army that took the city of Troy in Asia Minor.

Alexander the Great felt his involvement in the great past of Hellas, since Achilles, the famous hero of the Homeric poem, was considered his maternal ancestor. The head of the Macedonian army considered himself the heir to his glory. The fate of the mythical hero and the real person really turned out to be similar. Both were distinguished by immeasurable courage and emotionality, were quick-tempered. Both passed away young, at the height of their fame.

In Troy, Alexander made a sacrifice to the goddess Athena, the patroness of the Greeks in the Trojan War, and also, following ancient customs, 2 anointed his body and competed naked with friends in running around the monument, ”then, laying a wreath at the grave of Achilles, he said that he considers him lucky. After all, this hero during his lifetime had a devoted friend, and after his death - a great herald of his glory.

The Persian army stood on the opposite bank, ready to prevent the crossing of the Macedonian army by all means. This position was very advantageous, and even the experienced commander Philip 2 - Parmenion - doubted his success. When Alexander decided to immediately start the battle, they argued. Parmenion reminded the king that, according to custom, the Macedonians never started battles at this time, since they considered this month unlucky.

I order to change the name of the month, - exclaimed Alexander.

Then Parmenion pointed out that it was necessary to wait for the next morning, since at night the Persians would be forced to change positions: they would not spend the night on a steep bank. And at dawn, the more disciplined Macedonians would be able to line up faster than the enemy and gain an advantage.

I will be ashamed in front of the Hellespont if, having calmly crossed this wide sea strait, I am afraid of some river, the king answered and led the troops into battle.

5th slide.

Under a hail of arrows, overcoming a fast current and a high steep bank, the Macedonian cavalry entered the battle. In the battle, Alexander was surrounded by enemies, and the commander of the Persians cut off the crest of his helmet with a saber blow. Then he raised his blade again. Death seemed inevitable. But at that moment, Alexander's friend, Clitus, nicknamed the Black, arrived in time and pierced the enemy with a spear. The battle ended in victory for the Macedonians.

- The table is filled.

His exodus opened the way for Alexander to the richest cities of Asia Minor. Ephaestus, the largest commercial and military port of this region, belonged to their number. In Ephaestus is the temple of the goddess Artemis (4th century BC), one of the seven wonders of the world.

For the most part, the Greek cities of Asia Minor met Alexander as a liberator. At Ephesus, the Macedonians entered without a fight. The mercenaries who fought on the side of the Persians left the city, as they did not dare to defend the fortress, whose population was on the side of the enemy, hastily leaving on the ship.

From Ephaestus, the path of Alexander the Great lay to Mileyet, the mastery of which resolved the long-standing dispute between Hellas and Persia about dominance at sea and ensured the successful advancement of ground forces. It was possible not to fear for the sea communication with Macedonia and at the same time control the situation in Greece, where Alexander's opponents were ready to revolt at the first opportunity.

In Mileyet there was a strong influence of citizens who wanted to remain loyal to the Persian king Darius. Alexander took the city by storm, and the population surrendered to the mercy of the conqueror. The news of the victorious capture of Miletus, which had 80 subsidiary colonial cities, was to spread throughout the Greek world, the authority of the young king asserted.

The Persian king Darius the Third did not yet understand what a terrible threat hung over his kingdom. He considered Alexander a youth who needed to be taught a lesson. With a large army, Darius moved towards the conqueror. Both troops met near the city of Issa.

7th slide.

In 333, the battle of the city of Issus.

Independent work of students with the text of the textbook, & 42 st.191.
8th slide.

Reading session:

Who led the attack of the Macedonian army?

The number of Persian and Macedonian troops?

What booty did the Macedonians capture?

Why did the army of Alexander the Great win?

- The table is filled.
9th slide.

Alexander did not pursue Darius; Phenicia was his further target.

The word "Phoenicians" in Greek means "reddish", or more precisely, "coloring in crimson".

Why did the Greeks call the locals that way?

(Answer: They discovered the secret of purple dye, which was obtained from shellfish found in local waters, and traded purple fabrics throughout the Mediterranean.)

The Phoenicians were hostile to the Greeks: local merchants competed (competed) with Greek merchants. Their wealthiest city, Tyre, decided to resist the Macedonian forces. The inhabitants of Tyre did not fight for Darius, but for their freedom. Tire was located on an impregnable rocky island and surrounded by powerful walls. More than six months lasted his siege from land and sea.

10th slide.

Alexander managed to surround the city with ships, on which rams and throwing machines were installed.

One student's post about throwing machines.
11th slide.

The walls of the fortifications were destroyed. The Macedonians broke into the city.

12th slide.

They plundered and set fire to Tire. The once beautiful city was reduced to ruins and ashes. Courageous defenders were killed, about 30 thousand inhabitants of the city were sold into slavery. With his cruelty, Alexander equaled the worst tyrants.

- The table is filled.

13th slide.

These days Alexander received a letter from Darius. Admitting his defeat, he agreed to cede half of his empire. The commander of Alexander the Great Parmenion, learning about this, exclaimed:

If I were Alexander, I would agree!

And I would agree if I were not Alexander. The answer to Darius will be different: I do not need half the kingdom, my destiny is power over the world.
Wellness "five minutes"!
14th slide.

Egypt surrendered to Alexander without a fight. The Egyptian priests declared him a god and the son of the sun god, as was customary for the pharaohs. Alexander accepted the decision of the priests with favor - he no longer had enough kinship with Achilles: the conquered peoples had to believe that God had come to their country and he needed to be unconditionally obeyed. Even in the Greek cities, he sent messengers demanding that the people's assemblies recognize him as a god.

- The table is filled.
15th slide.

In Egypt, Alexander had a dream: a venerable gray-haired old man, standing next to him, read the following lines of Homer:

“In the noisy wide sea there is an island lying opposite Egypt; it is called to us by the inhabitants of Pharos .... "

Waking up, the king and god went to the seashore, to the area opposite Pharos. Here, its architects, having no chalk for marking, drew a plan of the city, scattering flour directly on the ground. Then, however, the birds flew in and ate everything. Alexander was saddened, considering this a bad omen, but the soothsayers explained that the new city would flourish and feed people from different countries. And so it happened: both before and after, Egypt was the main exporter of grain in the ancient world.

16th slide.

The city is named after Alexander the Great. Here he proved himself not only as a talented commander, but also as an architect. He himself marked out the places of future squares, streets and temples. There was also one of the seven wonders of the world, the Pharos Lighthouse.

In 331 BC. e. a campaign began in the Persian lands proper. The army marched for four months. Finally, having crossed the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris, it ended up at the village of Gaugamela, where the Persians were waiting for the battle. This name in the local dialect means “Camel House”, since one of the ancient kings, escaping on a one-humped camel, placed it here and assigned income from several villages for its maintenance.
17th slide.

Reproduction of the battle.

Students work with a historical source, read.
18th slide and 19th slide.

Assignment: I use the “Battle of Gaugamela” scheme, tell about the battle itself.

Answer the question: What is common between the battles of Issus and Gaugamela.

- The table is filled.
20th slide.

Shortly after the defeat at Gaugamela, Darius 3 was killed by his entourage. Alexander's army approached Babylon. Babylon met Alexander as a liberator. The commander was struck by the gigantic ruins of the main temple of the city - in the Bible it is called the Tower of Babel. This temple was destroyed by the Persian king Xerxes.

21st slide.

After Babylon, Alexander took possession of the ancient capital of the Persians, the city of Persepolis. In honor of the victory, a feast was arranged in the royal palace. The Athenian Thais, a friend of the commander Ptolemy, offered to set fire to the palace of Xerxes, who had once set fire to Athens: let people remember that the women who accompanied Alexander were better able to take revenge on the Persians than the leaders of the army and navy. Alexander with a wreath on his head and a torch in his hand went ahead of everyone. The palace was on fire. The king quickly changed his mind and ordered to put out the fire, but it was already impossible to do this.

22nd slide.

The Macedonians moved to the eastern regions of the Persian kingdom, but met with stubborn resistance from local tribes. Between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya in Sogdiana and Bactria in the rear of Alexander in 329-328. BC e. there was an uprising of the Sogdian and Scythian tribes under the leadership of the Sogdian Spitamen. Near Samarkand, the Macedonians were pressed on all sides and fled to a small island in the river. Here the Scythians and the riders of Spitamen surrounded them and shot them with bows: only a few managed to return to their own.

Alexander continued his march to the east.

23rd slide.

Task for students:

View the slides and think about why the army of Alexander the Great did not continue his journey to the east.

Work with the textbook. & 42 Art. 194.

The last battle of Alexander the Great, the battle with Por at the Hydaspes.

- Students complete the table.
The return journey began in 326 BC. e. and passed in very difficult conditions. Returning to Susa, the Macedonian king married the daughter of Darius Stateira. Arriving in Ecbatana, the king began to visit the theater and various holidays. Next was Babylon, where it ended in 325 BC. e. ten year trip. This city became the capital of the empire of Alexander the Great. Here he lived for two years, gradually becoming superstitious. He began to believe in predictions and surrounded himself with soothsayers.

At the same time, he began to actively organize the management of his state, to prepare for a new campaign - to the West. Alexander was going to conquer Carthage in North Africa, Sicily and Italy.

24th slide.

But Alexander suddenly fell ill. In the "Diaries" that were kept at court, it is said about Alexander's illness that on the 18th day of the month Alexander felt chills, and on the 28th day he died of a severe fever.

- Students complete the table.
25th slide.

Immediately after the death of Alexander the Great, his commanders began to fight among themselves. They seized regions and cities from each other, accelerating the disintegration of a single power, which was held mainly by the will and personality of its creator.

26th slide.

The power of Alexander the Great broke up into three kingdoms: Macedonian, Egyptian and Syrian.

5. Consolidation of what was learned in the lesson.
27th slide.

Table.

the date	Events	Result
334	Battle of the Granicus	Opened the way to Asia Minor, to the Greek cities under Persian rule
333	Battle of Issus	Part of the Persian army was destroyed, Syria, Phoenicia and Egypt were cut off from the power of Darius
332	Siege and capture of Tyre	Subordinate Mediterranean basin
332-331	Subjugation of Egypt	Supply of food to Greece and other regions of the Macedonian state was provided
331	Battle of Gaugamela	The military forces of Darius 3 are completely broken.
329	War in Bactria and Sogdia	The last pockets of resistance in Persia are crushed
327	War in India. Battle with Por at the Hydaspes.	Extreme exhaustion of the forces of the Macedonian army
323	Death of Alexander the Great	The beginning of the collapse of the great power created in the process of conquest - the empire of Alexander the Great.

Task for students:

Using the map "Conquests of Alexander the Great" and the table in notebooks, name the reasons for the conquest of the Persian state by Alexander the Great.

Answer:

The Persian army consisted of mercenaries, and they could fail at any moment, they were not interested in the results of military operations.

1. 
   The nobility of the Persian state fought for power, the country was restless, so such a state is easier to conquer.
2. 
   The peoples conquered and tired of the power of the Persians could take the side of the Macedonian army, as they wanted to free themselves from the yoke of the satraps.
3. 
   The military talent of Alexander the Great played an important role in the defeat of the army of the Persian state.

6. The result of the lesson.

The significance of the eastern campaign of Alexander the Great was extremely great. It contributed to the convergence of the economy and culture of the West and East. On the ruins of the empire of Alexander the Great, a new Hellenistic world arose, where the rich cultures of Asia and Europe began to interact for the first time.

Homework:

1. 
   Read & 42.
2. 
   Goder G. I. Workbook on the history of the Ancient World. Issue 2. - M., 2002. Art. 37, assignment No. 52.
3. 
   Message on the topic: "Faros Lighthouse".

Literature:

1. 
   Butromeev V. N. “World history in faces. From Homer to Einstein. - M., 2002.
2. 
   Botvinnik M. N., Rabinovich M. B. "Famous Greeks and Romans (according to Plutarch's Comparative Lives)". - M., 2000.
3. 
   Volobuev V. O. "History of the Ancient World in Artistic and Historical Images". - Reader, - M., 1978.

Herodotus visited Scythia in the 5th century. BC e., but described only the history of the Persian wars. And the events that took place in the Black Sea region in his time remained unknown to us. Other authors were not interested in this either - passions were seething in the Aegean world. Battles with the Persians, the war between the Athenian and Spartan coalitions, political squabbles. Although in Scythia, of course, life went on as usual. It was in the 5th century. BC e. a magnificent capital, the Kamenskoe settlement, described earlier, is being rebuilt here. And in the Kerch Bosporus kingdom in 438, the Greek dynasty of the Archaeanactids was replaced by the Thracian dynasty of the Spartokids. Why and how the Thracian kings came to power there, history does not know.

Somewhere at this time, the clashes between the Scythians and the Sarmatians began. Sarmatians - the generalized name of the Aryan nomadic tribes that lived in the steppes of Kazakhstan and Central Asia. In terms of language and way of life, they were close to the Scythians, and many ancient authors considered them to be one people, differing only in a number of features. So, it has already been noted that the Sauromates were the eastern neighbors of Scythia. In which women played an important role in the tribal organization - they were priestesses, queens, warriors. Herodotus reported that the Savromats speak the Scythian language, but "with errors." And he recounted the legend that they came from a mixture of the Scythians with the Amazons.

Like, during the battle near the Thermodon River, in the east of Asia Minor, where Greek myths traditionally placed the "kingdom of the Amazons", the Hellenes defeated these warriors, and loaded the prisoners onto three ships. But in the sea, the Amazons killed the men, they did not know how to manage ships, and they were brought into the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov to the mouth of the Don. Where they met with the Scythian youths, the Sauromat people arose. He reported about their customs that girls fight on an equal footing with men, and when they get married, they are transferred “to the reserve” - married women took up arms only when convening a nationwide militia. The Greeks also wrote that a girl could enter into marriage only after she had killed the enemy. Moreover, the further the author lived from Scythia, the more exotic these lands were for him, the more dead enemies he needed for marriage - two, three, five.

But here it is necessary to touch on the question - and who were the legendary "Amazons" who so often appear in myths? In stories about Hercules, Theseus, the invasion of Dionysus in Greece, the Trojan War. Plutarch describes how they besieged Athens in ancient times. The Hellenes translated their very name from “a-maz” - “breastless”, arguing that for the convenience of archery they burn their right chest. Without thinking about how women after such a procedure retain the ability to bear children. Yes, and mythological heroes would hardly be able to fall in love with crippled girls and take them as wives.

The existence of a kingdom or a separate people of the Amazons is, of course, fiction. But based on real facts. The root "ma" or "ama" in many Aryan languages ​​means "mother". (For example, among the Hindus, the supreme female deity bore the names of Uma and Ambika - “Mother”). As already noted, initially the supreme deities were female. Often they were considered virgins, like the Greek Artemis, the Roman Diana, the Slavic Dzevonna and Dzevanna. That is, they personified mother nature, simultaneously feeding everyone, but at the same time always virgin. This is also evident from the Slavic languages, where the Indo-Aryan "devi" - "goddess" was transformed into "virgin", which implies chastity.

And these same goddesses in ancient times served as warriors. Traces of such functions are imprinted in the folklore of many peoples. In the myths of Arcadia, the mighty maiden Atalanta appears, in the Thracian legends - the warlike Harpalika and Polyfont, among the Iranians - Gurdafarid, among the Irish - Skatakh, among the Germans - the virgin Valkyries, and the Spartans prayed to the Muses before the battle, which they played a role similar to the Valkyries . Among the Indo-Europeans, the attendants of female deities were women. And in some "virgin" cults, they also had to take a vow of celibacy - like the priestesses of Artemis of Ephesus, the Roman vestals. There were also cruel cults, where, in order to “fix” such a vow, the servants really underwent a procedure for the removal of the mammary glands. Naturally, this rite did not apply to all women.

But goddesses like Artemis were also considered patronesses of young people who had not reached marriageable age. And at the sanctuaries there were communities where girls, under the guidance of priestesses, underwent training, rites of passage and initiation. Including, from some peoples, they learned to wield weapons, hunt, guarded sanctuaries. And sent troops to war. And the "graduates" kept in touch with their communities, periodically gathered to participate in religious rites and special women's festivities. Such organizations were subsequently recorded among the Slavs. And among other peoples, the existence of female phratries, secret female cults and mysteries, preserved from similar communities of ancient mother goddesses, is known.

Apparently, just these traditions existed among the Savromats. And not only among them, but also among the tribes of Issedons, Ixamats, Pisamats. The queen-warrior of the Massagets has already been mentioned above. Although, in principle, owning weapons and participating in battles in that era was common for women in the northern countries. However, more often women fought only when necessary, war was still considered a male occupation. The Sauromatians made no such distinction. It was their warriors who were depicted in Russian fairy tales in the guise of beautiful, but cruel heroic women of the clearing.

Savromat burials attributed to the Prokhorovka archaeological culture are often found in the Lower Volga, the Urals, and the Orenburg region. In the burials, there are jewelry, dishes, maces of leaders, characteristic of the Sarmatian tribes, and “multi-barreled” pipes made of bone. And weapons. Knives, arrows, long, more than a meter, swords. There are also female graves with rich military attire, with traces of magnificent funeral rituals, human and horse sacrifices. That is, they were queens or some important "commanders". Savromats were nomadic pastoralists, settlements were built only for the wintering of cattle. And these people were very warlike - burials are often collective, and the remains bear traces of damage received in battle.

We do not know when and for what reason the Sauromatians quarreled with the Scythians. When repelling Darius, they acted as allies. However, all the authors of the IV-III centuries. BC e. already call these peoples blood enemies. They point out that the Scythians most often fight with their eastern neighbors (and neighbors), and mutual raids and clashes are called an everyday occurrence. But at first the matter was limited to border fights, Scythia was still too tough for the enemies.

In the middle of the IV century. BC e. it reappears on the pages of the Hellenic chronicles. At that time, it was ruled by King Atey, under whom the Scythian Empire reached its maximum power. Ancient sources depict him as a very bright personality - a wise ruler, a caring "father" of his people and a commander, somewhat reminiscent of Suvorov. A wizened old man, but energetic, fearless, merciful to the vanquished and very witty. Many of his sayings went around Greece as aphorisms. He was always on campaigns, personally leading them. He conquered the Agatirs, made the tribes of the Caucasus, the North, a number of Western peoples tributaries of Scythia. His army also visited the Transcaucasus.

In the Balkans in the same period, the star of another commander, Philip II of Macedon, rose. He carried out a military reform, creating a professional army from the highlander shepherds, introduced a new system, the "Macedonian phalanx", subjugated Epirus, Thessaly, the coast of the Bosporus and the Sea of ​​​​Marmara. And he began to extend his power to the Hellenic states. Which, it must be said, after a short bright take-off, quickly degraded. Athens and Sparta, as a result of protracted civil strife, overstrained themselves and fell into decay. They tried to lead Thebes, Agrigent, Corinth, but the elevation turned out to be fragile. Morals have changed beyond recognition. The Athenians, who 100-200 years ago lived in seclusion and were considered a model of virtue, were now famous throughout the Mediterranean as the most promiscuous and skillful debauchees. The former Spartan patriots emigrated and became mercenaries in all Asiatic armies. However, mercenary work became the most common craft among all Greek warriors.

The vaunted Hellenic "wisdom" has completely degenerated. The scholastics came into fashion, considering it the height of learning to prove a statement, and then prove the exact opposite. Cynics were also very popular, who openly misbehaved. For example, the famous Diogenes lived in a barrel, was rude to everyone he met and deliberately insulted them, publicly masturbated or caressed his followers. And this was recognized as brilliant in the Hellenic world! Well, types like Demosthenes, who raised the Greeks to fight the Macedonians - but did it for a generous fee from the Persian king, became an example of "citizenship". Moreover, having excited his compatriots to stand up for "freedom", Demosthenes himself used to not get into a fight, but to escape in advance. It was not difficult for Philip of Macedon to subjugate such states.

King Atey did the same. One by one, he brought the Greek policies of the Black Sea region under his power. Some themselves expressed their obedience to him. Others, such as Nikonius, he had to take by storm. But even the cities taken in battle, Atei did not ruin and did not give the soldiers for plunder, as the "civilized" conquerors of that time usually did. Satisfied with the ransom and recognition of allegiance. He also captured part of Transdanubian Thrace. But here his interests clashed with Philip of Macedon, who in 339 BC. e. spoke out against the Scythians. When the ambassadors of Macedonia arrived at the Scythian court and were led to Atey, they saw that the 90-year-old king-soldier was cleaning his horse with a comb with his own hands. He asked if Philip did the same? And when he found out that he didn’t, he was surprised: “How then can he go to war against me?”

However, Philip won. True, according to contemporaries, he managed to prevail only with the help of some kind of trick - specific versions on this matter differ. The Scythian army suffered a severe defeat in Thrace, and Atei also died. But Philip was more prudent than Darius. He captured only Thrace, but did not go deep into Scythia. I preferred easier prey. In 338 BC. e. under Chaeronea, he defeated the Athenians and Thebans with their allies and became the master of Greece. Then he began to prepare a campaign against Persia. But in 336 BC. e. was killed - apparently, his extravagant wife Olympias was at the head of the conspiracy. And her son Alexander III became king.

He also visited the north, re-subjugating the fallen Thracians, even crossing the Danube, to the Scythian territory, although purely symbolically, for the sake of a gesture - immediately returning. The Greeks also had to be pacified again, but this was done quite easily. And it is curious that the Macedonians, who were previously considered "barbarians", were immediately recognized by the Hellenes after a thrashing as an equal "cultured" people. And then Alexander realized his father's idea and moved to Persia.

But among his goals he saw the conquest of Scythia. In 332 BC. e. on the orders of Alexander, his commander and viceroy in Thrace, Zopirion, marched across the Danube with 30 thousand Macedonian infantry and numerous auxiliary formations of vassal peoples. In terms of numbers, the army was about the same as Alexander himself led against the Persians. Zopyrion was ordered to conquer the Black Sea region and connect with his king on the Tanais - as previously indicated, the Greeks considered the Don and the Syr Darya to be the same river. We do not know anything about the details of Zopyrion's campaign for one simple reason - no one left Scythia. The army perished to the last man. However, if you imagine a clumsy Macedonian phalanx surrounded by cavalry and bombarded with arrows in the bare steppe, it is not difficult to predict the result of the battle. Or maybe it didn’t come to a battle, and Zopyrion was given the same thing as Darius, only this time the destruction was brought to an end.

Alexander was much more lucky. Which is not surprising. The Persian state already 150 years ago lost the remnants of militancy. It was purely peaceful, only fighting off the onslaughts of neighbors. The mobilization armies could put up huge, but they were untrained militias, retinues of the nobility, archaic chariots. Its best soldiers were the same Greek mercenaries and the Central Asian steppes. But they were lost in a heterogeneous mass, sewn on a living thread and little controlled. And the very size of the armies allowed the Macedonians to effectively beat them and win impressive victories that demoralized the Persians.

But in the historical literature, an ugly tradition has developed to depict all the Eastern conquerors purely negatively, but for some reason to oppose Alexander the Great to them, to consider him an outstanding hero, a kind of "cultural treger" who spread the high civilization of "Hellenism" to half the world. In reality, such views did not even come close. The Macedonians were so “cultured” that they did not even know shoes, only the elite “shield-bearers” of Alexander flaunted in sandals, and the personnel of the famous phalanx slapped barefoot into battle. Alexander himself, for the first time in his life, saw a bath among the trophies taken from Darius, and admiringly said: “This is what it means to reign!” He was a cruel man, mentally unbalanced. One by one he executed his own friends, the generals. And the Macedonians rolled across Asia with a terrible, truly barbaric invasion.

All the inhabitants of Tyre, who dared to resist, Alexander ordered to be crucified. And his warriors did not hesitate at all, tying to crosspieces or nailing to the doors and walls of the houses of defenseless old men, children screaming in horror, girls who had just been raped. Alexander ordered to kill all the prisoners taken under Gaugamella - and tens of thousands of people were slaughtered. The wild Macedonian horde sacked the richest cities of Phoenicia, destroyed the luxurious ancient culture of Persia and Turan. For the sake of drunken fun, according to the idea that knocked on the head of the convoy whore Thais of Athens, the magnificent capital of Iran, Persepolis, was burned. The tsar and his entourage sent home the looted treasures, turning unique items of oriental craftsmen into gold and silver scrap. And when the army was too burdened with precious booty, it was simply burned on the orders of Alexander - receiving an incentive for new robberies.

In 329-328 BC e. The army reached Central Asia and began to conquer it. The local Scythian-Sarmatian tribes retreated behind the Syr Darya, and Alexander, of course, did not meet Zopyrion on this river. All his chronicles describe only brilliant victories, but the facts indicate that he was sensitively poured here. Ancient sources silently mention several of his "separate detachments" destroyed by the Sakas. And when Alexander with the whole army moved behind the Syr Darya, for some reason he was forced to retreat very quickly.

The Black Sea Scythians, by the way, tracked the movements of the Macedonians and were well aware of the whereabouts of their troops. Several times they sent embassies offering friendship and alliance, which the king of Scythia (name not mentioned) was ready to seal with a dynastic marriage and give Alexander his daughter as a wife. The conqueror considered the idea of ​​marrying a “savage woman” ridiculous, he laughed a lot at such a proposal. But he treated the ambassadors kindly and assured them of his friendship. Although it was nothing more than a diplomatic ploy.

He left no plans for the conquest of Scythia. Assuring himself of "invincibility", he could not come to terms with the unavenged death of Zopyrion's army. In addition, he began to consider himself the heir to the Persian kings. So, according to his convictions, he had to pay for Darius. With the returning delegates of Scythia, he sent reciprocal ambassadors from among his close “Getairs”, all with the same empty phrases about friendship. Their real task was intelligence - "to get acquainted with the nature of the Scythian land and find out if the population is large, what are its customs and with what weapons it goes to war." Unfortunately, the fate of this embassy and any of its reports remained unknown to us.

But at the same time, the Khorezmian king Farasman offered Alexander an alliance against Scythia and volunteered to lead an army to the Black Sea around the Caspian. Probably, an alliance with the Savromats was also supposed - Farasman and the satrap of Media Atropat, wanting to please the Macedonian, presented him with a hundred "Amazons". Arrian writes: “They were dressed like male horsemen, only instead of spears they held axes and light shields instead of heavy ones. They say that their right breast is smaller than their left; during the battle, they have it outside. As for the various-sized bust, Arrian, of course, gets out in order to somehow dock the information with the myths, where the right breast should not be at all. And then she suddenly finds herself in place and even "out", in all its glory. Alexander, however, was not impressed with the “Amazonian” charms and, in general, remained indifferent to this kind of troops. But Farasman's proposal interested him. He concluded an anti-Scythian alliance with the king of Khorezm. However, he considered the campaign in the Black Sea region untimely for the time being, "asked to postpone his help."

First he decided to conquer India. And his horde rushed to destroy the flourishing states of Hindustan. By the way, crushing is completely pointless. Even when it became clear that the conquests were over, on the way back, they still burned and plundered the cities, destroying the inhabitants - since they had already fallen by the hand. And finally, the great commander foolishly ruined most of his army when, contrary to advice, he led it back to Persia through the desert along the shores of the Arabian Sea ... There is evidence that Alexander the Great in his future plans also provided for a campaign against Scythia. But in 324 BC. e. died in Babylon at the age of 32. There is a version that from poison - he got literally all his subordinates.

By the way, if we make a comparison with other famous conquerors: Balamber, Genghis Khan, Batu, Tamerlane, then the comparison will turn out to be far from in favor of Alexander. They nevertheless acted in the interests of their own peoples, and the king of Macedonia - only for the sake of personal "glory". His troops grumbled, protested, and they had to be pacified, then demobilized, replenishing the army at the expense of the conquered peoples. These conquerors were patriots of their national traditions, and the empires they created lasted for at least several generations. Alexander, on the other hand, was completely stunned by the luxury of the East, began to adapt to the customs of the vanquished, and in the end decided to recreate the same Persian state, but with himself at the head. And his "empire" lasted only ... 9 years!

As soon as the king died, his closest associates, the Diadochi, immediately quarreled among themselves, tore the conquests apart and almost killed each other. And in the regions, devastated and depopulated by them, cleared the mouth of any culture, the culture of the Greeks began to penetrate. And this is called the triumph of "Hellenism"! However, we also note that the peoples, stirred up by the Macedonian invasion - Persians, Armenians, Turanians, picked up classical Greek culture. past centuries. And in the very "epicenter of Hellenism", Greece and the Aegean region, the degradation and decline of this culture continued.

Alexander the Great did not have to meet on the battlefield with Scythia. It may very well be that only because of this he managed to remain “invincible” in history ... But Lysimachus, one of the Diadochi, who received Macedonia during the division of the empire, launched a war against the Thracian Getae, who had left their allegiance. He decided to invade beyond the Danube and defeated the Scythians, although he did not deal with their entire army, but only with the border tribes. But when he undertook a second campaign to the north, the Getae, with the support of the Scythians, utterly defeated him and took him prisoner. Then, however, they let me go - just like that, with a broad gesture of the soul. Somehow they liked him.

It is curious that in the early Polish chronicles of the XII century. - Galla Anonyma, Vincencius Kadlubek, some legends about the victories of the Poles over Alexander the Great have been preserved. Obviously, this is an echo of the battles that the Scythians fought with Philip of Macedon, Zopyrion and Lysimachus together with the Proto-Slavs. And Nizami, who created in the XII century. Russians act as opponents of Alexander in their poems. And the Macedonians fail to defeat them, after the battles ended in a draw, the parties conclude an honorable peace.

Lesson 47

Objectives: to acquaint students with the eastern campaign of the Greek-Macedonian troops; to bring students to an understanding of the reasons for the death of the Persian kingdom and the formation of the power of Alexander the Great; to continue the formation of skills to work with a historical map, on the basis of the text of a textbook and a document, characterize the participants in historical events, evaluate their activities.

Equipment: map "Ancient Greece in the 5th century. BC e.".

Information for the teacher

Based on the requirements of the program in history lessons, children should learn to characterize and evaluate the activities of participants in historical events. Therefore, in this lesson it is advisable to introduce students to a special memo that will help them with this. Moreover, the material of the lesson (the activities of Alexander the Great) allows you to do this.

Memo for evaluating a statesman

1. What class interests did he express? What were the goals and aspirations of this class?

2. What personal qualities did he have? To what extent were they suitable for solving the set goals?

3. What means did you use to achieve the goal? Rate them.

4. What results did his activity have? Rate them.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment

II. Updating the basic knowledge of students on the topic "The cities of Hellas are subject to Macedonia"

1. Preparation of an oral answer on card No. 37.

CARD #37

Read the question carefully and prepare a detailed answer to it:

Why did Greece lose its independence? To do this, remember:

What was the army of Macedonian king Philip armed with?

Why did the Greeks live unfriendly and fought among themselves?

What gave Philip's tactics to quarrel opponents? Make a conclusion.

Sample student response

In the middle of the IV century. BC e. at the head of the Macedonian kingdom stood the smart and energetic king Philip. He created a powerful and strong army, which consisted of cavalry and infantry. Each infantryman had a six-meter spear. In battle, the first six rows laid spears on the shoulders of those in front. The last ranks of the phalanx turned to face the enemy. Then the phalanx "bristled" and was impregnable. Philip's army had siege towers. With such a strong army, Philip was able to conquer Hellas, as the Greek policies fought among themselves. Each of them wanted to be at the head of Hellas. In addition, Philip could bribe and quarrel opponents among themselves. Thus, as a result of the above reasons, Macedonia was able to conquer Greece.

2. Work with the class. Problem solving.

Task 1. They say that there were cities in Macedonia, but there were no policies. What does this mean and is it true? (Polis is a city republic. There was no city self-government in the Macedonian kingdom, there were only royal fortresses and the capital Pella.)

Task 2. Why did not a single city of Hellas manage to unite the whole country under its rule, while the Macedonians managed to do this? (Philip of Macedon had 5-10 times more military forces than Athens or Thebes, but much less than the combined military resources of the policies of Hellas. However, Philip was a king and could gather all his forces together, and the Greeks were too jealous of each other and did not want Philip, unlike Xerxes, was well versed in Roman wisdom: “Divide and conquer!”)

2. The student's oral answer on card No. 37 and the response of classmates to it (for the recall plan, see lesson No. 10).

III. Transition to the study of a new topic

So, we found out that under the onslaught of a strong Macedonian army, Greece lost its independence. After the death of Philip, his son Alexander became the head of state. He continued the work of his father, carried out a campaign to the East. The powerful power of the Persians collapsed under the blows of the Macedonian army. Why? This is what we will learn in today's lesson.

Why was Alexander the Great able to conquer the Persian state?

III. Exploring a new topic

Plan

1. Victory of the troops of Alexander the Great.

2. The death of the Persian kingdom.

On the board: the topic of the lesson, new words: p. Granik, Iss, Parmenion,

S. Gaugamela.

1. Work on a historical map (p. 194 Vigasina or p. 206

Mikhailovsky).

Remember how parts of the world are located on the map (north and south)

What color is the Kingdom of Macedonia on the map? (Brown.)

What color is the Persian kingdom? (Green.)

In what states known to us did Alexander the Great make his campaigns? (To Egypt, Phoenicia, Mesopotamia, Babylon, India.)

In what part of the world are most of these countries located? (In the east.)

What major cities were founded by Alexander the Great in the conquered territories? (These were cities with the name Alexandria, in honor of Alexander the Great, more than 20 of them were founded (in some sources, the figure is more than 30. Encyclopedia for Children. Volume 1. M .: Avanta +, 2000. S. 138.).)

What strait separates Europe from Asia? (Dardanelles.)

2. The teacher's story.

Assignment for children: from the teacher's story, understand and write down the reasons for the fall of the Persian state.

In the spring of 334 BC. e. hundreds of ships transported the infantry and cavalry of the Macedonian king Alexander across a narrow strait to the coast of Asia Minor. From here, Alexander began his campaign in the heart of the huge Persian state.

The young king had a few troops. Only 30,000 selected and battle-hardened infantry, 5,000 horsemen, a fleet of 160 ships. The convoy carried stone fighting vehicles and formidable battering rams to break the walls of enemy fortresses.

The Persian empire stretched from the Indus River to the Mediterranean Sea. The peoples of Egypt, Assyria, and Phoenicia have long suffered from the power of the Persians, dreamed of throwing off the hated yoke of the oppressors of the Persians.

The Persian army was huge. The best part of it was the royal guard and detachments of mercenaries of different nationalities. The satraps robbed and ruined the local population. An army made up of

People of the conquered nationalities, was poorly trained and could not withstand difficult campaigns. The Persian nobility continuously fought for power, the country was tormented by uprisings, coups and civil wars.

Alexander's opponent, Tsar Darius III, was a weak, indecisive man and mediocre commander.

Upon learning of Alexander's crossing of the Helespont, the satraps of Asia Minor gathered a large army. They had about 20,000 horsemen and 20,000 Greek mercenaries. One of the commanders, the Greek Memnon, an experienced commander, advised to avoid battle, retreating, to devastate the country so that Alexander could not find shelter anywhere. But they did not listen to him. The Persians took up a position on the right bank of the small mountain river Granik.

A fierce battle took place here. Hot hand-to-hand combat began to boil. Alexander's victory was complete. The dominion of the Persians in Asia Minor fell.

In the city of Gordia, the ancient capital of Phrygia, Alexander's army stopped for the winter. Here, Alexander was shown the famous chariot that belonged to King Gordias. A knot was made on it from the belts with which the drawbar was attached. There was an ancient prediction that whoever unties the knot will take over Asia. Alexander made an attempt to untie the knot, but to no avail. However, he did not lose his head: drawing his sword, he broke the knot in half with one blow. But the conquest of Asia was still far away.

3. Independent work of students with the text of the textbook.

Find out what major battles Alexander was able to win

Macedonian during the military campaign to the East.

3. Conversation on what has been read.

Where is the city of Iss? (On the Mediterranean coast.)

How did the Macedonians manage to break into the city of Tire? (They used battering rams and throwing machines. They destroyed the walls and captured the city.)

Why did the Egyptians welcome Alexander as a liberator? (They are tired of the power of the Persians, of their claims.)

What new character traits appeared in Alexander the Great? (He was intoxicated with victories, agreed that his priests declared him a god.)

What city did Alexander found in the Nile Delta? (The city of Alexandria, on the island of Pharos.)

What major battle did Alexander win in Mesopotamia? (Battle near the village of Gaugamela.)

1. Conversation on questions.

Why was Alexander the Great able to conquer the Persian state?

Answers:

A) The Persian army consisted of mercenaries, and they could fail at any moment, they were not interested in the results of military operations.

B) The nobility of the Persian state fought for power, the country was restless, so such a state is easier to conquer.

C) The peoples conquered and tired of the power of the Persians could take the side of the Macedonian army, as they wanted to free themselves from the yoke of the satraps.

D) The military talent of Alexander the Great played an important role in the defeat of the army of the Persian state.

1. Evaluation of the personality of Alexander the Great (use the memo).

VI. Summing up the lesson

During the campaigns of Alexander, two civilizations collided, which had very different foundations from each other. The empire of Alexander contributed greatly to their synthesis.

Homework: read § 42 Vigasin or § 36 Mikhailovsky; prepare a detailed answer to the question: “Why was Alexander the Great able to conquer the Persian state?”; workbook (issue 2), assignment No. 52 (p. 37); for the curious: how could 40,000 Macedonians defeat 200,000 Persians at Gaugamela?

Additional material

Death of Alexander the Great

In 324 BC. e. Alexander began to prepare for new campaigns. But the king did not have time to complete what he started. 23 June 323 BC e. Alexander the Great, the ruler of half the world, died in Babylon of a fever, without realizing all his plans. The coffin with the body of Alexander was taken to his part of the possessions by the ruler of Egypt, Ptolemy Lag, who made Alexander a god - the patron of his kind. The mother of Alexander the Great, Olympias, having learned that her son had been lying without burial for a long time, grieved and said: grave." Ptolemy sent the body of Alexander in a barrel of honey to Alexandria, where he buried it. His unexpected and mysterious death at the age of thirty-three took everyone by surprise. It is said that when the generals asked the dying king to whom he destined the throne, Alexander replied: "To the most worthy."

A long memory has remained for centuries from Alexander the Great. And the reason for this is not his power, which fell apart immediately after the death of the king. Nor was he the founder of a new dynasty: his two sons, Alexander and Heracles, died young in bloody strife. His youth and the ease with which he conquered half the world caused admiration and envy. How many future great commanders repeated the words of Alexander: "20 years - and nothing for immortality!"

Caesar thought with admiration of the amazing fate of Alexander the Great. Napoleon and Suvorov read books about his campaigns. How many legends circulated around the world and how many eastern rulers derived their family from Iskander the Two-horned (as Alexander was called in the East).

And let the Spartans, whom the king forced to venerate himself as an Olympian, mockingly declared: “Imagine Alexander, if he so wants, call himself a god,” he nevertheless became one. He became the idol of young minds, the embodiment of good luck, an exciting legend and amazing pain for contemporaries and descendants.

Encyclopedia for children. Volume 1. M .: Avanta +, 2000.

pp.138-139.

Lesson 48

Objectives: to bring students to an understanding of the reasons for the death of the Persian kingdom and the formation of the power of Alexander the Great, to acquaint them with the spread of Greek culture in the countries of the Ancient East; continue the formation of skills to correctly show historical objects on the map, work with the text of the textbook and its illustrations, and compose a story.

Equipment: Map of the Conquests of Alexander the Great in the 4th century. BC e.".

During the classes

I. Organizational moment

II. Updating the basic knowledge of students on the topic

"The Campaign of Alexander the Great to the East"

1. Preparation of an oral answer on card No. 38.

o CARD #38

o Prepare a detailed answer to the question: “Why Alexander

o Macedonian was able to conquer the Persian state?

o To do this, remember:

o Why was the army of Alexander the Great stronger than the army of the Persians?

o What did the Persian state want to know?

o Why did many peoples of the Persian state welcome Alexander of Macedon as a liberator?

o What role did Alexander the Great personally play in this campaign?

o What states did Alexander the Great conquer? Use the map.

o Draw a conclusion.

Sample student response

The Persian army consisted of mercenaries, and they could fail at any moment, they were not interested in the results of military operations. The nobility of the Persian state fought for power, the country was restless, so such a state is easier to conquer. The peoples conquered and tired of the power of the Persians could take the side of the Macedonian army, as they wanted to free themselves from the yoke of the satraps. The military talent of Alexander the Great played an important role in the defeat of the army of the Persian state. Alexander the Great conquered the following states: Egypt, Phoenicia, Mesopotamia, Babylon, India.

1. Individual work (5-6 people, in writing on leaflets). Test13.

2. Work with the class. The solution of the problem.

Homer's poem "The Iliad" accompanied Alexander the Great on all campaigns. He kept the book under his pillow along with the dagger. The king believed that the study of the Iliad was a good means for cultivating military prowess. Was Alexander right? (Alexander the Great was right, since the poem is dedicated to the Trojan War, about one of its heroes, Achilles. The Greeks won this war, which is probably why Alexander carried this poem with him.)

1. The student's oral answer on card No. 38 and the response of classmates to it (for the recall plan, see lesson No. 10).

II. Transition to the study of a new topic

Immediately after Alexander the Great died, his commanders began to divide the lands that were part of his state. At the beginning of the III century. BC e. the power of Alexander the Great broke up into many states. The most important of them were: Egyptian, Macedonian and Syrian. Even during the implementation of his military campaigns, Alexander founded new cities in the conquered territories. The names of the cities bore his name. One of the most beautiful cities in the Eastern Mediterranean was the capital of the Egyptian kingdom of Alexandria. In many ways, this city was like the cities of Greece. Why?

Let's get acquainted with the sights of the city of Alexandria.

IV. Exploring a new topic

OPTION 1

Plan

1. In the Alexandrian port.

2. On the streets and squares of the city.

On the board: the topic of the lesson.

1. Work on the map.

A) S. 199 Vigasina.

What color indicates the states into which the power of Alexander the Great broke up? (Brown - Macedonia, orange - Syria, yellow - Egypt.)

B) S. 200 Vigasina or p. 211 Mikhailovsky.

What objects can be distinguished on the territory of the city of Alexandria? (This is My, gymnasium, theater, stadium, hippodrome, lighthouse, royal palace, port.)

1. Working with a historical document.

Strabo. Geography. XVII, 7-9

In Alexandria, on the contrary, the Nile, filling up with the beginning of summer, fills the lake, preventing the formation of marshes, which could produce harmful fumes. At the same time, the trade winds blow there at the same time, thanks to which the Alexandrians spend the summer very pleasantly ... The whole city is intersected by streets convenient for riding horses and carriages; the two widest streets, about a hundred feet, intersect one another at right angles. The city has the most beautiful public sanctuaries and royal palaces, covering a fourth or even a third of the entire space occupied by the city. Indeed, each of the kings tried to add some decoration to public monuments and at the same time each of them built a special palace for himself, increasing the number that existed before him ... All palaces are connected to each other, to the harbor and to everything that outside of the latter. Part of the royal buildings is also the Musey, which contains a place for festivities, a meeting room and a large room where the dining room of scientists belonging to the Musey is located. This college enjoys state support and has a priest, the head of My soy, who was once appointed by kings, and now by Caesar. Another branch of the royal palace is the so-called Sema, a room for the royal tombs and for Alexander ... The corpse of Alexander Ptolemy moved to Alexandria, buried him in the place where he lies now, although not in the same coffin; the current coffin is glass, and Ptolemy put it in gold ... In front of the large harbor at the entrance to it, on the right side, there is an island and the Pharos tower, on the other side - underwater rocks and Cape Lochiada with the royal castle. On the left side, for those entering the harbor, there are the inner royal dwellings, which connect with Cape Lochiada, in which there are many different living rooms and gardens ...

Krushkol Yu.S. Reader on the history of the ancient world.

M., 1987. S. 171-172.

3. Conversation on questions to the document.

Was there a special plan for the development of the city? (Yes, there was, since the streets intersect at right angles.)

What buildings existed in the city? (These are the palaces of the kings, which are interconnected, sanctuaries where all the inhabitants of the city could go.)

What is a Musei (or Museum)? (These are scientific and educational institutions, a library and a place where scientists lived and worked.)

On what means did scientists exist? (They had a salary that they received from the state.)

What part of the royal palace was called the tomb? (This is the part where the kings were buried, including Alexander the Great.)

OPTION 2. CREATIVE TASK

The teacher, having previously asked the students to familiarize themselves with the materials of the paragraph, suggests writing an essay “Was the power of Alexander the Great doomed to collapse?” (the essay is designed for 30 minutes, students are allowed to use textbooks and notes).

V. Consolidation of the studied material

Why did Alexander the Great build the city of Alexandria similar to Greek cities? (Probably, he understood the importance of the culture of the ancient Greeks, so he tried to learn the best from them.)

The word "fara" comes from the name of an island near Alexandria. What is the connection between car headlights and the island's name? (A lighthouse was built on the island, which illuminated the way for the ships, the headlights illuminate the path for the car.)

Why are the Musaeum of Alexandria and the museums of our day called by the same word? (Because the museum is a kind of source of information, human knowledge.)

VI. Summing up the lesson

Additional material

Library of Alexandria

The House of the Muses - a museum in Alexandria - had a huge library, the fame of which spread throughout the world. Up to 500,000 books were stored here. There were books in Greek, Latin and other languages ​​on various branches of science and literature: poems, historical, medical, mathematical, philosophical works. All over the world Egyptian kings collected books for their libraries.

The ancient book was not like ours at all. It was written on sheets of papyrus. When the author (or scribe) finished a sheet, another one was glued to it, resulting in a long column. There were books a hundred or more meters long! The end of such a book was attached to a rod (a stick made of wood, metal, bone) and the book was rolled up into a scroll. It was not very convenient to read such a book, it was necessary to unwind it gradually. Ancient people never wrote or read at a table or at a desk. Low tables were for eating, and people wrote and read either holding a bundle on their knees or standing behind a high music stand, similar to the one at which the conductor stands today in the orchestra.

The finished book was tied with a cord, and if it was a valuable book, it was placed in a wooden tube-case. In ancient times, there was no cardboard, it was replaced by parchment, on which they began to write from the 2nd century BC. BC e.

What is parchment? This is a thin, well-dressed skin of young cattle. The skins of kids, camels, lambs, donkeys, piglets were cleaned of hair and subcutaneous fat, polished and polished, whitewashed, stretched and cut into sheets of the correct shape. Papyrus only grew in Egypt, while parchment could be made anywhere. They say that when the king of Egypt forbade the export of papyrus from the country, in the Kingdom of Pergamon (Asia Minor) they began to make writing material from the skins of cattle, and this material was therefore called parchment. Good parchment resembles thin and dense translucent cardboard of the same thickness as a postcard or the cover of a student notebook. It is enough to look at the pioneer drum to see the parchment. But now they no longer write on parchment, they beat the drummer's sticks into it.

The Egyptians first made bookcases from parchment, but then they realized that parchment was stronger than papyrus and could be written on both sides. You can clean off the old text (for this, a porous and very light stone was used - pumice stone, which replaced our gum in ancient times) and write on the sheet again. Scientists can study even completely invisible to the eye and scraped text between the lines of a new letter in special complex ways. This allowed scientists to learn a lot about the life of ancient people, about their literature and science.

The parchment book was also rolled up into a scroll. Much later, they began to bend a sheet of parchment in half or four times and, thus obtaining a notebook (from the Greek notebook - a quarter, that is, one fourth of a sheet), they sewed it together with threads. The result was a book similar to ours.

Ancient Greece. Book for reading. JL, 1958.

pp. 332-333.

Lesson 49

Objectives: systematization of students' knowledge of the history of Ancient Greece; continue the formation of skills to work with a historical map, think logically, draw conclusions, generalize, express one's point of view; on the example of the history of Ancient Greece, its culture, continue to educate children in a sense of beauty, in the course of the game - a sense of camaraderie, duty, respect for their friends.

Equipment: map "Ancient Greece (until the middle of the 5th century BC)", painting "Battle of Salamis", image of the Trojan horse, Prometheus.

Information for the teacher

This lesson can be conducted in different versions (at the choice of the teacher). The first option is the Brain Ring game, the second option is a test. Both options are given below.

During the classes

OPTION 1. GAME LESSON

I. Organizational moment

The task for students: to repeat the history of ancient Greece.

II. Playing the game

1. Preliminary preparation for the game: the class is divided into five teams in advance.

2. Rules of the game.

1. Each team must take part in the game at least once.

2. The captain of the team monitors the activity of the players, manages the discussion of the issue, makes a choice - to whom to answer on behalf of the team.

3. The correct answer - 10 points, the answer with inaccuracies - 5 points, the addition of commands - 3 points.

4. For a hint, 1 point is deducted from the team, the question is replaced.

5. For the 1st place, the participants of the game are marked "5", for the 2nd and "III" - "4".

The opposing teams are selected by lot and occupy the playing tables in the center. During the game, for the answers, the players receive tokens with points. By the number of points, the winner of the round is selected, who chooses an opponent.

First tour

1. Name and show on the map three parts of Greece. (South, Middle, North.)

2. What were the main sources of slavery in Ancient Greece? (Captivity, piracy, self-reproduction, debt - before Solon's reforms.)

3. Who in ancient Greece was called the father of history? (Herodota.)

Second round

1. The Golden Fleece, the dragon, Jason, the Argonauts, Medea - do these words speak of a real or mythical event in the history of Ancient Greece? (The myth of the Argonauts.)

2. What is the name of the area in the ancient Greek city where trade is conducted? (Agora.)

3. Task on the board - cards with dates are attached to the time line.

594 BC e. 490 BC e. 480 BC e. 776 CE e.

Who can name more historical events by dates related to the history of Ancient Greece? (594 BC - Solon's reforms, 490 BC - Battle of Marathon, 480 BC - Battle of Salamis, 776 AD - Olympic Games.)

Third round

1. An image of a horse is posted on the board. Attention to the screen! Question: How can the image of this animal be connected with the history of Ancient Greece? (Trojan war, capture of Troy.)

2. Determine, on the basis of an excerpt from a conversation between a father and son, in which Greek state it could have happened: “I would be nice if I listened to your complaints,” the father said, pushing his son away. “I ought to rip you out for letting some helot tie you up.” This is a shame not only for you, but also for me, your father. Steal, but don't get caught!" What was the purpose of education in this state? (Sparta, the goal is to educate a warrior.)

3. Task on the board - cards are posted. ■

o city-state

o helots o demos o comedy o colony o aristocrat

Whose team will give more definitions of these terms.

Fourth round

1. Who could be a participant in the Olympic Games? (Greeks, except women and slaves.)

3. Task on the board - cards are posted.

Fifth round

1. Task on the board - the card shows grapes and a vessel for wine.

Which of the gods of Ancient Greece may belong to these items? (to Dionysus)

2. One Athenian, bringing news of the victory to his associates, exclaimed: “Rejoice, Athenians, we have won!” - and died. To which battle of the Greco-Persian wars can this expression be attributed? In what year did it happen? (Battle of Marathon, 490 BC)

3. How did the ancient Greeks call their homeland? (Hellas.)

Sixth round

1. The task on the board is an image of a trireme and a picture of the Battle of Salamis.

A fragment of what battle from the Greco-Persian wars is depicted here? (Battle of Salamis.)

1. The task on the board is a card with the image of Prometheus chained to a rock.

What myth is this picture dedicated to? Why did the Greeks revere the hero of this myth? (Prometheus brought fire to people.)

1. What are vessels with a narrow neck and two handles called? (Amphora.)

Seventh round

1. In which state of Ancient Greece was a woman revered for her inability to cook? (In Sparta.)

2. What did the ancient Greeks call themselves? (Hellenes.)

3. What was the name of the form of government in Athens? (Democracy.)

Eighth round

1. The sculptor Phidias in ancient times was called the "father of the gods." What works of Phidias do you know? (Statues of Zeus, Athens.)

2. How many days did the Olympic Games last? (Five.)

3. What does the word "tragedy" mean? (Song of the goats.)

Ninth round (solve the problem)

1. Based on what finds can archaeologists confidently say (determine) that there was an ancient state in the excavation area? (Shackles in which slaves were led, burial places of people with a different number of things.)

2. The ancient Greeks had the god of fire and forges Hephaestus, the goddess of agriculture Demeter, the patron of trade Hermes. What precise conclusions can be drawn from these facts? (By the names of the gods, one can learn about the occupations and implementation of the religion of the ancient Greeks.)

3. Spartan houses always had strong locks on the doors. In the houses of the helots, the Spartans not only forbade locks, but also removed the handles from the doors. What were the reasons for this difference? (The Spartan boys were poorly fed, they themselves had to get their own food; the Spartan youths hid during the day, killed strong helots at night, fearing their uprising.)

Additional questions

1. Where is Greece located? (On the Balkan Peninsula.)

2. Which of the ancient Greek scientists expressed the brilliant idea that the whole world consists of the smallest particles - atoms? (Democratic)

3. What vases were called black-figure? (There is a black image on a red background.)

OPTION 2

I. Organizational moment

II. Conducting a test14

III. Summing up the lesson

Homework: prepare a report on the activities and life of the inhabitants of Rome (1 student

How did Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) manage to accomplish the impossible in a few years - to create the greatest empire of the ancient world? There are many answers to this question, and over time there are more and more hypotheses, assumptions and theories. The Munich Archaeological Assembly dedicated the exhibition "Alexander the Great - Ruler of the World" to the personality of the ancient commander, examining the phenomenon of Alexander from a biographical point of view. The exhibition consists of ten parts and shows the life path of the ruler and commander, starting from his youth at the Macedonian court in Pele and ending with the mythological image that developed after death - the image of the eternally young hero, the great leader, whom many were inclined to deify.

For this exhibition in the gallery in Rosenheim (Lokschuppen Rosenheim), 450 exhibits from German and European collections were collected, which give an idea of ​​​​the conditions in which Alexander the Great and his army found themselves during campaigns to the east. The catalog of the exhibition, in addition to describing the exhibits, gives a brief overview of the points of view that exist in modern scientific circles, from which one can single out ten reasons why Alexander became truly Great.

Origin

Alexander was the son of the Macedonian king Philip II and the daughter of the Epirus king Olympias. His father, who initially ascended the throne as the guardian of his young nephew, was a talented military leader and cautious politician who managed to strengthen Macedonia and make it the center of Hellas. Alexander's mother, the power-hungry and despotic Olympias, had a great influence on his childhood. On both paternal and maternal lines, Alexander was a descendant of Hercules and Perseus, the greatest heroes of ancient Greek myths. They became an example for him.

Upbringing

Despite the fact that, in addition to Olympias, Philip II had other wives, Alexander received an upbringing worthy of the heir to the throne. Together with his friends from aristocratic families, he studied with Aristotle, who at that time was not as well known as later. In addition, Philip II took his son with him on campaigns. In the battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) against the combined army of the Greek city-states, Alexander commanded the cavalry, whose charge secured the victory for the Macedonians.

When Philip II was killed in 336, his troops were in Asia Minor to repulse the Persian army. More than two decades of military campaigns of Philip II made his army an impressive force: six regiments of heavy infantry - 9,000 soldiers armed with long spears; 3000 hypaspists, also with long spears, but more maneuverable; 6,000 lightly armed warriors; 1200 hetairoi (heavy cavalry), guards and 600 scouts. In addition, the army of Philip II included 7,000 Greek hoplites, many mercenaries and several thousand horsemen.

Commander Talent

Alexander was exactly the man who was able to properly dispose of this army. The huge, clumsy Persian army had no chance against the Macedonians. During the Battle of Gaugamela, Alexander, discovering that the Persians had covered the battlefield with spikes against the cavalry, made a tactical maneuver that forced the enemy army to split up, after which the Macedonian cavalry, avoiding the spikes, attacked the positions of the Persian king. In addition, Alexander could trust his commanders and his army, which followed him to the ends of the world.


Pragmatism

However, it was not the army that made Alexander the Great the ruler of the world, but, above all, his politics. His power was based not on dogmas, but on a sober analysis of the existing conditions and on the search for practical solutions. It was guided by practical considerations that Alexander adopted much of the management system of the Persian Empire.

First of all, Alexander refused to turn Asia into a province of the Macedonian-Greek empire. Instead, he brought the local nobility closer to his court, which he provided with places in the army and government. Unlike his predecessors, Alexander treated the inhabitants of the conquered lands not as a conqueror, but as the legitimate ruler of their state, respecting their traditions.

Ruthlessness

Whether Alexander was magnanimous only by calculation or not, however, in relation to those who resisted him, he was ruthless. When, shortly after his accession to the throne, Thebes and Athens rebelled against him, Alexander not only destroyed the armies of these cities, but also wiped Thebes off the face of the earth. The Phoenician city of Tyre, which was located on a rocky island and was considered impregnable, refused to submit, but after a seven-month siege, it was taken and then destroyed.

The general Parmenion and his son Philotas were executed. Alexander killed his friend Clitus, who saved his life during the battle on the Granik River, with his own hands, because he opposed the borrowing of Eastern customs. Some consider the return of the Macedonian army through the deserts of Gedrosia, which cost the lives of 45 thousand soldiers, a punishment for the rebellion on the banks of Hypas.

City building

Alexander founded more than twenty cities in the territory from Egypt to India, they were settled by veterans and local residents. These cities were to become not only strongholds for the army, but also centers of Greek culture. Alexandria of Egypt was the most famous of them - one of the centers of trade and science of the ancient world. This and other cities founded by Alexander became a kind of link between East and West.

Development of sciences

Like Napoleon two millennia after him, Alexander kept a large staff of scientists with him. Thus, his campaign also became a large-scale expedition, the purpose of which was to reach the ends of the world. In order to lay a route from the Indus to the Euphrates, entire fleets were built. Scientists and philosophers explored and described Asia. The court chronicler Callisthenes, Aristotle's great-nephew, made sure that the world learned about the discoveries made during the campaign. However, Callisthenes ultimately fell out of favor because he resisted the introduction of Persian customs at court (namely, the tradition of prostrating before the ruler), was subsequently executed for his alleged participation in the conspiracy.

deification

After founding the city in the Nile Delta, Alexander visited the Siwa oasis in the desert, where the oracle of the god Amun greeted him, calling him "the son of a deity", which befitted him as the new ruler of Egypt. This fact only strengthened his conviction to follow the path of Hercules. In addition, as the ruler of a vast empire, Alexander was automatically ranked among the cult figures. In the cities he founded, he was also honored on a par with the gods. The literally superhuman desire to unite Europe and Asia, which took possession of him in the last months of his life, suggests that in the end he himself perceived himself more as an almost divine person than as a mere mortal.

Pursuit

"Passionate desire" - ancient authors wrote when they tried to characterize the motive of Alexander the Great. In fact, it was an all-consuming desire that made him imitate the heroes of antiquity, especially Achilles. Alexander wanted to prove that he is one of these heroes, but not in legends, but in reality. He took a fortress in northern Iran only because it was said that Hercules had failed in his siege. From the Indus, he wanted to reach the Ganges in order to reach the borders of the lands developed by people there. His troops were ready to capture the Arabian Peninsula, followed by Carthage, but the death of the great commander prevented these plans from being realized. However, "passionate desire" still helped Alexander to fulfill his dream: no one else created such a huge empire.

The great commander of antiquity, Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), ascended the throne at the age of 20. His father, Philip II, deprived the Greek policies of independence and subordinated them to Macedonia (see Ancient Greece).

The battle of Alexander the Great with the Persian king Darius A fragment of a mosaic from Pompeii. OK. 100 BC e.

Campaigns of Alexander the Great. Map.

By 334 BC, Alexander was able to strengthen his power over the Greek cities, which were constantly revolting and striving to free themselves from Macedonian hegemony. e. After careful preparation (this included the creation of a well-armed, combat-ready and devoted army), he began a campaign against the Persians, whose empire had begun to disintegrate by this time. His initial goal was to capture Asia Minor. Having defeated the Persian troops at the Granik River, Alexander liberated the Greek cities, conquered the western part of Asia Minor, conquered Sardis, the capital of the Lydian kingdom, where the residence of the Persian satraps was located. Secondly, Alexander defeated the Persians in 333 in the battle of Issus, and the mother, wife and daughters of King Darius III were captured by the winners. After that, Alexander's plans changed, and he began to claim the conquest of the entire Persian kingdom. Most of the cities of Phoenicia and Palestine went over to the side of Alexander, only the city of Tire, located on a small coastal island, resisted and, after a difficult six-month siege, was taken and destroyed to the ground, and the inhabitants were killed or sold into slavery. After the capture of Tyre, Egypt voluntarily went over to the side of Alexander. While in Egypt, Alexander patronized the Egyptian priests and nobles, treated the Egyptian gods with respect. Grateful Egyptian priests declared Alexander the son of their supreme god Amon. In one of the towns on the Mediterranean coast, Alexander founded a new city and named it Alexandria in his honor (332 BC). Subsequently, this city will become the capital of the Egyptian kingdom.

Having finished his business in Egypt and having given the army a rest, Alexander continued his campaign of conquest against the Persian king. In 331 BC. e. a decisive battle took place in northern Mesopotamia, near the village of Gaugamela, in which Alexander the Great with great difficulty overcame the resistance of the Persians and won. Building on his success, he quickly passed Mesopotamia and captured its main city of Babylon. Then the army of Alexander invaded the territory of the Persians, destroyed the cities of Susa and Persepolis, one of the residences of the Persian kings, where their untold riches were kept.

After the destruction of Persepolis, Alexander's army captured the capital of the Media region of Ecbatana, where the Persian king Darius III was located, who fled to the east when the Macedonians approached. After the assassination of Darius III, Alexander the Great continued to conquer the eastern provinces of Persia, in particular Central Asia. Here he had to overcome the stubborn resistance of the freedom-loving local tribes, especially the inhabitants of Sogdiana and Bactria, headed by the talented organizer Spitamen. It took Alexander about three years to conquer Central Asia and Bactria. In an effort to gain a foothold here, he attracted the local nobility to his side, built cities of the Greek type, calling them Alexandria. During the conquest of Central Asia, dissatisfaction with Alexander's policy arose among the commanding staff of the army. The proud Macedonian nobility did not want to share power with the Persians in matters of government. In addition, the eastern customs of kneeling, introduced by Alexander at his court, reduced her to the position of servants of the king. Conspiracies arise against Alexander, but they were discovered, and their participants were executed. Having stabilized the situation in Central Asia, Alexander undertook campaigns in North-Western India (modern Punjab), hoping to reach the shores of the oceans. However, the Macedonian army, exhausted in battles, rebelled, and Alexander was forced to stop further movement to the East. At the end of 325 BC. e. he returned to the city of Babylon, which became the capital of his vast state, stretching from the Balkan Greece and Macedonia to the borders of India.

After the end of the military campaign, Alexander seeks to strengthen his vast and multilingual state. He is trying to unite the conquerors - the Greeks and Macedonians with the local nobility, pursuing a policy of "merger" and "reconciliation". To this end, Alexander encourages the marriages of his commanders and soldiers with local girls, attracts the local aristocracy to governance, and introduces the customs of the Persian court among the Macedonians. Alexander declares himself the son of a god. Everywhere he founds cities of the Greek type, the population of which is made up of Greeks and Macedonians, as well as local residents. Alexander activates trade relations, re-minting gold and silver, which lay dead weight in the cellars of the Persian kings, into coins, and takes care of the safety of trade routes. However, he did not manage to complete the work of rallying his huge power. In the summer of 323 BC. e. the great conqueror died at the age of 33. After his death, uprisings broke out and the empire created as a result of the conquest broke up into several large states (see.