The OGE is the main exam for all 9th graders in the country. As we know, students will have to pass 2 compulsory subjects (mathematics and Russian) and 2 optional subjects. The results of this exam will determine whether the student can go to grade 10 or enter a technical school (college), or whether he will receive a certificate only next year. So the preparation for the OGE is a very serious stage.
Let's start off with, What do you need to get admission to the exam. The following are allowed for the exam:
Graduates of the 9th grade of general educational institutions of the Russian Federation with annual marks in all subjects not lower than "3";
Graduates with one "2", with the condition that they will take an exam in this subject;
Foreign citizens, stateless persons, refugees and internally displaced persons studying in a general education institution;
Graduates of previous years who did not receive a certificate.
Accordingly, in order to successfully pass the OGE, it is imperative to fill in the gaps in knowledge and adjust the marks in those subjects in which the student has 2-ki. 
Rules for preparing for the OGE for "excellent":
1. It’s worth starting preparations in the fall, because Preparing for 4 subjects at once takes a lot of time.
2. Efficiency is not equal to constant cramming. Some students make a huge mistake starting to learn the material, no matter how much they understand it and how tired they are. "My teacher told me to study at least an hour a day!" - they say, and after a few months they lose their strength. But the main secret of success is in the right choice of the duration and number of classes! Study for the exam only when you have had enough sleep and are not too tired. Prepare no more than 1 hour, then be sure to take a break. Otherwise, you will get tired, but you will not remember anything.
3. Choose one tutor. Of course, we are not talking about the fact that you need to agree to classes with someone who does not suit you and "endure" a whole year of classes. On the contrary, it is in the fall that you should choose the best tutor for preparing for the OGE, whose teaching style, experience and results of students completely suit you. Classes with a tutor should give you the strength to move forward, and not fatigue and hatred for the subject! On TutorOnline, you can take 10-15 minute sessions with different tutors, ask them to explain a small topic and decide if a particular tutor is right for you or not. You don't have to explain why you didn't schedule a second lesson with him. This way you can easily and quickly find your ideal teacher, whose recommendations you will be happy to follow all year. The tutor will definitely test and identify your gaps, which he will help you eliminate step by step.
4. Don't waste time driving, use time to repeat. If you think about it, many students lose 2 hours of travel time to the tutor and back. But it's much better to save energy and spend 1 hour reviewing the material before the lesson or doing homework given by the tutor. The correct distribution of time and effort is the best way to prepare for the OGE with the maximum result!
Do you want to pass the OGE perfectly? Sign up with the most experienced online tutors and start classes now!
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The state final certification for ninth grade graduates is currently voluntary, you can always refuse and take the usual traditional exams.What is more attractive then the form of the OGE (GIA) for graduates of the 9th grade of 2019? Carrying out direct certification in this new form allows you to get an independent assessment of the preparation of schoolchildren. All tasks of the OGE (GIA) are presented in the form of a special form, which includes questions with a choice of answers to them. A direct analogy with the USE is drawn. In this case, you can give both short and detailed answers. Our website website will help you prepare well and assess your chances realistically. Besides, GIA and OGE tests online with checking answers help you decide on the further choice of the profile class of high school. You can easily evaluate your knowledge in the chosen subject. To do this, our project offers you various tests in a number of disciplines. Our website dedicated to preparation for passing the GIA 2019 grade 9 online, will fully help you prepare for the first serious and responsible test in life.
All materials on our site are presented in a simple, easy-to-understand form. Whether you are an A student in your class or an average student, everything is now in your hands. It will not be superfluous for you to visit ours. Here you will find answers to all your questions. Be prepared for a difficult test of the OGE, GIA and the result will exceed all your expectations.
How to behave during exams
Clothing should be in calm colors. Try to avoid too bright, flashy color combinations in clothes, too evocative of costume details, so as not to provoke negative emotions in people with whom you will come into contact during the exam. Always remember the sense of proportion. Nothing extra! But after the exam - whatever you want.
1. Try to do nothing the day before the exam. If you haven't learned something, don't try. "While there is life there is hope". Relax, have fun and try to forget about the upcoming exam.
2. Be sure to get a good night's sleep before the exam.
3. And here you are in front of the classroom door. Take it easy! Say several times: “I am calm! I'm completely calm." Go answer in the first rows. The longer you do not go in and stay surrounded by worried classmates, the more tension, a sense of insecurity, and fear will build up.
4. Put your emotions in order, gather your thoughts.
5. Feel free to enter the class with the confidence that everything will work out.
6. Sit comfortably, straighten your back. Think about the fact that you are above everyone, smarter, more cunning and you will succeed. Focus on the words "I am calm, I am completely calm." Repeat them slowly several times. Thoughts should not be driven away, as this will cause additional stress. Finally, clench your hands into fists.
7. Perform breathing exercises to relieve tension:
- sit comfortably
- deep breath through the nose (4-6 seconds),
- breath holding (2-3 seconds).
8. Listen carefully so as not to be distracted in the future and not ask unnecessary questions about the design of the test. They will explain everything to you: how to fill out the form, what letters to write, how to code the school number, etc.
9. Try to focus and forget about others. For you, there are only hours that regulate the time of the test, and a form with a task. Don't rush. Read assignments to the end. Haste should not lead to the fact that you will understand the task from the first words, and you will come up with the ending yourself.
10. Look through all the questions and start with the ones you are sure about the answers to. Then you will calm down and enter the working rhythm. In any test, there are questions, the answers to which you know very well, just gather your thoughts.
11. When you start a new task, forget everything that was in the previous one - as a rule, tasks in tests are not related to each other.
12. Operate by elimination! Consistently exclude those answers that clearly do not fit.
13. If you doubt the correctness of the answer, it is difficult for you to make a choice. Trust your intuition!
14. Leave time to check your work, at least in order to have time to skim through your eyes and notice obvious errors.
15. Strive to complete all tasks, but remember that in practice this is unrealistic. After all, test tasks are designed for the maximum level of difficulty, and for a good grade it is enough to overcome 70% of the tasks.
Behavior during response
If the examiner is an energetic person, then your sluggish, quiet answer with a lot of pauses may disappoint him.
If the examiner is a calm, balanced person, you run the risk of causing him unconscious displeasure with too lively facial expressions, gestures and a loud voice.
Never forget the need for a sense of proportion. Nothing extra!
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How to set yourself up for success, be more focused
and attentive on the day of passing the exam
The day you pass the exam is a very important day for you. You already have a positive exam experience in the past, take advantage of it.
Realize that the exam did not fall on you, "like snow on your head." You have been sufficiently prepared for it at the preliminary stage. Parents and teachers helped you with this.
Mobilize your attention, concentrate on the successful completion of all tasks - this will help to cope with the situation.
Try to concentrate immediately after you have received the text of the assignments. Do not be distracted by extraneous stimuli (rustles, sounds, conversations). Read each question twice, making sure you understand what is required of you.
If you can't focus right away, you become distracted and anxious about the situation. Calm down, take a closer look - you are surrounded by the same peers and teachers who are just as interested in success as you are.
First, go over all the tasks with your eyes and start with the easier ones, and leave the difficult ones for later. This will help you quickly get involved in the work and gain confidence in your abilities for the entire time of work.
Do not rush to immediately enter the correct answer, re-read the task to the end, thereby convincing yourself of the right choice. This will help you avoid an embarrassing mistake.
When doing the next task, try to distract yourself from the previous ones and focus only on the new task, even if you seem to have experienced failure in the past tasks.
Be sure to calculate the estimated time to complete each task, leaving enough time to review all tasks.
If you are experiencing serious difficulties in solving certain tasks, use all your resources related to previous experience in mastering the subject and remember that test tasks are designed for the maximum level of difficulty. Therefore, try to score the maximum number of points on all easy tasks, and the number of tasks you solve may well be enough for a good mark.
We wish you success!
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"How to Manage Your Emotions"
How to defuse negative emotions?
You can defuse your emotions by speaking out in a circle of friends who will understand and sympathize.
If you are alone, you can express your anger by bashing your pillow or wringing out a towel, even if it is dry. Most of the energy of anger is stored in the muscles of the shoulders, in the upper arms and in the fingers. Make any spontaneous sounds - tension can be "locked" in the throat.
The most complete discharge is given by classes in any kind of sport. Therefore, real athletes have not only physical, but also mental health.
Nature has a beneficial effect on man. Walking through the forest, contemplating the movement of a river or the calm surface of a lake, forest sounds and smells can restore peace of mind and performance even in the most difficult situations.
Breathing in steps. Three or four short exhalations in a row, then the same number of short breaths. Due to this, the flow of impulses going to the brain during a deep breath is broken, which is very important during stress.
Nature has given our brain an excellent means of protection against mental overload - laughter and crying. Laughter is a kind of protection of the nervous system. It can be thought of as a series of short exhalations. These exhalations crush the dangerous stream of impulses. This exercise combines the healing properties of crying and laughter.
And now let's do a series exercises to relieve emotional stress.
1. Clench your fingers into a fist with your thumb curled inward. Exhaling calmly, slowly, clench your fist with force. Then, while loosening the clenching of the fist, inhale. Repeat 5 times. Now try this exercise with your eyes closed, which doubles the effect.
2. Take two walnuts and make them in a circular motion in each palm.
3. Lightly massage the tip of the little finger.
4. Place the nut on the palm closer to the little finger, press it with the palm of the other hand and make circular motions with the nut for 3 minutes.
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"Peculiarities of information perception".
personality traits |
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Peculiarity | What to do |
Infantilism |
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Anxiety |
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Uncertainty |
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Perfectionists and Excellence |
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cognitive features. |
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Lack of arbitrariness and self-organization | To teach the child to use various material means for self-regulation of activities (an hourglass measuring the time required to complete the task, compiling a list of necessary tasks (and crossing them out as they are completed), a ruler indicating the desired line, etc.) |
asthenicity |
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Hyperthymia |
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looping | Learn to use a clock to allocate time for each task. |
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Dear Guys!
The pre-exam time is approaching, the time of final and entrance exams with its joys and disappointments. You have to overcome your first serious life barrier - the transition to an adult independent life in modern society.
The whole life of a person consists of all sorts of trials. You met with various tests, essays, dictations, tests and other tests from the first days of schooling. It is no secret to anyone that success in these cases depends on how fully and correctly you can reproduce the knowledge you have gained.
When preparing for an exam, the repetition of material plays a major role in shaping the mechanism for reproducing it on the exam. And the success of the reproduction of the material is largely determined by the way it is memorized.
For example, the method of grouping material makes it easier to memorize multi-digit numbers and formulas. To memorize the formulations of theorems, it is convenient to use an associative technique, i.e. establish similarities between the content to be remembered and the familiar subject. For example, the following phrase helps to remember the Pythagorean theorem: “Pythagorean pants are equal in all directions.” The keyword method will help you remember any repeated material. These words should reflect the meaning of the material being repeated and should be logically linked together, forming a chain of keywords. Restoring this chain in memory, you can easily reproduce the content of the material.
Any test is an extreme situation, which is accompanied by a tense, conflicting and anxious state of a person. Therefore, your acquaintance with information in the field of the psychology of stress and psychotechnical methods of relieving internal stress can give you a tool for self-help in preparing and passing tests.
All people, without exception, can regulate their behavior in a stressful situation. This means that you will be able to cope with your anxiety and tension in the process of preparing for the exam by skillfully using your self-help tool. It is necessary to clearly realize that a lot depends only on you.
Let's first look at some self-help techniques that will help you "relieve" internal tension in the preparatory stage for the tests.
For example, when you need to sit down at the table and prepare for exams, but you can’t do it, extraneous thoughts “crawl” into your head, then try the simplest auto-training. It will allow you to get involved in any activity. To do this, sit down at the table on which books, notes, etc. are prepared, close your eyes and silently (or in a whisper) repeat 8-10 times “I can write. I can write… I write… I write!”. Intonations grow from mechanical indifference to passionate demands. At the moment of greatest tension, you suddenly become silent, relax, leaning back in your chair. There is emptiness in your head, you do not want and do not expect anything. Stay in this emptiness, forget about everything, and you will feel that after a while your phrase begins to emerge in this emptiness, and then the demand to write. And you will feel that the hand itself will reach for the paper. If something gets in the way, try to relax again and then hear your order again. Phrases can be different, but the main condition is that they must be short and to the point.
If you are unable to concentrate, you cannot get involved in the work, then you need to sit down and write. And write any lines that come to your mind. The main thing is not to stop and not to re-read what was written, not to stop the process of “working in”. After a while, the work will really capture you.
The activity of your attention andmental activity will increase, for example, in the presence of pleasant smells of lemon, lavender, etc. or soft background sounds- pleasant quiet music, the sound of rain outside the window, etc.
We should not forget that mental activity activates the manipulation of fingers, gestures, walking. Monotony, monotony in work reduce the activity of brain activity, therefore, during monotonous workit is useful after 15 minutes to take a short pause (1-2 minutes) or switch to another activity.With monotonous work, it is better to take a long break after an hour and a half. During this break you canrelax with your eyes closed or vice versa, fill the gap with active movements: dance to the music, do some rhythmic exercises.
Self-regulation methods will help you “relieve” internal tension and calm down while preparing for the exam.
One of the methods of self-regulation is based on the use by a person of those opportunities that he has "at hand". They are associated with a reasonable planning of the regime of work and rest. When you begin to experience psycho-emotional stress during the preparation for the tests, severe fatigue, and maybe even lose self-control, you need to find ways to "stop" yourself. We list some of them:
- take a break from work
Other methods of self-regulation, purposefully created by a person to control himself, are psychotechnical exercises. The meaning of psychotechnics is to achieve and maintain mental, spiritual and physical form through directed concentration. The exercises are based on four methods of self-knowledge and self-regulation: relaxation (relaxation), concentration, visualization and self-hypnosis. Various self-regulation techniques are based on these methods, for example, auto-training, auto-relaxation.
The main way of self-regulation is self-hypnosis. Self-hypnosis should be positive, life-affirming, constructive (you can’t inspire yourself negative); should be put into simple, clear and understandable phrases in the affirmative form without the particle “not” (“I want ...”, “I can ...”, etc.) and involves repeated repetition.
- understand and calmly consider questionsset in the task, gather your thoughts to solve them;
- think of possible solutionsthe problem posed in the task;
- rationally use the time allotted for the exam: first perform those tasks that seem simpler, and then take on more complex tasks;
- try to keep yourselfpositive thinking all the timeallotted for the performance of work;
The listed techniques are especially effective when performing those tasks of the examination work, which require a full detailed answer.
For a more rational use of time on the exam, try to simulate and play the test situation in advance: put a clock in front of you and note the time you spend on the demo version of the exam paper and its individual parts. Try to work without interruption and compare the time you spent with the allotted four hours.
You will ensure the success of the assignments on the exam with the right approach to using your knowledge and skills, your psychological resources.
I wish you success!
Dear
parents!
In every family where there is a graduate student, experiences begin. “Exams are coming, and the soul is protesting…” - these words, written at the beginning of the twentieth century by a Moscow high school student, a friend of the future Andrei Bely, are still relevant for graduates and their parents today.
The family atmosphere of a graduate in our time is the main factor in successful adaptation to the preparation and passing of the exam, to social and psychological adaptation in a new social situation. In this situation, parents, first of all, should have the ability to control themselves, to be responsible, strong, active and at the same time subtle and sensitive, to understand the emotional state of their child, to help him get rid of negative emotions. Parents should help the graduate in developing a positive self-image by being attentive and encouraging his activities, creating a favorable atmosphere of goodwill.
Remember that the lack of positive stimulation and the predominance of negative assessment from parents in the process of preparing a graduate for the exam causes a feeling of internal insecurity, self-doubt and fear of the upcoming tests.
To help your child prepare and take the exam, try to simulate the test situation with him in advance. To do this, talk to last year's graduates, their parents, visit the university where your child will enter.
Choose the best solutions for situations that may arise during the exam, taking into account the individual psychological and physiological characteristics of your child. Finding literature on auto-training, self-regulation, auto-relaxation today will not be difficult for you. Try to learn yourself, as well as teach your child the techniques of relaxation and self-regulation. Act out the appropriate situation in which this skill will be useful to your child on the exam.
Your psychological support to the graduate is very important if he does not enter the university. In a situation of failure, the graduate is acutely experiencing a sense of disappointment, resentment, guilt for the vague hopes of his parents. Parents are obliged to overcome or significantly mitigate the tense state of the graduate caused by the problem that has arisen. It is necessary, together with him, to think over possible ways out of the situation that has arisen, without dramatizing it. Try to accept and help your child accept the situation that has arisen.
The ability to focus on the positive in any situation will help you calm down, orient yourself and find the right solution, reduce the subjective significance of the problem situation. You should not go on about your passions and emotions, it is better to try to reduce the significance of the problem for yourself and the child, for example, say: “This is not as important to me as the health of my child, as the well-being of our family. Nothing terrible happened! Everything can be corrected!".
There is no life without problems, so every person always has problems; having solved one problem, a person faces another; moving away from some problems, he will definitely find new problems. A lot can be achieved if one's actions are guided by the principles: "I must", "I can". A person predicts success for himself by taking actions with self-orientation towards achieving a positive result.
Good luck in achieving your desired goals!
Reminder for the graduate
The activity of your attention and mental activity will increase,
- in the presence of pleasant smells of lemon, lavender
- quiet background sounds - pleasant soft music, the sound of rain outside the window, etc.. P.
- when alternating work and a short pause, every 15 minutes (1-2 minutes)
- switch to another activity.
- fill the pause with active movements: dance to the music
- leave the room in which you are preparing for exams, or move to another part of it;
- go to the window and look at the sky, trees, people walking down the street, try to imagine what they are thinking about;
- dip the palms of your hands under cold water for 2-3 minutes;
- try every day, allotted for preparing for tests, to have a little time for activities that bring you satisfaction and joy, etc.
In order to confidently and successfully complete the tasks of the work, it is useful for you:
- do not succumb to negative changes in your mood;
- remember that positive self-esteem is very important, and say to yourself: “I am confident in myself because I evaluate myself positively. I will cope with the tasks set, and everything will be fine ... ".
- It should be remembered that the psychological methods of self-regulation are quite individual, so you need to find your own ways of self-hypnosis and self-regulation when preparing and during the exam.
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Dear Parents
Psychological support is one of the most important factors determining the success of your child in passing the unified state exam. How to support a graduate?
There are false ways, so typical ways for parents to support a child are overprotection, creating a teenager's dependence on an adult, imposing unrealistic standards, stimulating rivalry with peers. Genuine support should be based on emphasizing the abilities, opportunities, and positive aspects of the child.
Supporting a child means believing in him. Support is based on the belief in the innate ability of the individual to overcome life's difficulties with the support of those whom she considers significant to herself. Adults have many opportunities to demonstrate to the child their satisfaction with his achievements or efforts. Another way is to teach a teenager to cope with various tasks, creating in him the installation: "You can do it."
To show faith in a child, a parent must have the courage and desire to do the following:
Forget about the past failures of the child,
Help the child to gain confidence that he will cope with this task,
Remember past successes and return to them, not mistakes.
There are words that support children, for example: “Knowing you, I am sure that you will do everything well”, “You know it very well”. You can support through touch, joint actions, physical complicity, facial expressions.
So, to support the child, you must:
Build on your child's strengths
Avoid emphasizing the child's mistakes,
Show faith in the child, sympathy for him, confidence in his abilities,
To create an atmosphere of friendliness and respect at home, to be able and willing to demonstrate love and respect for the child,
Be both firm and kind, but do not act as a judge,
Support your child, show that you understand his feelings.
Do not worry about the number of points your child will receive on the exam, and do not criticize the child after the exam. Instill in your child the idea that the number of points is not a perfect measure of his abilities.
- Do not increase the anxiety of the child on the eve of exams - this may adversely affect the test result. The excitement of the parents is always transmitted to the child, and if adults can cope with their emotions at a crucial moment, then the child, due to age characteristics, can emotionally “break loose”.
- Encourage children, praise them for what they are doing well.
- Increase their self-confidence, because the more the child is afraid of failure, the more likely they are to make mistakes.
- Watch the well-being of the child, no one except you will be able to notice in time and prevent the deterioration of the child's condition associated with overwork.
- Control the mode of preparation of the child, do not allow overload, explain to him that he must alternate classes with rest.
- Provide a comfortable place for classes at home, make sure that no one at home interferes.
- Pay attention to the nutrition of the child: during intense mental stress, he needs nutritious and varied food and a balanced complex of vitamins. Products such as fish, cottage cheese, nuts, dried apricots, etc. stimulate the brain.
- Help the children organize the topics of training by day.
- Teach your child how to prepare for exams. It makes no sense to memorize all the factual material, it is enough to look at the key points and catch the meaning and logic of the material. It is very useful to make brief schematic extracts and tables, arranging the studied material according to the plan. If he doesn't know how, show him how it's done in practice. Basic formulas and definitions can be written out on pieces of paper and hung over a desk, over a bed, in a dining room, etc.
- Prepare various test items for the subject (now there are many different test items). Of great importance is the training of the child specifically for testing, because this form differs from the written and oral exams he is used to.
- In advance, during training on test tasks, teach your child to navigate in time and be able to distribute it. Then the child will have the ability to concentrate throughout the entire test, which will give him peace of mind and relieve excessive anxiety. If the child does not wear a watch, be sure to give him a watch for the exam.
- On the eve of the exam, ensure that the child has a good rest, he must rest and get enough sleep.
Encourage children to pay attention to the following during the exam:
- run through the entire test with your eyes to see what type of task it contains, this will help you get ready for work;
- carefully read the question to the end and understand its meaning (a typical mistake during testing - without reading it to the end, according to the first words, they already assume the answer and are in a hurry to enter it);
- if you do not know the answer to a question or are not sure, skip it and mark it so that you can return to it later;
- if you could not answer the question within the allotted time, it makes sense to rely on your intuition and indicate the most likely option.
And remember: the most important thing is to reduce the stress and anxiety of the child and provide suitable conditions for classes.
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PSYCHO PREVENTION OF EXAMS: |
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"type of perception".
Type of perception | |
kinesthetics based primarily on feelings. |
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visuals based mainly on visual images. |
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Diskretiki are based on the logical understanding of the signals of other systems. |
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Audials rely primarily on auditory images. |
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To remember information:
kinesthetic I have to write it myself
Auditory - pronounce
Visual just remember what it looks like.
visual loves information in the form of graphs, tables, films, he needs to look at something. At the same time, he is able to "see the whole sheet."
Audialu usually you need to say all this inside yourself (remember the alphabet).
Kinesthetic you need to feel, do, move. He will immediately begin to figure out how exactly to do something, and what you need to click on so that this thing strums, and preferably in his hands.
Diskretik First of all, he will ask you to show the instructions and first study them in great detail.
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"Ambulance" in a stressful situation
1. Breathing: through a deep breath, holding the breath at the peak of inhalation and a slow exhalation (after exhalation, mental pronunciation of a short word). In no case should you lengthen the breath, this entails hyperventilation of the brain and an altered state. Anti-stress breathing is the main component of psychosomatic balance.
2. Minute relaxation (muscle relaxation): focus on facial expression and body position. Dissolve the muscles, attach to this deep breathing with a long breath.
3. It is necessary to look around and very slowly and carefully inspect everything that is around. Mentally go through all the details of the situation, conduct a kind of inventory. It takes away stress.
4. Before the exam, auto-training: “I know everything, I studied well, I can pass the exam, I will pass the exam, I am confident in my knowledge. Calmly"
5. If circumstances permit, it is necessary to leave the room where acute stress has arisen and to be involved in any activity as much as possible and actively. Physical labor has a particularly powerful anti-stress effect.
6. Trance music has a good relaxation effect. It promotes local concentration. Local concentration reflexively causes muscle or other relaxation.
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Knowing yourself
No one will remain the same
Who is he.
T.Mann
Introduction………………………..
I. Strengthening the mental self-regulation of graduates in the process of preparing for exams…………
I.I. Self-regulation of the emotional state……………..
Imaging Techniques
Self-hypnosis techniques
Rationalization Techniques
I.II. Self-regulation of cognitive activity………..
Self-regulation of memory………
Rules of self-organization of attention…………….
Self-regulation of cognitive activity during the exam ... ..
Universal "recipes" for increasing the effectiveness of tactics for completing USE tasks……………
In preparation for the exam
On the eve of the exam
During testing
II. Psychological assistance to parents of students in preparation for the exam
II.I. Tips for parents: how to help children prepare for the exam
Introduction
The problems associated with preparing for school final exams have always had a special affective significance for students, parents and teachers.
These materials can form the basis for the development of a system of psychological preparation for the exam.
The unified state exam is a new reality in the national education system.
An analysis of the results of the Unified State Examination shows that a significant number of unsatisfactory grades in various subjects is often associated not with poor knowledge of the subject, but with a stressful situation that occurs during the exam. The reason for psychological difficulties and stress when passing the exam is the fact that teachers, doing academic preparation for the exam, do not always pay due attention to high-quality psychological preparation.
From a psychological point of view, the Unified State Exam has specific features that should be taken into account as much as possible during preparation. The USE differs from the traditional exam in a number of ways:
1. When passing a traditional exam, not so much actual knowledge is evaluated, but the ability to present it. Often, well-developed oral speech allows the student to "hide" gaps in knowledge. In the process of passing the exam, actual knowledge, the ability to reason, keep within the framework of the task, understand the wording, and organization are evaluated.
2. The results of a traditional exam are largely influenced by subjective factors (contact with the examiner, general impression, etc.); evaluation of the results of the exam is as objective as possible.
3. At the oral exam, the existing feedback from the examiner allows you to correct the answer. In the process of passing the exam, there is no feedback from teachers.
4. A student taking the exam does not know the experts who will evaluate his work.
5. Several days pass from the moment the tasks are completed until the results of the exam are received.
6. The traditional exam provides for the student to demonstrate possession of a certain piece of educational material. The Unified State Examination covers almost the entire volume of educational material.
7. When passing the exam, the results of the assignments are recorded on a special form for registering answers.
8. The unified state exam is of particular importance for graduates, because is the final and entrance exam at the same time.
The specifics of the exam allows you to predict possible difficulties in passing it:
- cognitive difficulties (lack of skill in working with tests; lack of formation of an individual activity strategy);
- personal difficulties (exam situation; lack of complete and clear information about the USE procedure, unformed public opinion about the USE; strangers and premises);
- procedural difficulties (the specifics of fixing answers; the unusual role of teachers (observers); unusual criteria for evaluating answers; ignorance of one's own rights and obligations).
The most effective forms of psychological preparation of graduates for the exam, used by subject teachers and school psychologists, are:
organization of "training" in the performance of test tasks.
training in behavior skills in stressful situations
- memos for graduates, containing universal "recipes" for improving the effectiveness of tactics for completing USE tasks;
- individual consultationsgraduates whose difficulties are of a personal nature;
- psychological and pedagogical assistance to children at risk.
I. STRENGTHENING THE MENTAL SELF-REGULATION OF GRADUATES IN THE PROCESS OF PREPARATION FOR EXAMS
I.I. Self-regulation of the emotional state
Like any emotional state, the state of students before the exam has a complex structure. Children are in anticipation of the upcoming test, strong unrest, internal struggle, meeting with difficult tasks and hopeless situations; prepare for their solution, anticipate the possible outcome. In this regard, the stabilization of the emotional state of students before exams is an important aspect of psychological preparation for the exam.
Self-help techniques for stressful situations
Many people hate school, which becomes a serious stressor. What to do? The way out is: change your lifestyle, change yourself!
What to do to neutralize stress?
Firstly, under stress, the supply of vitamins in the body, especially group B, is quickly consumed. Many doctors advise taking vitamins daily, but be aware of an overdose. Everything should be in moderation!
Secondly, exercise is very beneficial. Go to the gym, do exercises, dance, sing, walk around the city, visit the pool, sauna.
Thirdly, mental and physical relaxation is necessary. Try the following ways: listen to relaxing music, look at the night sky, clouds, dream.
Fourth, a harmonious life requires the support of family and friends. Go to psychological trainings, do not shy away from family celebrations, meet new interesting people. Pay attention to your parents, grandparents, sister or brother, because they especially need your love, care, affection.
It is necessary to clearly realize that a lot depends only on you.
The first group of self-regulation methods
is based on the use by a person of the opportunities that he has "at hand". When, while preparing for exams, unpleasant feelings begin to cover you, you lose control of your emotions, you fall into despair, it is useful to use the following means “from life”:
- Tell all your friends who will understand and sympathize.
- Go shopping, buy yourself some little thing that will give you pleasure.
- Go to sleep (sleep).
- Go in for sports (real athletes have not only physical, but also mental health).
- Launder clothes or wash dishes.
- Listen to your favorite music.
- Dance to the music, both calm and "violent".
- Walking through the forest, contemplating the movement of a river or the calm expanse of a lake, forest sounds and smells can restore peace of mind and performance even in the most difficult situations.
- Pet a cat or dog.
- Cry and laugh. Laughter and crying are a kind of protection of the nervous system. They can be thought of as a series of short exhalations. These exhalations crush the dangerous stream of impulses.
- Take a contrast shower.
- Take a warm bath with a pleasant aroma and foam.
- Go to church (if you are a believer).
- Breathe in steps. Three or four short exhalations in a row, then the same number of short breaths. Due to this, the flow of impulses going to the brain during a deep breath is broken, which is very important during stress.
- Inhale deeply up to 10 times.
- Beating a pillow or squeezing a towel, even if it is dry - most of the energy of anger accumulates in the muscles of the shoulders, in the upper arms and in the fingers.
- Make any spontaneous sounds, scream - tension can be "locked" in the throat.
- Scream loudly, then quietly.
- Sing your favorite song out loud.
- Sing your favorite song to yourself (singing a song or USE assignments also has a positive effect on your emotional state).
- Crumple up the newspaper and throw it away (put your tension into the crumpling of a newspaper sheet, make this lump as small as possible and throw it away).
- Tear the newspaper into small pieces, “even smaller”, then throw it in the trash.
- Blind your mood from the newspaper.
- Color in a newspaper spread.
- Try finger painting (a spoonful of flour, a spoonful of water, a spoonful of paint), draw a few blots, and then talk about them.
- Touch the rosary, beads, "Chinese balls" and other small objects with your fingertips.
- It is easy to squeeze and unclench a small ball or rubber toy in your hand.
- Look at a burning candle.
- Observe the rhythmic movement of, for example, a pendulum.
- Count the teeth with the tongue from the inside.
31. Smile at yourself as wide as possible, showing your teeth.
The second group of self-regulation methods
- methods purposefully created by a person to control himself, or psychotechnical exercises. The meaning of psychotechnics is to achieve and maintain mental, spiritual and physical form through directed concentration. Exercises are based on four methods of self-regulation: relaxation (relaxation), visualization, self-hypnosis and rationalization.
Relaxation techniques (relaxation)
- Clench your fingers into a fist with your thumb curled inward. Exhaling calmly, slowly, clench your fist with force. Then, while loosening the clenching of the fist, inhale. Repeat 5 times. Now try this exercise with your eyes closed, which doubles the effect.
- Self-massage technique helps to relieve tension:
Imaging Techniques
This group of techniques is based on the use of imagination.
- Your emotional tension is a tightly stuffed ball. Huge ball. It literally rips you apart from the inside. In your imagination, pierce this ball with a needle. He burst. Together with him, your tension, despair also “burst”.
- Imagine that you have packed your troubles in a bag and put them on the train platform. The train has gone and taken away your misfortunes.
- Think back to a place where you were happy. Imagine yourself there.
- Imagine yourself successful, calm, ready for the exam, knowing and remembering everything (change the “bad chair” to a “good one”).
Self-hypnosis techniques
Self-hypnosis should be positive, life-affirming, constructive (you can’t inspire yourself negative); should be put into simple, clear and understandable phrases in the affirmative form without the particle “not” (“I want ...”, “I can ...”, etc.) and involves repeated repetition.
- Everything will be OK!
- Now I feel better!
- I already feel better!
- I own the situation!
- No doubt I can do it!
Rationalization Techniques
These techniques are based on the use of the mechanism of psychological defense - rationalization, which contains the active-positive potential of the individual's behavior.
- Take a blank sheet of paper. At the top, write the problem that “torments” you - for example, “USE”. Then divide the sheet vertically into two halves. On the left, write down in a column all the unpleasant thoughts that come to mind in connection with this problem. In the right column, write down all the benefits that are also available in this situation. Which column is longer? Now reformulate the phrases from the first column so that they sound positive, and rewrite them in the new wording in the right column.
The use of such methods of self-regulation will help you to ensure self-control and endurance during the exam, adequate to the problem situation that inevitably arises during the tests.
I.II. Self-regulation of cognitive activity
The success of the tasks in the exam is ensured not only by the correct approach to the use of one's knowledge and skills, but also by the competent use of one's own psychological resources.
Memory self-regulation
It is no secret to anyone that success in these cases depends on how fully and correctly you can reproduce the knowledge you have.
The success of the reproduction of the material is largely determined by the way it is memorized.
For example, the waymaterial grouping, facilitates the memorization of multi-digit numbers, formulas. To memorize the formulations of theorems, it is convenient to useassociative technique, i.e. establish similarities between the content to be remembered and the familiar subject. For example, the following phrase helps to remember the Pythagorean theorem: "Pythagorean pants are equal in all directions." The method will help you remember any repeated material. keywords . These words should reflect the meaning of the material being repeated and should be logically linked together, forming a chain of keywords. Restoring this chain in memory, you can easily reproduce the content of the material.
Remember that any repeated material is remembered and reproduced much more successfully and efficiently if you understand well why you are repeating it.
Rules for self-organization of attention
- Plan your time in advance so that nothing distracts you during class hours (visits from friends, phone calls).
- Sustainability of attention largely depends on how well you understand the studied material. Therefore, when starting to study a new topic, first review the previous section. If for some reason you have not studied this material, start by filling in the existing gaps.
- If excitement, anxiety interfere with focusing on the material being studied, then read the material being studied aloud. After you manage to focus your attention, read the material being studied silently.
- Changing subjects while doing homework also helps to maintain sustained attention.
The activity of your attention and mental activity will increase, for example, in the presence of pleasant smells of lemon, lavender, etc. or quiet background sounds - pleasant soft music, the sound of rain outside the window, etc.
It must be taken into account that even the most interesting material, the most interesting lecture by the most attentive people is continuously perceived for no longer than 7-8 minutes, after which a short-term switch of attention necessarily occurs.
With monotonous work, it is better to take a long break after an hour and a half. During this break, you can relax with your eyes closed or, conversely, fill the pause with active movements: dance to the music, do some rhythmic exercises.
When you begin to experience tension during training, severe fatigue, you can use the following techniques:
- stop, pause at work;
- leave the room in which you are preparing for exams, or move to another part of it;
- go to the window and look at the sky, trees, people walking down the street, try to imagine what they are thinking about;
- dip the palms of your hands under cold water for 2-3 minutes;
- try every day, allotted for preparing for tests, to have a little time for activities that bring you satisfaction and joy, etc.
- write your name with your head in the air (this increases the efficiency of the brain).
Self-regulation of cognitive activity during the exam
In order to confidently and successfully complete tasks on the exam, it is useful:
- understand and calmly think over the questions posed in the task, gather your thoughts to solve them;
- think of possible ways to solve the problem posed in the task;
- rationally use the time allotted for the exam: first complete those tasks that seem simpler, and then take on more complex tasks;
- try to maintain a positive mindset throughout the time allotted for work;
- do not succumb to negative changes in your mood;
- remember that positive self-esteem is very important, and say to yourself: “I am confident in myself because I evaluate myself positively. I will cope with the tasks set, and everything will be fine ... ".
It should be remembered that the psychological methods of self-regulation of cognitive processes are quite individual, so you need to find your own ways when preparing and during the exam.
Universal "recipes" for increasing the effectiveness of tactics for completing USE tasks
Memo 1
In preparation for the exam:
- First, prepare a place for classes: remove unnecessary things from the table, conveniently arrange the necessary textbooks, manuals, notebooks, paper, pencils, etc.
- You can introduce yellow and purple colors into the interior of the room, as they increase intellectual activity. For this, any picture in these colors or a print is enough.
- Make a lesson plan. To begin with, determine: who you are - "owl" or "lark", and depending on this, make the most of the morning or evening hours. When making a plan for each day of preparation, it is necessary to clearly define what exactly will be studied today. Not in general: "I'll work out a little", but which sections and topics.
- Start with the most difficult, with the section that you know the least. But if it’s hard for you to “swing”, you can start with the material that interests and pleases you the most. Perhaps you will gradually enter the working rhythm, and things will go.
- Alternate classes and rest, say, 40 minutes of classes, then 10 minutes - a break. You can wash the dishes at this time, water the flowers, do exercises, take a shower.
- No need to strive to read and memorize the entire textbook. It is useful to structure the material by drawing up plans, diagrams, preferably on paper. Outlines are also useful because they are easy to use for brief repetition of material.
- Take as many different published tests as possible in this subject. These workouts will introduce you to test item designs.
- Train with a stopwatch in your hands, mark the time for completing tests (on the tasks in part A, on average, it takes 2 minutes per task).
- When preparing for exams, never think that you will not cope with the task, but on the contrary, mentally paint yourself a picture of triumph.
- Leave one day before the exam to repeat all the answer plans again, dwell on the most difficult questions again
Memo 2
Before the exam:
- Many people think that in order to fully prepare for the exam, only one, the last night before it, is missing. It is not right. You are already tired, and there is no need to overwork yourself. On the contrary, stop preparing in the evening, take a shower, take a walk. Sleep as well as possible to get up rested, with a sense of your health, strength, "combat" mood. After all, the exam is a kind of struggle in which you need to prove yourself, show your abilities and abilities.
- You must arrive at the exam point without being late, preferably half an hour before the start of testing. You need to have a pass, a passport (not a birth certificate) and a few (in reserve) gel or capillary pens with black ink.
- If it's cold at school, don't forget to dress warmly, because you will be sitting for the exam for 3 hours.
Memo 3
During testing:
- At the beginning of the test, you will be given the necessary information (how to fill out the form, what letters to write, how to code the school number, etc.). Pay attention!!! The correctness of your answers depends on how carefully you remember all these rules!
- The answer form (registration area, the answers themselves, etc.) you fill out only in block letters! Pay attention to how some letters are written, for example, the letter "a". Some of the information is recorded in a coded form, which you will be told before starting the test.
- Exam materials consist of three parts: A, B, C:
In the tasks of part A you need to choose the correct answer from several options. In the first part of the answer forms with the heading "Task numbers with a choice of an answer from the proposed options," you must, under the task number, mark with an "X" the cell whose number corresponds to the number of the selected answer:
In the tasks of part B the answer is given as a single word or number. In the answer sheet for such tasks there are fields with the heading "Short answers to tasks without answer options for choice", where you carefully enter your answer (word or number) next to the task number (in block letters). Writing formulas or mathematical expressions, any verbal headings or comments is not allowed;
In the tasks of part C a detailed answer is given in the form of a solution to a problem or a short story, which are recorded on a separate form. It is very important to rewrite in a special field in the upper right corner of the specified form the individual number of the main answer form (pink). At the same time, no additional information about you (last name, first name, class) is written.
- Corrections in the answer sheet are highly undesirable. If, nevertheless, corrections are inevitable, then remember that they can only be made in tasks of type A, using the reserve fields with the heading "Cancellation of erroneous marks". Corrections are made only according to the instructions of the organizers. The number of corrections allowed is not more than six.
- There may be some changes in the procedure for filling out the forms, which you will be informed about.
- Upon receipt of the test results, you have the right to familiarize yourself with the checked work and, if you do not agree with the assessment, you can file an appeal (within 3 days after the announcement of the result) to the conflict commission.
Memo 4
Universal Recipes to Increase Efficiency
tactics for completing assignments during the exam
- Focus! After completing the preliminary part of the test (filling out the forms), when you have clarified all the points that you do not understand, try to concentrate and forget about those around you. For you, only the text of the tasks and the clock regulating the time of the test should exist. Hurry don't rush! Rigid time limits should not affect the quality of your answers. Before you enter your answer, read the question twice and make sure you understand correctly what is required of you.
- Start easy! Start answering those questions that you have no doubt about knowing, without dwelling on those that can cause much thought. Then you will calm down, your head will begin to work more clearly and precisely, and you will enter into a working rhythm. You sort of free yourself from nervousness, and then all your energy will be directed to more difficult issues.
- Skip! We must learn to skip difficult or incomprehensible tasks. Remember: in the text there will always be questions that you will definitely cope with. It's just stupid not to get points just because you didn't get to "your" tasks, but stuck on those that cause you difficulties.
- Read the task to the end!Haste should not lead to the fact that you are trying to understand the conditions of the assignment "by the first words" and completing the ending in your own imagination. This is a sure way to make embarrassing mistakes in the most easy of questions.
- Think only about the current task!When you see a new task, forget everything that was in the previous one. As a rule, tasks in tests are not related to each other, so the knowledge that you applied in one (already, let's say, solved by you) usually does not help, but only interferes with concentration and correctly solving a new task. This advice gives you another invaluable psychological effect - forget about the failure in the last task (if it turned out to be too tough for you). Just think that each new task is a chance to score points.
- Exclude! Many tasks can be solved faster if you do not immediately look for the correct answer, but consistently exclude those that are clearly not suitable. The elimination method allows you to end up focusing on just one or two options, and not on all five or seven (which is much more difficult).
- Schedule two laps!Time yourself so that in two-thirds of the allotted time you go through all the easy tasks (“the first circle”). Then you will have time to score maximum points on those tasks, and then calmly return and think about the difficult ones that you had to skip at first (“second round”).
- Check it out! Leave time to check your work, at least to have time to skim through your eyes and notice obvious errors.
- Guess! If you are not sure about the choice of an answer, but intuitively you can prefer some answer to others, then you should trust your intuition! In this case, choose the option that, in your opinion, has a high probability.
- Do not worry! Strive to complete as many tasks as possible, but remember that in practice this is unrealistic. Keep in mind that test tasks are designed for the maximum level of difficulty, and the number of tasks you solve may well be sufficient for an excellent mark.
Memo 5
15 advice from a psychologist to a high school student taking the exam
- You cannot change reality, but you can change your attitude towards it.
- The exam is an important stage in your life, but not the last!
- Discuss with your parents what will happen after the exam. Understand that a catastrophe will not happen, no matter what the result of the tests.
- In the process of direct preparation for the exam, use different types of memory: visual (reading), auditory (reading aloud or recording on audio), motor (rewriting material).
- Write cheat sheets! This is a very useful psychological ritual, as it not only activates mechanical memory, but also gives a feeling of protection.
- Play the exam situation at home several times (with clock and answer sheets).
- The main thing before the exam is to get enough sleep!
- Do not take strong sedatives before the exam.
- Be confident in yourself: you know everything you know. (By the way, the more you know, the more you worry - this has been proven by psychologists!).
- You have already passed the exam rehearsal, which means that nothing new awaits you.
- If you have a small mascot, take it with you. He will help you.
- During the exam, do not take the excitement that has arisen as a disaster. Just wait out the first confusion.
- Read all the tasks and decide in what order you will complete them. Distribute your time (for example, 2 hours - I decide, 1 hour - I check, 1 hour - I draw up).
- Remember: the best way to relieve stress is humor (see Appendix 2).
- A doctor and a psychologist will be present at each USE reception center. In which case, feel free to contact them..
II. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSISTANCE TO PARENTS OF STUDENTS
IN THE PERIOD OF PREPARATION FOR THE USE
Obviously, parents play a huge role in preparing students for the exam. It is the parents who largely orient them to the choice of the subject that the children take, inspire confidence in their abilities or, conversely, increase anxiety, help, worry and worry about insufficiently high marks.
First of all, parents themselves, as a rule, have a very vague idea of what the USE is. It is known that the lack of information increases the anxiety that parents, unwittingly, can transmit to children. Expanding parents' knowledge of the essence and procedure of the Unified State Examination, familiarity with specific tasks can reduce their anxiety, which, in turn, helps parents support their child during this difficult period.
Memo for parents: "How to help children prepare for the exam?"
Memos Concluding General Recommendations on the Psychological Preparation of Graduates for the Unified State Examination
Memo 6
Tips for parents: how to help children prepare for the exam
- Do not worry about the number of points your child will receive on the exam, and do not criticize the child after the exam. Please provide support in any way. Instill in your child the idea that the number of points is not a perfect measure of his abilities.
- Do not increase the anxiety of the child on the eve of exams - this may adversely affect the test result. The excitement of the parents is always transmitted to the child, and if adults can cope with their emotions at a crucial moment, then the child, due to age characteristics, can emotionally “break loose”.
- In the process of preparing for exams, encourage the child, praise him for what he is doing well.
- Increase his self-confidence, because the more the child is afraid of failure, the more likely it is to make mistakes.
- Control the child’s preparation mode, avoid overloads, explain to him that he must alternate classes with rest.
- Monitor the well-being of the child, no one except you will be able to notice in time and prevent the deterioration of the child's condition associated with overwork.
- Provide a comfortable place for classes at home, make sure that no one at home interferes.
- Pay attention to the nutrition of the child: during intense mental stress, he needs nutritious and varied food and a balanced complex of vitamins. Products such as fish, cottage cheese, nuts, dried apricots, etc. stimulate the brain.
- Help the children organize the topics of preparation by day.
- Teach your child how to prepare for exams. It makes no sense to memorize all the factual material, it is enough to look at the key points and catch the meaning and logic of the material. It is very useful to make brief schematic extracts and tables, arranging the studied material according to the plan. If he doesn't know how, show him how it's done in practice. Basic formulas and definitions can be written out on pieces of paper and hung over a desk, over a bed, in a dining room, etc.
- Prepare different versions of test items in the subject (there are now many different collections of test items). Of great importance is the training of the child specifically for testing, because this form differs from the written and oral exams he is used to.
- In advance, during training on test tasks, teach your child to navigate in time and be able to distribute it. Then the child will have the ability to concentrate throughout the entire test, which will give him peace of mind and relieve excessive anxiety. If the child does not wear a watch, be sure to give him a watch for the exam.
- Advise the children to pay attention to the following during the exam: · to look through the entire test to see what type of task it contains, this will help to prepare for work; Read the question carefully to the end and understand its meaning (a typical mistake during testing - without reading it to the end, according to the first words, they already assume the answer and are in a hurry to enter it); · if you do not know the answer to a question or are not sure, skip it and mark it so that you can return to it later; if you could not answer the question within the allotted time, it makes sense to rely on your intuition and indicate the most likely option. And remember: the most important thing is to reduce the stress and anxiety of the child and provide suitable conditions for classes.
- On the eve of the exam, ensure that the child has a good rest, he must rest and get enough sleep.
- Practice shows: overeating immediately before the exam inhibits mental activity.
The psychological mood of graduates in the USE situation also depends on subject teachers, their actions and words. As a result, special training of teachers is also necessary, which consists in learning how to create a situation of success.
Primarily,Students need to be familiar with how to prepare for exams.
Help the students to organize the topics of training by day.
Children must understand that memorizing all the factual material is ineffective, it is enough to look at the key points and catch the meaning and logic of the material. It is very useful to make brief schematic extracts and tables, arranging the studied material according to the plan. It is necessary to show children in practice how it is done. The basic formulas and definitions can be written out on pieces of paper and placed in prominent places.
It is useful to use in preparation such a technique as working with supporting notes (material diagram).
Develop a system of conventions with your students and take the time to write notes on a large sheet or on the board. High school students learn the content of the material well through such a simple and pleasant activity for them.
Preparation for exams should begin in advance, working out individual details when passing some tests, etc., i.e. in less emotionally charged situations. Psychotechnical skills for passing exams not only increase the efficiency of preparing for exams, allow you to behave more successfully during the exam, but also generally contribute to the development of mental work skills, the ability to mobilize yourself in a decisive situation, to master your own emotions.
During training on test tasks, teach students to navigate in time and be able to distribute it. Then they will develop the ability to concentrate throughout the entire test, which will give them peace of mind and relieve excessive anxiety.
Advise children to pay attention to the following while practicing on test items: a) first you need to run your eyes through the entire test to see what type of task it contains, this will help you get ready for work; b) carefully read the question to the end and understand its meaning (a typical mistake during testing - without reading it to the end, by the first words they already assume the answer and are in a hurry to enter it); c) if the question causes difficulties, skip it and mark it so that you can return to it later.
Build student confidence, since the more a teenager is afraid of failure, the more likely it is to make mistakes.
Encourage students, praise them for what they are doing well.
By the way, if a high school student strikes you with stone calmness, this is not so good. The lack of some excitement in an exam often gets in the way of good answers.
Introduce children to the methods of relieving neuropsychic stress, self-regulation of the emotional state.Relaxation reduces inner anxiety, improves attention and memory. Relaxation exercises, self-hypnosis and other methods of emotional self-regulation are well suited for relaxation and stress relief.(see 2.2.).Master these exercises yourself (adults will not interfere too!),
Incorporate these exercises into lesson structure, use them to set up the class before quizzes
And, most importantly, don't forget the "optimistic hypothesis"believe in yourself and the abilities of your students!
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- Badina N.P.Psychological preparation of graduates for the Unified State Examination // Pedagogical Trans-Urals, 2005. - No. 1. - P.33-35.
- Practical psychology of education / Ed. I.V. Dubrovina. - M., 2000.
- Savchenko M.Yu.Career guidance. Personal development. Exam Readiness Training (Grades 9-11): A Practical Guide for Class Teachers and School Psychologists. - M., 2005.
- Subbotina L.Yu.Stress. - Yaroslavl, 2001.
- Chibisova M. YU.Unified state exam: psychological preparation. - M., 2004.
