Everyone at least a few times in their life doubted how to pronounce the word correctly, where to put the stress, because the Russian language is one of the most difficult languages.
Difficulties arise for several reasons.

In Russian, there is no general rule for preserving stress, it can be in any part of a word, unlike, for example, French, where the stress is always placed on the last syllable.

Emphasis plays a semantic role. Depending on the stress, the meaning of the word changes, this can be observed in homonymous words, or rather, in homographs (words that are spelled the same, but sound differently): a rit and steam and th, a tlas and atl a s, cr e dit and credit and t.

Our language has a lot of foreign words borrowed from other languages. This, on the one hand, enriches the language, and, on the other hand, creates difficulties in pronunciation and writing. Especially often, difficulties arise with the letter “e”: it is written “e”, and pronounced “e” (parterre, sex, dash).

There are many territorial varieties of the Russian language - dialects - which also affect pronunciation. So, in St. Petersburg and in Moscow, meat cooked on a spit will be called differently: shawarma and shawarma.

Communication with Slavic "brothers" has a huge impact on the native speakers of the Russian language. Even TV announcers began to pronounce many words in the Ukrainian manner, thereby making speech errors. Most often I hear such errors in the stress of verbs: n a chala instead of beginnings a, P about nyala instead understood a etc.

But despite the many factors that negatively affect the language, one must strive to speak correctly, since speech is the hallmark of every person. By the way a person pronounces words, you can tell a lot about his origin, upbringing, education. And if the native speakers, those for whom Russian is their native language, do not treat it with care, then who will save the language?

Let's talk right!

With this article, I open a series of texts on correct pronunciation.

For starters, here's a set of words that cause difficulty in stress.

One of the most common mistakes is the stress in past tense verbs of the feminine gender (I wrote about this already above, but I will repeat it):

Wrong: began, understood, took, took, created.
Correctly: started BUT, understood BUT, took BUT, took BUT etc. But in the masculine: n BUT chal, p O nyal, with O building

It is considered bad manners to say they are calling, calling. Correct: call And th, ringing And t, ringing I t.

You can buy wed E dstva and enjoy wed E by means, but not by means.

Child in childhood need balls BUT th.

Ukrainian is spoken in Kiev And nsky language.

The confectionery sells t O mouths, and the data is entered into the catalog O G.

And what the key is hung on is called keychain, not a key fob.

And 40 more words:

apostrophe	aristocracy	bows	genesis
denim	dispensary	contract	slumber
enviably	CONSPIRACY	moldy	cork up
jagged	Spark	quarter	whooping cough
flint	more beautiful	kitchen	chunk
scrap	in a glimpse (in a glimpse)	garbage chute	naked (naked)
intention	security	ease	wholesale
funeral (at a funeral)	reward	force	plum
in-depth	dead	phenomenon (phenomenon)	cotton robe
hosts	scoop	scarves	sorrel

Tell us about the words that cause you difficulty in pronunciation. Maybe some words once or now surprised you with their stress?

3. Basic rules of literary pronunciation.

The term orthoepy (gr. orthos - direct, correct + epos - speech) is used in two meanings: 1) a section of linguistics that studies normative literary pronunciation and 2) a set of rules that establish a uniform pronunciation that corresponds to the pronunciation standards adopted in the language,

Russian orthoepy includes the rules for pronunciation of unstressed vowels, voiced and voiceless consonants, hard and soft consonants, consonant combinations, the rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms, the pronunciation features of words of foreign origin, sometimes included in orthoepy issues of stress and intonation, which are important for oral speech, are the object of consideration of orthoepy, since they do not directly relate to pronunciation. Stress refers to phonetics (serves to highlight a syllable in a word), to vocabulary (being a sign of a given word) or to grammar (being a sign of a given grammatical form). Intonation is an important expressive means of oral speech, giving it an emotional coloring, but is not related to the rules of pronunciation.

The most important features of Russian literary pronunciation developed in the first half of the 18th century. based on the spoken language of the city of Moscow. By this time, Moscow pronunciation had lost its narrow dialectal features, combining the features of the pronunciation of the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language. Moscow pronunciation norms were transferred to other economic and cultural centers as a model and there they were assimilated on the basis of local dialect features. This is how pronunciation features developed that were not characteristic of the Moscow orthoepic norm (pronunciation features were most clearly expressed in St. Petersburg, the cultural center and capital of Russia in the 18th-19th centuries).

The pronunciation system of the modern Russian literary language in its basic and defining features does not differ from the pronunciation system of the pre-October era. The differences between one and the other are of a particular nature (some features of pronunciation vernacular have disappeared, in some cases there has been a convergence of pronunciation with spelling, new pronunciation options have appeared). Although there is no complete unification of literary pronunciation, in general, modern orthoepic norms represent a consistent system that is developing and improving. Theater, radio broadcasting, television, sound films play a huge role in the formation of literary pronunciation, which serve as a powerful means of spreading orthoepic norms and maintaining their unity.

4. Pronunciation of unstressed vowels

In unstressed syllables, vowels undergo reduction - qualitative and quantitative changes as a result of a weakening of articulation. Qualitative reduction is a change in the sound of a vowel with the loss of some signs of its timbre, and quantitative reduction is a decrease in its longitude and strength.

The vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable are reduced to a lesser extent, and the vowels of the remaining unstressed syllables are reduced to a greater extent.

In the first pre-stressed syllable, in place of the letters a and o, the sound [A] is pronounced - “lid”. It differs from the struck [a] in shorter duration and more posterior formation: tr [A] va ", with [A] sleep".

In the remaining unstressed syllables, in place of the letters a and o, a short
sound, middle between [s] and [a], denoted in transcription by the sign [b]: tr [b] vyano "th, s [b] loto" th, school [b], you "z [b] v. V at the beginning of the word, unstressed [a] and [o] are pronounced like [a]: [a] zo "t, [a] blood" t.

After solid hissing [w] and [w], the vowel [a] in the first pre-stressed syllable is pronounced as [a]: w [a] rgo "n, sh [a] ha" t. But before soft consonants, a sound is pronounced, the middle one between [s] and [e]: f[s"]le"be, losh[s"]de"d.

After soft consonants in the nervous pre-stressed syllable, in place of letters, a sound is pronounced, the middle between [and] and [e]: in [and "] sleep", h [and "] sy".

In the rest of the unstressed syllables, in place of the letters e and i, a very short [and] is pronounced, in transcription denoted by the sign [b]: v [b] face "n, you" n [b] sti, p [b] tacho "k, you "Shut up.

In place of combinations of letters aa, ao, oo, vowels [aa] are pronounced in pre-stressed syllables: z[a¯] to falter, s[a¯] bottom", n "a] gli "sky, in [a ¯] throw" t.

5. Pronunciation of consonants

At the end of words and in their middle, before deaf consonants, voiced consonants are stunned: sharp [n], break [k], zap [t], bag [sh].

In place of deaf consonants before voiced ones, except for [c], the corresponding voiced ones are pronounced: [z] run, o [d] quit, into [g] hall.

In some cases, the so-called assimilative mitigation is observed, i.e., consonants facing soft consonants are pronounced softly. This applies primarily to combinations of dental [z "d"] es, gvo [z "d"] and, e [s "l"] and, ka [z "n"], ku (z "n"] ets , ne [n "s"] ia. There are two pronunciation options [z "l"] and [zl"] it, after [with "l"] e and after [sled"] e.

A double pronunciation is observed in combinations with labial consonants: [d "v"] er and [dv"] er, [z "v"] er and [sv"] er. In general, regressive softness assimilation is now on the wane.

Double consonants are a long consonant, usually when the stress falls on the previous syllable: gru "[n¯]a, ma" [s]a, program"[m]a. If the stress falls on the next syllable, then double consonants are pronounced without longitude: a[k]o"rd, ba[s]e"yn, gra[m]a"tika.

Sokolova V.V. Culture of speech and culture of communication. M.: Enlightenment, 1995, p. 47). 2 The dynamism of language development and the variability of norms "The language system, being in constant use, is created and modified by the collective efforts of those who use it ... New in speech experience that does not fit into the framework of the language system, but working, functionally expedient, leads to a restructuring in it , a...

Time was the Moscow Maly Theatre. The great actors of this theater are M.S. Shchepkin, P.M. Sadovsky, G.N. Fedotova, M.N. Ermakova, O.O. Sadovskaya, N.I. Musil and others - developed Russian stage pronunciation norms. Their tradition was continued already in the Soviet era by A.A. Yablokina, E.A. Gogoleva, E.M. Shatrov and many others. In creating the norms of Russian stage pronunciation, a very significant role ...

A kind of conscious going beyond the boundaries of a normalized language is allowed. Moreover, strict adherence to the norm, sterile, but at the same time inexpressive and monotonous speech for a work of art can even be detrimental. So, the modern Russian literary language, which has become one of the world's languages, has the richest lexical fund, an ordered grammatical structure ...

In ancient times, many of those qualities (“virtues of speech”) that writers, linguists, specialists in stylistics and speech culture have been talking about for several centuries, such as purity, clarity, brevity, relevance and beauty, were identified and characterized. This manual adopts the classification developed by Professor B.N. Golovin, in which, as the main features of speech ...

In the pronunciation of a number of words, difficulties arise due to the indistinguishability of letters in the printed text. e and yo , since only one graphic symbol is used to designate them - e . This situation leads to a distortion of the phonetic appearance of the word, causes frequent pronunciation errors. You need to remember two sets of words:

1) with a letter e and sound [" uh]: af e ra, be e , live e , grenad e r, op e ka, os e dumb, stupid e ny, foreign e ny, w e non-hater;

2) with a letter yo and sound [" about]: beznad yo zhy, payment yo capable, man yo vry, white yo syy, bl yo cool, w yo personal, w yo lie (option - w e lch), one yo ny.

In some pairs of words, a different meaning is accompanied by a different sound of the stressed vowel: ist e kshiy (term) - but: ist yo kshiy (with blood), screams as loud e ny - but: decree, announce yo given in the morning etc. .

§1.2. Some difficult cases of pronunciation of consonants

1. According to old Moscow norms, the spelling combination -ch- should always be pronounced like [ sh ] in words: bakery, on purpose, penny, fiddling, creamy, apple and under. Currently, the pronunciation has been preserved only in some words: sure, boring, scrambled eggs, fiddling, birdhouse, bachelorette party. In the vast majority of other words, [ch] is pronounced, as it is written: toy, creamy, apple, flour, snack bar, wine glass etc.

Pronunciation [ sh] is also preserved today in female patronymics ending in -ichna: Nikitichna, Ilyinichna etc..

According to old Moscow norms, the combination -thu- pronounced like [pcs] in the word what and in words derived from it: nothing, something and others: currently this rule is preserved (with the exception of the word something[Th]). In all other words, spelling - thu- always pronounced like [th]: mail, dream, mast.

2. In words man, defector on the spot zhch, in the form of the comparative degree of adverbs tougher, tougher(and biting) in place stch, as well as in place of combinations zch and mid customer, sandstone, cost accounting etc. is pronounced [ sch]: mu[sh]ina, perebe[sh]ik, zhe[sh]e etc.

3. When several consonants accumulate in some words, one of them is not pronounced: teaching [s "n"] ik, ve [s "n"] ik by [zn] o, pra[zn] ik, sove [s "l"] ive, maximum [ss] cue etc. .

4. Hard consonants before soft consonants can soften:

a) must be softened n before soft h and with: face [n "z"] iya, pretense [n "z"] iya;

b) n in front of soft t and d softens: a["n"t"]personal, ka[n"d"]idat.

Ppronunciation of borrowed words

Many borrowed words have orthoepic features that must be remembered.

1. In some words of foreign origin in place of unstressed about the sound is pronounced [ about]: babout mond, threeabout, babout ah, whatabout , biabout stimulant, vetabout , grossabout , nettabout , adviceabout , about asis, renabout me. Word pronunciation Pabout ezia, creedabout and others with unstressed [ about] optional. Proper names of foreign origin also retain the unstressed [ about] as a variant of literary pronunciation: Wabout pen, Vabout Altair, Sacramentabout and etc.

2. In some borrowed words, after vowels and at the beginning of a word, the unstressed [ uh]: uh guideuh evolution, douh lant and etc.

3. In oral speech, certain difficulties are caused by pronouncing a hard or soft consonant in borrowed words before a letter e: t[em]p or [t "e] mp? bass[se]yn or bass [s "e] yn? In some cases, a soft consonant is pronounced.

Soft pronunciation:

akade mia[d "e] de mocratic[d "e] inthose lect[t "e] tofe [f "e] tore m[r "e] muze th[z "e] Ode ss[d "e] Pre ss[r "e]

Pre ssing[r "e] those rmin[t "e] fede real[d "e] lawyerde nation[d "e] take t[b "e r" e] sheanot eh[n "e] pionot R[n "e] de butt[d "e]

de on foot[d "e] computerthose ntny[t "e] corere ktny[r "e] pathose nt[t "e] decre t[r "e] conchre tny[r "e]

In other cases before e a hard consonant is pronounced.

Solid pronunciation:

barthose R[te] businessme n[me] deteasset [dete]	aboutthose action[te] tande m [de] re iting[re]	de -yuro[de] computerthose R[te] summaryme [me]
inde xation[de] inthose tore[te] inthose tear[te] tode ks[de] laze R[ze] mode eh[de] sellse R[se]	Renaultme [me] those mp[te] uhnot rgy[ne] me negger[me] those sis[te] those st[te] de - facto[de]	boothose rbrod[te] ennot ksia[ne] inthose intense[te] Gre yepfruit[re] de graduate[de] dispanse R[se] andde antique[de]

4. Currently, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of words:

de inform[d "e / de]	bassse yin[s "e / se]	tore before[r "e / re]
Se Russia[s "e / se]	de kada[d "e / de]	progre ss[r "e / re]
de fis[d "e / de]	de pressure[d "e / de]	de can[d "e / de]
prethose nzia[t "e / te]

Both hard and soft pronunciation is possible.

In loanwords beginning with prefixes de- before vowels, dez-, as well as in the first part of compound words starting with neo-, with a general tendency to soften, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard d and n:

5. In foreign proper names, it is recommended to firmly pronounce consonants before e: De kart, flobe r, minot li, "De Cameron",Re jigan.

6. In loanwords with two (or more) e often one of the consonants is pronounced softly, while the other remains firm before e: gene sis[g "ene], relay[rel "e] and etc.

7. Solid [ w] is pronounced in words pairshyu t[shu], broshyu ra[shu]. In the word jury pronounced soft hissing [ w"]. Names are softly pronounced Julien, Jules.

8. When pronouncing some words, erroneous extra consonants or vowels sometimes appear. Should be pronounced:

incident, not incident[n]dent;

precedent, not precede[n] dent;

compromise, not compromise;

competitive, not competitive[n]capable;

emergency, not h[e] extraordinary;

institution, not education;

future, not future;

thirsty, not thirsty

In the Russian literary language, due to certain sound laws (assimilation, dissimilation, reduction), the pronunciation of individual sounds, their combinations, was established in words, which did not correspond to the spelling. We write what, who, went, to study, but it is necessary to pronounce [shto], [kavo], [khadil], [uchitsa], etc. This is considered to be the pronunciation norm of the literary language, which was established long before the advent of orthoepy rules. Over time, pronunciation rules have been developed that have become mandatory for literary speech.

The most important of these rules are:

1. Vowels are pronounced distinctly (in accordance with their spelling) only under stress (we talked, we walk, bold, white, we wear). In an unstressed position, vowels are pronounced differently.

2. The vowel o in an unstressed position should be pronounced as a sound close to a [vada], [harAsho], [kasili], [gorAT], and write - water, well, mowed, city.

3. Unstressed e, I should be pronounced as a sound close to and [visna], [passive], [please], [pirIsmatreli], and write - spring, sowing, dance, revised.

4. Voiced consonants (paired) at the end of words and before deaf consonants in the middle of a word should be pronounced as their corresponding paired deaf [duP], [mountaT], [khleP], [maroS], [daroShka], [grPki], [proZba ], [malaDba], [reSky], but it is written - oak, city, bread, frost, path, fungi, request.

5. The sound g must be pronounced as an explosive, except for the word God, which is pronounced aspirated. At the end of words, instead of g, it sounds paired with him deaf to [druK], [bookK], [boots], [moK], and it is written - friend, books, boots, could, etc.

6. Consonants s, z before hissing w, w, h should be pronounced as long hissing [Burn], [F with heat], [bezhzhiznenny], and it is written burn, with heat, lifeless. At the beginning of some words, sch sounds like u [Happiness], [Shchet], [Shield], and it is written - happiness, count, count.

7. In some words, the combination of ch is pronounced as [kaneShNa], [boring], [yayShNitsa], [skvoreShnik], [Nikitishna], [SavviShna], [prachShNaya], but it is written of course, boring, scrambled eggs, birdhouse, Nikitichna, Savvichna , laundry. In some words, a double pronunciation is allowed - bakery-[buloSHNAYA], dairy - [youthful], but only bakery, dairy is written. In most words, the combination of ch is pronounced in accordance with the spelling (eternal, country, durable, night, stove).

8. Words that, to be pronounced should be like [shto], [shtoby].

9. When a series of consonants converge - rdts, stn, stl, etc., usually one of these sounds is not pronounced. We write: heart, honest, ladder, happy, and we pronounce [heart], [honest], [ladder], [happy].

10. The endings of the -th, -it must be pronounced as ava, willow [redNAVA], [sinIVA], [kaVO], [chivo], and write red, blue, whom, what.

11. The endings -tsya, -tsya (study, study) are pronounced as -tstsa [teaching], [laughing], [strichatstsa].

12. At the beginning of words, the letters e - e are written in accordance with the pronunciation (this, echo, standard, experiment; go, eat, huntsman).

In a number of foreign words, after consonants and and e is written, although e is pronounced (diet, hygiene, atheist, atelier, scarf, coffee, pince-nez, parterre), exceptions: sir, mayor, peer. After the remaining vowels, e is more often written and pronounced (poetry, poet, silhouette, maestro, but: project, registry).

In a number of foreign words, after consonants that are pronounced softly, it is written and pronounced e (museum, technical school, academy, dean, decade, cologne, plywood, pace).

In Russian words, after w, sh, c, it is pronounced e, but it is always written e (iron, even, six, quieter, whole, at the end).

13. Double consonants, both in native Russian words and in words of foreign origin, in most cases are pronounced as single ones (i.e., without their length).

We write: Russia, Russian, eleven, public, made, chord, cancel, accompaniment, assistant, neatly, balloon, Saturday, gram, flu, class, correspondent, tennis, etc., and we pronounce these words without doubling these consonants, with the exception of a few words in which double consonants are both written and pronounced (bath, manna, gamma, etc.).

Orthoepic rules cover only the area of ​​pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions or combinations of sounds, as well as the features of the pronunciation of sounds in certain grammatical forms, in groups of words or individual words.

It should be highlighted:

a) rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds (vowels and consonants);

b) rules for pronunciation of combinations of sounds;

c) rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms;

d) rules for pronunciation of individual borrowed words.

The selection of styles in the field of vocabulary and grammar in the literary language is also manifested in the field of pronunciation. There are two types of pronunciation style: colloquial style and public (bookish) speech style. Conversational style is ordinary speech that dominates everyday communication, stylistically weakly colored, neutral. The absence in this style of setting for perfect pronunciation leads to the appearance of pronunciation variants, for example: [pr about s "ut] and [pr about s "ut", [high about ky] and [high about to "th]. Book style finds expression in various forms of public speech: in radio broadcasting and sound films, in reports and lectures, etc. This style requires impeccable language design, strict preservation of historically formed norms, elimination of pronunciation options. In cases when pronunciation differences are due solely to the area of ​​phonetics, two styles are distinguished: full and colloquial (incomplete).The full style is distinguished by a clear pronunciation of sounds, which is achieved by a slow rate of speech.Conversational (incomplete) style is characterized by a faster pace and, of course, less careful articulation of sounds .

In the Russian literary language, due to certain sound laws (assimilations, dissimilations, reductions) in words, the pronunciation of individual sounds, their combinations, was established, which did not correspond to the spelling. We write what, whom, went, to study, but it is necessary to pronounce [ what ], [cavo ], [hadil ], [learnt ] etc. This is considered to be the pronunciation norm of the literary language, which was established long before the advent of orthoepy rules. Over time, pronunciation rules have been developed that have become mandatory for literary speech.

The most important of these rules are:

1. Vowels are pronounced distinctly (according to their spelling) only under stress ( sayingAnd whether, xO dim, seeE ly, bE ly, nO Sim). In an unstressed position, vowels are pronounced differently.

2. The vowel o in an unstressed position should be pronounced as a sound close to a [ inBUT Yes], [XBUT RBUT sho], [toBUT forces], [mountainsAT ], and write - water, well, mowed, city .

3. Unstressed e, i should be pronounced as a sound close to and [ inAnd sleep], [passAnd obvious], [plAnd sat], [PAnd RAnd watched], and write - spring, sowing, dance, revised .

4. Voiced consonants (paired) at the end of words and before deaf consonants in the middle of a word should be pronounced as their corresponding paired deaf [ duP ], [mountainT ], [loafP ], [maroWith ], [daroW ka], [grisP ki], [aboutW bba], [smallD bba], [reWith cue], but it is written - oak, city, bread, frost, path, fungi, please .

5. The sound g must be pronounced as an explosive, except for the word God, which is pronounced aspirated. At the end of words, instead of r, it sounds paired with a deaf k [ otherTo ], [bookTo ], [bootsTo ], [moTo ], but it is written - friend, books, boots, could etc.

6. Consonants s, z before hissing w, w, h should be pronounced as long hissing [ F burn], [F heat], [beLearn worn out], but it is written burn, hot, lifeless . At the beginning of some words mid sounds like sch [SCH astier], [SCH no], [SCH italy], but it is written - happiness, counting, counting .

7. In some words, the combination ch pronounced like [ caneSHN a], [skuSHN a], [Me andSHN itza], [squareSHN ik], [NikitiSHN a], [SavvyW on the], [laundrySHN and I], but it is written of course, boring, scrambled eggs, birdhouse, Nikitichna, Savvichna, laundry . In some words, a double pronunciation is allowed - bakery -[buloSHN and I], lactic - [moloSHN th], but only bakery, dairy is written. In most words, the combination of ch is pronounced in accordance with the spelling (eternal, country, durable, night, stove).

8. Words what to pronounce should be like [ what], [shtoby].

9. When a series of consonants converge - rdts, stn, stl, etc., usually one of these sounds is not pronounced. We write: heart, honest, stairs, happy , and pronounce [ seRC e], [CheCH th], [leCH itza], [shchaSL willow].

10. The endings of -th, -it must be pronounced as ava, iva [ redAVA ],[synWILLOW ], [KAVO], [CHIVO], and write red, blue, whom, what.

11. Endings - be,-tsya(study, study) are pronounced like - tsa [teachCC BUT], [daringCC BUT], [vstrychaCC BUT].

12. Letters at the beginning of words uh - e are written in accordance with the pronunciation (this, echo, standard, experiment; go, eat, huntsman).

In a number of foreign words after consonants and and spelled e, although pronounced uh(diet, hygiene, atheist, atelier, muffler, coffee, pince-nez, parterre), exceptions: sir, mayor, peer. After the remaining vowels, e is more often written and pronounced (poetry, poet, silhouette, maestro, but: project, registry).

In a number of foreign words, after consonants that are pronounced softly, it is written and pronounced e(museum, college, academy, dean, decade, cologne, plywood, pace).

In Russian words after w, w, c pronounced uh, but it is always written e(iron, even, six, quieter, whole, at the end).

13. Double consonants, both in native Russian words and in words of foreign origin, in most cases are pronounced as single ones (i.e., without their length).

We write : Russia, Russian, eleven, public, made, chord, cancel, accompaniment, assistant, neatly, balloon, Saturday, gram, flu, class, correspondent, tennis, etc., and we pronounce these words without doubling these consonants, for with the exception of a few words in which double consonants are both written and pronounced (bath, manna, gamma, etc.).

In orthoepy, there is a law of reduction (weakening of articulation) of vowels, according to which vowel sounds are pronounced unchanged only under stress, and in an unstressed position they are reduced, that is, they are subject to weakened articulation.

In orthoepy, there is a rule according to which the voiced consonants B, C, G, D, F, 3 at the end of the word sound like their paired deaf P, F, K, T, W, S. For example: forehead - lo [n], blood - kro [f "], eye - eye [s], ice - lo [t], fear - fright [k]. (The sign " denotes the softness of the consonant).

In orthoepy, the combinations of ZZh and ZhZh, which are inside the root of the word, are pronounced as a long (double) soft sound [Ж]. For example: I’m leaving - I’m leaving, I’m coming - I’m coming, later - I’ll be alive, reins - reins, rattles - rattles. The word “rain” is pronounced with a long soft [Sh] (SHSH) or with a long soft [F] (ZHZH) before the combination JD: doshsh, rain, dozhzhichek, dozhzhit, dozhzhe, dozhzhevik.

Combinations of MF and AF are pronounced as a long soft sound [SCH"]: happiness - good luck, bill - brush, customer - zakaschik.

In some combinations of several consonants, one of them drops out: hello - hello, heart - heart, sun - sun.

Sounds [T] and [D] soften before soft [B] only in some words. For example: door - door, two - two, twelve - twelve, movement - movement, Thursday - Thursday, solid - solid, branches - branches, but two, courtyard, supply.

In the words “if”, “near”, “after”, “unless” the sounds [C] and [З] are softened and pronounced: “if”, “take”, “after”, “razve”.

In the words ordinary, majestic, special N-Nyn and others, two "H"s are pronounced.

The reflexive particle SJ in verbs is pronounced firmly - SA: washed, boyalsa, dressed. The combination of ST sounds before the soft sound [B] is pronounced softly: natural - natural, majestic - majestic.

In the usual colloquial pronunciation, there are a number of deviations from orthoepic norms. The sources of such digressions are often native dialect (pronunciation in one or another dialect of the speaker) and writing (incorrect, literal pronunciation corresponding to spelling). So, for example, for natives of the north, a stable dialect feature is okane, and for southerners, the pronunciation of [g] fricative. Pronunciation in place of a letter G at the end of the genus. pad. adjectives sound [r], but in place h(in words of course that) the sound [h] is explained by the “letter” pronunciation, which in this case does not coincide with the sound composition of the word. The task of orthoepy is to eliminate deviations from literary pronunciation.

There are a lot of rules in orthoepy and for their assimilation one should refer to the relevant literature.

word stress

Russian stress is the most difficult area of ​​the Russian language to master. It is distinguished by the presence of a large number of pronunciation options: loop and loop, cottage cheese and cottage cheese, calls and calls, beginnings and beginnings, means and means. Russian stress is characterized by diversity and mobility. Diversity is the ability of stress to fall on any syllable of Russian words: on the first - iconography, on the second - expert, on the third - blinds, on the fourth - apartments. In many languages ​​of the world, stress is attached to a specific syllable. Mobility is the property of stress to move from one syllable to another when changing (declension or conjugation) of the same word: water - water, walk - walk. Most of the words of the Russian language (about 96%) have a mobile stress. Diversity and mobility, historical variability of pronunciation norms lead to the appearance of accent variants in one word. Sometimes one of the options is sanctioned by dictionaries as corresponding to the norm, and the other as incorrect. Wed: store, - wrong; store is correct.

In other cases, the variants are given in dictionaries as equals: sparkling and sparkling. Reasons for the appearance of accent variants: The law of analogy - a large group of words with a certain type of stress affects a smaller one, similar in structure. In the word thinking, the stress shifted from the root thinking to the suffix -eni- by analogy with the words beating, driving, etc. False analogy. The words gas pipeline, garbage chute are mispronounced by a false analogy with the word wire with an emphasis on the penultimate syllable: gas pipeline, garbage chute. Development of the ability of stress to differentiate the forms of words. For example, with the help of stress, the forms of the indicative and imperative mood are distinguished: restrain, force, sip and restrain, force, sip. Mixing patterns of stress. This reason operates more often in borrowed words, but it can also appear in Russian. For example, nouns with -iya have two patterns of stress: dramaturgy (Greek) and astronomy (Latin). In accordance with these models, one should pronounce: asymmetry, industry, metallurgy, therapy and veterinary medicine, gastronomy, cooking, speech therapy, drug addiction. However, in live speech there is a mixture of models, as a result of which options appear: cooking and cooking, speech therapy and speech therapy, drug addiction and drug addiction. Action of a tendency to rhythmic balance. This tendency is manifested only in four-five-syllable words.

If the inter-stress interval (the distance between stresses in adjacent words) is greater than the critical interval (the critical interval is equal to four unstressed syllables in a row), then the stress moves to the previous syllable. Accent interaction of word-formation types. Options in the cases of spare - spare, transfer - transfer, platoon - platoon, pressure - pressure, tidal - tidal, branch - branch are explained by the accent interaction of denominative and verbal formations: transfer - from translation, transfer - from translate, etc. Professional pronunciation: spark (for electricians), mining (for miners), compass, cruisers (for sailors), boyish (for sellers), agony, bite, alcohol, syringes (for doctors), armhole, leaflets (for tailors), characteristic (for actors), etc. Trends in the development of stress. Two-syllable and three-syllable masculine nouns tend to shift the stress from the last syllable to the previous one (regressive stress). For some nouns, this process has ended. Once they said: turner, competition, runny nose, ghost, despot, symbol, air, pearls, epigraph. In other words, the process of stress transition continues to this day and manifests itself in the presence of options: quarter (wrong quarter), cottage cheese and additional. cottage cheese, contract, etc. contract, dispensary (incorrect dispensary), catalog (not recommended catalog), obituary not recommended (obituary). In feminine nouns, also two- and three-syllable, there is a shift in stress from the first word to the next (progressive stress): kirza - kirza, keta - keta, foil - foil, cutter - cutter. The source of the appearance of variants can be stresses in words with different meanings: linguistic - linguistic, developed - developed, chaos - chaos, patch - flap. Insufficient mastery of exotic vocabulary: pima or pima (shoes), high fur boots or high fur boots (shoes), shanga or shanga (in Siberia, this is what a cheesecake is called). Thus, the norms of modern Russian literary pronunciation are a complex phenomenon.