Error classification

Grammatical errors (G)- these are errors in the structure of a language unit: words, phrases or sentences, i.e. violation of any grammatical norm - word-formation, morphological, syntactic.

No. p / p

Error type Examples

Wrong word formation. Erroneous formation of forms of a noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb (personal forms of verbs, real and passive participles, gerunds).

nobility ness, miracle technology, according to d cherk, above laugh; more interesting, prettier; With five hundred rubles; juggled both hands, theirs pathos, around his there is nothing; How many moral principles we have lost because of the loss of spirituality; them moves feeling of compassion; streams of water, stackable down, startled the author of the text; above onto the stage, the singers bowed.

Violation of the norms of coordination

I am familiar with a group of guys, seriously captivating imisya jazz.

Violation of the norms of management

Need to make nature more beautiful. Everyone marveled at him by force.

Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate or the way the predicate is expressed

The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work. He wrote a book that epic. Everyone was happy and happy funny.

Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members

Country loved and was proud poet.

In my essay, I wanted to say about the meaning of sport and why I love it.

Errors in the construction of sentences with adverbial turnover

Reading the text, there is such a feeling of empathy.

Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover

The narrow path was covered failing snow under your feet.

Errors in the construction of a complex sentence

This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child.

It seemed to the man then that this is a dream.

Violation of supply boundaries

He was not accepted into the basketball team. Because he was short.

Violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms

freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.

Skipping a sentence member (ellipsis)

At the meeting there was received (?) spend Saturday.

Errors associated with the use of particles: detaching a particle from the component of the sentence to which it refers

It would be nice if the picture was would artist's signature. In the text Total two problems emerge.

Speech errors (P)- these are errors not in the construction of a sentence, not in the structure of a language unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word, that is, a violation of lexical norms. These are pleonasm, tautology, speech clichés, inappropriate use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; expressive means, non-distinguishing of paronyms. Errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms, ambiguity not eliminated by the context.

No. p / p

Error type Examples

The use of a word in an unusual sense

We were shocked great acting by the actors. Thanks to fire, the forest burned down.

Unjustified use of dialect and colloquial words

These people always succeed cheat others. Oblomov did nothing and spent whole days played the fool.

Bad use of pronouns

The text was written by V. Belov. He refers to the artistic style; I immediately had a picture in his imagination.

The use of words of a different stylistic coloring; mixing vocabulary from different eras; inappropriate use of stationery, expressive, emotionally colored words, outdated vocabulary, jargon, inappropriate use of phraseological units

By idea the author, the hero wins; Molchalin works Famusov's secretary; In the novel by A.S. Pushkin take place lyrical digressions; Author every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications. If I were there, then for such an attitude towards my mother, I would cupcake in gnawed would give; Zoshchenko don't put your finger in your mouth just to make the reader laugh.

Indistinguishability of shades of meaning introduced into the word by prefix and suffix

In such cases I I glance to the dictionary.

Non-distinguishing of paronyms, synonymous words; errors in the use of antonyms when constructing an antithesis; destruction of the figurative meaning of a phraseological unit in an unsuccessfully organized context

Were accepted spectacular measures; The name of this poet familiar in many countries; The third part of the text is not cheerful, but also not a major motive makes us think; the record hasn't said its word yet last word.

Violation of lexical compatibility

Use of superfluous words, including pleonasm

Young youth; very beautiful.

The use of words near or close to the same root (tautology)

In that the story is being told about real events.

Unjustified repetition of a word

Hero story does not think about his act. Hero does not even understand the full depth of what he did.

Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions

When the writer came to the editor accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.

Use of superfluous words, lexical redundancy

Then about to make you smile, about it our bookstore will take care.

Logical errors (L). Logical errors are associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within a single sentence, judgment, and at the level of the whole text.

No. p / p

Error type Examples

Comparison (opposition) of two logically heterogeneous (different in volume and content) concepts in a sentence, text

At the lesson were present director, librarian, as well as Anna Petrovna Ivanova and Zoya Ivanovna Petrova; He leaned back on the battery; Per good study and parenting parents students received letters of thanks from the school administration.

Violation of causal relationships

In recent years lots of done to modernize education, but teachers work in the old way, because issues of modernization of education are being addressed weakly.

Skipping a link in an explanation, a "logical leap".

It is hardly possible to block the flow of people through our yard. [?] And how you want the yard to be an ornament of both the school and the village.

Rearrangement of parts of the text (if it is not due to the task for the essay or presentation)

It's time to return this word to its true meaning! Honor... But how to do it?

Unjustified substitution of the person from whom the narration is being conducted (for example, first from the first, then from the third person)

Comparison of logically disparate concepts

Syntax encyclopedia articles is excellent from other scientific articles.

Composition-text errors

Unsuccessful start

The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text, the author ...

Mistakesin the main part

a) Convergence of relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.

b) Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of the order of sentences.

c) The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty in understanding the meaning.

Unfortunate ending

Duplication of the conclusion, unjustified repetition of the thought expressed earlier.

Factual Errors (F) - a kind of non-linguistic errors, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about the actual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

No. p / p

Error type Examples

Bazarov was a nihilist and therefore killed an old woman with an ax; Lensky returned to his estate from England; Happiness for Oblomov was loneliness and indifference.

Inaccuracy in the quote. Lack of reference to the author of the quote. Misnamed citation author.

The book means a lot to me, because even Lenin said: “ Live and learn!»

Ignorance of historical and other facts, including temporary displacement.

Great Patriotic War of 1812; The capital of the USA is New York.

Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, nicknames of literary heroes.

Distortions in the names of literary works, their genres, an error in indicating the author.

Turgen b ev; "Taras and Bulba"; in Turgenev's stories"Crime and Punishment".

Sayapina Oksana Valerievna

The most common mistakes in the exam in the Russian language:

Classification of errors according to FIPI

1. Grammatical errors.
2. Speech errors.
3. Logic errors
4. Factual errors.
5. Spelling mistakes.
6. Punctuation errors.
7. Graphic errors.

Grammar mistake- this is an error in the structure of a language unit: in the structure of a word, phrase or sentence; this is a violation of any grammatical norm: word-formation, morphological, syntactic.

For example:

• slip instead of slip, nobility instead of nobility- here a mistake was made in the word-formation structure of the word, the wrong prefix or the wrong suffix was used;
• no comment go instead of go,more lighter- the form of the word is incorrectly formed, i.e. the morphological norm is violated;
• pay the fare, awarded- the structure of the phrase is violated (management standards are not observed);
• Ride on the rink, legs hurt; In the essay, I wanted to show the meaning of sport and why I love it- sentences with participial phrases (1) and with homogeneous members (2) are incorrectly constructed, i.e. syntactic norms are violated.

Unlike grammar, speech errors- these are errors not in the construction, not in the structure of the language unit, but in its use, most often in the use of the word. For the most part, these are violations of lexical norms, for example:

• Stolz is one of the main characters of Goncharov's novel of the same name Oblomov;
• They lost their only two sons in the war.

A speech error can be noticed only in the context, this is its difference from a grammatical error, for the detection of which the context is not needed.

The following are generally accepted classifiers of grammatical and speech errors.

Types of grammatical errors:

1. Wrong word formation Trudol bim th, above laugh.
2. Erroneous formation of the noun form - Many miracles a technology, lack of time I.
3. Erroneous formation of the form of the adjective - More interesting, more beautiful.
4. Erroneous formation of the form of the numeral - FROM five hundred rubles.
5. Erroneous formation of the form of the pronoun - theirs pathos , their children.
6. Erroneous formation of the verb form - They are travel, want, write about the life of nature.
7. Violation of agreement - I am familiar with a group of guys, seriously captivating imisya jazz.
8. Disruption of control - We need to make our nature more beautiful.
   Narrates readers.
9. Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate - Majority objected against such an assessment of his work.
10. Violation of the way of expressing the predicate in separate constructions - He wrote a book that epic.
    Everyone was happy and happy funny.
11. Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members - Country loved and was proud poet.
    In my essay, I wanted to say about the meaning sport and why I love it.
12. Errors in constructing a sentence with a participial turnover - Reading the text , it feels like...
13. Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover - The narrow path was covered failing snow under your feet.
14. Errors in the construction of a complex sentence - This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child. It seemed to the man then that this is a dream.
15. Mixing direct and indirect speech - The author said what am I I do not agree with the opinion of the reviewer.
16. Violation of the boundaries of the proposal - When the hero comes to his senses. It was too late.
17. Violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms - freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.

Types of speech errors:

1. The use of the word in an unusual sense - We were shocked great acting by the actors.
   Thought develops on continuation the entire text.
2. Non-distinguishing of the shades of meaning introduced into the word by the prefix and suffix - My attitude towards this issue is changed.Were accepted spectacular measures.
3. Ignorance of synonymous words - AT final The author uses gradation in the sentence.
4. The use of words of a different stylistic coloring - The author, addressing this problem, tries to direct people a little to another track.
5. Inappropriate use of emotionally colored words and phraseological units - Astafiev every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications.
6. Unjustified use of colloquial words - These people always succeed cheat others.
7. Violation of lexical compatibility -​​​​​ Author increases impression. Author uses artistic peculiarities(instead of funds).
8. The use of superfluous words, including pleonasm - The author conveys the beauty of the landscape us through artistic means.Young boy, very beautiful.
9. The use of single-root words in a close context (tautology) - In that the story is being told about real events.
10. Unjustified repetition of the word - Hero story does not think about his act. Hero does not even understand the full depth of the deed.
11. Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions - When the writer came to the editor accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.
12. Bad use of pronouns This text was written by V. Belov. He refers to art style.I immediately had a picture in his imagination.

Typical grammatical errors (K9)

it errors associated with the use of the verb, verb forms, adverbs, particles:

1. Mistakes in the formation of personal forms of verbs: They are driven by compassion(follows: moves);
2. Incorrect use of tense forms of verbs: This book provides knowledge about the history of the calendar, teaches you how to make calendar calculations quickly and accurately.(it follows: ... will give .., teach ... or ... gives .., teaches ...);
3. Errors in the use of real and passive participles: Streams of water flowing down amazed the author of the text(follows: dripping);
4. Errors in the formation of gerunds: Stepping onto the stage, the singers bowed(norm: leaving);
5. Incorrect formation of adverbs: The author was wrong(norm: here);

These errors are usually associated with a violation of the laws and rules of grammar and arise under the influence of vernacular and dialects.

Typical ones include grammatical and syntactical errors :

1. Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate: The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work.(norm: ... this is the artistic side of the work); To benefit the Motherland, you need courage, knowledge, honesty(norm: ... courage, knowledge, honesty are needed);
2. Errors associated with the use of particles, such as unnecessary repetition: It would be nice if the painting was signed by the artist; separation of the particle from the component of the sentence to which it refers (usually particles are placed before those members of the sentence that they should highlight, but this pattern is often violated in essays): The text reveals two problems in total.(the restrictive particle "everything" must come before the subject: "... only two problems");
3. Unjustified omission of the subject (ellipsis): His courage, (?) to stand up for honor and justice attract the author of the text;
4. Incorrect construction of a compound sentence: The author of the text understands the mind not only as enlightenment, intelligence, but also the concept of “smart” was associated with the idea of ​​freethinking.

Typical speech errors (K10)

These are violations associated with the underdevelopment of speech: pleonasm, tautology, speech stamps; unmotivated use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; unsuccessful use of expressive means, stationery, non-distinguishing (mixing) of paronyms; errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms; ambiguity not eliminated by the context.

The most common speech errors include:

1. Non-distinguishing (mixing) of paronyms: In such cases, I look in the "Philosophical Dictionary"(verb take a look usually requires the control of a noun or pronoun with the preposition "on" ("to look at someone or something"), and the verb look in(“quickly or stealthily look somewhere, look to find out, find out something”), which must be used in the above sentence, governs a noun or pronoun with the preposition “in”);
2. Mistakes in choosing a synonym: The name of this poet is familiar in many countries(instead of the word known a synonym is mistakenly used in the sentence familiar); Now our press devotes considerable space to advertising, and this does not appeal to us.(in this case instead of the word space it is better to use its synonym - place; and linguistic word impresses also requires a synonymous replacement);
3. Mistakes in the selection of antonyms when constructing an antithesis:In the third part of the text, a cheerful, not major motive makes us think(the antithesis requires accuracy when choosing words with opposite meanings, and the words "cheerful" and "major" are not antonyms;
4. The destruction of the figurative structure of phraseological units, which happens in an unsuccessfully organized context: Don't put your finger in the mouth of this certainly talented writer Zoshchenko, just let the reader laugh.

Logic errors

Logic errors associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within a single sentence, judgment, and at the level of the whole text.

1. comparison (opposition) of two logically heterogeneous (different in volume and content) concepts in a sentence;
2. as a result of a violation of the logical law of identity, the substitution of one judgment for another.

Composition-text errors

1. Unsuccessful start. The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text, the author ...
2. Mistakes in main body.
   • Convergence of relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.
   • Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of the order of sentences.
   • The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty in understanding the meaning.
3. Unsuccessful ending. Duplication of the conclusion, unjustified repetition of the thought expressed earlier.

Factual Errors

Factual Errors- a kind of non-linguistic errors, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about the actual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

1. Distortion of the content of a literary work, misinterpretation, poor choice of examples.
2. Inaccuracy in the quote. Lack of reference to the author of the quote. Misnamed citation author.
3. Ignorance of historical and other facts, including temporary displacement.
4. Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, nicknames of literary heroes. Distortions in the names of literary works, their genres, an error in indicating the author.

Spelling, punctuation, graphic errors

When checking literacy (K7-K8), errors are taken into account

1. On the learned rules;
2. Non-rough (two non-rough ones count as one):
   • in exceptions to the rules;
   • in writing a capital letter in compound proper names;
   • in cases of separate and continuous spelling not with adjectives and participles,
   • acting as a predicate;
   • in writing and and s after prefixes;
   • in difficult cases of distinction not and neither ( Where did he go! Wherever he turned, no one could give him an answer. Nobody else…; none other than…; nothing else…; nothing more than...etc.);
   • in cases where one punctuation mark is replaced by another;
   • in the omission of one of the combined punctuation marks or in violation of their sequence;

It is also necessary to take into account the repeatability and uniformity of errors. If the mistake is repeated in the same word or in the root of words with the same root, then it is considered as one mistake.

1. Same type(the first three errors of the same type are counted as one error, each subsequent similar error is counted as an independent one): errors per rule, if the conditions for choosing the correct spelling are contained in grammatical ( in the army, in the grove; prick, fight) and phonetic ( pie, cricket) features of this word. Important!!!
   • The concept of similar errors does not apply to punctuation errors.
   • Errors are not considered to be of the same type for such a rule, in which, for clarification
2. recurring(repetition in the same word or in the root of single-root words is considered as one mistake)

Spelling mistakes

1. ­ In word transfer;
2. ­ Letters e / e after consonants in foreign words (racket, plein air) and after vowels in proper names ( Marietta);
3. ­ Uppercase or lowercase letters
   • in names associated with religion: M (m) aslenitsa, R (r) Christmas, B (b) og.
   • with the figurative use of proper names (Oblomov and Oblomov).
   • in proper names of non-Russian origin; spelling of surnames with first
   • parts don, van, sept... (Don Pedro and Don Quixote).
4. Continuous / hyphen / separate spelling
   • in names, with in compound nouns without a connecting vowel (mostly borrowings), not regulated by rules and not included in the minimum dictionary ( lend-lease, kebab, know-how, papier-mâché, tumbleweed, walk-city paperweight, but beef stroganoff, head waiter, sedan chair, price list);
   • on rules that are not included in the school curriculum. For example: to spill, to scold behind the eyes, to match, on the run, in installments, to back down, to a curiosity, to the touch, in the wings, to put on the butt(cf. the current spelling recklessly, loosely);

Punctuation errors

• A dash in an incomplete sentence;
• Separation of inconsistent definitions related to common nouns;
• Commas with restrictive-excretory revolutions;
• Distinguishing homonymous particles and interjections and, accordingly, not highlighting or highlighting them with commas;
• In the transfer of the author's punctuation;

Graphic errors

Graphic errors- various methods of shortening words, the use of spaces between words, various underlining and font selections. These include: various typos and misprints caused by the inattention of the writer or the haste of writing.

Common graphical errors:

• The omission of letters, for example: the whole novel is based on this conflict (follows: is built);
• Permutation of letters, for example: new product names(follows: products);
• Replacing some alphabetic characters with others, for example: legendary Battle on the Ice(should: legendary);
• Adding extra letters: That is why it is important in any, even the most difficult, conditions ...(should: even).

Types of grammatical errors

1.

• Prepositions according to, in spite of, thanks to, contrary to used with D. p. (not R. p.)

ERROR: according to schedule I contrary to orders a

• Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

• Remember mistakes

On arrival, on departure, on departure

Upon completion, upon return, upon completion

NORM: upon arrival, upon arrival

• Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

• The preposition PO can be used locally. 1 and 2 l. in P.p.

NORMA: miss us, miss you.

• Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

• Omitting a suggestion.

On water, land and air- we are everywhere

reserved. (in the air)

• The meaning of the suggestion.

Thanks to bad weather, we stayed at home.

(because of, because of)

• Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

• Management can be prepositional (belief in victory) and unprepositional (slow down progress).

An error occurs when the wrong choice

case or preposition.

ERROR: peculiar to us,

confidence in victory, the problem of protection.

• 2.

• Errors in sentences, the subordinate part of which begins with the allied words WHO, NOBODY.

WHO AND NOBODY is used with singular verbs.

Those, who have been to the city, could not help admiring

Those who has been in the city couldn't help admiring

by sea.

• Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

• The predicate must be in the plural if it is expressed in adj. or par.

ERROR: A number of scenes in the play are true and

interesting.

• Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

• The predicate must be plural if the subject has 2,3,4

ERROR: There are three books on the table.

• Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

• The predicate after homogeneous subjects must be plural.

MISTAKE: Industry and agriculture are developing steadily.

• Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

• If the collected exist. does not have controlled words, then the predicate must be in the singular.

• 3. Violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application

• The names of works, paintings, films enclosed in quotation marks do not change if there is a common noun next to them. - genre designation.

ERROR: In the movie "War and Peace"

S. Bondarchuk played the role of Pierre.

• Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

• If common noun. absent, the proper name is changed.

MISTAKE: In "War and Peace" S. Bondarchuk played the role of Pierre.

• 4.

• If homogeneous predicates have one dependent word, it is necessary to check whether they can control it.

ERROR: During the war, the people hoped and

believed in victory.

(hoping to win)

• Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• Violation of homogeneity of concepts.

The slope of the mountain along which we descended, overgrown with dense ferns, was very steep.

He remembered the taiga and how he hunted a bear.

I love football and swimming.

His conclusions are simple and understandable.

• Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• Double alliances cannot be changed.

ERROR: Well answered as young men, but

also girls.

• It is necessary to check the place of homogeneous members in double alliances.

MISTAKE: I not only read newspapers, but also magazines.

• Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• You can not mix generic and specific concepts, combine incompatible ones.

In the boat lay carp, carp, fish.

He came with his wife and a bad mood.

• Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

• Violation of case forms of the generalizing word and single members

ERROR: The meeting was attended by representatives of three countries: England, France, Italy.

• 5.

• The adverb phrase cannot be used if the action expressed by the verb-predicate and the action expressed by the adverb refer to different persons.

ERROR: Using a calculator, the calculation is done quickly.

• Incorrect sentence construction with adverbial turnover

• The verbal turnover cannot be used in an impersonal sentence

ERROR: Walking in the evening, I was not healthy.

• Incorrect sentence construction with adverbial turnover

• The adverb phrase cannot be used in a sentence with a passive construction.

ERROR: Having delivered the necessary medical supplies, the aircraft will be inspected by technicians.

• Incorrect sentence construction with adverbial turnover

• Error when the aspectual form of the verb and the participle are not related.

MISTAKE: When meeting with a grandmaster, the young chess player won.

• 6.

• A break in participatory turnover by a defined word.

MISTAKE: Mom's cooked pancakes were delicious.

• Violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover

• Violation of agreement with the defined word.

MISTAKE: We are proud of the players who beat the English team.

• Violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover

• Replacement of suffering participles with valid ones.

ERROR: The task we are running does not cause problems.

• You can not use in the subordinate part of the pronoun 1 and 2 persons.
• ERROR: The student said I wasn't ready yet.

• Incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech

• Redundancy of unions

ERROR: He was constantly asked if he would complete the work he had begun.

He asked where his things were.

• In the story "The Jumper" Chekhov condemns idleness.
• He loved and enjoyed reading.
• You need to take great care of your children.
• A desk mate asked who would go to football with me.
• came to our city, admired its provincial simplicity.
• The sun illuminated the mountain peaks covered with snow.
• After resting a little, the work began to be done faster.

Check yourself I

1. In the story "The Jumper" Chekhov condemns idleness.

violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

2. He loved and was fond of reading.

error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

3. You need to take great care of children.

incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

4. A desk mate asked who would go to football with me.

incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech

5. Whoever came to our city admired its provincial simplicity.

violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

6. The sun illuminated the mountain peaks covered with snow.

violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover

7. Having rested a little, the work began to be done faster.

violation in the construction of a sentence with adverbial turnover

Types of grammatical errors	Error examples	Correct option/rule
Errors in management Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition	* Pay for the fare miss you *according to order on arrival	(to whom; to what?) Lagodaria According to Upon arrival e, arrive and, complete and, expire and, return and(in p.p.)
Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate Mixing the constructions of the main and subordinate clauses	*MSU completed about reception *Chair-bed standing a *Came good doctor Ivanova. No one, even excellent students, decided and. *Those, (who was late), didn't look movie.	Main word-m.r. Main word-cf.r Polezh.-zh.r. / Tale-zh.r. Nobody decided Those did not look who was late.
Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members 1. The use of common z.s. at r.p.p. requiring different control 2. Incorrect word order in a sentence with double conjunctions 3. The use of double alliances in a distorted form 4. Redundancy of allied funds 5. Elimination of not only the same, but also different prepositions 6. Discrepancy between the form of the generalizing word and the o.p.s. 7. Combining in a homogeneous series of "unequal" components.	* PhD student is engaged selection and supervision over the facts. * Living branches are not only unsuitable for making a fire, but also for maintaining it. * Living branches are unusable Not only for making a fire, as well as to maintain it. * The owner was surprised, but, however, nevertheless remained silent. *Concerts were held AT theaters, parks, stadiums. * She raised five children: two boys and three girls. * Found / lost yesterday / dog and ( wanted by the neighbors)	Choice (What?) Observation (on what?) not only for breeding, but also for maintenance. Not only but As well as but nonetheless ON THE stadiums Two boys and three girls Or 2 / p.o /, or 2 subordinate clauses !!!
Error in constructing a sentence with participial turnover - torn apart by the word being defined Incorrect participle agreement with the word being defined	* From afar were visible / floating logs on water/ We saw logs, floating them on water	Logs /floating on water/
Error in constructing a sentence with adverbial turnover The participle and the verb must have the same character	* leafing through album, me got caught two Photo	leafing through album, I saw two photos.
Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application - the application must be in Im.p. in the presence of a definable noun, and in its absence - in the required case.	*in the novel "The Captain's Daughter" Pushkin reflected the events of the 18th century. *AT "Captain's daughter" the main character is P. Grinev.	In the novel "Captain's daughter".. AT The Captain's Daughter...
Error in building a complex sentence - with an adjectival attributive(it refers to the last noun in the main) -the use of compound conjunctions in a distorted form -redundancy of allied funds	* The workshop was organized by Prof. Matveev, who passed very interesting. * Before write a letter, he was looking for the right words for a long time. * He asked, what do you mean where his things. * I dont know, what we can whether we find a common language	Professor Matveev organized seminar that took place very interesting Before as To Instead of Before Since As Similar to In view of the fact that Due to the fact that despite the fact that He asked, where his things. I don't know if we can whether we find...

Indirect speech

Direct speech	Means of communication when replaced by indirect	Indirect speech
Declarative sentence * « I I'll be waiting for you somewhere nearby," said Valya.		* Valya said thatshe is will be waiting for me nearby.
incentive offer * Ivan asked: "Name, Lyuba, all the members of the headquarters and describe each of them."	to	* Ivan asked Lyuba to name all the members of the headquarters and describe each of them.
Interrogative sentence “Are you thinking of playing hide and seek with me?” Vanya said with annoyance.		* Vanya said with annoyance whether I was thinking of playing hide and seek with him.

In indirect

Direct speech	Error examples	Indirect speech
He said:		He said,that he will do the job for me.
He said:"Come early."		He said,for me to come early.
You ask:		You ask,
I'm asking:"Were you at the institute yesterday?"		I'm asking,were you at the institute yesterday.

5. descend; the shades they express are conveyed only by approximately other lexical means, for example:

1. If direct speech is declarative sentence, then when replacing it with indirect speech, the union is used that, for example:

* The servant entered and announced that the horses were served (P.). (Compare: A servant entered and announced: "Horses are served").

2. If direct speech is incentive offer, then when replacing it with indirect speech, the union is used to, for example:

* Tell him to get out ... (Ch.). (Compare: Say: "Get out...").

3. If direct speech is interrogative sentence, then when replacing it with indirect speech, two cases are possible:

a) if present in direct speech interrogative pronominal words they are preserved in indirect speech in the role of relative words, for example: They drove up to the hut, they ask, where here to find the economic part (Furm.). (Compare: They drove up to the hut, they ask: “ Where here to find the economic part?").

b) in the absence of interrogative pronominal words in direct speech, an indirect question is expressed using a particle whether in the role of a union, for example: The general asked if I was the son of Andrei Petrovich Grinev (P.). (Compare: The general inquired: “Are you the son of Andrei Petrovich Grinev?” Or “Are you the son of Andrei Petrovich Grinev?”).

4. In indirect speech, personal and possessive pronouns and persons of the verb are used from the point of view of the author, and not the person of the speaker, for example:

Direct speech	Error examples	Indirect speech
He said:"I will do this job for you."	He said that I would do this job for you.	He said,which will do the job for me.
He said:"Come early."	He said come early.	He said,for me to come early.
You ask:"When will you return my book to me?"	You ask when you will return my book to me.	You ask,when I return your book to you.
I'm asking:"Were you at the institute yesterday?"	I ask that you were at the institute yesterday?	I'm asking,were you at the institute yesterday.

5.Addresses, interjections, emotional particles available in direct speech, in indirect speech descend; the shades expressed by them are transmitted only approximately by other lexical means, for example.