To date, about 6,000 languages ​​are known, but most of the world's population speaks approximately 150 languages. The rest are dead languages ​​that practically no one speaks, which have been preserved in the form of letters and historical texts stored in libraries or artificially cultivated in a certain circle of people. The most interesting 45% of the world's population speaks the 10 most popular languages, the rest are gradually falling into disuse, becoming part of history. Meet the 10 most popular languages ​​on earth.

10 Punjabi

Punjabi is the native language of nearly 110 million people living on the India-Pakistan border and can also be found in English-speaking countries in Europe and America.

9. Japanese

Japanese is probably the most "polite" language in the world, with 127 million native speakers. There are special speech patterns for politely addressing people, depending on the status and position in society. Sometimes it seems that the Japanese speak completely different languages, depending on who they turn to older people and authorities or scolding a child running around the street. The Japanese language is incredibly difficult to learn due to the writing of words in hieroglyphs.

8. Russian

Russian is the most popular language among the Slavic group, which is native to 160 million people. It is difficult for most people to learn it because of the Cyrillic alphabet, genders, cases and endings.

7. Bengali

I think that before that you had heard a little about the Bengali language and, moreover, you had never seen the cunning ligature of letters. However, it is spoken by more than 205 million people in Bangladesh and a number of Indian provinces.

6. Portuguese

The great colonial past allowed the Portuguese language to become one of the most popular in the world, which is considered native to 215 million people. Portuguese speakers can be found in Europe, South America and a number of African countries.

5. Arabic

The Arabic literary language is considered native by 295 million people on earth, which is used in news releases and at official ceremonies. Most of the inhabitants of the Arab countries speak local dialects, and if they were counted separately, then the Arabic language would be far from the top ten most common languages ​​in the world, but fortunately, the leadership of the Arab countries makes a lot of efforts so that the differences in the dialects of different regions are minimal .

4. English

Surprisingly, in fourth place was English, which is considered their mother tongue by 360 million people. But English is the language of international communication, in which negotiations are conducted, businessmen communicate, plus a huge number of films and TV shows are shot.

3. Spanish

You will be joyfully greeted with the cry of "Hola" by 470 million people on earth who consider Spanish as their native language, and this is no less, almost 5.85% of the world's population, mainly living in South America. By the way, for many Americans, Spanish is a second language. Moreover, every year the number of people who speak Spanish only increases, which is very easy to learn.

2. Hindi

There are over 122 languages ​​in India, of which 22 are official languages ​​that officials can use for record keeping. The most common in the second most populous country in the world is Hindi, which is considered native by about 480 million people, and most of the country's population, if not speaking, then understands.

1. Chinese

Of the 6.6 billion people living on earth, approximately 14.1% speak Chinese. Although there are many dialects of the Chinese language, Mandarin is the predominant dialect, which is the native language of 955 million Chinese.

There are countries where knowledge of 3-4 languages ​​is a vital necessity. Sometimes the inhabitants of these countries in one sentence can use words from several languages.

The reason why the inhabitants of a country are forced to know many languages ​​can be completely different - colonial expansion, close friendship with neighboring countries and regions, the intersection of different cultures, and others.

Here is a list of the most multilingual countries on our planet:

Which countries, which languages

It is located in the southern part of the Caribbean, next to Venezuela. Since Aruba is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the official language here is Dutch.

According to the educational system, all residents must also learn English and Spanish, which makes studying on the island quite difficult.

The tourist business is very popular in Aruba, so knowledge of English is a vital necessity for many people. Neighborhood with Venezuela obliges residents to know Spanish well. But neither Dutch, nor Spanish, nor English are native languages ​​for the locals.

Most often they communicate with each other in papiamento. The basis of this language is a mixture of Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and English. Dutch and Papiamento are both official languages, so they can often be found in the media.

Luxembourg

The inhabitants of this small country communicate with each other in Luxembourgish, which is similar in consonance to German, but the Germans themselves will not be able to understand it because of the many French words.

The official languages ​​of this country are French and German. They are spoken by all residents. Moreover, the educational system makes you learn not only French and German, but also English. This approach forces all residents to know at least 4 languages. The government speaks French.

Singapore

This city-state has 4 official languages ​​at once: English, Chinese, Malay and Tamil. Singapore is very rich in ethnic diversity, but not everyone here speaks all four languages.

As a rule, people communicate with each other in English. At school this language is obligatory. Some locals use the Creole language, which is based on English, and which is called "Singlish" to communicate.

If you know English, you will be able to recognize some words, but Chinese grammar, together with loanwords from Chinese and Malay, create serious difficulties for visitors.

In schools, in addition to English, students also learn their native language. For example, Indian Singaporeans are taught Tamil, Malays are taught Malay, and Chinese are taught Mandarin (Northern Chinese).

Malaysia

There are fewer official languages ​​in Malaysia than in Singapore, but almost everyone here speaks them. The official language is Malay, and it is spoken by absolutely all residents.

Also, most Malaysians know English, as it is a compulsory language at school and is often spoken, especially in cities. Simplified English is also spoken here, which is called "Manglish". It is usually used on the streets.

Many of the ancestors of the locals emigrated from India, so Hindi is also popular here.

It is worth noting that Chinese Malays study Mandarin at school, but in everyday life they communicate in various dialects, including Cantonese, Hokkien or Hakka. In megacities such as Kuala Lampur and Penang, there are Chinese Malays who not only know Malay and English, but also speak all three of the above dialects.

This country has an incredibly large number of official languages ​​- 11. Residents of different ethnic groups communicate with each other in English. It is also popular in the media and in government, with less than 10% of all residents reporting English as their primary language.

Residents in the southern and western regions of South Africa communicate in the Germanic language Afrikaans, which has similar features to Snyderland.

There are 9 official Bantu languages ​​in South Africa. The most popular are Zulu and Kosa. It is worth noting that Xhosa is the native language of Nelson Mandela.

Most South Africans can speak both their native language and English and at least one other language that is popular in the region where they live. Many people in South Africa know at least 3 languages.

Mauritius

Mauritius is an island nation located in the Indian Ocean. It is considered part of Africa. English and French are taught here at school, but despite the fact that all adults know these two languages, they do not communicate in everyday life.

Everyone speaks Mauritian Creole, which is based on French, but the French themselves would not understand it.

Some Mauritians of Indian origin speak Bhojpuri, a dialect of Hindi. Also here live the descendants of immigrants from China, who communicate in the language of their ancestors. As a result, we can say that every inhabitant of this island state is fluent in at least 3 or even 4 languages.

India

The official languages ​​here are Hindi and English. In the southern part of India, they communicate more in English, while the rest are all well aware of both languages, especially educated Indians living in cities.

It is also worth noting that each state has one or more of its official languages ​​that are not similar to Hindi. All these languages ​​are popular both in the media and in everyday communication.

Most people in India know at least 3 languages, but those who frequently visit other states know even more. Indians may not be fluent in the languages ​​of other states, but they can communicate and understand quite well. We can say that a large number of Indians know 4 or even 5 languages.

Suriname

Suriname is located in the northern part of South America, in the thick of the rainforest. More than half of the population speaks Dutch. Moreover, for them this language is native, and all because of colonial expansion. The Dutch language is used not only in education, but also in commerce and in the media.

In ordinary life, the inhabitants of this country speak Sranan Tongo, a language based on a mixture of English and Dutch.

It will also be interesting to note that there are many people of Indian origin living in Suriname who communicate in a dialect of Hindi, of Chinese Javanese origin, who speak among themselves in the languages ​​of their descendants. But almost everyone knows English, as culturally the country has become closer to several English-speaking Caribbean countries than to the countries of South America.

East Timor

This small and young country, which gained independence in 2002, is located in Southeast Asia. It occupies the eastern half of the island of Timor, the province of Ocusi-Ambeno, located in the western half of Timor, and the islands of Atauro and Jacou.

It has two official languages: Tetum and Portuguese, as well as two active languages: Indonesian and English (according to the constitution). Moreover, most of the local population also speaks various aboriginal languages.

Once East Timor was a Portuguese colony, and when it became independent, it was decided to make Portuguese the official language.

Almost all locals are fluent in both English and Portuguese. Despite the fact that most residents understand Indonesian, they prefer not to speak it.

Everything is not entirely clear here. The fact is that the United States is home to a huge number of immigrants who speak different languages ​​of the world. And yet, 75% of Americans mostly communicate in English and know only it.

But it is worth noting that the number of people who, in addition to English, also know Spanish, is gradually increasing in the country.

Simply put, in the country itself there are many visitors from different countries, each of whom knows their native language, but when compared with other countries on this list, there are very few multilingual people in the United States.

The most popular languages ​​in the world

1. English - spoken in 56 countries.
2. French - spoken in 29 countries.
3. Arabic - spoken in 24 countries.
4. Spanish - spoken in 20 countries.
5. Portuguese - spoken in 8 countries.

Countries where English is spoken well

The most widely spoken language on our planet is English. Its origin began about 1400 years ago. Modern English began in the 15th century with the first printing press.

Today, for 400 million people, English is their first language, and 1.1 billion people consider it their second language. In terms of the number of native speakers, English is in 3rd place after Chinese and Spanish, but if you count people for whom English is not native, but they often communicate in it, this language is perhaps the most popular on the planet.

* According to the English Proficiency Index, women's English proficiency is higher than men's.

* According to scientists, the more developed the country, and the higher the income of the population, the higher the level of English proficiency.

* English proficiency tests in 2016 showed that the Dutch speak it best.

* Europe has the highest level of English, while the Middle East has the lowest.

Where is the best place to speak English?

Data provided by the English Proficiency Index, the world's most widely used English language proficiency ranking. This test is carried out in Europe, some countries in Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and North Africa.

1. Netherlands - EF EPI Index: 72.16 - Language Proficiency: Very High
2. Denmark - EF EPI Index: 71.15 - Language Proficiency: Very High
3. Sweden - EF EPI Index: 70.81 - Language Proficiency: Very High

Various languages ​​of the peoples of the world belong to certain language families (at a lower level of the hierarchy - groups), uniting languages ​​according to their linguistic structure and origin. To single out individual languages, a dictionary of languages ​​is used, and to group linguistic indicators, usually a linguistic classification by language families and groups based on the sign of linguistic kinship. Data for characterizing the linguistic composition can be obtained from population censuses, as well as from current population records, special surveys, etc.

The total number of languages ​​​​of the world is determined at 5 - 6 thousand(It is impossible to establish the exact figure due to the conventionality of the difference between different languages ​​and dialects of the same language). In the past, there were about 4 thousand more languages, now forgotten. In genealogical classification, languages ​​are grouped into families on the basis of kinship, established by comparing their vocabulary and grammar. Families are divided into groups (or branches), and some groups, in turn, are divided into subgroups.

Most linguists distinguish the following language families: Indo-European, Afroasian, Kartvelian, North Caucasian, Dravidian, Ural, Eskimo-Aleutian, Altai, Chukchi-Kamchatka, Niger-Kardafan, Nilo-Saharan, Khoisan, Sino-Tibetan, Australo-Asiatic, Andaman, Papuan families, Australian and Indian families. Yukaghir, Korean, Japanese, Nivkh, Ket, Basque, Ainu and a number of other languages ​​are considered isolated (not included in any linguistic family).

The largest language family, comprising languages ​​spoken by almost half of the world's population, is Indo-European. It numerically prevails in the Russian Federation and the CIS, in most of foreign Europe, Iran and Afghanistan, in the north of the Hindustan subcontinent, in the vast majority of the countries of America, in Australia and New Zealand.

Afroasian family of languages, common in North and Northeast Africa and Southwest Asia, consists of 5 groups: Semitic, Egyptian, Berber, Pashtun and Chadic.

To the Kartvelian family(Western Transcaucasia) includes the Megrelian language with the Laz language close to it, united in the Georgian-Zan group, and the Svan language. All these languages ​​are spoken by the Georgians, among whom the Mingrelians, Lazians and Svans partially preserved their languages ​​in everyday life.

To the North Caucasian family include the Abkhaz-Adyghe and Nakh-Dagestan groups.

The dominant Dravidian family in South India consists of seven groups. The most numerous is the southern group, which includes such multi-million languages ​​of South India as Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada.

Languages ​​of the Afroasian (or Semitic-Hamitic) family common among peoples living in North and Northeast Africa, as well as in Southwest Asia.

The population of sub-Saharan Africa speaks languages ​​of the Niger-Kordofan (East and West Africa), Nilo-Saharan (primarily Central Africa), and Khoisan (Southwest Africa) families.

Uralic language family geographically located in the north of the European part of the Russian Federation, in Central Europe (Hungary), in the Volga region, the Baltic States, Finland and in the north of Scandinavia. It consists of two groups - Finno-Ugric (or Finno-Ugric) and Samoyedic.

Eskimo-Aleut language family includes the Eskimo languages ​​and the closely related Aleut. Their carriers are settled in the vast Arctic spaces of America, as well as in the extreme northeast of Asia.

To the Altaic family of languages, distributed over vast expanses from Turkey in the west to north-east Siberia in the east, include the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungus-Manchu languages. Turkic languages ​​include subgroups: Chuvash, or Bulgar (Chuvash language), Oguz, or southwestern (Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Sakha (Buryat) and some others), Kypchak, or northwestern (Tatar, Bashkir, Kazakh, Kyrgyz , Karakalpak, Karachay-Balkarian, Kumyk, Nogai and Karaim), Karluk, or southeastern (Uzbek and Uighur), Yakut (Yakut and Dolgan), South Siberian (Altai, Khakass, Tuvan and other languages) subgroups.

To modern Mongolian languages, distributed mainly in the Central Asian regions, include Mongolian proper, Buryat, Kalmyk, close to it Oirat and a number of others. The Tungus-Manchu languages ​​include the Manchu language, which is gradually becoming obsolete in China, as well as Evenki, the Even language close to it, and some other languages ​​of Eastern Siberia and the Far East.

Chukchi-Kamchatka family, localized in the extreme north-east of Russia, unites the Chukchi, Koryak, Itelmen and other languages.

The largest of the language families are as follows: Indo-European (44.8% of the total world population), Sino-Tibetan (22.6%), Niger-Kordofanian (6.1%), Afrasian (5.6%), Austronesian (4.9%), Dravidian ( 3.9%). The thirteen most common languages ​​are spoken by almost 2/3 of the population of our planet. The most widely spoken languages ​​of the world are (number of speakers, end of the 20th century, million people): Chinese (1300), English (460), Hindi and Urdu (370), Spanish (320), Russian (260), Bengali, Indonesian and Arabic (190 each), Portuguese (180), Japanese (130), German (100), French (100).

Along with the most common, there are so-called isolated languages, or isolate languages, which are not understandable even to close neighbors; their use is limited to small areas (Yukagir, Nivkh, Ket, Basque, etc.) or individual countries (Japanese).

In the vast majority of cases, the names of the people and language are the same. There are, however, cases where several peoples speak the same language. So, English (with slight local differences) is spoken by the British, US Americans, Australians, New Zealanders, Anglo-Canadians and some others. Spanish is the native language not only for the Spaniards, but also for most of the peoples of Latin America. German is spoken by Germans, Austrians and Germano-Swiss. Usually each nation speaks the same language (sometimes dialect differences are so great that communication between individual groups of people without knowledge of the generally accepted literary language is impossible).

Increasingly, however, the practice of bilingualism when parts of the people or even entire peoples use two languages ​​in everyday life. Bilingualism is a rather frequent phenomenon in multinational countries, where national minorities, in addition to their native language, usually also use the language of the most numerous nation. Bilingualism is also characteristic of the countries of mass settlement of immigrants. Therefore, the number of speakers of individual languages ​​does not always coincide with the number of peoples for whom these languages ​​are native. This is especially true for the languages ​​of large nations that serve as languages ​​of interethnic communication.

The American continent consists of two large continents - North and South America. On the territory of the first there are 23 independent large and tiny states, and the second includes 15 countries. here are Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts and some others. After the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492, active colonization began. As a consequence of this, throughout the continent of America, the population now has European roots. It should be noted that, according to historical data, the Vikings first visited here about one thousand years ago. However, their expeditions were rare, so they did not have a significant impact on the population.

Ethnic composition of North American residents

As of today, the population on the mainland is mainly the descendants of the British, French, and also the Spaniards who moved here during the years of colonization. In this regard, most of the inhabitants of local countries use the corresponding languages. An exception can be considered some Indian peoples, mainly living in Mexico. They managed to preserve their native language to this day. About twenty million Americans are Negroes. Their ancestors were brought here from Africa by the colonialists in order to provide slave labor on local plantations. Now they are officially considered part of the American nation and mainly live in the United States, as well as in the countries of the Caribbean region, where there are also a large number of mulattoes and mestizos.

Population size and density

The number exceeds 528 million inhabitants. Most of them are concentrated in the United States, Canada and Mexico. In the first two countries, descendants of immigrants from France and England predominate, and in the third - from Spain. The first civilized states were created here by the Aztecs. An interesting feature that characterizes the mainland of North America is that the population here is extremely unevenly distributed. Its highest density is observed in the Caribbean and in the southern part. Here it is more than two hundred people per square kilometer. In addition, this figure is quite high in the eastern part of the mainland and in the United States.

Ethnic composition of South Americans

Basically, on the mainland, the population is represented by three large races - Caucasoid, Equatorial and Mongoloid. Its ethnic composition is largely associated with some features in the historical development of the region. Currently, representatives of almost 250 nationalities live here, most of which, unlike North American ones, were formed relatively recently. Indigenous Indians, European emigrants, as well as African slaves took part in their formation.

Now the population of South America is largely composed of Creoles - the descendants of the conquerors from Spain and Portugal, who were born on this continent. Based on such a parameter as number, then there are mestizos and mulattoes. Most of the states located here have a rather complex composition of residents, based on an ethnic point of view. For example, about eighty tribes live in Brazil (excluding the smallest), in Argentina - about fifty, in Venezuela, Peru, Chile, Colombia and Bolivia - more than twenty in each of the countries.

South American population and density

According to the latest official data, the population of South America exceeds the mark of 382 million people. Its average density on the mainland is in the range of ten to thirty inhabitants per square kilometer. This figure is lower only in Bolivia, Suriname, Guyana and French Guiana. In South America, many researchers distinguish two main types of settlement - inland and oceanic. The first of them is predominantly characteristic (for example, Bolivia, which is the highest mountainous country on our planet), and the second - to countries whose development occurs under the influence of colonization by Europeans (Argentina, Brazil).

Languages ​​in South America

The population of South America in most countries speaks It is official in many local states. At the same time, one cannot fail to note the fact that it has a huge number of borrowings from English, French, Italian and German. The second place on the mainland belongs to the Portuguese language. The largest country in which it is recognized as official is Brazil. Among the English-speaking territories, Guyana, which was once a British colony, can be noted. In Paraguay, Bolivia and Peru, the second state languages ​​are Indian languages ​​- Aztec, Guarani and Quechua.

The total number of languages ​​in the world is estimated at about 5 thousand (it is impossible to establish the exact figure due to the conventionality of the difference between different languages ​​and dialects of one language). In the overwhelming majority of cases, the names of the people and language coincide.

The linguistic classification of peoples differs significantly from the national one, since the distribution of languages ​​does not coincide with ethnic boundaries. For example, in the former colonies of Spain, Great Britain, France in Africa, Asia, Latin America, they speak the languages ​​of the metropolitan countries.

There are, however, cases where several peoples speak the same language. So, English (with slight local differences) is spoken by the British, US Americans, Australians, New Zealanders, Anglo-Canadians and some others. Spanish is native not only for Spaniards, but also for most of the peoples of Latin America. German is spoken by Germans, Austrians and Swiss Germans. Usually, each nation speaks the same language (sometimes dialect differences are so great that communication between separate groups of people without knowledge of the generally accepted literary language is impossible).

Increasingly, however, cases of bilingualism are spreading, when dep. Parts of a people or even entire peoples use two languages ​​in everyday life. Bilingualism is a fairly common occurrence in multinationals. countries where national minorities, in addition to their native language, usually also use the language of the most numerous or dominant nation. Bilingualism is also characteristic of the countries of mass settlement of immigrants. The number of speakers of individual languages ​​does not always coincide with the number of peoples for whom these languages ​​are native. This is especially true for the languages ​​of large nations that serve as languages ​​of interethnic communication.

language family- the largest unit of classification of peoples (ethnic groups) on the basis of their linguistic kinship - the common origin of their languages ​​​​from the alleged base language. Language families are divided into language groups (Tables 8-9).

The largest in number is the Indo-European language family, which includes language groups:

Romanesque: French, Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, Moldavians, Romanians, etc.;

Germanic: Germans, British, Scandinavians, etc.;

Slavic: Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, etc.

The second largest is the Sino-Tibetan language family, with the largest Chinese language group.

The Altaic language family includes a large Turkic language group: Turks, Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Kazakhs, Turkmens, Uzbeks, Kirghiz, Yakuts, etc.

The Uralic language family includes the Finno-Ugric group: Finns, Estonians, Hungarians, Komi, etc.

The Semitic group belongs to the Semitic-Hamitic language family: Arabs, Jews, Ethiopians, etc.

The Belarusian language belongs to the Slavic group of the Indo-European language family.

Table 12– Largest language families

	Number of living languages		Number of media		Main countries of use
		Share of the total number of languages, %	Number, million	Share of population, %
Altai					Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Georgia, Iran, China, Russia, Mongolia, Turkey
Afro-Asian					Algeria, Afghanistan, Egypt, Israel, Somalia, UAE, Chad
Austronesian					Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, New Zealand, Samoa, USA
Dravidian					India, Nepal, Pakistan
Indo-European					Austria, Armenia, Belgium, Belarus, Great Britain, Venezuela, Germany, India, Peru, Russia, USA, Ukraine, France, South Africa
Niger-Congolese
Sino-Tibetan					Bangladesh, India, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia
Non-Austronesian languages ​​of New Guinea					Australia, East Timor, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea

Table 13– Division into language families and groups

		Subgroup
Indo-European	Slavic	East Slavic	Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians
		West Slavic	Poles, Lusatians, Czechs, Slovaks
		South Slavic	Slovenes, Croats, Muslim Slavs (Bosniaks), Serbs, Montenegrins, Macedonians, Bulgarians
	Baltic		Lithuanians, Latvians
	german		Germans, Austrians, Swiss-Germans, Liechtensteiners, Alsatians, Luxembourgers, Flemings, Dutch, Frisians, Afrikaners, Jews of Europe and America, English, Scots, Jutlando-Irlappers, Anglo-Africans, Anglo-Australians, Anglo-New Zealanders, Anglo-Canadians, US Americans, Bahamians, Saints, Jamaicans, Grenadians, Barbadians, Trinidadians, Belizeans, Guyanese Creoles, Surinamese Creoles, Swedes, Norwegians, Icelanders, Faroese, Danes.
	Celtic		Irish, Gaelic, Welsh, Breton
	Romanskaya		Italians, Sardinians, Sanmarines, Italo-Swedes, Corsicans, Romansh, French, Monegasques (Monacans), Normans, Franco-Swiss, Walloons, French Canadians, Guadalupes, Martiniques, Guyanese, Haitians, Reunion Creoles, Mauritian-Creoles, Seychellois, Spaniards, Gibraltarians , Cubans, Dominicans, Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Guatemalans, Hondurans, Salvadorans, Nicaraguans, Costa Ricans, Panamanians, Venezuelans, Colombians, Ecuadorians, Peruvians, Bolivians, Chileans, Argentines, Paraguayans, Uruguayans, Catalans, Andorrans, Portuguese, Anti-Brazilians , Romanians, Moldavians, Aromanians, Istro-Romanians.
	Albanian
	Greek		Greeks, Greek Cypriots, Karakachans
	Armenian
	Iranian		Talysh, Gilyans, Mazendarans, Kurds, Balochs, Lurs, Bakhtiars, Persians, Tats, Khazars, Charaimaks, Tajiks, Pamir peoples, Pashtuns (Afghans), Ossetians.
	Nuristan		Nuristani
	Indo-Aryan		Bengalis, Assamese, Oriya, Biharis, Tharu, Hindustanis, Rajasthani, Gujaratis, Parsis, Bhils, Marathas, Konkanis, Punjabis, Dogras, Sindhis, Western Paharis, Kumaoni, Garkhwali, Gujars, Nepalis, Kashmiris, Sheena, Kohistani, Kho, Pashai , Thirahs, Indo-Mauritians, Indo-Pakistani Surinamese, Indopakistani Trinidadians, Fijian Indians, Gypsies, Sinhalese, Veddas, Maldivians.
Ural-Yukaghir family	Finno-Ugric		Finns, Karelians, Vepsians, Izhors, Estonians, Livs, Sami, Mari, Mordovians, Udmurts, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Hungarians, Khanty, Mansi
	samoyed		Nenets, Enets, Nganasans, Selkups
	Yukagir
Altai	Turkic		Turks, Turkish Cypriots, Gagauz, Azerbaijanis, Karadags, Shahsevens, Karapapahis, Afshars, Qajars, Qashqais, Khorasan Turks, Khalajs, Turkmens, Salars, Tatars, Crimean Tatars, Karaites, Bashkirs, Karachays, Balkars, Kumyks, Nogais, Kazakhs, Karakalpaks , Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Uighurs, Altaians, Shors, Khakasses, Tuvans, Tofalars, Uriankhais, Yugu, Dolgan Yakuts
	Mongolian		Khalkha Mongols, PRC Mongols, Oirats, Darhats, Kalmyks, Buryats, Daurs, Tu (Mongors), Dongxiang, Baoan, Mughals
	Tungus-Manchu		Evenks, Negidals, Evens, Orochs, Udeges, Nanais, Ulchis, Oroks
Kartvelian
Dravidian			Tamil, Irula, Malayali, Erawa, Erukala, Kaykadi, Kannara, Badaga, Kurumba, Toda, Kodagu, Tulu, Telugu
	Central		Kolami, parji, gadaba, gond, khond (kui, kuvi), konda
	northeastern		Oraon (kuruh), malto
	Northwestern
Korean
Japanese
Eskimo-Aleutian			Eskimos (including Greenlanders), Aleuts
Sino-Tibetan	Chinese		Chinese, Hui (Dungan), Bai
	Tibeto-Burmese		Tibetans, Bhotia, Sherpa, Bhutanese, La Dakhi, Balti, Magar, Qiang, Myanmar (Burmese), Izu, Tuja, Naxi, Hani, Lisu, Lahu, Chin, Kuki, Mizo (Lush), Manipur (Meithei), Naga , mikir, karens, kaya
	Kachinskaya		Kachin (jingpo), sak, etc.
	Bodo-garo		Garo, bodo, tripura
			Digaro, midu
			Adi (abor), Miri
	East Himalayan		Rai (Kirati), Limbu
			Gurung, tamang (murumi), limbu
Afroasian (Semitic-Hamitic)	Semitsk		Arabs of Southwest Asia and North Africa, Maltese, Jews of Israel, Assyrians, Amhara, Argobba, Harari, Gurage, Tigray, Tigre
	Berber		Kabils, Shauya, Reefs, Tamazight, Shilh (Shleh), Tuareg
			Hausa, angas, sura, ankwe, bade, boleva, bura, mandara (vandala), kotoko, masa, mubi
	Cushitic		Beja, agau, afar (danakil), saho, oromo (galla), somali, konso, sidamo, ometo, kaffa, gimira, maji
Niger-Kordofanian (Congo-Kardafanian)			Malinke, Bambara, Gyula, Soninke, Susu, Mende, Kpel-le, Dan
	niger-congo	West Atlantic	Fulbe, Tukuler, Wolof, Serer, Diola, Bolante, Temne, Kisei, Limba
		Central Niger-Congo	Gur: mine, gourma, somba, bobo, pears, tem, cabre, loby, bariba, kulango, senufo, dogon, etc. Kru peoples: kru, here, grebo, bahwe, bete, etc. Western peoples: akan, anyi, Baule, Guang, Ga, Adangme, Ewe, Fon, etc. Eastern peoples: Yoruba, Gegala, Nule, Gwari, Igbira, Idamo, Bini, Igbo, Jukun, Ibibio, Kambari, Katab, Tiv, Ekoi, Bamileke, Tikar, Duala , fang, makaa, teke, bobangi, ngombe, bua, mongo, tetela, konzo, rwanda (nyaruanada), rundi, ha, nyoro, nyankole, kiga, ganda, soga, haya, ziba, luhya, gishu, geese, kikuyu, meru, kamba, chaga, mijikenda, fipa, nyamwesi, gogo, shamballa, zaramo, swahili, comoros, hehe, bena, kinga, congo, ambundu, chokwe, liona, luba, lunda, conde, tonga, matengo, bemba, malavi, Yao, Makonde, Makua, Lomwe, Ovim-Bundu, Ovambo, Shona, Venda, Tswana, Pedi, Suto, Lozi, Xhosa, Zulu, Swazi, Ndebele, Matebele, Ngoni, Tsonga (Shangaan), Santomy, Pygmies, etc. Adamua - Ubangi peoples: Chamba, Mumuye, Mbum, Gbaya, Ngbandi, Mundu, Sere, Banda, Za Nde (Azande), Mba, Binga Pygmies
	Kordofanskaya		Ebang, tegali, talodi, katla, kadugli
Nilo-Saharan	East Sudanese		Nubians, Highland Nubians, Murle, Tama, Daju, Dinka, Kumam, Nuer, Shilluk, Acholi, Lango, Alur, Luo (Joluo), Kalenjin, Bari, Lotuko, Maasai, Teso, Turkana, Karamojong
	Central Sudanese		Kresh, Bongo, Sarah, Bagirmi, Moru, Mangbetu, Efe Pygmies and Asua
	Saharan		Kanuri, tubu, zagawa
			Songhai, shit, dandy
			Coma, running
Khoisan	South African Khoisan		Hottentots, Mountain Damara, Kung Bushmen, Kham Bushmen
North Caucasian	Abkhaz-Adyghe		Abkhazians, Abazins, Adyghes, Kabardians, Circassians
	Nakh-Dagestan		Avars (including Ando-Tsezes), Laks, Dargins, Lezgins, Udins, Aguls, Rutuls, Tsakhurs, Tabasarans, Chechens, Ingush
	Western Himalayan		kanauri, lahuli
Austroasiatic	Mon-Khmer		Viet (throw), muong, tho, khmer, sui, sedang, kui, khre (tamre), bahnar, mnong, stieng, koho (cf), moi, wa, palaung (benlun), puteng, bulan, lamet, khmu. Ashley group. Peoples: Senoi, Semangs
	Nicobar		Nicobars
			Santals, munda, ho, bhumij, kurku, kharia
			Miao, she, yao
			Siamese (Khontai), Fuan, Li (Lu), Shan, Danu, Khun, Dai, Lao (Laotian), Thai, Phutai, Tai, Nung, Santai, Zhuang
	Kamsuyskaya		Dong (kam), shui (sui)
			Gelao (galo), mulao (mulem), maonan
Austronesian	West Austronesian		Cham (Tyam), Raglai, Ede (Rade), Zarai, Indonesian Malays, Malaysian Malays, Malays, Minangkabau, Kerinchi, Rejang, Middle Sumatran Malays (Pasemah, Seravei), Lembak, Banjars, Iban, Kedayan, Kubu, Aceh, Madurians, Gayo, Batak, Alas, Simalurians, Nias, Abung (Lampungians), Sunds, Javanese, Tengger, Balinese, Sasak, Sumbavians, Barito-Dayaks (Maanyan, etc.), Ngaju, Otdanum, Sushi Dayaks (Clementan), Murut, Kadazan (Dusun), Kelabit, Melanau, Kayan, Punan, Kenyah, Bajao (Oranglaut), Bugis (Boogie), Makassar, Mandar, Butung, Toraja, Tomini, Mori, Lalaki, Bunglu, Loinang, Banggay, Gorontalo, Bolaang-Mongondow, Minahasa, Sangirese, Malagasy, Talaudian, Tagaly, Kapam-Pagan, Sambal, Pangasinan, Iloki, Ibanang, Bikol, Bisaya (Visaya), Tausoug, Mara-Nao, Maguindanao, Yakan, Samal, Inibaloi, Kankanai, Bontok, Ifugao, Itneg , Kalinga, Itavi, Palavegno, Davavegno, Tagakaulu, Subanon, Bukidnon, Manobo, Thirurai, Tboli, Blaan, Bogobo, Aeta, Chamorro, Belau, Yap
	Central Austronesian		Bima, Sumbans, Manggarai, Ende, Lio, Khavu, Sikka, Lamaholot, Rotians, Ema (Kemak), Atoni, Tetum, Mambai, Kei people
	East Austronesian		Melanesian peoples: South Halmaherans, Biaknumforians, Takia, Adzera, Motu, Sinagoros, Keapara, Kilivila and other Melanesians of Papua New Guinea, Areare and other Melanesians of the Solomon Islands, Erats and other Melanesians of Vanuatu, Kanaks (Melanesians of New Caledonia), Fijians, Rotuma. Micronesian peoples: Truk, Pokhipei, Kosrae, Kiribati, Nauru, etc. Polynesian peoples: Tonga, Niue, Tuvalu, Futuna, Uvea, Samoa, Tokelau, Pukapuka, Rarotonga, Tahitians, Tubuai, Paumotu (Tuamotu), Marquesans, Mangareva, Maori, Hawaiians, Rapanui, etc.
Andaman
Trans-New Guinean			Enga, Khuli, Angal, Keva, Hagen, Wahgi, Chimbu, Kamano, Dani, Ekachi, Yagalik, Asmat, Kapau, Bunak
Sepik frame			Abelam, boyiken
Torricelli			Olo, arapesh
West Papuan			Ternatians, Tidorians, Galelas, Tobelos
East Papuan			Nation, buin
North American	Continental na-den		Athabaskans, Apaches, Navajos
	Almosan Quereciu		Algonquians (including Cree, Montagne, Nasca Pi, Ojibwe, etc.), Wakash, Salish, Keres, Dakota (Sioux), Caddo, Iroquois, Cherokee
			Tsimshian, Sahaptin, California Penuti, Muscogee, Totonaki, Miche, Huastec, Chol, Choctaw, Tzotzil, Canhobal, Mam, Maya, Quiche, Kakchi-Kel, etc. Hawk group. Peoples: Tequizlatec, Tlapanec
Central American	Uto-Aztec		Shoshone, Papago-Pima, Tepehuan, Yaqui, Mayo, Tarahumara, Nahuatl (Aztec), Pipil
			Teva, Kiowa
	Oto manga		Otomi, Masawa, Mazatec, Mixtec, Zapotec
			Mapuche (Araucans), Puelche, Tehuelche, Selknam (She), Kawaskar (Alakaluf), Yamana
Equatorial Tucanoan	macro tucano		Tukano, maku, katukina, nambiquara
	equatorial		Arawaki, Guaivo, Jivaro, Tupi (including Guarani), Samuko
chibcha paez			Tarasca, Lenca, Miskito, Guaimi, Kuna, Yanomam, etc. Paes group. Peoples: Embera, Warao
Zepano-Caribbean	caribbean		caribbean, uitoto
			Pano, matako, toba, same, kaingang, botokudo, bororo
Australian			Mabunag, dhuwal, jangu, gugu-yimidhirr, aranda, alya varra, varl-g piri, pintupi, pitjantjajara, ngaanyatjara, valmajari, nyangumarda, images- with barndi, murrinh-patha, tiwi, gunvingu, enindhilyagwa
Chukchi-Kamchatka			Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens

In addition to the listed languages ​​of the peoples of the world that are members of certain language families and groups, there are a number of languages ​​that are not assigned to any families. These include Basque, Burishk, Ket, Nivkh, Ainu and some other languages.