Syntactic artistic means
Poetic Syntax- a combination of words in a sentence, a syntactic way of forming artistic speech. It is designed to convey the author's intonation, the artist's strengthening of certain feelings and thoughts.
Rhetorical question- this is a poetic turn in which the emotional significance of the statement is emphasized by an interrogative form, although this question does not require an answer.
Rhetorical exclamation- designed to enhance a certain mood.
Rhetorical address- not designed for direct response. Inversion is a violation of the usual, natural for a given language, word order.
Syntax parallelism- identical or similar construction of adjacent fragments of a literary text.
Antithesis is the method of opposition. It is actively used in verbal art. Ellipsis - omission of words, the meaning of which is easily restored from the context. Amplification - a technique for stylistic amplification of any emotional manifestation, a technique for "piling up" feelings: a) non-union - a technique for skipping unions between members of a sentence or sentences. b) multi-union - a technique opposite to non-union. The repetition of one union is used, with the help of which the parts of the sentence are connected. c) pleonasm - a technique of verbosity, which creates the impression of an excessive accumulation of one sign. d) gradation - a method of gradually increasing meaning.
Parceling is a method of strengthening the author's accent: dividing a statement that is single in meaning into several independent, isolated sentences.
Anakoluf - a technique for violating the syntactic norm. Serves to create the speech of characters in order to convey excitement or satirical portrayal of them as illiterate people.
Word art often uses repetition. It happens: simple, anaphora (repetition of a word at the beginning of a phrase or verse), epiphora (repetition of a word at the end of a verse or phrase), anadiplosis (repetition of one or more words at the end of the previous verse and at the beginning of the next), prosapodosis (repetition of a word at the beginning and end of the line), refrain (a verse repeated after each stanza or a certain combination of them).
Poetic phonetics- sound organization of artistic speech. Sound coherence is manifested primarily in the combination of certain sounds. In verbal art, assonance techniques are widely used - the repetition of vowel sounds and alliteration - the repetition of consonant sounds. With the help of sound consistency, poets and writers enhance the pathos - the "tonality" of the artistic content of the work. The area includes phonics paronymy, or paronomasia - a play on words that are similar in sound. Artists make extensive use of onomatopoeia. Thus, poetic phonetics plays a certain role in the organization of the artistic whole. The positions of phonics in poetry are especially significant.
Question Help please! Write syntactic techniques for creating lyrical intonation!! give 10 points!!! given by the author I-beam the best answer is Syntactic style
Syntactic means of expressive speech
The syntactic means of creating expression are varied. These include stylistic figures, which are strong means of emphatic intonation:
Emphasis is an emotional, excited construction of oratory and lyrical speech. Various techniques that create emphatic intonation, which are predominantly characteristic of poetry and are rarely found in prose, are designed not for visual, but for auditory perception of the text, which makes it possible to assess the rise and fall of the voice, the pace of speech, pauses, that is, all the shades of the sounding phrase. Punctuation marks can only conditionally convey these features of expressive syntax.
Poetic syntax is distinguished by rhetorical exclamations, which contain a special expression, increasing the intensity of speech. Rhetorical exclamations are often combined with rhetorical questions: “Troika! Three bird! Who invented you? . Rhetorical exclamations are often accompanied by hyperbolization: “Magnificent! It has no equal river in the world! "(N.V. Gogol about the Dnieper).
The rhetorical question is one of the most common stylistic figures, characterized by remarkable brightness and a variety of emotional and expressive shades. Rhetorical questions contain an emphatic affirmation (or negation), framed as a question that does not require an answer: “Didn’t you first so viciously persecute his free, bold gift?” . A rhetorical question is not posed to induce the listener to tell something unknown to the speaker. The function of a rhetorical question is to attract attention, enhance the impression, increase the emotional tone, create elation. The answer is already suggested in it, and the rhetorical question only involves the reader in reasoning or experiencing, making him more active, supposedly forcing him to draw a conclusion himself.
Coinciding in external grammatical design with ordinary interrogative sentences, rhetorical questions are distinguished by a bright exclamatory intonation, expressing amazement, extreme tension of feelings. It is no coincidence that authors sometimes put an exclamation point or two signs at the end of rhetorical questions - a question mark and an exclamation point.
The rhetorical question, unlike many stylistic figures, is used not only in poetic and oratorical speech, but also in colloquial and journalistic texts, in artistic and scientific prose.
A more rigorous, book coloring characterizes parallelism - the same syntactic construction of adjacent sentences or segments of speech:
"The stars are shining in the blue sky,
The figurative and expressive means of the language allow not only to convey information, but also to clearly and convincingly convey thoughts. Lexical expressive means make the Russian language emotional and colorful. Expressive stylistic means are used when an emotional impact on listeners or readers is necessary. It is impossible to make a presentation of oneself, a product, a company without the use of special language tools.
The word is the basis of figurative expressiveness of speech. Many words are often used not only in the direct lexical meaning. The characteristics of animals are transferred to a description of the appearance or behavior of a person - clumsy like a bear, cowardly like a hare. Polysemy (polysemy) - the use of a word in various meanings.
Homonyms are a group of words in the Russian language that have the same sound, but at the same time carry a different semantic load, serve to create a sound game in speech.
Types of homonyms:
- homographs - words are spelled the same, they change meaning depending on the stress set (lock - lock);
- homophones - words when written differ in one or more letters, but are perceived the same way by ear (the fruit is a raft);
- homoforms - words that sound the same, but at the same time refer to different parts of speech (I'm flying in an airplane - I'm flying a runny nose).
Puns - used to give speech a humorous, satirical meaning, betray sarcasm well. They are based on the sound similarity of words or their ambiguity.
Synonyms - describe the same concept from different angles, have a different semantic load and stylistic coloring. Without synonyms, it is impossible to build a vivid and figurative phrase; speech will be oversaturated with tautology.
Synonym types:
- full - identical in meaning, used in the same situations;
- semantic (semantic) - designed to give shade to words (conversation-conversation);
- stylistic - have the same meaning, but at the same time refer to different styles of speech (finger-finger);
- semantic-stylistic - have a different shade of meaning, refer to different styles of speech (do - bungled);
- contextual (author's) - used in the context used for a more colorful and multifaceted description of a person or event.
Antonyms - words have the opposite lexical meaning, refer to the same part of speech. Allows you to create bright and expressive phrases.
Tropes are words in Russian that are used in a figurative sense. They give speech and works imagery, expressiveness, are designed to convey emotions, vividly recreate the picture.
Trail definition
| Definition | |
| Allegory | Allegorical words and expressions that convey the essence and main features of a particular image. Often used in fables. |
| Hyperbola | Artistic exaggeration. Allows you to vividly describe properties, events, signs. |
| Grotesque | The technique is used to satirically describe the vices of society. |
| Irony | Tropes that are designed to hide the true meaning of the expression through light mockery. |
| Litotes | The opposite of hyperbole - the properties and qualities of the subject are deliberately underestimated. |
| personification | A technique in which inanimate objects are attributed the qualities of living beings. |
| Oxymoron | Connection in one sentence of incompatible concepts (dead souls). |
| paraphrase | Description of the item. A person, an event without a precise name. |
| Synecdoche | Description of the whole through the part. The image of a person is recreated by describing clothes, appearance. |
| Comparison | The difference from metaphor is that there is both what is being compared and what is being compared with. In comparison, unions are often present - as if. |
| Epithet | The most common figurative definition. Adjectives are not always used for epithets. |
Metaphor is a hidden comparison, the use of nouns and verbs in a figurative sense. There is always no object of comparison in it, but there is something with which they are compared. There are short and extended metaphors. Metaphor is aimed at an external comparison of objects or phenomena.
Metonymy is a hidden comparison of objects by internal similarity. This distinguishes this trope from a metaphor.
Syntactic means of expression
Stylistic (rhetorical) - figures of speech are designed to enhance the expressiveness of speech and works of art.
Types of stylistic figures
| The name of the syntactic construction | Description |
| Anaphora | The use of the same syntactic constructions at the beginning of adjacent sentences. Allows you to logically highlight a section of text or a sentence. |
| Epiphora | The use of the same words and expressions at the end of adjacent sentences. Such figures of speech give the text emotionality, allow you to clearly convey intonations. |
| Parallelism | Construction of neighboring sentences in the same form. Often used to reinforce a rhetorical exclamation or question. |
| Ellipsis | Deliberate exclusion of an implied member of a sentence. Makes speech more lively. |
| gradation | Each subsequent word in the sentence reinforces the meaning of the previous one. |
| Inversion | The arrangement of words in a sentence is not in direct order. Reception allows you to enhance the expressiveness of speech. Give the phrase a new sound. |
| Default | Conscious understatement in the text. It is designed to awaken deep feelings and thoughts in the reader. |
| Rhetorical address | Emphasized appeal to a person or inanimate objects. |
| Rhetorical question | A question that does not imply an answer, its purpose is to attract the attention of the reader or listener. |
| Rhetorical exclamation | Special figures of speech to convey expression, tension of speech. Make the text emotional. Grab the reader's or listener's attention. |
| polyunion | Repeated repetition of the same unions to enhance the expressiveness of speech. |
| Asyndeton | Intentional omission of unions. This technique gives dynamism to speech. |
| Antithesis | Sharp opposition of images, concepts. The technique is used to create a contrast, it expresses the author's attitude to the event being described. |
Tropes, figures of speech, stylistic means of expression, phraseological statements make speech convincing and vivid. Such turns are indispensable in public speeches, election campaigns, rallies, presentations. In scientific publications and official business speech, such means are inappropriate - accuracy and persuasiveness in these cases is more important than emotions.
trails,
lexical means,
syntactic means.
Consider what specific language means are included in each group. Don't let the amount of theoretical material scare you, I'm sure you are familiar with these concepts. It is only necessary to systematize knowledge on this topic.
TRAILS:
TROPES is a generalized name for stylistic devices consisting in the use of the word in a figurative sense.
METAPHOR - a kind of allegory, the transfer of meaning from one word to another according to the similarity of signs, a hidden comparison in which there is no comparative turnover. For example: Bird cherry sprinkles with snow. (snow is like blossoming bird cherry tassels). The red sun rolled down like a wheel behind the blue mountains (the sun is like a wheel).
Meaning: increases the accuracy of poetic speech and its emotional expressiveness.
METONYMY - the replacement of one word or concept by another that has a causal or other connection with the first. For example: Here on their new waves All flags will visit us. (the metonymy "all flags" replaces the verbose expression "ships of all countries under different flags")
Meaning: reception of short expressive speech, economy of lexical means.
IRONY (pretense) - the use of a word or expression in the reverse sense of the literal, with the aim of ridicule. For example: Ay, Pug, know she is strong, What barks at the elephant.
Meaning: creating a comic effect.
HYPERBOLE (exaggeration) - a figurative expression consisting in an exaggeration of size, strength, beauty, etc. For example: ... the rocks trembled from their blows, the sky trembled from a formidable song.
Meaning: the figurativeness of satirical works is built on hyperbolas. Hyperbole is a source of humor, a means of ridicule.
PERSONATION - a kind of metaphor, the transfer of human properties to inanimate objects and abstract concepts. For example: Evening with a blue candle a star Above my dear lit up.
Meaning: increases the emotional expressiveness of the text.
Synecdoche (generalization) - a special case of metonymy, the designation of the whole through its part. For example: Swede, Russian stabs, cuts, cuts.
Meaning: gives speech brevity and expressiveness, enhances the expression of speech and gives it a deep generalizing meaning.
LITOTA (simplicity) - a figurative expression that underestimates the size, strength, significance of the described object or phenomenon. For example: Your Spitz, lovely Spitz, no more than a thimble.
Meaning: the simultaneous use of litotes and hyperbole sharply and strongly emphasizes the image being created. The stylistic device of double negation. Serves as a means to create a satirical and humorous effect.
EPITET - a figurative definition of an object or action. For example: On the shore of the desert waves He stood full of great thoughts.
Meaning: Creates a visible image of an object, phenomenon, forms an emotional impression, conveys a psychological atmosphere, mood. Characterizes, explains some property, quality of a concept, object or phenomenon; embodies the writer's worldview. An epithet in the description of nature as a means of expressing feelings, moods. Expression of the inner state of a person.
ANTONOMASIA (renaming) - a trope consisting in the use of a proper name in the meaning of a common noun, a type of metonymy. For example: in the Russian language, the use of the words Donquixote, Don Juan, Lovelace, etc., in a figurative sense, has become fixed.
Meaning: This trope is often used in journalism. It is based on the rethinking of the names of historical figures, writers, literary heroes. In fiction it is used as a means of figurative speech.
ALLEGORY - an allegorical image of an object or phenomenon in order to most clearly show its essential features (in fables, riddles). The expression of an abstract concept or idea in a specific artistic image. For example: in fables, fairy tales, stupidity, stubbornness are embodied in the image of a Donkey, cowardice - a Hare, cunning - a Fox. The allegorical meaning can receive an allegorical expression: "autumn has come" can mean "old age has come."
Meaning: widely used in Aesopian language, a manner that reveals resourcefulness in the invention of reservations, omissions and other deceptive means. Used to bypass censorship. With the help of allegory, ideas of deep philosophical content are allegorically expressed.
PERIPHRASE or PERIPHRASE (descriptive expression) - a stylistic device consisting in replacing the usual one-word name of an object or phenomenon with a descriptive expression. For example: The lion is the king of animals. Sad time, eyes charm (instead of "autumn").
Meaning: the essential aspects, characteristic features of an object or phenomenon are emphasized.
ARTISTIC SYMBOL - figurative words that replace the name of a life phenomenon, the concept of an object with its conventional designation, reminiscent of this phenomenon and giving it a new, deep meaning. For example: Rain is a symbol of sadness and tears. The cuckoo is a symbol of a lonely yearning woman. Birch is a symbol of Russia.
Meaning: gives the word a new, deeper meaning.
LEXICAL TOOLS:
1. HOMONYMS are words that are different in meaning, but the same in pronunciation and spelling. For example, the plumbing system systematically breaks down, and the repairmen do not have any system in operation.
Meaning: give the language liveliness, expressiveness. They can give a comic coloring, ambiguity, the character of a pun. For example: A person with a good command of the language is required to apply stamps.
2. SYNONYMS are words of the same part of speech that are close to each other in meaning. Synonyms form a synonymous series, for example, to be afraid, to be afraid, to be afraid, to be frightened, to be afraid, to be horrified, to be afraid.
Meaning: testify to the richness of the language, serve to more accurately express thoughts and feelings.
3. ANTONYMS are words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning. For example, early - late, sleep - wake up, white - black.
Meaning: make speech bright, emotional. They serve to create contrast.
4. PARONYMS - words with the same root, similar in sound, but not the same in meaning. For example: prints and typos (have different prefixes), unrequited and irresponsible (have different suffixes).
5. COMMON VOCABULARY - words known to all speakers of Russian, used in all styles of speech, stylistically neutral. For example, spring, water, earth, night.
Meaning: denotes vital objects, actions, signs, phenomena.
5. DIALECTISMS are words belonging to a particular dialect. Dialects are Russian folk dialects, which include a significant number of original words that are known only in a certain area. For example: kochet - rooster, gutar - talk, beam - ravine.
Meaning: cause the reader to have a more vivid idea of the place where the described events develop in order to characterize the character's speech.
6. PROFESSIONALISMS are words that are used in various fields of production, technology, etc. and which have not become common; terms - words that name special concepts of any sphere of production or science; professionalisms and terms are used by people of the same profession, in the same field of science. For example, abscissa (mathematics), affricates (linguistics); the window is free time between lessons in the teacher's speech.
Meaning: used in fiction and journalism as an expressive means for describing the situation, creating a production landscape, speech characteristics of a certain sphere of human activity.
7. JARGONISMS - words limited in their use by a certain social or age environment. For example, they distinguish youth (ancestors - parents), professional (nadomae - shortfall of the landing mark), camp jargon.
Meaning: jargon is used in works of fiction in order to characterize the characters and create the desired color.
8. ARGO - a dialect of a certain social group of people (originally the thieves' language - "fenya"), created for the purpose of linguistic isolation (argonisms are used as a conventional sign, as an encrypted code so that people who do not belong to this group could not understand the meaning of these words). For example: ballerina - master key; kipish - disorder, shu; nix - danger; raspberry - hangout.
Meaning: used in works of fiction with the aim of characterizing a character or creating a special flavor.
9. EMOTIONALLY COLORED WORDS - words expressing attitudes towards objects, signs, actions, etc. For example: a nag (not just a horse, but a bad horse), lie (not just tell a lie, but speak it impudently), crave (not just desire, but desire passionately).
Meaning: serve to express the attitude of the speaker to what he is talking about, as well as to characterize the speaker.
10. ARCHAISMS - obsolete words that have modern synonyms that have replaced them in the language. For example: young - young, gold - gold; eye - eye, mouth - lips, behold - see.
Meaning: serve to create the flavor of antiquity when depicting antiquity. They perform a bright stylistic role, acting as a means of creating civil-patriotic pathos of speech. They are the source of the sublime sound of speech.
11. HISTORICITY - words that served as the name of the disappeared objects. concepts and phenomena. For example: tivun - an official in ancient Russia, hryvnia - the monetary unit of Kievan Rus, lackey - a person who served in rich houses.
Meaning: they serve to create the color of antiquity, a past era, give the description of past times historical authenticity.
12.NEOLOGISMS - new words that appear in the language. For example: videophone, airbus, Internet.
Meaning: serve to denote those new concepts. which appeared in connection with the development of social relations, science, culture, technology. They are a kind of expressiveness enhancement technique.
13. BORROWED WORDS - words that came into the Russian language from other languages. For example: letter, sail, cedar (from Greek); sandwich, sprats, landscape (from German); veil, coat, taxi (from French); tenor, opera, flute (from Italian); sailor, cabin, boat (from Dutch); basketball, coach, comfort (from English).
Meaning: source of dictionary replenishment.
14. OLD SLAVYANISMS - borrowings from a closely related language associated with the baptism of Russia, the development of spiritual culture.
Peculiarities:
a) combinations RA, LA, LE, corresponding to Russian ORO, OLO, EP. For example: temper - burrows, gates - gates, gold - gold, shore - shore, captivity - full.
b) a combination of ZhD, corresponding to Russian Zh. For example: leader, clothes, need.
d) suffixes STVIE, CHIY, YNYA, TVA, USCH, YUSCH, ASCH, YASHCH. For example: action, helmsman, pride, battle, burning, bearing.
e) prefixes IZ, IS, NIZ. For example: get out, overthrow. Meaning: recreate the color of the era, give an ironic touch.
15. TRADITIONAL POETIC WORDS - a group of words that formed at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, was used mainly in poetry. The main source is Slavism. For example: breg, voice, right hand, forehead, cheeks, fire, bush, lily, roses, myrtle, hand, golden, sweet-sounding, tree, spring, daylight.
Meaning: in the past, high expressive vocabulary, without which not a single poetic work could do. In modern language, ironic use, stylization.
16. FOLK POETIC WORDS - words characteristic of oral folk poetry. For example: kid, dolyushka, path, azure, kruchina, untalented, ant, little thought.
Meaning: create an emotional impression, serve as a means of expressing the national Russian character.
17. Spoken vocabulary is words. which are used in everyday everyday speech, have the character of ease and therefore are not always appropriate in written and book speech. For example: soda (carbonated water), blond (blond, a person with very light hair), gum (chewing gum).
Meaning: in book speech, this context is given a colloquial shade. It is used in works of fiction for the purpose of speech characterization of characters.
18. SPEECH WORDS - words. expressions characterized by simplification, a touch of rudeness, and usually used to express harsh assessments. Colloquial words stand on the border of the literary language, often not desirable even in ordinary conversation. For example: head (head), dreary (unpleasant), vtemyashitsya (strengthen in the mind).
Meaning: a means of speech characterization of heroes.
19. BOOK VOCABULARY - words that are used primarily in written speech, are used in scientific papers, official and business documents, journalism. For example: hypothesis (scientific assumption), genesis (origin), addressee (person to whom the letter was sent).
Meaning: a means of speech characteristics of heroes, phenomena.
20. TERMS - words or combinations of words denoting special concepts used in science, technology, art. For example: leg, hypotenuse, morphology, conjugation, verb.
Meaning: serve for precise, strictly scientific definition of scientific and technical concepts. Used to characterize the depicted environment and language.
21. PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS - stable combinations of words that usually have a holistic meaning. For example: work with your sleeves rolled up, cherish like the apple of your eye, put sticks in the wheels.
Meaning: give speech brightness and expressiveness.
22. WINGED WORDS - bright and well-aimed expressions of writers, scientists, public figures, as well as folk proverbs and sayings. For example: Not in horse food. How little has been lived, how much has been experienced.
Meaning: as a figurative means of revealing the internal appearance of the character, the characteristics of his speech manner.
23. EMOTIONAL-EXPRESSIVE VOCABULARY - words that are evaluative in nature (as opposed to neutral vocabulary). For example: words with a positive color - valiant, radiant; words with a negative connotation - upstart, nonsense.
Meaning: the use of emotionally expressive vocabulary is associated with a specific task, a certain stylistic orientation of the text.
SYNTAX MEANS
Rhetorical address- a conditional appeal to someone in the framework of a monologue. This appeal does not open a dialogue and does not require a response. In fact, this statement is in the form of an appeal. So, instead of saying "My city is mutilated," a writer might say, "My city! How you've been mutilated!"
This makes the statement more emotional and personal.
Syntactic means can be divided into 2 groups:
1. associated with repetitions
polyunion,
asyndeton,
syntactic parallelism,
gradation
2. not related to repetitions
rhetorical question,
rhetorical exclamation,
rhetorical appeal,
parceling,
inversion,
paraphrase,
LEXICAL AND SYNTAXIC MEANS
1. Oxymoron - a technique when one concept is defined through its impossibility. As a result, both concepts partly lose their meaning, and a new meaning is formed. The peculiarity of an oxymoron is that it always provokes meaning generation: the reader, faced with a blatantly impossible phrase, will begin to “finish” the meanings. Writers and poets often use this technique to say something briefly and succinctly. In some cases, the oxymoron catches the eye (“The Living Corpse” by L. N. Tolstoy, “Hot Snow” by Y. Bondarev), in others it may be less noticeable, it reveals itself with a more thoughtful reading (“Dead Souls” by N. V. Gogol - after all, the soul has no death, the “dead green of the branches” of the Pushkin Anchar - after all, the green foliage of a tree is a sign of life, not death).
2. Katahreza is a deliberately illogical statement that has an expressive meaning. "Yes, she's a fish! And her hands are some kind of white, fish. It is clear that a fish cannot have hands; the metaphor is built on catachresis.
3. Antithesis - a sharp opposition of something, emphasized syntactically. A classic example of antithesis is Pushkin's characterization of the relationship between Lensky and Onegin:
They agreed. Wave and stone
Poetry and prose, ice and fire
Not so different from each other.
Let us note that in Pushkin the underlined antithesis is partly removed by the next line, which makes the situation ambiguous.
Secondly, analyze the list of terms listed in the task. Group them:
trails mark with the letter "T",
lexical means - "L",
syntactic means - "C".
Here's what we got (list of terms from the 2013 demo project):
1. anaphora - C
2. metaphor - T
3. hyperbole - T
4. professional vocabulary - L
5. parceling - C
6. lexical repetition - C
7. opposition - C
8. epithets - T
9. contextual synonyms - L
Thus, the scope of the search for the specified language tool has noticeably narrowed.
The task says that the first 3 means are paths.
There are 3 of them in the list: metaphor, hyperbole, epithets.
We just have to arrange them in the right order.
We recall the definitions of these language tools, re-read the examples indicated in brackets.
Compare definitions with examples.
We put the numbers in the right order: 2,8,3.
It remains to define the last language tool. To which group it belongs is not specified. Therefore, we exclude only trails from the list, because there should be no repetition of numbers.
We have 6 concepts left. Let's reread the examples. The situation becomes clearer when we turn to these proposals. We are talking about the language tool under number 6.
Mission accomplished!
2. Find words in the review text: tropes, lexical means, syntactic means.
4. Group concepts.
5. Recall the definitions of these concepts, compare with examples.
6. Arrange the numbers in the correct order.
The highest manifestation of the skill of public speaking is contact with the audience, that is, the commonality of the mental state of the speaker and the audience. This community arises on the basis of joint mental activity, similar emotional experiences. The attitude of the speaker to the subject of speech, his interest, conviction evoke a response from the listeners. As the saying goes, the word belongs half to the one who speaks and half to the one who listens. You need to feel the audience and be able to adjust your speech depending on its reaction. The speaker must have a wide range of knowledge on many issues, and be able to lead a discussion on any topic.
The main indicators of mutual understanding between the communicants are a positive reaction to the words of the speaker, the external expression of attention from the listeners (their posture, focused gaze, exclamations of approval, head nods, smiles, laughter, applause), "working" silence in the hall. Contact is a variable value. It can be complete (with the entire audience) and incomplete, stable and unstable in different fragments of the speech.
To win an audience, you need to establish and constantly maintain eye contact with it. The speaker usually looks around the audience slowly.
Before the start of speech, a short psychological pause is maintained - 5 - 7 seconds. The speech of the speaker should not be monotonous. Phrases should be pronounced with different intonation. They are separated by pauses.
For modern oratorical speech, a combination of logical-analytical and emotional-figurative language means is characteristic.
No matter how interesting the topic is, the attention of the audience dulls over time. It must be supported by the following oratory techniques:
· Question and answer reception. The speaker raises questions and answers them himself, raises possible doubts and objections, clarifies them and comes to certain conclusions.
· The transition from a monologue to a dialogue (controversy) allows you to involve individual participants in the discussion process, thereby activating their interest.
· Reception of creation of a problem situation. Listeners are invited
a situation that raises the question: "Why?", which stimulates their cognitive activity.
Reception of novelty of information, hypotheses makes the audience assume, reflect.
· Reliance on personal experience, opinions that are always interesting to listeners.
· Showing the practical significance of information.
The use of humor allows you to quickly win over an audience.
· A short digression from the topic gives the listeners the opportunity to "rest".
· Slowing down with a simultaneous decrease in the strength of the voice can draw attention to the responsible places of the speech (reception "quiet voice").
Reception of gradation - an increase in the semantic and emotional significance of the word. Gradation allows you to strengthen, give them emotional expressiveness to a phrase, a formulated thought.
· Reception of inversion - a speech turnover, which, as it were, deploys the usual, generally accepted train of thought and expressions to the diametrically opposite one.
Receiving an appeal to one's own thoughts.
Among the techniques of oratory, which significantly increase its effectiveness and persuasiveness, lexical techniques should be highlighted. In almost all guides to oratory, among lexical devices, it is recommended to use the so-called paths.
Trope- (from the Greek tropos - turn, turn of speech), the use of a word or expression in a figurative, figurative sense; in a narrower sense - word transformation, through which the aesthetic effect of expressiveness in speech is achieved (artistic, journalistic, everyday, etc.). Tropes include comparisons, metaphors, epithets, hyperbole, and others.
Comparison- one of the most frequently used techniques, which has a great persuasive power, stimulates associative and figurative thinking among listeners and thus allows the speaker to achieve the desired effect.
Metaphor- this is the transfer of the name of one object to another, this is the verbal convergence of 2 phenomena by similarity or contrast. For example: "The locomotive of history cannot be stopped..."
Epithet- figurative definition of an object, phenomenon, revealing its essence. For example: "A student is not a vessel to be filled with knowledge, but a torch to be lit!.."
Allegory- allegorically depicts something. For example: "Once a passer-by asked the builder:" What are you doing? He thought and replied: "Don't you see? I'm driving stones." The second builder answered the same question: “I make money!”
Hyperbola is a kind of trail, consisting in a deliberate exaggeration of the properties, qualities of objects and phenomena. For example: "A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper."
The specificity of oral speech is manifested in the construction of phrases and whole sentences. It is believed that in public speaking, preference should be given to shorter sentences, they are better perceived by ear and remembered. In addition, a short sentence allows for a more variant approach to changing intonation.
The listed linguistic means of contact help to overcome the "barrier", serve to unite the speaker with the listeners.
