N. R. Antonov Count Petr Alexandrovich VALUEV Count Petr Alexandrovich Valuev was born on September 22, 1814. Having received an education at home, he entered the service, at the age of 17, in the office of the Moscow Governor-General. In 1834 he was transferred to serve in His Imperial Imperial

He was born in France, but his heart was with Russia. Pavel Alexandrovich was friends with Emperor Alexander I, but he made a brilliant career thanks to his brilliant mind. He served for numerous reforms in the country, sympathized with the peasants and became a real hero of the wars with Napoleon. It seemed to contemporaries that there was no such misfortune that could break the count. But fate was treacherous. She dealt such a blow to Pavel Alexandrovich, from which he was never able to recover.

Young Count Stroganov

The Stroganov family was rich, very rich. But, money could not bring them (until a certain time, of course) the main thing - a noble title. They came from merchants who owned salt mines in the Kama region and in the North. For example, in Solikamsk, Usolye and Sol-Vychegodsk. In those days, these crafts brought much more income than, say, gold mining. By the way, about gold. The Stroganovs also had a hand in it over time. They financed expeditions to explore deposits of the precious metal. Thus, the Stroganovs had huge incomes that flocked to them from the Urals and Siberia.

The finest hour of the family came during the reign of Emperor Peter I. The sovereign needed money for the protracted Northern War. And then the Stroganovs did not become greedy. They helped the army and ammunition. Peter I did not remain in debt. And in 1722, after the end of the war, he granted the three Stroganov brothers the title of baron. A few decades later, they already became counts.

Portrait of Pavel as a child by Greuze (1778)

In general, the Stroganovs were close people for crowned persons. A striking example is Pavel Aleksandrovich Stroganov. Emperor Paul I was his godfather, and the future sovereign Alexander I was a good friend.

The interesting thing is this: Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov was born in Paris in June 1774. His parents - Alexander Sergeevich and Ekaterina Petrovna - after the wedding in 1769 moved to the capital of France. Here they quickly entered the upper strata of society. And the Stroganovs were introduced to the court of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. When Pavel was born, Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich was in Paris at that time. He baptized the heir to the Stroganov family.

In 1779, Pavel's parents decided to return to St. Petersburg. And the young count was mentored by Charles-Gilbert Romm, who assigned him the nickname Popo. Romm's niece, Miet Taian, recalled: “You can't help but admire him. He combines the prestige of high position with all the advantages of physical attractiveness. He is tall, well built, with a cheerful and intelligent face, lively conversation and a pleasant accent. He speaks French better than we do. Foreign in it - only the name and military uniform, red with gold aiguillettes. Everything in the young Count Stroganov, down to the diminutive name "Popo", is full of charm.

After returning home, there was a nuisance. Pavel's mother left the family, exchanging her husband and children for the favorite of Catherine II, Ivan Rimsky-Korsakov. Alexander Sergeevich understood that this event would deal a serious blow to his son, so he hid his mother's departure as best he could. Because of this, he sent Paul along with Romm on a journey (1784). First, the young count and his tutor visited the shores of Lake Ladoga, as well as the Grand Duchy of Finland. After they visited Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Perm, Novgorod and other cities. And then they traveled around Little Russia, New Russia and the Crimea.

Returning from a trip, Pavel Alexandrovich continued his military career (he was enrolled in the service back in 1779 as a cornet of the Life Guards Horse Regiment). In 1786 he received the rank of second lieutenant of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. Stroganov came under the command of Prince Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin. And he did not interfere with the further education of the young count. Soon Stroganov, Romm and the serf artist Andrei Voronikhin (who would later become a famous architect) left Russia.

From 1787 to 1789 they traveled around Europe - visited Italy, Switzerland, Prussia, Austria and France. It is believed that this trinity reached the UK. But first of all, they visited the small French town of Riom, where Pavel Alexandrovich's mentor was from. In the same 1787, Stroganov began to study botany at the University of Geneva. In addition, he studied theology, chemistry and physics. He did not forget about the study of foreign languages, and also practiced fencing and horseback riding. In his free time, Pavel Alexandrovich went to the mountains and studied mineralogy. In general, the young count led a busy and active life, spending his father's money on really important things.

In 1789, Stroganov and Romm left Switzerland and moved to France. At first they settled in a house near Paris, which belonged to Alexander Sergeevich, but soon moved to the capital. At that time, passions were seething in Paris - a revolution was beginning.

Jacobin

The situation was heating up. Elections of deputies to the Constituent Assembly began in Paris. Due to the turbulent situation, Stroganov was forced to take a pseudonym so as not to arouse unnecessary suspicion. Romm insisted on this. That appeared Paul Aucher. By the way, Ocher is the name of the Stroganov estate in the Perm province.

Pavel Aleksandrovich, of course, could not remain aloof. And soon he joined the Jacobins. And in 1790 he entered the club "Friends of the Law" ("Amis de la loi"). Since Ocher had enormous financial resources, the Jacobins received him with open arms and asked no questions. Another interesting thing: Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov was not interested in where his money was going. He simply sent the necessary amounts to his son. And they, in turn, went straight to the French.

During a speech at one of the rallies, Pavel Stroganov met Terouan de Mericourt. It was she who was the creator of the Friends of the Law. De Mericourt was a zealous supporter of the revolution. Before meeting with Ocher, the woman managed to be noted in many events, including the capture of the Bastille. In addition, Terouan, armed with a pistol and a saber, led a procession that moved to Versailles. Stroganov was smitten with this woman. They soon began an affair. Romm advised Pavel Alexandrovich to keep his relationship with de Mericourt secret so as not to compromise himself, but the young count was too much in love with the revolutionary. In the end, their relationship became known at the embassy of the Russian Empire. And from there they were quickly handed over to Catherine II. The empress did not approve of the young count's hobbies. Moreover, she demanded that he leave France as soon as possible and return to Russia. Of course, Stroganov did not dare to disobey the Empress, although de Méricourt's parting was given to him with great difficulty.

Stroganov in a portrait of Vigée-Lebrun

As for Terouan, after Ocher left her, she began to become disillusioned with the revolutionary movement. And at the end of 1790, de Mericourt moved to the city of Liege. But the quiet life lasted less than two months. On the night of the fifteenth to the sixteenth of February 1791, the Austrians arrested her. The revolutionary was charged with attempting to assassinate Marie Antoinette. Despite the fact that de Mericourt denied everything, she was sent to the Tyrolean fortress of Kufstein, having previously changed her name to Madame Theobalt. Only at the very end of 1791, Terouan was released on the personal order of Emperor Leopold II.

Once at large, the woman continued her active political activity, fighting for the rights of women. In 1793, Theroigne began to support the Girondins, who fell under the yoke of the Jacobins. And on the thirteenth of May of the same year, an event occurred from which de Mericourt was no longer able to recover. She was caught by an angry crowd of women who shared Jacobin views. They stripped Teruan and flogged her. Most likely, de Merikur would have died, but Jean-Paul Marat intervened. However, this happened too late. The psyche of de Mericourt was broken. She was assigned to a psychiatric hospital, where she died in 1817.

Service for the good of the Motherland

Returning to his homeland, Stroganov finds himself in a whirlpool of events. Therefore, he had no time to worry about breaking up with a Frenchwoman. He understands the difficult situation Russia is in. He was also very worried about the turbulent situation in Europe. And the only thing Pavel Alexandrovich began to dream about was peace and harmony. But his mentor disagreed. And for the first time there was a conflict between them. Romm managed to achieve great success in the revolutionary field and even voted for the execution of the monarch.

Of course, the time spent in France had a strong impact on the worldview of Count Stroganov. He was imbued with the ideas of love of freedom, which he then began to promote in Russia. But Pavel Alexandrovich was not a real revolutionary (like the same Romm). And his connection with the club "Friends" still had a rather formal character. Yes, he was one of the sponsors and an extra, but that was it.

In Russia, Stroganov was sent into exile to his mother in the Bratsevo estate near Moscow. It took time for the passions around his connection with the French revolutionary to subside. In general, the disgrace that the count fell into can be considered very conditional, since he was not fired from military service. On the contrary, progress has begun. In 1791, Stroganov was a lieutenant of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, and a year later - a chamber junker. In 1793 he married Princess Sophia Vladimirovna Golitsina. And after that, he was officially allowed to return from Bratsevo to St. Petersburg.

Here he met with the heir to the throne, Alexander. Childhood friendship revived. And the Grand Duke began to teach Pavel Alexandrovich the Russian language. There is evidence that Stroganov returned to the capital only after Paul I became emperor. But this is erroneous. The fact is that in the correspondence between Prince Czartoryski and Alexander from 1794 it is said that Pavel Alexandrovich already lived in the capital at that time and attended balls with his wife.

On March 12, 1801, a coup d'état took place in Russia. Alexander I became the new emperor. Naturally, Stroganov was among the favorites of the newly-made sovereign. But Pavel Alexandrovich was not going to simply collect cream, using his status. In the summer of the same year, 1801, he presented to the emperor a project for the creation of a Private Committee. According to Stroganov, this body was supposed to be engaged in the development of various reforms and the search for ways to turn them into reality. Alexander supported the initiative, and Stroganov became one of the members of this committee, as well as the head of the triumvirate. At first, Pavel Alexandrovich tried to promote liberal reforms and was a supporter of the speedy abolition of serfdom.

In 1802, Stroganov combined several responsible posts at once. He was both a privy councilor, a senator, and a vice minister of foreign affairs. In addition, the count actively influenced the "wrong side" life of the empire, since he was on friendly terms with the Minister of the Interior. And in 1806, Pavel Alexandrovich became the head of a diplomatic mission in London. Its main task was to bring the two states closer together. And Stroganov zealously set to work. He began negotiations with the British, thereby trying to create a powerful coalition against Napoleon. But soon an event occurred that unsettled Pavel Alexandrovich. His friend Adam Czartoryski, who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs, resigned. For Stroganov, this was a real blow. Further - worse. The vacant position was given to Andrey Yakovlevich Budberg. Relations between Stroganov and Budberg were, one might say, hostile. Andrei Yakovlevich disliked the count and demonstrated it in every possible way. They did not agree on many points of view. And once Stroganov wrote to Budberg: “I am afraid to go beyond the boundaries that are obligatory for me, but I cannot restrain my indignation when, feeling real Russian blood in my veins, I am forced to share the shame that falls on every compatriot. After all, you know that in our country, no matter what ignorant foreigners say, there is public opinion, and we are very scrupulous in everything that concerns national honor.

In the end, Pavel Alexandrovich could not withstand the pressure and returned to Russia. And in the spring of 1807, Stroganov left both the post of Deputy Prime Minister for Foreign Affairs and the post of senator. There was an appearance that Pavel Alexandrovich abandoned political games. In fact, everything was not so. He continued to play an important role, since the sovereign highly valued the mind and experience of his childhood friend.

In the military field

And if in politics Stroganov was still in the shadows, his military career began to move forward. He was listed as part of the third coalition and took part in the battle of Austerlitz. Then he headed the Cossack regiment. And in August 1807, Stroganov received the Order of St. George of the third class: “In retribution for the excellent courage and courage shown in the battle on May 24 against the French troops, where, of his own free will, he was with light troops commanded by Lieutenant General Platov and, having under under his command, the regiments of Atamansky and Major General Ilovaisky on the 5th, when the troops approached the Alla River, crossing it with them by swimming, hit the enemy in the rear, and put a noble number on the spot and captured 47 officers and 500 lower ranks; after that, seeing the following enemy convoy, he sent a detachment of Cossacks there, who destroyed the cover, which stretched up to 500 people, took it and after it attacked the enemy infantry in the village of Brutsval with the regiment of Ilovaisky, from where he drove it out and put it to flight.

In early December 1807, Pavel Aleksandrovich rose to the rank of major general. And in January of the following year, he joined the Life Guards of the Izmailovsky Regiment. In its composition, Stroganov had a chance to take part in the war with the Swedes (1808-1809). The war ended with the victory of Russia and the accession to the empire of Finland. Also, Pavel Alexandrovich had a chance to take part in the capture of the Aland Islands.

In 1809, Stroganov served in the Danube Army. This time he was already at war with the Turks. The count showed himself from the best side here too. For the courage and courage that he demonstrated during the battles, Pavel Alexandrovich received the Order of St. Anna of the first degree and St. Vladimir of the second degree. As well as a golden sword with diamonds and the inscription "For Bravery" and several other awards.

In November 1811, Stroganov became adjutant general. He had a chance to take part in the Battle of Borodino. During the battle, he commanded the first grenadier division. And when General Tuchkov was wounded, Pavel Alexandrovich instead led the third infantry corps. Already in the rank of lieutenant general, he fought at Tarutino, near Maloyaroslavets and Krasny. The famous Battle of the Nations near Leipzig did not pass by the count. For this battle, Pavel Stroganov was awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky. He also led the Russian troops during the assault on the fortress of Stade, which was located near Hamburg. And for the company in France, Stroganov received the Order of St. George, second class.

But all his successes of Pavel Alexandrovich were crossed out by the tragedy that occurred. In 1814, at the Battle of Craon (the Russian army, led by Stroganov, was outnumbered, but still managed to win an important victory), his nineteen-year-old son Alexander was killed. He had his head blown off. When Pavel Aleksandrovich found out about this, he searched for the body of his son on the battlefield for two days. And when the deceased Alexander was nevertheless found, Count Stroganov, together with the body of his son, went to St. Petersburg. He refused the victory award in order to attend the funeral of the only heir.

A. G. Varnek. Portrait of Count Alexander Pavlovich Stroganov, 1812

They buried Alexander Pavlovich at the Lazarevsky cemetery, the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, where other representatives of the Stroganov family also rested.

From this blow, Pavel Alexandrovich was never able to recover.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin in the fourth stanza of the sixth chapter of "Eugene Onegin" described the death of Alexander Stroganov (although these lines were not included in the final version of the poem):

But if the reaper is fatal,
Bloody, blind
In fire, in smoke - in the eyes of the father
Kill a stray chick!
O fear! oh bitter moment!
O Stroganov, when your son
Fell, smitten, and you're alone
You forgot glory and battle
And you betrayed the glory of a stranger
Success encouraged by you.

Pavel Alexandrovich died in June 1817 from consumption while on a ship. That ship was bound for Copenhagen. According to eyewitnesses, these years after the death of his son, the count was a pale shadow of himself. He suffered from severe depression and lost interest in life. An outstanding politician and military leader was buried at the Lazarevsky cemetery in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.

Sofia Stroganova in mourning for her husband

As for the count's title, it passed to Sergei Grigorievich, who was the husband of Natalya, the eldest daughter of Pavel Alexandrovich.

1.3.1.1. Graph Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov(June 7, 1772, Paris - June 10, 1817) - Russian military and statesman; lieutenant general, adjutant general.

Jean-Laurent Mosnier (1743-1808). Portrait of Count Pavel Stroganoff (1772-1817) (1808, Russian Museum, St. Petersburg)

Son from the second marriage of a baron (later an earl) with Ekaterina Petrovna Trubetskoy(daughter of Prince Peter Nikitich Trubetskoy).

Jean-Baptiste Greuze (1725–1805) Portrait of Count Stroganov as a Child (1778, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg)

Born in Paris. His godfather was Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich, the future Emperor Paul I, who was also in Paris at that time. In 1779 the Stroganov family returned to St. Petersburg. Soon there was a quarrel between Pavel's parents, they began to live separately, and the father was first involved in the upbringing and education of his son, and then the educator appeared - Gilbert Romm, who played a big role in the formation of the personality of the brilliant aristocrat, statesman Pavel Stroganov. The upbringing of the boy was entrusted to the Frenchman Gilbert Romm, one of the most ardent followers of the encyclopedists. Being an Auvernetian by birth, he came to Paris to complete his mathematical education and earned his bread by teaching. Somehow he met Count A. G. Golovkin, who lived in this city, who introduced him to the highest French and Russian society. It was at Golovkin's that Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov met him, and when Popo needed a tutor, he, without hesitation, invited Romm. The child was seven years old. He did not speak a word of Russian, and the study of this language in Russia proceeded simultaneously as a pupil and an educator.

Stroganov Pavel Alexandrovich, Count (engraving, Legrand)

From the very beginning of his activity, Romm was placed in exceptional conditions. He was even introduced to Catherine, was an undeniable authority in all matters relating to the pupil, regulated his relationship, dates and correspondence with his mother who had left. Alexander Sergeevich in his letters to Romm spoke about Popo, most often using the expression "our son", thereby emphasizing the rights of the tutor. Romm raised Popo according to all the precepts of J.-J. Rousseau - the upbringing was "natural", taught the child to pay attention to everything around and evaluate what he saw. Popo studied natural and exact sciences, literature, languages. Very soon it was necessary to hide the family discord from him, and Romm took him on a long journey through Russia. The educator and pupil traveled all over its European part, starting from the Olonets province, ending with the Crimea, visited the Urals, traveled around Baikal and partly Altai, collecting natural and ethnographic collections, looking closely at the economy in the boundless Stroganov estates and at the production at factories and manufactories belonging to this family. Romm these trips were no less interesting than Popo, his leadership was invaluable for the upbringing of the child. However, from a modern point of view, one could find somewhat strange things in the activities of Auvernets. He in every possible way isolated his son from his mother, to whom he wrote letters condemning her behavior and corresponding motivations for alienating her son from her. He constantly portrayed himself as some kind of higher intellect being in front of Alexander Sergeevich.
The upbringing of Popo, who lives with him in the next room, with the help of long heartfelt letters, also seems rather incomprehensible. It should be noted with regret that Romm was not a disinterested man, trying to receive a fee from both parents.
In 1779, Pavel was enrolled as a cornet in the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment, in 1787 he was transferred to the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment with enrollment as an adjutant to G.A. Potemkin, in 1791 he became a lieutenant of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment.

Count Stroganov Pavel Alexandrovich. (1772 - 1817).

However, Popo did not continue his military career that had begun so brilliantly. Romm had long been trying to persuade his father to let them go to France. Alexander Sergeevich hesitated for a long time, but finally agreed. A whole Stroganov caravan moved to France: Romm with his pupil, cousin Popo Grishka Stroganov with tutor Demichel, who came to him on the recommendation of Romm, and the young architect Voronikhin, about whom there was a rumor that he was the illegitimate son of Alexander Sergeevich, officially he was listed only his serfs. Their departure took place in 1787. They visited Mother Romm in Auvergne, then attended a natural science course in Geneva: Pavel studied botany with the naturalist Sosyur, theology with Pastor Vernet, and chemistry with Tengri. He studies German, practices horse riding and fencing. During the holidays he goes to the mountains to study mineralogy. .

After a year and a half of intense studies in Switzerland, in early 1789 the young Count Stroganov moved to Paris, where elections to the National Assembly were taking place at that time. Having changed his last name and calling himself Pavel Ocher (Ocher is the name of one of the factory settlements in the Urals in the vast possessions of the Stroganovs), Pavel plunged headlong into the maelstrom of the political life of France.

Vigée-Lebrun Marie Louise. Stroganov Pavel Alexandrovich (count, not earlier than 1796, State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg)

17-year-old Pavel-Pol is enrolled in the club "Amis de la loi" ("Friends of the Law"), founded by Gilbert Romm. He even became the founder and custodian of the library in the club. He received his Jacobin diploma in the name of Pavel Ocher on August 7, 1790. Despite his youth, Pavel Aleksandrovich, together with Romm, was also one of the organizers of the Law Club, which basically prepared votes for resolving certain political issues in the National Assembly.

Here is Romm's testimony about the spirit of that time:
“We do not miss a single meeting at Versailles. It seems to me that for Paul this is an excellent school of public law. He takes an active part in the course of the debate. The great subjects of state life absorb our attention and all our time so much that it becomes almost impossible for us to deal with anything else."

GREEZE JEAN-BAPTISTE. PORTRAIT OF P. A. STROGANOV

Both Romm and Stroganov, together with the Parisians who donated their valuables to the needs of the revolution, made their "patriotic contribution." Moreover, Ocher, judging by the surviving record, donated either earrings or buckles (“Boucles d "argents"), which is very interesting for us. I cannot agree with the old historians that the father could not have known about the activities of his son, although I could not imagine it in its entirety. The reason for this distrust of mine is one of the letters from the father to the son, relating precisely to this time, in which the father thanks Popo for the leaflets and pamphlets delivered to him with the English ship. This letter was always hushed up, "I have never analyzed its text. At the same time, it is quite clear what kind of leaflets and pamphlets could have been sent from rebellious Paris at that time. Why it was necessary to send them with an English ship, and not by ordinary mail, seems clear enough. During these years in Russia mail, even private, coming from revolutionary France, was studied by censorship in the most thorough way.It seems to me that Alexander Sergeevich, who thanked his son for an interesting package, could not have known anything at all about his pastime. True, he wrote Romm twice about his fear that the Parisian atmosphere would not be conducive to the boys' studies in science, and recommended moving either to Geneva or Vienna, but these recommendations were not categorical. Passionately carried away by the events, Romm and Popo did not even think to listen to them. However, their behavior could not remain a secret for long. Firstly, the pseudonym of the young Stroganov, Pavel Ocher, was revealed. It happened in the Auvergne as follows. During a short trip to the Auvergne, Popo's old servant died. Romm and Popo buried him without a priest, but with a rather magnificent civil ritual, and they put something like a revolutionary epitaph in his coffin, signed with their full names. Someone described this funeral in the newspaper, published both the epitaph and the signatures. The scandal received wide publicity, since the views expressed in the epitaph and the non-religious funeral were quite extreme even for that time.

The scandal was aggravated by the affair that the young Stroganov had in Paris. He became infatuated with a certain lady named Theroigne de Mericourt and, apparently, did not hide his relationship with her.

Attributed to: Antoine Vestier (1740–1824) Portrait présumé de Théroigne de Méricourt (1788 ou 1789 (?), Carnavalet, Paris)
(Anna-Joseph) Théroigne de Mericourt, fr. Anne-Josèphe Théroigne de Méricourt (a name invented by the press after her native village of Marcourt), real name Anne-Josephe Théroigne de Méricourt, fr. Anne-Josèphe Terwagne (August 13, 1762, Marcourt, former Bishopric of Liege (now Belgium) - June 23, 1817, Paris) was a French public figure of the French Revolution era.
She was born into a poor peasant family. At the age of 5, she lost her mother and was brought up first by relatives, then in a monastery. At the age of 12, she returned to her father's family, who by that time had remarried, and the following year, having quarreled with her stepmother, she fled the family and became a servant in the house of a wealthy peasant in Sunye-Remushan. At the age of 17, she was noticed by an Englishwoman named Colbert, whose companion she became.
Having lived in Paris and London, where she was a singer and mistress of an English officer, as well as in Italy in the company of a famous castrato singer, she learned about the convocation of the Estates General in France. Since by that time she had managed to spend more, she sold the jewelry and went to her homeland.
Returning to France, she participated in revolutionary events, including the storming of the Bastille. On October 5, 1789, armed with a saber and a pistol, she led the procession to Versailles with demands on the king. This event was later depicted by Eugene Delacroix in his painting Liberty Leading the People.
Terouan created the Salon "Club of the Friends of the Law" at the well-known political club of the Cordeliers. Due to the fact that Terouan did not approve of revolutionary atrocities, at the end of 1790 she returned to her native places and settled in the city of Liege, where on the night of February 15-16, 1791 she was arrested by Austrian agents. Théroigne was accused of attempting to assassinate Marie Antoinette and placed in the fortress of Kufstein in Tyrol under the name of Madame Theobald. By personal decision of Emperor Leopold II, she was released at the end of 1791, and she returned to Paris. In Paris, she was active in politics, advocating the expansion of women's rights.
On August 10, 1792, Terouigne, leading a crowd of women, ran into the pamphleteer François-Louis Sulot, who often called her a fallen woman in his articles. She slapped him, after which the mob lynched Xulot.
Teruan loved and knew how to attract attention. She wore special clothes, usually red, combining elements of the male and female wardrobe: wide trousers or a skirt, a man's frock coat, a short cloak and sandals in the Greek style.
In the spring of 1793, she supported the Girondins, who at that time were being persecuted by the Jacobins. On May 13, 1793, she was surrounded by a crowd of Jacobin-minded women, who stripped her naked and brutally flogged her; only the intervention of Marat stopped the execution. Her health was irreparably undermined; immediately after this, she was sent to a psychiatric hospital, where she remained until her death in 1817.

Perhaps it was this connection that exhausted the patience of the Russian ambassador in Paris. By this time, only a few persons of Russian citizenship remained in France, since most of them, at the request of Catherine or at their own discretion, returned to Russia or dispersed to other European countries. Thus, Stroganov's behavior stood out in particular relief. Ambassador I. V. Simolin, in his report to Russia, which followed in July 1790, very figuratively described how the Preobrazhensky officer, Potemkin's adjutant, Count Stroganov, violating all decorum, appears on the streets of Paris in a revolutionary dress, and even with such a person as Theroigne de Mericourt, arm in arm.
Alexander Sergeevich, called to account, made a naive face, informed the mother empress that he did not even suspect such behavior of his son (the latter really hardly informed him about Terouan de Mericourt) and quickly sent his elder nephew Novosiltsev after him. After a tragic farewell to Romm, who was banned from entering Russia, Popo was returned to his homeland.

Zh Romm continued his revolutionary activities, invented the revolutionary French calendar, which, according to some experts, was based on the Russian folk calendar with its names of months and seasons associated with nature. During the collapse of the Jacobin dictatorship, he was imprisoned, where he stabbed himself with a dagger so as not to be guillotined

Catherine treated him mercifully for the sake of his father and did not subject him to any repressions, but still he had to settle not in the capital, but in the Stroganov estate of Bratsevo, where he stayed until 1796. Then she transferred from lieutenants of the guard to chamber junkers. The painful semi-reclusion eventually ended with her marriage to Sofya Golitsyna, and Catherine II allowed the young spouses to move to St. Petersburg.

Jean Laurent Monnier. Portrait of Countess Sophia Stroganoff (1808, The Russian Museum, St. Petersburg)
Countess Sofia Vladimirovna Stroganova, nee Golitsyna (November 11, 1775 - March 3, 1845) - maid of honor of the four empresses, the youngest daughter of the famous "mustachioed princess" N. P. Golitsyna, sister of the Moscow Governor-General Prince D. V. Golitsyna and state ladies E. V. Apraksina; wife of General Count P. A. Stroganov. Was very friendly with Empress Elizabeth Alekseevna
Sofia Vladimirovna was the youngest and beloved child in the family. She received her upbringing mostly abroad, accompanying her mother on her travels in Europe. At the age of fifteen, Sophia returned with her parents to Russia. Having received a brilliant and most versatile education, at the same time she spoke Russian very poorly and subsequently spent a lot of work to fill this gap. Raised by the ideas of enlightenment, she strove for education, for the constant improvement of her personality. Subsequently, Countess Sophia achieved the highest education on her own and translated the second part of Dante's Divine Comedy into Russian.
While living in Moscow, the Golitsyns often visited Ekaterina Stroganova at the Bratsevo estate. There, 17-year-old Sofya Golitsyna met the 20-year-old son of the mistress of the house, Pavel, who took part in the revolutionary events of 1789-1790. in France he was recalled to Russia and exiled by Catherine II away from the capital to the estate near Moscow to his mother. The young people fell in love and on May 6, 1793 got married.

Derzhavin wrote a poem for their engagement:

Oh, how, Sophia! you are nice
In your innocent beauty
Like pure water is transparent,
Shining pink dawn.

For both, it was a brilliant match. The first years of their marriage, the Stroganovs lived in Moscow, where in June 1794 their first child, Alexander, was born.

Louise Elisabeth Vigée Le Brun (1755–1842). Stroganova Sofia Vladimirovna with her son Alexander Pavlovich (1795)

With the accession of Paul I, the godfather of Pavel Stroganov, the young couple moved to St. Petersburg. They settled in the luxurious palace of the first rich man in Russia, Count A.S. Stroganov, near the Police Bridge at the corner of Nevsky and the Moika embankment. Thanks to Pavel Stroganov's friendship with Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich, the couple soon became the closest people in the intimate circle of the Grand Duke's court. Sofya Vladimirovna became a court lady, a close friend of the wife of the heir, Elizaveta Alekseevna, Pavel Alexandrovich became a chamberlain and a personal friend of Alexander. The harmonious couple of the Stroganovs, according to the Chamber Fourier magazine, constantly decorated the royal feast. The Grand Duke's family constantly visited the luxurious house of the Stroganovs.

Already under Paul I, Stroganov became close to the heir to the throne, Alexander - he made the most favorable impression on the Tsarevich with his mysterious life in Paris. Live Jacobin!
On September 27, 1797, the future Emperor Alexander I, in a letter to his tutor La Harpe, writes that if the time comes to reign, he intends to give the country freedom. Only three people were then initiated into this secret: N.N. Novoseltsev, Prince A.A. Czartoryzhsky and Pavel Stroganov. It is curious that by the time of the accession of Alexander I, all of his young friends served away from the Court, being in unspoken disgrace. Only Stroganov was in Petersburg; He, by the way, turned out to be the most radical among them. In the mouth of Czartoryzhsky, this sounded romantic - "the most ardent." Countess P.A. Golovina expressed herself more extensively: "Count Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov was one of those Europeanized Russian aristocrats who knew how to somehow connect in their mind the theoretical principles of equality and freedom with the desire for political predominance of the highest nobility"

After the accession of Alexander I, on the initiative of Stroganov, a "secret committee" was created, chaired by the sovereign himself, for a preliminary discussion of state reforms.

This group of politicians of the younger generation, rallied around the young Alexander, tried to develop a draft Constitution and "eliminate vicious government, replacing it with laws that should stop the existing arbitrariness" /
Apparently, Popo's revolutionary activity was, as historians are inclined to consider it, a simple boyish hobby. Some reflections of the revolutionary glow that lit up in the sky of France under him continued to illuminate his life path.
In general, all the political activities of Stroganov were aimed at the destruction of serfdom. His ideas were especially vividly expressed at a time when, after the establishment of the ministries, he became a comrade (deputy) of the Minister of the Interior Kochubey.
After Arakcheev and his supporters pushed the committee into the background, Stroganov did not lose Alexander's friendship.

Augustin Christian Ritt. Countess Stroganova Sofia Vladimirovna (1774-1845), ur. Golitsyn (1790s)
It is remarkable that, being a friend of the Empress, Countess Sofya Vladimirovna did not have any court distinctions. In 1806, she was granted a portrait of a state lady, but the countess returned it to the sovereign, asking him to welcome her mother, Princess N.P. Golitsyna, to the state ladies instead of her, which was done.
Proximity to the court often created an atmosphere of personal lack of freedom, sometimes it was burdensome. The charming beauty of Sofya Vladimirovna at one time greatly fascinated the subtle connoisseur of women Alexander I. The Countess, however, managed to get out of this difficult situation with dignity and maintain a friendly disposition towards herself from the royal couple. With her external and spiritual qualities, her subtle mind and excellent education, Sofya Vladimirovna drew everyone's attention to herself in court spheres. Countess Roxandra Edling wrote of her:
... Being charmingly intelligent, she never made her feel superior; much art is needed to hide such an abundance of charms and virtues. As for me, I admired willingly and therefore I loved Countess Stroganov and I believe that it is impossible to meet so many perfections in one person ...
Complete mutual love for her husband and children and tender care for her adoring mother filled Sofya Vladimirovna's home life. Almost 500 letters of correspondence between the Stroganovs have been preserved. Letters of love, tenderness, poetry, each line of which breathes tremendous respect for each other. But the family happiness of Sofya Vladimirovna was subjected to heavy blows of fate.
The Stroganovs had one son and four daughters.

in 1798 he was granted a real chamberlain.

In September 1802, Pavel Alexandrovich received the rank of Privy Councilor and was appointed Deputy Minister of the Interior under Minister V.P. Kochubey. After serving for three years and realizing the half-heartedness of the reforms of Alexander I, Count Stroganov decided to change his occupation. And the opportunity soon presented itself.

In 1805, Pavel Stroganov accompanied the sovereign on a campaign against Napoleon's Great Army, witnessed the defeat of the allied army in the battle of Austerlitz. This bloody defeat settled in Stroganov not only hatred for the French emperor, but also determined the direction of his future activities: first in the diplomatic field, and then in the military.

Pavel Alexandrovich was in the diplomatic service for a little over a year, at which time he was appointed senator. However, Stroganov also chose to abandon his diplomatic career, fearing that his diplomatic activities could be used to negotiate with Napoleon, with whom he always rejected rapprochement.

In the campaign of 1807, he asked Alexander I to release him from his former duties and allow him to go to military service. And so, Senator, Privy Councilor, Count Stroganov P.A. entered the army as a simple volunteer ... Stroganov began his service with Lieutenant General Platov M.I. Ataman Platov instructs him to command one of the Cossack regiments in the forefront. On May 21, 1807, a volunteer receives a baptism of fire - with a whole regiment he swims across the Allo River and suddenly, in a furious, sparkling attack, brings down the blades of his horsemen on the corps of Marshal Davout. The French are crushed and forced to retreat. 300 dead and wounded are left on the field (500 prisoners, including 47 officers). On August 22, 1807 he was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd class.

On December 21, 1807, he was renamed major general. Then, on January 27, 1808, the Izmailovsky Regiment was assigned to the Life Guards, fought with the Swedes in 1808-1809, under the command of General P.I. Bagration participated in the transition to the Aland Islands.

From 1809 to 1811 he was in the Danube army and distinguished himself in several battles with the Turks. On May 28, 1809, he was appointed commander of the Life Grenadier Regiment and brigade commander of the 1st Grenadier Division.

In the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-1809. Count Stroganov was under the command of Prince Bagration P.I., participated in the famous ice crossing to the Aland Islands. In the Danube army, he bravely fought against the enemy during the Russian-Turkish war. He took part in the siege of the Machin fortress, distinguished himself in the battle of Rassevat, near Silistria. He was awarded a golden sword with the inscription "For Courage", received the Order of St. Anne, 1st degree, and diamond signs for the order brought him distinction in the battle of Shumla

Doe George (George Dawe). Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov (1823-1825, State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, from the Military Gallery of the Winter Palace)

War after war - with the Swedes, with the Turks. Golden sword with the inscription - "For courage". Adjutant General monogram for shoulder straps. And again the war - again with the French.

In 1812 he commanded the 1st Grenadier Division.

For the Tatar battle he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd degree. Returning to St. Petersburg, Count Stroganov in 1811 was granted the rank of Adjutant General. He met the Patriotic War of 1812 as the commander of the 1st Grenadier Division, which was part of the 3rd Infantry Corps, Lieutenant General Tuchkov N.A. Stroganov's division took part in the battles near Vitebsk, Smolensk, Valutina Gora.

In the Battle of Borodino, he fought heroically with his division on the Utitsky Kurgan. At the decisive moment of the battle, under cover of smoke, the grenadiers of General Stroganov retreated to the Utitsky Kurgan and fortified on it. Despite heavy artillery fire and enemy attacks, Stroganov's regiments fought to the death, covering the old Smolensk road.

Here is what Stroganov wrote to General Konovnitsyn P.P., who replaced the commander of the 2nd Army, Prince Bagration, in the battle, about the actions of the division in the battle of Borodino: “... this bloody battle continued until dusk, which, despite the superiority of the enemy, completely remained for him unsuccessful and gave new proof of the courage of His Imperial Majesty's troops.

A monument to the 1st Grenadier Division, commanded by Major General Stroganov P.A., was erected on the Borodino field. During the Battle of Borodino, Pavel Alexandrovich replaced the mortally wounded General Tuchkov N.A. as commander of the 3rd Infantry Corps. For Borodino Stroganov P.A. at the end of October 1812 he was promoted to lieutenant general.

At the head of the 3rd Infantry Corps, he was in the battles at Tarutino, near Maloyaroslavets and near Krasnoy. On November 5, in the battle of Krasnoye, Stroganov's troops contributed to General Miloradovich M.A. in the extermination of the remnants of the corps of Marshal M. Ney.

Having received a short leave for treatment in the army, Count Stroganov visited St. Petersburg, and then returned to the army along with his 18-year-old son Alexander.

Jean-Laurent Mosnier (1743-1808). Portrait of Count Alexander Stroganoff (1794-1814) (1805)
1.3.1.1.1. Alexander Pavlovich(1794 - February 23, 1814)

For the extraordinary courage shown in the battle of Leipzig (where a horse was killed under his son), Stroganov was awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky. Then he commanded the assault on the fortress of Stade, participated in the blockade of Hamburg. In 1814, under the command of General Winzingerode F.F. already on the territory of France Stroganov P.A. participated in the battles of Champobert, Montmirail and Voshan. In the battle of Craon, at the beginning, his units were in reserve, here the general received terrible news about the death of his only son ...

Exactly a quarter of a century has passed since the whirlwind of the French Revolution swirled around him, when the French were his friends. Now the French are around again, but already enemies. The circle is closed. And in this circle, which has become a loop, is a personal tragedy. On February 23, 1814, Pavel Stroganov received terrible news - 19-year-old Count Alexander Stroganov met a terrible death near Craon, instantly hit by a cannonball in the head.

Svintsov S.S. Stroganov Alexander Pavlovich (1794-1817) (1813/1814)

Despite the heavy loss, Pavel Alexandrovich participated in the Battle of Laon, received the Order of St. George of the 2nd degree for the battle of Craon. Inconsolable in his grief, Stroganov, with the permission of the sovereign, left for St. Petersburg with the ashes of his son. There he was appointed a member of a committee to help indigent crippled soldiers. In September 1814, Stroganov was given command of the 2nd Infantry Division.

The father searched for the body of his son for two days. In inconsolable grief, Count Stroganov carried the body of the heir of the family through all of Europe, betraying him to his native land in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra with military honors. Stroganov's old friends deeply sympathized with his family. A. Ya. Bulgakov wrote to his brother in April 1814:

Much is said about the death of the young Count Stroganov. Petersburg, they do not know how to announce this misfortune to the countess, who is already very ill when she suddenly learns about the death of the architect Voronikhin. This untimely death (although, according to sound logic, untimely death does not happen in the army) aroused the anxiety of all mothers, especially talking about many wounded generals.

Prince A. Czartoryski wrote to N. N. Novosiltsev:

Have you heard, dear friend, of the misfortune that happened? Poor Alexander Stroganov is killed almost in front of his father, who is in complete despair. What will happen to poor Countess Sofia Vladimirovna? Will she survive this terrible blow? Seldom has anything made me so sad... The misfortune of this family is terrible; the misfortune that has befallen such friends as these breaks the heart.

P. A. Stroganov. Engraving by F. Vendramini after a drawing by L. Saint-Aubin. 1813.

Pavel Alexandrovich could not stand the death of his son and began to fade away before our eyes. The symptoms of the disease clearly pointed to consumption. By order of doctors in 1817, he went on a sea voyage abroad. Sofya Vladimirovna, with great difficulty, obtained her husband's permission to accompany him, but at the insistence of the patient, who foresaw an imminent death, with despair in her heart, she had to go ashore in Copenhagen and return through Sweden to Russia, where she learned of her husband's death, which occurred on June 10, 1817, two days after her departure.
Stroganov's body was brought to St. Petersburg and buried next to his son in the family tomb at the Lazarevsky cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg in the presence of the imperial family.

In order not to let the famous branch of the Stroganov family die, which, after the death of Alexander Pavlovich Stroganov, ended in Pavel Alexandrovich, the dignity of the count was transferred to Baron Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov, a distant relative, married to the daughter of Pavel Alexandrovich - Natalia, to whom she brought the majorat and her count title as a dowry .

1.3.1.1.2. Stroganov's eldest daughter Natalia Pavlovna(1796-1872) - the only heiress of the Stroganov fortune, married in 1818 the Baron's fourth cousin Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov, to whom, to whom she brought as a dowry both the majorat and her count's title. The branches of the family, long diverged, closed again.

Alexei Gavrilovich Venetsianov (1780–1847). Stroganova Natalia Pavlovna (1796-1872), wife of S.G. Stroganov (1810)

Sengri Jean Baptiste. Stroganova Natalia Pavlovna (1796-1872), wife of S.G. Stroganov, Russian statesman, archaeologist. (1810s)

The grief that seized Sofya Vladimirovna made her relatives fear for her life, and in these difficult months for her, Empress Elizabeth's heartfelt affection for her manifested itself with extraordinary warmth.

Left a widow at the age of 42 and the lifelong owner of the Stroganov Majorate (up to 46 thousand souls in total), Sofya Vladimirovna spent the rest of her life either in her estate, Maryina, or in the St. Petersburg Stroganov house. All her activities focused almost exclusively on the management and ordering of the neglected economy.

On August 11, 1817, a majorate act for the Perm possessions was approved by the Highest, and shortly before his death, c. Pavel Alexandrovich. This act put an end to the further fragmentation of family property.

Countess Stroganova Sofia Vladimirovna (1774-1845), ur. Golitsyn (1820)

For 27 years and 8 months, she single-handedly managed her vast estates and brought them, after many years of vigilant labor, to a brilliant state in every respect. The entire administration on her estates consisted of local natives, her former serfs or their descendants. Persons appointed to positions requiring special knowledge were previously trained in schools founded by the Countess herself and, at her expense, were even sent to higher educational institutions in Western Europe.

In 1823, the countess founded her own "Private Mining School" in St. Petersburg, which 11 years later was renamed the "School of Agriculture, Mining and Forest Sciences", approved the Rules on pensions for employees and craftsmen.

In 1825, taking care of the improvement of agriculture among her peasants, Sofya Vladimirovna founded an agricultural school in the Maryina estate, to which 50 peasant orphans were sent from Perm estates. She established schools in almost all the more or less significant settlements of the majorate, and in many of them also the semblance of current medical stations, for the service of which she sent foreign doctors from St. Petersburg. In Nizhny Novgorod, the Stroganov family has owned a huge area near the river since the 17th century. According to her "Regular city development plan of 1824", Rozhdestvenskaya Street should be straightened, have a red line and be built up with stone buildings.

Sofia Vladimirovna was a member of the Free Economic Society and was awarded a gold medal for her activities. In 1837, a bust of her was erected in the Assembly Hall of the Society.

In addition to her innate ability for administrative and economic activities, Sofya Vladimirovna had a delicate artistic taste. Creativity was one of her strong hobbies. She was an excellent draftsman and painter. Her delicate lyrical watercolor landscapes were kept in the Nevsky Palace at the beginning of the 20th century. The French artist Vigée-Lebrun, who worked for Count A. S. Stroganov, recalled:

After the servant I brought from Vienna robbed me and I was left without a servant, Count Stroganov gave me one of his serfs, who, according to him, knew how to prepare a palette and clean brushes, which he did with the count's daughter-in-law, who sometimes had fun painting...

Countess Sophia also passed on her love for painting to her daughters, who were good artists. Her eldest daughter Natalia mastered the art of engraving.

In memory of her test, Count A. S. Stroganov, President of the Academy of Arts, Sofya Vladimirovna increased the number of scholarships for students of the Academy from her own funds. Paid for training at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts architect P. A. Sharov. In 1819, at her expense, the “Guide to the knowledge of painting, published for the youth of the student,” written by Semyon Kirillov, was published. And five years later, the countess became one of the founders of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, which played a significant role in the spread of culture in Russia.

P.F. Sokolov. Portrait of Countess S.V. Stroganova. (Late 1810s).

The countess traditionally kept the doors of the St. Petersburg palace open for representatives of the literary and artistic world. The philanthropist was well acquainted with contemporary Russian literature, she constantly hosted poets and writers. In her never empty salon, N.I. Gnedich, V.L. Borovikovsky, I.P. Martos, N.M. Karamzin, fabulist I.A. Krylov, poet and courtier V.A. Zhukovsky, her distant relative officer lieutenant of the Semenovsky regiment Chicherin presumably went there and A.S. Pushkin.

Friendly relations connected Stroganov with the Olenin family; their closeness can be judged by the fact that it was A.N. Olenin who asked Count P.A. Stroganov to inform Sofya Vladimirovna about the death of their son. The famous art gallery of Countess Stroganova was visited by representatives of the highest nobility and people of art. Members of the royal family often visited the Stroganov dacha on Kamenny Ostrov. This dacha was built in 1795 by Count A.S. Stroganov on the banks of the Bolshaya Nevka for his son and daughter-in-law. It was there that the Stroganov holidays known to all contemporaries took place.

By 1829, the three eldest daughters of Sofya Vladimirovna were already married to worthy spouses from the highest titled nobility.

1.3.1.1.3. Adelaide (Aglaya) Pavlovna(1799-1882) - maid of honor, cavalier lady of the Order of St. Catherine of the Lesser Cross, since 1821 the prince's wife V.S.Golitsyna(1794-1836); since 1845 she became the owner of Maryino.

P.F. Sokolov. Princess Adelaide Pavlovna Golitsyna (1799-1882), born Stroganov (1821)

Zalessky, Yakov. Princess Adelaide Pavlovna Golitsyna (1799-1882), Stroganov Ur. (1821, Hermitage, St. Petersburg)

Pyotr Fedorovich Sokolov (1791-1848) Adelaide (Aglaya) Pavlovna (1799-1882) Golitsyna, ur. Stroganova - maid of honor, cavalier lady of the Order of St. Catherine of the Lesser Cross, since 1821 the wife of Prince V.S. Golitsyn. (1840s)

1.3.1.1.4. Elizaveta Pavlovna(1802-1863) - wife of the Most Serene Prince Ivan Dmitrievich Saltykov(1797 - 1832).

Bryullov Karl Pavlovich (1799-1852) Elizaveta Pavlovna Saltykova (1802-1863), born Stroganov (1841)

Bryullov Karl Pavlovich (1799-1852) Portrait of Prince. E. P. Saltykova. (1833-1835, State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg)
Saltykova Elizaveta Pavlovna, Most Serene Princess, nee Countess Stroganova (1802-1863)

1.3.1.1.5. Only the youngest Olga Pavlovna(1808-1837) stayed with her mother. Her chosen one was the Count Pavel Karlovich Ferzen(1800-1884), slender fair-haired handsome man. Olga's choice was not liked by her family, and Ferzen was refused.

In June 1829, a scandal broke out in society, Olga fled with Ferzen and secretly married him. Here is how Olga's friend Anna Olenina describes the events in her diary, apparently knowing about them from the heroine herself or her relatives:

“Olga Stroganova ended her career. After she had done everything imaginable with Count Fersen (the biggest mischief of his kind), after she entered into secret correspondence with him and had similar secret meetings, she made up her mind and let herself be kidnapped. July. She was ready to take this unthinkable step a few months ago.

Pyotr Fyodorovich Sokolov. Olga Pavlovna Ferzen (1808-1837) ur. Stroganov? (1829, Russian Museum)

Sofya Vladimirovna forgave her beloved daughter and, trying to avoid publicity of the incident, wrote a letter to the commander of the Cavalier Guard regiment, Count Apraksin, about her consent to this marriage.

They thought that the emperor would forgive the guilty. “On the contrary, he ordered them to be judged. Ferzen was sent to some garrison, the witnesses were transferred to the army for signing false documents. Olga followed her husband. She does not feel any remorse ...” (A. Olenina)

Sokolov Petr Fyodorovich Portrait of O.P. Fersen, ur. Stroganova (1830s)

The further fate of Olga Stroganova-Ferzen was not cloudless. Her husband had a chance to change in 1829-1830. several places of service: the Sveaborg battalion, the Kyiv hussar regiment, Her Majesty's Cuirassier regiment. Returning after the suppression of the Polish rebellion in 1830 to the Cavalier Guard Regiment, P.K. Fersen served until 1833 and retired for health reasons. Two children were born in the Ferzen family: Pavel(in 1830) and Sofia(in 1832). It is known about them that P.P. Fersen was married to a countess N.I. Tolstoy, and S.P. Fersen in marriage bore the surname Pleshcheeva. In 1836, Pavel Karlovich entered the civil service and made a brilliant career: he was an official for special assignments under the minister of the imperial court, then the manager of the Jägermeister unit, Chief Jägermeister. His reputation in the world has changed radically. A.I. Turgenev mentions him in his diary among the participants of the breakfast in the Demuth tavern on December 24, 1836 in the company of A.S. Pushkin, V.A. Zhukovsky and other famous people

Karl Bryullov. Olga Ferzen on a donkey (1835, State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg)
The Ferzen family maintained friendly relations with many celebrities. Among them was the remarkable artist K.P. Bryullov, many of whose works ended up in the collection of the spouses. In 1834, Bryullov painted a watercolor portrait of P.K. Ferzen, and in 1835 - “Portrait of Countess O.P. Ferzen on a donkey”, where this charming woman is depicted, most likely, on the way to the mountain monastery - she has a prayer book and a rosary in her hands. One feels the artist's great sympathy for his model. The Bryullovs' archive preserved a letter from Olga Pavlovna, sent in March 1835 from Naples. Upon learning that the artist was going on a big trip to the East, she wrote:
“... We hope, and certainly not in vain, that you will come to say goodbye to us, having the intention of undertaking such a long journey. By your arrival, you will prove that my requests are omnipotent over you, of which you so pleasantly assured me ... We are looking forward to seeing you and hope that you will agree to devote three or four days to your old friends ... ". Near Naples, most likely, the watercolor was painted, which is currently stored in the State Russian Museum. It is curious that in the background on the lower right is a lanky blond man on a donkey, strikingly similar to Pavel Karlovich Ferzen.

Alexander Pavlovich Brullov (1798-1877). Olga Pavlovna Ferzen (1808-1837) ur. Stroganov (1830s)

Petr Fedorovich Sokolov (1791-1848) Olga Pavlovna Ferzen (1808-1837) ur. Stroganov (1837, State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow)

Bryullov Karl Pavlovich (1799-1852) Olga Pavlovna Ferzen (1808-1837) ur. Stroganov (1838, State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow)

The happy family life of the Ferzens was interrupted in 1837 by the early death of Olga Pavlovna. Shortly before this, her magnificent portrait was painted by K.P. Bryullov, leaving the grieving husband a living memory of his beloved wife. Pavel Karlovich remarried only many years later to Elizaveta Feodorovna von Rauch, from whom he also had two children - Alexandra (born 1856) and Nikolai (born 1858). The difference in age between children from the first and second marriages was 26 years. Count Fersen's career was cut short when he was already 70 years old, due to the fact that once on a royal hunt he accidentally killed one of the participants with a careless shot. An internal investigation was carried out, as a result of which the count was sent to retire. Having survived the friends of his youth for a long time, he died at the age of 84 in his own estate in Livonia.

The last years of the life of Countess Stroganova were overshadowed by the early death of her daughter Olga, then her beloved mother. But, already a little hunched old woman herself, Sofya Vladimirovna retained the strength of character, clarity and directness of mind that distinguished her, both in her religious beliefs and in her true understanding of the good of the fatherland.

Countess Stroganova died unexpectedly on March 3, 1845, from heart failure, quietly and painlessly, having just rebuked her in the first week of fasting. Her body was interred in the Lazarevskaya Church in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra; Emperor Nicholas I and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna came to bow to her ashes.

Upon the death of Stroganova, all her property, along with the title of count, passed to Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov, who married her eldest daughter Natalya Alexandrovna

Lieutenant General, Adjutant General, Senator, one of the most active members of the "secret" or "unofficial committee" under Alexander I, was born on June 7, 1772 in Paris, where his parents lived at that time - c. Alexander Sergeevich, later president of the Academy of Arts, and Ekaterina Petrovna, nee Princess Trubetskaya, a famous beauty.

The godfather of the newborn was Emperor Paul I, then still the heir, who was also in Paris at that time.

In 1779, the seven-year-old S. moved with his parents to St. Petersburg, where his tutor, the later famous Montagnard Gilbert Romm, soon arrived. Since by these years the boy did not speak Russian at all, the first concern of his teacher was to learn the language himself and teach it to his pupil.

Soon there was a quarrel between S.'s parents, which ended with the departure to Moscow of his mother, who was carried away by the famous favorite of Catherine II, Korsakov.

To hide the family drama from the boy, Romm went on a long journey through Russia with him.

During this first trip, dating back to 1784, they visited the Olonets province, the Ladoga Canal, Finland, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, from there they went to the Perm province, where Father S. had up to 23 thousand peasants, traveled further to Altai and Baikal.

In the next year, 1785, a second trip was undertaken - to Valdai, Novgorod, Moscow and Tula, and in the spring and summer of 1786 it was continued - to Little Russia, Novorossia and the Crimea. Upon his return from it, S. in the fall of that year was appointed lieutenant to the Preobrazhensky Regiment, in the lists of which he was listed from birth, and enlisted as adjutant to Prince. Potemkin. adjutant service gave him the opportunity to obtain permission to travel abroad to complete his education, where he went in 1787 with Romm, his cousin Gr. Alexander.

Stroganov (later a member of the State Council) and with A.K. Voronikhin, later a well-known academician of architecture and builder of the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg (from the serfs of St.). S.'s life abroad, which lasted over five years, played an outstanding role both in his education in general and in the development of political convictions in particular.

After spending a short time in Riom, where his tutor visited his old mother, S. in November 1787 settled in Geneva, where he studied botany with the naturalist Sausyur, theology with Pastor Vernet, listened to lectures from the chemist Tengri and the physicist Pictet, studied German. , practiced fencing, horseback riding, etc., and during the holidays he made trips to the mountains, practically got acquainted with mineralogy, examined factories, factories, mines, and other industrial enterprises.

After 1? years in Switzerland, at the beginning of 1789 he moved to Paris, where he arrived just at the moment when elections to the National Assembly were taking place throughout France.

In Paris, in view of the escalating events, at the insistence of Romm, S. changed his surname, calling himself Pavel Otcher (Paul Otcher. Ocher is the name of one of the factory settlements in the Perm possessions of the Stroganovs).

The surging events of the French Revolution of 1789 carried away both the educator and the pupil into the whirlpool of political life. “For some time now we have not missed a single meeting at Versailles,” Romm writes in his diary. “It seems to me that for Aucher this is an excellent school of public law. He takes an active part in the debate.

We talk about it all the time. The great subjects of public life so absorb our attention and all our time that it becomes almost impossible for us to do anything else. la loi "), Here there were preliminary debates on issues that were on the order of the day of the National Assembly, mainly on the issue of freedom of the press and the declaration of rights. S. took an active part in the debate, got acquainted with representatives of the revolutionary movement of all shades and soon became the subject universal attention at all meetings, striking many with his beautiful appearance.

In the form of a "patriotic contribution" he contributed some kind of jewel (boucles d "" argent) to the National Assembly. In the Friends of the Law club, he was even an official - a librarian, and there he met the beautiful courtesan Terouan de Mericour, known for her revolutionary speeches at the capture of the Bastille and the leadership of the procession of Parisian women to Versailles, with whom, it seems, he was in intimate connection. Soon after, S. joined the Jacobin club, as evidenced by the diploma issued to him, dated August 7, 1790, signed by the chairman of the club, Barnabas.

S.'s way of life soon became known in St. Petersburg, where in July 1790 the Russian embassy in Paris sent a special report about this. Catherine II ordered S.'s father to immediately demand that his son return to Russia and at the same time forbade Romm to enter there. As a result of a series of disturbing, but extremely delicate letters from S.'s father to his son's educator with a request to leave Paris, Romm, together with the pupil, left for Auvergne.

Here an insignificant circumstance occurred, which had unexpected consequences.

A servant of the young count died in Auvergne, and the latter composed and buried with the corpse an epitaph with the following content: "Franz-Joseph Clement, a Swiss from the canton of Wadt, served Pavel Ocher, Count Stroganov for 15 years ... The Gospel and the catechism of human and civil rights laid down here testify to his religious and communal convictions ... Let those who come across these lines honor the memory of a man ... who loved freedom and virtue above all else. Below, among others, was the signature of Pavel Ocher. The funeral was performed without the participation of the clergy.

From the latest, as well as from new reports from the Russian embassy in Paris, this incident was learned in St. Petersburg.

What happened on this occasion between the Empress and Father S. is not known exactly, but the letter of the latter addressed to Romm began as follows: “I have long resisted the storm that broke out the other day ... It is recognized as extremely dangerous to leave abroad and, most importantly in a country overwhelmed by anarchy, a young man in whose heart ... "etc. With this letter, the young count, after almost 12 years of life with Romm, parted from the latter.

In another letter addressed to S., he was categorically ordered to immediately return to Russia, where he was brought to France by S.'s relative, H. H. Novosiltsev (later chairman of the State Council), sent to France for this purpose.

Dissatisfied with the behavior of S. in France, Catherine II ordered to send him to live in the suburban village. Bratsevo, where he remained until 1796. Renamed from the lieutenants of the guard to the chamber junkers, he soon married Princess Sofya Vladimirovna, nee Golitsyna, here.

In 1795 their first child, son Alexander, was born.

At the end of the reign of Catherine II, S. was allowed to move to St. Petersburg.

Under Emperor Paul I, he was granted a full chamberlain (1798), and a little earlier he met and became close to the then heir Alexander Pavlovich, whom he saw very often during the reign of his father and had lengthy conversations on political topics. With his convinced liberalism and his mysterious life in Paris, S. made the most favorable impression on the heir.

Already on September 27, 1797, the future Emperor, in a letter to his tutor La Harpe, writes that if his turn to reign comes, he intends to give the country freedom, and that only three persons close to him are devoted to this thought: N. N. Novosiltsev, Prince. A. A. Chartorizhsky and S. At the time of the accession of Alexander I, of all his young friends, only S. was in St. Petersburg, while the rest, being in unspoken disgrace, occupied one or another position away from the court. S., thus, "had to be the first of Alexander's friends, who was honored to hear his thoughts about the upcoming transformations." Soon Czartoryzhsky from Naples, Novosiltsev from London, Count V.P. Kochubey from Dresden, and Laharpe from Paris arrived in St. Petersburg, and these individuals formed a close group around the young Emperor.

The most radical of them in his convictions was S., who, with Chartorizhsky and Novosiltsev, who were closest to him in spirit, formed something like a triumvirate.

Frank conversations about the upcoming transformations that S. had with the Emperor even before the arrival of his friends convinced him that the opinions of Alexander I, quite sincere and full of good intentions, still suffered from considerable uncertainty and vagueness; therefore, S., wanting to get out of the sphere of vague conversations and move on to more real ground, on May 9, 1801, he submitted a note to the Emperor, in which he proposed to establish a secret committee of supporters of state reforms for a preliminary discussion of such and leadership in introducing them into life. The provisions of the note boiled down to the following: 1) a committee is established to discuss measures aimed at eliminating vicious government and replacing it with laws "should stop the operation of existing arbitrariness"; 2) meetings are held secretly, in order, on the one hand, "to spare minds from undesirable prejudice against reforms", on the other hand, "to understand the mood of society so as not to arouse displeasure in vain"; 3) in order to avoid the "danger of being carried away by theory", well-informed people who know well various branches of management are invited to the committee.

Thus, the idea of ​​the famous "secret committee" belongs entirely to S. The provisions of the note, after considering it by the Emperor, were approved by him, and the committee, chaired by the sovereign himself, consisting of four persons - V. P. Kochubey, H. N. Novosiltsev, A. A Czartoryzhsky and S., already on June 24, 1801, had its first meeting, at which, with the ardent participation of S., he accurately and clearly formulated his tasks: “First of all, find out the actual state of affairs, then reform various parts of the administration, and, finally, provide state institutions with a constitution based on the true spirit of the Russian people. The historical role of the committee is well known.

In cooperation with four trusted persons, the sovereign himself spoke out and carefully listened to the frank opinions of his friends on the most important state issues.

From this circle, in which the "plan for the systematic reform of the ugly building of the state administration" was pondered, all the transformations of the first years of the reign of Alexander I (before the Peace of Tilsit) proceeded: most of the decrees and benefits promulgated in connection with the coronation were developed and edited in the committee; it was also here that the project “The most merciful letter, complained to the Russian people”, that is, the draft constitution, the essence of which S. defined as “the legal recognition of the rights of the people and those forms in which they can exercise these rights”, was developed, and the rights must be ensured and guaranteed, because without this "they lose their historical strength." Of all the members of the committee, S., in the words of Chartorizhsky, was "the most ardent," moreover, he knew how to influence the sovereign better than anyone else.

With the latter goal, he even compiled a whole program: recognizing that Alexander I came to the throne with the best intentions in the sense of transformation, but that his “inexperienced, soft and lazy character”, S., stands in the way, in order to “enslave this character”, suggested to his friends that everything discussed should be reduced as much as possible to a bare principle, which always captures the Emperor more, and to present him with a clear picture of shortcomings in management.

Committee meetings proceeded fairly regularly for two years. In one of them, on November 18, 1801, S. delivered a wonderful speech in which he found a very correct understanding of the state of affairs in Russia at that time.

Partly from the content of this speech, partly from other documents and various moments of S.'s activity, one can establish with almost complete accuracy his attitude to the most important issues of the time.

First of all, on the most burning of them, the peasant question, he was an unconditional opponent of serfdom and, in addition to the speech mentioned above, outlined his negative views on this institution in a special note in which, challenging the views of La Harpe, Mordvinov and Novosiltsev, he argued that the government even in the most radical solution of the peasant question, one should absolutely not save oneself from unrest either on the part of the liberated, or on the part of the landlord class.

His view of the modern nobility is interesting. “In the question of the liberation of the peasants,” S. said at a committee meeting on November 18, 1801, “two elements are interested: the people and the nobility; displeasure and excitement are obviously not for the people.

What is our nobility? What is its composition? What is its spirit? ... The rural nobility did not receive any education; neither law nor justice - nothing can generate in him the idea of ​​even the slightest resistance.

This class of society is the most ignorant, the most contemptible, in its spirit the most stupid "... Its upper strata, which received a somewhat more thorough education, will, according to S., sympathize with the idea of ​​​​liberation, and only a few will confine themselves to "non-dangerous chatter." most of the nobles, who are in the public service, pursue only personal benefits and are completely incapable of resistance.

S. looked at the peasants in a completely different way.

The latter, in his opinion, of all the estates of that time deserved the most attention. “Most of them are endowed with a great mind and an enterprising spirit, but, deprived of the opportunity to use both, they are condemned to stagnate in inaction and thereby deprive society of the labors of which they are capable.

They have no rights or property.

One cannot expect anything special from people placed in such a position "... "They treat the landowners, their natural oppressors, with hostility, with hatred." reservations “sparing the interests of the landlords.” Various “reservations” in resolving political and economic questions of paramount importance are in general a characteristic feature of S., and this was rightly noted by Count P. A. Golovina, who in her Notes does this, although and a caustic, but quite apt remark: "Count P. A. Stroganov was one of those Europeanized Russian aristocrats who knew how to somehow connect in their mind the theoretical principles of equality and freedom with the aspirations for the political predominance of the highest nobility. " In any case, of all the employees of Alexander I, only S. strongly spoke out in favor of the liberation of the peasants and even came to the conclusion that "if there is a danger in this matter, then she yuchaetsya not in liberation, but in the retention of serfdom. In the committee itself, however, he enjoyed almost no support in this matter, and his ideas did not achieve any serious practical goal.

On public education, S. proposed and defended in the committee (December 23, 1801) the French system of educational institutions, according to which the lower institutions are of a general educational nature, while special education is acquired in higher schools directly adjacent to them, where people who have already received a general education are admitted and preparing for a well-known field of social activity: naval service, artillery, engineering, jurisprudence.

Somewhat later, S. took an active part in the work of the "commission of schools" created by the decision of the secret committee and was an active assistant to P. V. Zavadovsky.

When discussing the establishment, instead of the former collegiums, ministries, S. strongly advocated that all the most important state affairs be discussed in a council consisting of all ministers, but he fought in every possible way against granting each of them exclusive power, insisting on the principle of responsibility of individual ministers. , and not their advice (as designed) before the sovereign.

His opinion in this case was fully respected, and the manifesto of September 8, 1802 on the establishment of ministries did not establish a committee of ministers as a definite and independent authority of decisive importance; the latter the committee reached later. In addition, S. took an active part in the discussion of questions about attitudes towards foreign powers, about Georgia, about the secret police, about Moscow University, about the reform of the Senate, military education, etc. which was affected by the positive principles laid down in his soul by the educator Romm.

Perhaps none of the employees of Alexander I took everything discussed as seriously as S. This can be seen from the thoroughness with which he kept a journal of committee meetings for himself.

Returning home from the meeting, S. conscientiously wrote down everything that was said each time on one or another of the issues discussed, in addition, on all of them, even the smallest, he made detailed notes, also preserved in his papers.

The totality of these documents, sometimes revealing to the smallest detail the course of preparing various reforms, with which the "unofficial committee" hoped to completely renew the political system of Russia, constitutes precious material for characterizing the historical era of the first years of the reign of Alexander I. Simultaneously with the establishment of the ministries, S. received the rank of Privy Councilor and was appointed deputy minister of internal affairs, assistant to c. V. P. Kochubey.

With his characteristic enthusiasm and zeal, he set about fulfilling his duties.

He was in charge of the third expedition of the Department of the Interior and the medical department, which he managed for more than three years. In 1804, on the occasion of Novosiltsev's departure, he was a rapporteur on the affairs entrusted to Novosiltsev by the Highest, and sent for him the duties of a trustee of the St. Petersburg educational district.

His acquaintance with Speransky (then still playing a subordinate role), to whom he treated extremely friendly and trusting, belongs to the same time.

Activity S. as a friend of the Minister of the Interior was short-lived.

Entirely associated with the ideas that inspired the "secret committee" and with its existence, along with the termination of the latter, it was actually stopped, although nominally S. continued to be a deputy minister for some time. After the return of Alexander I from Memel, where he met with the Prussian king, the committee immediately lost its former significance; in 1803 it had only four meetings; together with the return to the court of Arakcheev, his studies stopped for a whole year and a half; finally, on November 20, 1803, its last meeting took place (there were 40 in total), and on December 9 it completely ceased to exist.

The half-heartedness and incompleteness of the reforms, the hesitation of Alexander I, and finally the growing influence of new faces with a completely different direction, all this convinced S. of the futility of his efforts to complete the work he had begun. Therefore, as soon as the opportunity presented itself, he moved into another field of activity, which did not clash so sharply with his convictions.

In 1805, Mr.. S. accompanied the Emperor on a campaign against Napoleon and performed the ongoing business of diplomatic relations with the Vienna, Berlin and London courts.

During this campaign, he witnessed the defeat of Austerlitz, and this circumstance served as the final impetus for another kind of activity.

The bloody defeat settled in S. ardent hatred for Napoleon, and throughout his subsequent life, he, first as a diplomat, and then with arms in his hands, stood in the ranks of his irreconcilable opponents.

At the beginning of 1806, S., on behalf of the sovereign, left for London on a diplomatic mission.

Its immediate goal was to negotiate with the British Cabinet on the rapprochement between Russia and England to counteract Napoleon; in general, the instructions he received from Petersburg were rather vague and vague. On July 15, 1806, Mr.. S. sent the most humble report, in which he expressed his opinion about the unsuccessful treatise concluded with Napoleon by the Russian representative Ubri; the thoughts expressed in this report, which are extremely sensible and correspond in the best possible way to the then international state of affairs, draw S.'s diplomatic abilities from the best side.

Negotiations aimed at rapprochement with England went fairly smoothly, but soon new trends came to St. Petersburg.

Prince Chartorizhsky, a personal friend of S., left the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Baron Budberg, who did not like S., was appointed in his place. Under such circumstances, his position became difficult, and he soon left England and returned to St. on the results of S. to London, but in fact his mission, under changed circumstances, did not bring almost any benefit.

In St. Petersburg, soon after his arrival, S. asked to be relieved of his duties, or rather, only the title of Comrade Minister of the Interior. With the agreement that followed, he was appointed senator.

In 1807, with the opening of the second campaign against Napoleon, S. was invited to accompany the sovereign to the headquarters, and he was entrusted with the conduct of some cases of a diplomatic nature, in general, of an indefinite nature.

Fearing, however, that his diplomatic abilities would be used to negotiate with Napoleon, against rapprochement with whom he had always fought, S. chose to completely abandon diplomatic activity and go to military service.

In March 1807, he asked the sovereign to release him from his former duties and allow him to enter the ranks of the troops. His request, though reluctantly, was granted.

With the rank of privy councilor and being a senator, S. entered the army as a simple volunteer - an exceptional case in the annals of the Russian nobility serving.

From this moment begins the third period of S.'s activity. which, if he did not find complete satisfaction, he brought significant benefits to his homeland.

Ataman Platov, who treated S. with great respect, immediately upon his entry into the ranks of the troops, instructed him to command one of the Cossack regiments that were in the forefront. On May 21, 1807, S. received a baptism of fire: commanding the regiment entrusted to him, he swam across the river. Alle and attacked the convoys of Marshal Davout's corps. Despite stubborn resistance and numerical superiority, the enemy was crushed and forced to retreat, leaving up to 800 people on the battlefield. killed and wounded, over 500 prisoners (including 47 officers) and the entire convoy; the chancellery and all things Davout also became the prey of the Russians. This first feat S. drew the attention of both Platov and Bennigsen to his military abilities, who began to entrust him with responsible affairs. Throughout this campaign, S. almost all the time had to act in the vanguard, in whose ranks he took an active part, among other things, also in the battle of Heilsberg. On June 25, 1807, the Treaty of Tilsit was concluded and the campaign ended.

S. for the avant-garde cause May 24 was awarded the Order of St.. George 3 tbsp. and was renamed from Privy Councilors to Major Generals. January 27, 1808, Mr.. S. was appointed commander of the Life Grenadier Regiment. In the war with the Swedes, he was first entrusted with the reserve of the army, then he entered the corps of Prince. Bagration and with the fifth column of this corps bypassed the island of Bolshoi Aland on the ice, occupying the passage between its western coast and about. Signalskere with the intention of cutting off the enemy's retreat. On March 6, he had a skirmish with the Swedes here, which ended in a complete breakdown of the ranks of the latter, and his subordinate Kulnev pursued the enemy to the Swedish coast.

After the conclusion of peace on March 8, 1809, S. with his detachment made the return trip also on the ice. In the war with the Turks that immediately followed the Swedish campaign, S. was seconded to the commander-in-chief of the southern army, Prince. Bagration and went to the Danube. Being with his regiment, first in the corps of Gen. Markov, he made a dangerous crossing across the Danube, not far from Galati, and took part in the siege of the Machina fortress, under which he commanded the entire left wing of the besiegers, and after its surrender, he fought in the vanguard of Platov and took Kyustenji with him on August 30, 1809.

In the battle of Rassevat, S. led with the Cossacks several successful attacks on the center of the Turkish army, which greatly contributed to the final victory, and after the battle pursued the Turks to Silistria; for this deed he was awarded a golden sword with the inscription "For Bravery". During the siege of Silistria, which began on September 23, S. was in Platov's detachment.

On this day, the Grand Vizier moved with his main forces to liberate the fortress besieged by the Russians, but was met by Platov, who put six Cossack regiments under the command of S. in the first line, reinforcing them with cavalry and infantry units.

Unable to withstand the swift attack, the Turks fled and were pursued for 15 versts by the Cossacks, who captured one pasha and over a hundred other ranks. S.'s reward for this attack was the Order of St. Anna 1st class.

In early October, during the vizier's second attempt to liberate Silistria, S. had to take part in the Battle of Tataritsa, which again ended in the defeat of the Turks and delivered S. the Order of Vladimir 2 tbsp. Under the new commander-in-chief of the Danube army, c. H. M. Kamensky (2nd), S. participated in all the battles of the summer (June - July) 1810, fought during the capture of Silistria, especially distinguished himself in the hot battle of Shumla, for which he received diamond signs for the Order of St. Anna, after commanding five regiments and an artillery company, but he did not get along well with the commander in chief, who had a quarrelsome character, as a result of which he was forced to leave the army and leave for St. Petersburg.

In 1811, Mr.. S. was granted the adjutant general, but at the same time (in September) his elderly father died, leaving after his broad life as a lord a huge fortune in a completely upset form. S. was forced to resort to a loan of 5 million rubles from the state loan bank, the champion restored the normal position of extensive property.

But S. immediately put aside the troubles and worries for personal affairs when the Patriotic War approached. Already at the beginning of it, he went to the western border and took command of the consolidated division, which was part of the 3rd Corps of Gen. Leit. Tuchkov 1st. In the battle of Borodino, one of the most difficult tasks fell to the share of S.'s division - to keep the French onslaught near the village of Utitsy, which S. quite successfully completed, defending positions with heavy losses until receiving reinforcements, with which he managed to completely push the enemy back.

For Borodino, he was promoted to lieutenant general.

Upon the death of Tuchkov in this battle, S., as the eldest general after him, took over his post in command of the 3rd corps, with which he, along with the army, left Tarutino on October 11 in the direction of Maloyaroslavets, in the battle under which he also took an active part .

Especially significant were his merits in the battle of Krasnoy (November 5), where he helped Gen. Miloradovich to completely destroy the corps of Marshal Ney. After a short vacation in St. Petersburg for treatment, S., taking his 18-year-old son Alexander with him, again went to the army, which he overtook already within Germany.

In the battle of Leipzig, while in Bennigsen's army, he showed outstanding courage, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky.

In the further period of the campaign of 1813, S., commanding a division in the army of the Crown Prince of Sweden, operated in Hanover, where he managed to take the fortress of Stade and clear the mouth of the Elbe and the Weser from the French, then helped Bennigsen during the blockade of Hamburg, where Davout shut himself up, and in early February 1814 he entered under the command of the gene. Wintzingerode, joined the troops operating within France, and participated in the battles of Champobert, Montmirail and Vauchamp. On February 23, in the battle of Craon, where S. stood in reserve, he received terrible news about the death of his only son, who was decapitated by a cannonball.

Although S. after that still participated in the battle of Laon and was even in hellfire itself, his forces, under the impression of a heavy loss, were decimated; neither the lively sympathy of those around him, nor the Order of George 2 tbsp he received. could not console him, and with the permission of the sovereign, he soon left for Petersburg with the ashes of his son.

Here, on August 18, 1814, he was appointed a member of a committee to help poor, crippled soldiers.

It turned out to be impossible to restore the broken forces of S. - consumption began to develop and rapidly progress in his chest.

In February 1817, at the insistence of doctors, accompanied by his wife, he went abroad for treatment, but on the way he got worse, and on June 10, 1817 he died near Copenhagen.

His body was brought to St. Petersburg and buried in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. A few months before his death, S. drew up a majorate act, according to which all his property in the counties of Perm, Okhansk, Solikamsk, Kungur and Yekaterinburg, Perm provinces, a total of 45,875 male souls, in the Balakhna district of the Nizhny Novgorod province. and in St. Petersburg and its county, in order to avoid crushing, they entered the general composition under the name of an indivisible estate.

This act, however, was approved by the Supreme Highest already after his death, on August 11, 1817, and according to it, his wife, Sofya Vladimirovna, came into possession of the property (see separately).

In addition to the untimely deceased son Alexander S., he had 4 more daughters: Aglaida, married to Prince. Golitsin, Elizabeth - for the book. Saltykov, Olga - for gr. Ferzen and Natalya (the eldest) - for a relative, Baron Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov, to whom she brought a majorate and a count title as a dowry. Great. book. Nikolai Mikhailovich, "Count Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov.

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